Artur Ryb A 2005

OPTIMIZATION OF NATURAL GAS DEHYDRATION
REDUCTION IN EMISSIONS AND ENERGY USE

AT MAKOWICE NATURAL GAS
DEHYDRATION FACILITY
Artur Ryba
Diploma Thesis
Faculty of Drilling, Oil and Gas
AGH University of Science and Technology in Cracow
Trondheim
June 2005
ii
Abstract
An approach for reduction of triethylene glycol (TEG) losses and energy consumption in
Makowice Dehydration Facility, Poland is presented. Operating manuals of devices, and
charts showing parts of dehydration facility Makowice were used for creating a steady state
simulation of dewatering process under process engineering program Hysys. Analytical and
mathematical calculations were made and compared with simulation outcome and
experimental data for achieving reliable results. Water content values in natural gas were
obtained from Makowice Treatment Facility operaton manual and calculated with empirical
equations. The values obtained were compared to water amount in natural gas according to
Hysys computation. Subsequently the amount of water necessary to be removed from natural
gas in order to meet the demand for dew point temperature was calculated. The values
obtained show the minimum TEG circulation for gas dehydration. Calculations of minimum
TEG concentrations required for given conditions and dew point temperature required were
made. On basis of the above an attempt was made to find optimum pressure and temperature
work range for gas dehydration from the viewpoint of TEG losses and energy use reduction.
A solution was suggested for limitation of energy and glycol consumption.
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Acknowledgements
I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my supervisor Professor Jon Steinar
Gudmundsson. I am very grateful for the advice, support, guidance, assistance, patience and
enthusiasm.
I wish to thank Dr Hab. In. Stanisaw Nagy, my supervisor from AGH University of Science
and Technology in Cracow, Poland for his support, propositions, help and understanding.
I am grateful to all my teachers who, giving me a small part of their wide knowledge, got me
to the stage when I am writing this thesis.
Special thanks to all contributors that make my Erasmus Link Scholarship possible. I would
like to especially mention here Dr Czesawa Ropa, Professor Danuta Bielewicz, and Professor
Jan Falkus.
Special thanks to Regional Department of Gas Transport in Tarnw (ROP Tarnow) for the
necessary materials, support and technical knowledge.
Last but not least thanks to my family, friends and colleagues who supported me in the time
spent on creating the thesis, and much longer than that. You are always there when I need you
and I appreciate that.
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List of Contents
Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... ii
Acknowledgements..................................................................................................................iii
List of Contents........................................................................................................................ iv
List of Tables............................................................................................................................ vi
List of Figures ........................................................................................................................viii
Abbreviations............................................................................................................................ x
1.
Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1
2.
Dewatering Technology ................................................................................................... 6

2.1 Theory of hydrates ........................................................................................................... 6
2.2 Technologies used for dehydration .................................................................................. 9
2.3 Dehydration by absorption ............................................................................................. 11
2.4 Dehydration by adsorption ............................................................................................. 18
2.5 Dehydration by permeation ............................................................................................ 20
2.6 Dehydration by refrigeration .......................................................................................... 21
3.
Makowice Facilities ...................................................................................................... 23
4.
Hysys Simulation Package............................................................................................. 26
5.
Water Content of Natural Gas...................................................................................... 31

5.1 Water content measurement ........................................................................................... 31
5.2 Water content from GPSA diagram ............................................................................... 32
5.3 Water content values obtained from Makowice operation manual .............................. 33
5.4 Water content calculations from empirical equations .................................................... 35
5.5 Water content in natural gas according to Hysys program ............................................ 37
5.6 Water content results comparison .................................................................................. 40
5.7 Amount of water to remove during dehydration process ............................................... 42
5.8 Dew point values comparison ........................................................................................ 44
6.
Glycol solutions............................................................................................................... 45
6.1 Use of glycol solutions ................................................................................................... 45
6.2 Minimum strong TEG concentration ............................................................................. 47
6.3 TEG circulation in Makowice dehydration facility...................................................... 50
7.
Hysys simulations ........................................................................................................... 51
8.
Discussion........................................................................................................................ 57
9.
Conclusions ..................................................................................................................... 60
References ............................................................................................................................... 62
Tables....................................................................................................................................... 66
Figures ..................................................................................................................................... 94
Appendices ............................................................................................................................ 117
Appendix A Specification of Aviaterm 6 heating oil...................................................... 117
Appendix B - Water content according to manual [g/Nm3] .............................................. 118
Appendix C Water content according to article [g/Nm3] ............................................... 120
Appendix D Water content according to Hysys in g/Nm3.............................................. 121
Appendix E Example of calculation of water content saturating natural gas ................. 122
Appendix F Real gas law equation use for standard volume calculation........................ 124
Appendix G Amount of TEG necessary to dehydrate gas of given water content ......... 126
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List of Tables
Table 2. 1 Physical Properties of Commercial Glycols (reproduced from Daubert and Danner,
1985)......................................................................................................................................... 66
Table 5. 1 Water contents of gas for given dew points in Makowice dehydration facility
pressure and dew point work-range (Nafta-Gaz, 2004) ........................................................... 67
Table 5. 2 Water content calculation with use of Hysys application (page 1 of 4).................. 68
Table 5. 3 Water content of natural gas after Hysys [gH2O/Sm3].............................................. 72
Table 5. 4 Water content of natural gas after Hysys [gH2O/Nm3]............................................. 72
Table 5. 5 Water content on basis of gas stream flow (after Hysys)........................................ 73
Table 5. 6 Water content comparison between Clapeyron equation based solution and flows
based solution (after Hysys)..................................................................................................... 73
Table 5. 7 Percent difference of amount of water saturating gas between values obtained from
manual and Hysys package ...................................................................................................... 74
manual and article according to P. Gandhidasan ..................................................................... 75
Table 5. 9 Water amount in dehydrated gas [mgH2O/Sm3] ....................................................... 76
Table 5. 10 Water amount in dehydrated gas [mgH2O/Nm3] .................................................... 77
Table 5. 11 Amount of water in natural gas [mgH2O/Sm3] ....................................................... 78
Table 5. 12 Amount of water in natural gas [mgH2O/Nm3]....................................................... 79
Table 5. 13 Water to remove from natural gas for 10 oC [mgH2O/Sm3] ................................... 80
Table 5. 14 Water to remove from natural gas for 10 oC [mgH2O/Nm3]................................... 81
Table 5. 23 Values of dew point temperature for given water content obtained with use of
Hysys package.......................................................................................................................... 90
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Table 5. 24 Values of dew point for given water content achieved from the Makowice
dehydration facility operation manual...................................................................................... 91
Table 5. 25 Values of dew point temperature for given water content calculated with use of
empirical equations .................................................................................................................. 92
Table 6. 1 Minimum strong TEG concentration required in given conditions 93
viii
List of Figures
Figure 2. 1 Hydrate Crystal Unit Structure I (McMullan and Jeffrey, 1965 figure reproduced
from the Journal of Chemical Physics by the American Institute of Physics)......................... 94
Figure 2. 2 Hydrate Crystal Unit Structure II. Small and large cavities (Behlar et al., 1994) . 94
Figure 2. 3 Hydrate Crystal Unit Structure sH (Figure reproduced from the Journal of
Chemical Physics) .................................................................................................................... 95
Figure 2. 4 Dehydration Unit Using Triethylene Glycol (ATG, 1988).................................... 96
Figure 2. 5 Simplified flow diagram for a glycol dehydration unit (reprinted from GPSA
Engineering Data Book, 11th edition)....................................................................................... 96
Figure 2. 6 Stahl or gas-stripping column (Manning and Thompson, 1991) ........................... 97
Figure 2. 7 Dehydration by adsorption (reprinted from Alexandre Rojey et al, Natural Gas
Production Processing Transport, 1997) .................................................................................. 97
Figure 3. 1 Location of Makowice Dehydration Facility (reprinted from Autoatlas Polski,
2003, reproduced)..................................................................................................................... 98
Figure 3. 2 Water content of imported gas with water content limit under 3900 kPa (ROP,
2005)......................................................................................................................................... 99
Figure 3. 3 Pipeline system with the destinations of gas flow (ROP, 2005).......................... 100
Figure 3. 4 Flowsheet of Makowice dehydration facility (Hysys, 2005) ............................. 101
Figure 3. 5 Work range of Makowice dehydration facility (Nafta-Gas, 2004) .................... 102
Figure 5. 1 Water content of natural gas (ATG, 1990) .......................................................... 103
Figure 5. 2Correction to water content in presence of brine (Katz et al, 1959) ..................... 104
Figure 5. 3Water content of hydrocarbon gas after GPSA .................................................... 105
Figure 5. 4 Water content of natural gas at 10 oC according to manual................................. 106
Figure 5. 7 Water content of natural gas at 10 oC according to equations ............................. 107
Figure 5. 10 Flow sheet of gas saturation system with Hysys ............................................... 109
Figure 5. 11 Water content of natural gas at 10 oC according to Hysys ................................ 109
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Figure 5. 14 Water content comparison at 10 oC ................................................................... 111

Figure 5. 17 Dew point comparison ....................................................................................... 113
Figure 6. 1 Dew point of a gas in contact with solutions of triethylene glycol after ATG .... 114
Figure 6. 2 Minimum strong TEG concentration for dew point temperatures range between
-18oC and -29oC ..................................................................................................................... 115
-18oC and -19oC ..................................................................................................................... 116
Abbreviations
ATG
Association Technique de lIndustrie du Gaz en France
BMP
Best Management Practice
CH4
Methane
CO2
Carbon Dioxide
DEG
Diethylene Glycol
EG
Ethylene Glycol
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency
GPSA
Gas Processors Suppliers Assn
hour
H2O
Water
H2S
Hydrogen Sulphide
LNG
Liquefied Natural Gas
LPG
Liquefied Petroleum Gas
LTX
Low-Temperature Extraction
MEG
Monoethylene Glycol
Nm3
Normal Cubic Meter
NMR
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
PHA
Process Hazards Analysis
PRO-OP
Process Optimization Review
PROs
Partner Reported Opportunities
sI
Structure I (hydrate structure)
sII
Structure II (hydrate structure)
sH
Structure H (hydrate structure)
Sm3
Standard Cubic Meter
TEG
Triethylene Glycol
TREG
Tetraethylene Glycol
VLE
Vapor Liquid Equilibrium
Xe
Xenon
yr
Year
1. Introduction
In this paper the author is studying the possibilities of reducing energy use and triethylen
glycol losses during natural gas dehydration process. This is done on the example of
Mackowice Treatment Facility, Poland.
Gas demand increases in Poland, likewise in other countries. Huge part of gas used in Poland
is imported from Russia, through Ukraine. As it is usually off-spec when it arrives, before
getting to the final receiver it has to be processed in order to meet the required conditions
specified in Polish norms. Therefore every year larger quantities of natural gas need to
undergo different processes (ROP, 2005).
One of the specifications of natural gas is the amount of water in gas for sale specified as dew
point temperature of natural gas. The presence of water raises a number of problems for the
production operations depending on the temperature and pressure prevailing in an installation.
If the natural gas is transported by pipeline, the processing installation must be designed to
meet transport or final specifications.
If the gas is to be transported, the main requirement is to prevent the formation of a liquid
phase. If, during transport, the minimum temperature of the gas is for example 0 oC under
7 MPa pressure (typical conditions appearing in high pressure gas pipelines during the winter
season in temperate climate), the dew point must not exceed this temperature at the same
pressure. However, the pressure generally varies considerably in the pipe, as a result of
pressure drop. To avoid possible liquid-phase formation, one condition frequently imposed is
to set the dew point temperature at a value not exceeding the minimum temperature during
transport. Therefore one of the processes in natural gas production, processing and
transportation is natural gas dewatering process (Rojey et al., 1994).
With the increase of amount of gas to be processed and from the other side in order to be able
to endure in the competition between natural gas companies there is a growing necessity of
optimization of processes, dehydration process among them, not only in the stage of designing
and building facilities, but also in the exploitation stage.
The problem of optimization has been known for many years now and recently becomes more
and more important. The importance of optimization is significant. Optimization of processes
brings savings in materials, energy and labor. Optimization can be seen from the
environmental point of view as a tool for environment conservation. It may encompass safety.
It is also considered from economical viewpoint. And the last reason usually is the standpoint
from which the decisions about granting money for optimization research are made.
Nowadays the competition in petroleum and natural gas market is extremely tough and
therefore every corporation in order to compete with others has to minimize the costs
maximizing profits, which is a primary purpose of senior management. Summing up the
crucial part of managers job is to make decisions around capital allocation that will improve
the performance of the corporation.
The oil and gas production, gas processing and petroleum refining industries are faced with
the need to optimize the design of processes and achieve more reliable and stable operations,
The process industries must identify optimum designs quickly with minimum risk of rework
while they remain competitive and maximize the business performance. Process engineers are
challenged with making timely business decisions while meeting the business objectives of
designing and operating efficient, safer and profitable process plants (Aspen Tech, 2004).
Optimization of processes is necessary. As mentioned, nowadays on every stage of projecting,
building and exploiting of any facility optimization has a big part. As presented by Aspen
Tech (2004) there are different approaches towards optimization and the model chosen
depends on the base of optimization. The most powerful technology that enables managers
and engineers link critical business objectives to process design is process modeling. The
major business benefits of process modeling include (Aspen Tech, 2004):
a) usage of what-if scenarios and sensitivity analyses to identify the optimal design
based on operating and business targets.
b) ensuring that process equipment is properly specified to deliver desired product
throughput and specifications.
c) evaluation of the effect of feed changes, upsets, and equipment downtime on process
safety, reliability, and profitability.
d) monitoring of equipment performance against expectations.
e) assessment of equipment deficiencies such as heat exchanger fouling and column
flooding by evaluating the equipment employed in different services or evaluating the
consequences of a design basis change.
According to Pontiff (2005) a typical example of widely used optimization method is called
Process Optimization Review (PRO-OP). PRO-OP is a systematic approach used in
production operations to identify opportunities to increase profitability while reducing
greenhouse gases. It is a systematic approach to assess processes at new and existing facilities
with an emphasis on energy efficiency, natural resource conservation and waste minimization.
This methodology can be used in conjunction with a Process Hazards Analysis (PHA) for new
facilities and prior to modification of en existing facility.
Justifying and obtaining approval of optimization projects from management often requires
that the projects are cost effective and have a net increase in profits. The PRO-OP technique
divides the oil and gas business into phases: drilling, completion/stimulation, production, and
workover operations. Unlike other optimization techniques, where the focus is typically on
like devices across a whole operation, the PRO-OP technique is a systematic approach
whereby processes and components (separators, heater treaters, compressors, venting/flaring
practices) are evaluated for cost effective natural gas reduction opportunities from the start of
the process to the end. This PRO-OP technique gives the user a structure to the process of
optimization (Pontiff, 2005).
There are many technologies and methods to reduce vent gas emissions that are readily
available to operators. The United States Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Natural
Gas STAR Program supplies valuable optimization tools and resources to guide the oil and
gas industry. The Natural Gas STAR Program is a flexible and voluntary program focused on
helping the oil and gas industry to voluntarily and cost-effectively reduce methane emissions,
a potent greenhouse gas. The Natural Gas STAR Program promotes the use of these emission
reduction technologies and practices through the programs Best Management Practices
(BMPs) and Partner Reported Opportunities (PROs) and in-depth Lessons Learned documents
(Pontiff, 2005; US EPA, 2005).
The PRO-OP approach is analogous to a Process Hazards Analysis (PHA) review. In a PHA
review of an oil and gas production facility, the components and processes of the facility are
evaluated for identifiable hazards. These hazards are then mitigated through elimination,
controls, or other safe guards. The PRO-OP process employs the same thought
process. During the PRO-OP review, each component and process in the facility flow scheme
is evaluated for vent gas (i.e., methane) emission reduction opportunities (Pontiff, 2005; US
EPA, 2005).
Once the optimization opportunities are identified, the reviewer determines the mitigation
techniques that can be used and then determines whether the mitigation can be implemented
cost effectively. The reviewer should ask such questions as, Can I cost-effectively eliminate
the source, or capture for sales, or destroy (e.g., burn in a flare) the vent gas emissions?" Then
the reviewer can perform a cost analysis to determine the effectiveness and profitability of
optimization, which in this example is done through reducing emissions (Pontiff, 2005; US
EPA, 2005).
Mackowice Dehydration Facility was opened on 21st January 2005. The bilding was begun in
April 2004. The necessity of building this facility was caused by high water content in the
imported gas and hydrate problems deriving from it. The imported gas hardly ever met dew
point specifications required by Polish norms.
The author is trying to solve the problem of setting the arrangement of equipment used in gas
dehydration facility based on glycol solution in such a way that brings most profits and
minimizes the loss in energy and glycol solvent. In order to do so he compares the data
provided in operating manuals of natural gas dewatering facility Makowice, Poland with
analytical equation-based solution and numerical calculation made with use of petroleum
engineering program Hysys. Having the required results he is comparing them looking for the
possibilities of energy and solvent savings. The author is also taking a general look at
different economical aspects in the final part of this thesis.
The author shows his approach towards creating an optimization strategy for natural gas
dehydration unit Makowice, Poland. The optimization is to made on the basis of energy
saving and glycol absorbent waste. Operating manuals of devices, and charts showing parts of
dehydration facility Makowice were used for creating a simulation of dewatering process
under petroleum engineering program Hysys. Analytical and mathematical calculations were
made and compared with simulation outcome and experimental data for achieving reliable
results.
2. Dewatering Technology
2.1 Theory of hydrates
Good reviews on hydrate theory were provided by Sloan, 1997, Rojey et al., 1994, Rosman
1973, Gandhidasan, 2002, Carroll, 2003.
Since the beginning of the century the production of natural gas has encountered difficulties
connected with the plugging of piping by the deposition of crystals, first thought to be ice
crystals. These crystals are in fact hydrates of natural gas. In the mid-1930s Hammerschmidt
studied the 1927 hydrate review of Schroeder, to determine that natural gas hydrates were
blocking gas transmission lines frequently at temperatures above the ice point. This discovery
was pivotal in causing a more pragmatic interest in the gas hydrates, and shortly thereafter led
to the regulation of the water content in natural gas pipelines. This led to limitation of
appearance of hydrates which are inclusion compounds which result from the combination of
water with some of the components of natural gas and primarily methane (Rojey et al.,
1994,Gandhidasan, 2002, Carrll, 2003).
In the presence of light gas, water molecules can form a regular crystalline structure
containing cavities, in which gas molecules are trapped. Owing to this cage structure, the
hydrates belong to the category of inclusion compounds called clathrates. The crystal lattice is
due to hydrogen bonding between water molecules. It is stabilized by gas molecules, which
are themselves held in the cavities by van der Waals forces (Sloan, 1997).
Only molecules having a certain range of diameters can form inclusions. This is because the
diameter of the molecule must be smaller than that of the cavity (or close to it) for the
molecule to enter the cavity, and sufficiently large for the crystal lattice to be stable (Sloan,
1997; Rojey et al., 1994).
In the late 1940a and early 1950s von Stackelberg and co-workers summarized two decades
of X-ray hydrate crystal diffraction experiments at the University of Bonn. The interpretation
of these early diffraction experiments by von Stackelberg and co-workers, Claussen, and
Pauling and Marsh led to determination of two hydrate structures (sI and sII). Within the last
decade structure H (sH), a third hydrate with a unit cell was discovered by Ripmeester (Sloan,
1997).
In these structures, the water molecules form polyhedra. The pentagonal dodecahedron,
designed by the notation 512, is a basic building block of hydrate structures. It is not possible
to fill space entirely with dodecahedra. Because of to this restriction dodecahedra are
necessarily associated with other types of polyhedron to form the structure of the hydrates
(Sloan,1997; Rojey et al., 1994).
Structure I is composed of two small cavities formed by a dodecahedron and six large cavities
formed by a tetradecahedron with twelve pentagonal faces and two hexagonal faces
referenced as 51262 (Figure 2.1).
Structure II is composed of sixteen small cavities (512) and eight large cavities, formed by a
hexadecahedron with twelve pentagonal faces and four hexagonal faces, referenced as 51264
(Figure 2.2).
Each of these polyhedra forms a cavity which can contain a molecule of natural gas
components with which it forms a hydrate. Methane fits into the small cavities (512) of
structures I and II, and in the large cavities (51262) of structure I. Nitrogen, propane and
isobutene form structure-II hydrates (Sloan, 1997).
In the pure state, methane, ethane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide form structure-I
hydrates. However, since propane and isobutene molecules can enter only the large cavities of
structure II, a natural gas containing propane and isobutane generally forms structure-II
hydrates. Normal butane does not form hydrates as a pure component. Hydrate formation can
occur when normal butane is mixed with other components (Rojey et al., 1994; Sloan, 1997).
The structure H was determined through diffraction and NMR studies. In this structure, the
512 dodecahedra coexist with 435663 dodecahedra as well as 51268 polyhedra, with twelve
pentagonal faces and eight hexagonal faces, forming large cavities. The small cavities are
stabilized by molecules like Xe, H2S and CH4, and the large cavities by hydrocarbons with
much higher molecular weights such as adamantine and methylcyclohexane (Figure 2.3)
(Sloan, 1997).
The role that structure-H hydrates may play in natural gas production is still unclear.
However, it has been proven that hydrocarbon molecules commonly found in condensates or
oils, together with methane, can form this new hydrate structure, under pressure and
temperature conditions easily encountered in production and transport facilities (Sloan 1997).
2.2 Technologies used for dehydration

It is necessary to prevent the condensation of liquid water and hydrocarbons to ensure troublefree operation of a natural gas transmission system. Apart from the risk of hydrate formation,
the liquids can reduce the volumetric capacity of the system and interfere with the operation
of pressure regulators and filters. Condensed liquids accumulated in pipelines, which caused
an increase in operating pressures and potential damage to equipment due to liquid carryover.
Many transmission companies impose restrictions on the quality of natural gas acceptable for
transporting, such as water and hydrocarbon dew point limits, in order to reduce operational
problems (Rosman, 1973, Gandhidasan, 2002).
To prevent pipe plugging, production and transport installations must be protected from the
risks of hydrate formation. One way to achieve this is to dry the natural gas. If this is not
feasible, temperature and pressure conditions must be created to prevent formation of
hydrates. Operating outside the thermodynamic conditions of hydrate formation can be
achieved either by raising temperature at a given pressure, or by lowering the pressure at a
given temperature. In both instances inhibitor must be introduced. They are generally selected
from solvents miscible in the aqueous phase, which, by altering the fugacity of the water,
lower the hydrate formation temperature (Rosman, 1973, Gandhidasan, 2002).
Dehydration of natural gas is the removal of water that is associated with natural gas in vapor
form. It is necessary to prevent the corrosion and erosion problems in pipelines and equipment
particularly when CO2 and H2S are present in the gas. Water is removed from the gas to meet
water dew point requirements of a sales pipeline condition. For these reasons one specifies
upper limits for both the water and hydrocarbon dew points of natural gas. Onshore the
natural gas conditioning process employs a dehydration process for control of the water dew
point, and a refrigeration plant is used for control of the hydrocarbon dew point (Carroll,
2003).
The water present in natural gas may, depending on the temperature and pressure prevailing in
an installation, condense and cause the formation of hydrates, solidify, or favor corrosion if
the gas contains acid components. To avoid such situations, natural gas must be dehydrated.
Four types of processes are used (Rojey at al., 1997):
a) absorption
b) adsorption
c) gas permeation
d) refrigeration
10
11
2.3 Dehydration by absorption

The most common method for dehydration in the natural gas industry is the use of a liquid
desiccant contactor-regeneration process. In this process, the wet gas is contacted with a lean
solvent (containing only a small amount of water). The water in the gas is absorbed in the lean
solvent, producing a rich solvent stream (one containing more water) and a dry gas
(Campbell, 1992; ATG, 1990; Arnold and Steward, 1989; ATG, 1988; Kumar, 1987;,
Maddox and Erbar, 1982; Ikoku, 1980; C.R. Sivalls,1976; Tannehill at al, 1994; Trent, R.E.,
2001).
In case of absorption based natural gas dehydration processes the gas is dried by
countercurrent scrubbing with a solvent that has a strong affinity for water. The solvent is
usually a glycol, although other liquid desiccants are met which are calcium chloride, lithium
chloride, zinc chloride, etc. The dehydrated gas leaves at the top of the column. The glycol
leaving the bottom is regenerated by distillation and recycled (Carroll, 2002; Rojey et al.,
1994).
Several liquids possess the ability to absorb water from a gas stream. Few liquids, however,
meet the criteria for a suitable commercial application. A suitable solvent should have the
following properties (Carroll, 2002; Rojey et al., 1994, Campbell, 1992):
a) strong affinity to water (the absorbing liquid should be highly hygroscopic)
b) low cost
c) noncorrosive to the selected metallurgy of the hydrocarbon equipment, especially the
reboiler vapor space, the stripping column of the regenerator, and the bottom of the
contactor
d) low affinity for hydrocarbons and acid gases
e) thermal stability, particularly in the high temperature ranges found in the reboiler
f) easy regeneration to higher concentration for reuse, usually by the application of heat,
which drives off the absorbed water
g) low viscosity
h) low vapor pressure at the contact temperature to reduce the amount of solvent losses
due to vaporization
12
i) low solubility in hydrocarbons (low solubility in the solvent minimizes the loss of
desired product and reduces hydrocarbon emissions)
j) low tendency to foam and emulsify, nor to chemical reactions with any of the natural
gas constituents, including carbon dioxide and sulfur compounds
The organic compounds known as glycols approximate the properties that meet the
commercial application criteria. Glycols have a higher boiling point than water and a low
vapor pressure. Glycols will, however, decompose at elevated temperatures. The
decomposition temperature limits the maximum temperature at which the process operates,
particularly in the reboiler. Several glycols have been found suitable for commercial
application (Rejoy, 1997, Carroll, 2002).
The most common glycols for dehydration applications are (Rojey et al., 1994):
a) Monoethylene glycol (MEG) which is commonly known as simply ethylene glycol
(EG)
b) diethylene glycol (DEG)
c) triethylene glycol (TEG)
d) tetraethylene glycol (TREG)
Table 2.1 lists the main physical properties of commercial glycols. They can be obtained in
the pure state by fractionation by vacuum distillation.
The heaviest glycols are most hygroscopic. Triethylene glycol (TEG) offers the best
cost/benefit compromise, and is the most widely used. It exhibits most of the desirable
characteristics listed earlier and has other advantages compared to other glycols (Rojey et al.,
1994; Carroll, 2002).
By comparison, DEG is marginally lower in cost than TEG, however because DEG has a
larger vapor pressure, it has larger losses. TEG has less affinity to water and thus has less dew
point depression. Tetraethylene glycol is higher in cost and is more viscous than TEG. High
viscosity translates into higher pumping costs. On the other hand TREG has a lower vapor
pressure, which reduces losses (Gandhidasan, 2003; Rojey et al., 1994)
13
Before undergoing the actual dehydration process any free liquids in the natural gas stream
are removed. A separator should be included upstream of the contactor to separate any
hydrocarbon liquids and free water. The separator could be a two-phase or three-phase
separator depending on the amount of free water expected. The inlet separator can be free
standing with interconnecting piping to the contactor or it can be an integral part of the
contactor, usually at the base of the contactor with a chimney tray between the contactor
bottom and the separator vessel. The separator should be equipped with a high-efficiency wire
mesh mist extractor in the top part to remove any liquid entrainment and particulates from the
gas stream before entering the absorber section. Integral separators are usually outfitted with a
heating coil to prevent water from freezing. Hot solvent from the accumulator is circulated
through this heating coil to provide the required heat. When the stream is devoid of free
liquids and mist the actual dehydration process starts (Rojey et al., 1994; Carroll, 2002;
Gandhidasan, 2003).
Figures 2.4 and 2.5 show the flow schemes of a typical glycol units. The descriptions of these
figures are provided by John Carroll, 2003 and Alexandre Rojey et al., 1994. Basically, the
liquid desiccant process is a two-step process. In the first step, the water is absorbed from the
gas in the staged tower. The solvent is regenerated in a second column. The solvent is then
returned to the first column to remove water from more feed gas. The absorption step is
carried out in a plate or packed column. The actual stages could be either trays like bubble
caps, valve trays, or sieve trays, or a suitable packing material. The number of plates is
usually between 6 and 8. For small diameters, packings are generally used, while the larger
columns are equipped with the bubble-cap or valve trays. For very large diameters, the use of
structured packing is currently spreading, finding more acceptance in glycol contactors
(Carroll, 2003; Rojey et al., 1994).
The temperature at which the absorption step is carried is usually limited to 38 oC to avoid
excessive glycol losses. A lower temperature helps to reduce the losses as well as the water
content in the processed gas. However, due to the higher viscosity of the glycol, temperature
of about 10 oC is considered as a lower limit (Carroll, 2003; Rojey et al., 1994).
14
The contactor (also called an absorber) is the workhorse of the dehydration unit. The gas and
liquid are mixed in the contactor, and the actual water removal takes place there. The
contactor is a typical absorber tower properly sized for the process objective(Carroll, 2003;
Rojey et al., 1994).
The feed gas flow rate is the most significant factor in determining the diameter of the
contactor. The outlet gas water content specification is the key to determining the contactor
height, although other factors contribute as well. The contactor consists of several equilibrium
stages, enough to ensure mass transfer from the gas phase to the liquid so that the outlet gas is
at the desired water specification (Carroll, 2003; Rojey et al., 1994).
The flow of streams is countercurrent. Feed gas enters the bottom of the contactor and flows
upward. Lean solvent enters the top of the contactor and flows downward. The solvent
absorbs water as it travels downward through the column and the gas transfers the water to the
solvent as it travels upward. The contactor pressure is set by the feed gas pressure, which is
normally in the range of 4000 to 8500 kPa. The contactor is essentially isothermal (the
temperature profile is essentially uniform throughout the contactor) (Carroll, 2003; Rojey et
al., 1994).
After the absorption step, the glycol solution is sent to a three-phase separator in which the
stripped hydrocarbon liquids and the dissolved gas are separated, followed by a cartridge filter
to trap solid particles, and finally an activated-charcoal filter to retain the chemical impurities
In some cases this process is divided in parts (Figure 2.5). The rich glycol is withdrawn from
the bottom of the contactor, usually on level control. Typically, the lean glycol is preheated,
often by passing it through tubes in the overhead condenser at the top of the still column.
Then it is flashed at low pressure in a flash tank, where most of the volatile components
(entrained and soluble) are vaporized. Flash tank pressures are typically in the range of
300 kPa to 700 kPa (Carroll, 2003; Rojey et al., 1994).
The glycol leaves the flash tank, again usually on level control, then passes through a filter.
Then the rich glycol enters the lean-rich heat exchanger, whose basic purpose is to conserve
15
energy. In the lean-rich exchanger, hot, lean glycol from regeneration is cooled with rich
glycol from the contactor. The lean glycol entering the contactor should be cool, and rich
glycol to regeneration should be warm (Carroll, 2003; Rojey et al., 1994).
The solvent is regenerated by reboiling. The still column, usually filled with packing, is
cooled at the top by a coil in which circulates the glycol solution. The reflux thus generated
helps to reduce glycol losses. A basic regeneration unit consists of a combination of a fired
boiler, located at the lower section of a horizontal vessel with a vapor space above the tube
bundle, a distillation column (still column) connected vertically to the vapor space of the
reboiler vessel, and a surge tank located below the reboiler. Also included in the regeneration
unit is a condensing coil added to the top of a still column to provide reflux to improve
solvent/water separation. This coil often performs the dual purpose of preheating the rich
glycol ahead of the flash tank (Carroll, 2003; Rojey et al., 1994).
The size of the regenerator is determined by a balance between the solvent circulation rate,
the amount of water vapor in the gas stream and the reboiler temperature. The standard TEG
dehydration unit operates effectively at the reboiler temperature around 175 oC, or about
20 oC below the decomposition temperature of TEG. Trays are sometimes used in very large
units (Carroll, 2003; Rojey et al., 1994, Gandhidasan, 2003).
In the regenerator, separation of water from glycol takes place by fractionation. Water and
glycol have widely varying boiling points (100 oC for water, 288 oC for TEG). Furthermore
the two substances can be easily separated by fractional distillation. This is accomplished in
the still column mounted directly on the top of the reconcentration vessel (Rojey et al., 1994).
Within the column, water-rich vapor rises in intimate contact with descending glycol-rich
liquid. Between the two phases, a continuous exchange of material and heat takes place. The
temperature difference causes the glycol vapor (heavy component) to condense and liquid
water (light component) to vaporize. At the top of the column the vapor is virtually pure water
whereas there is very little water in the glycol in the bottom. A small portion of the vapor
mixture(mainly water) at the top condenses at the overhead condenser to provide sufficient
reflux that will aid in the process of fractionation (Carroll, 2003; Rojey et al., 1994).
16
Stripping gas is used to increase the lean glycol concentrations. This is deeply dried natural
gas taken usually from the main stream of dehydrated gas. With the use of stripping gas the
glycol solvents can have the concentrations up to 99,6 %. The stripping gas is sparged directly
into the reboiler. The typical example of a TEG regenerator is Stahl column, called also a gasstriping column (Figure 2.6) (Carroll, 2003; Rojey et al., 1994, Manning and Thompson,
1991).
The main purpose of the still column is to effect final separation between the absorbed water
and the absorbing TEG, to vent the separated water to the atmosphere, and to recover the
glycol vaporized by the reboiler. The glycol-rich liquid, now becoming lean glycol, leaves the
bottom of the packed still column and enters the reboiler vessel. Heat is applied in the reboiler
to raise the temperature and cause partial vaporization. In a normal TEG dehydration unit, this
temperature level has been found to cause no noticeable thermal decomposition of the TEG
The hot, lean glycol leaves the reboiler vessel and overflows by gravity to the surge tank, a
vessel normally located below the reboiler vessel. The hot lean glycol passes to the lean rich
exchanger, where it is cooled. Ultimately it is returned to the contactor and the cycle is
complete (Carroll, 2003; Rojey et al., 1994).
The TEG natural gas dehydration unit operates, as noted before, at relatively high pressure on
the contactor side and low pressure on the regeneration side. The high-pressure side consists
of the glycol contactor and the inlet separator.
Intensive dehydration of natural gas demands high purity of the recycled solvent. This purity
is improved by lowering the pressure and raising the temperature during the regeneration step.
Thus the low-pressure side consists of the regenerator, the flash tank and associated
equipment.
In addition to water, the solvent selectively absorbs H2S and aromatic compounds such as
benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes present in the natural gas. These components are
removed with the water on completion of the regeneration step. They are frequently released
directly to the atmosphere, but, as they are toxic, this incurs risks for the operating personnel .
17
The installation of a condenser improves the situation, but is generally not sufficient to
eliminate the problem of aromatics releases completely. Complete elimination requires the
incineration of the nonocondensable flare gas in the reboiler fire tube. Difficulties in burning
noncondensable vapors in low-pressure burners were reported (Carroll, 2003; Rojey et al.,
1994).
To prevent any air from entering, the pressure must be kept slightly above atmospheric. The
regeneration temperature must also remain below an acceptable limit for glycol
decomposition. This temperature is 177 oC for diethylene glycol, 204oC for thiethylene glycol
and 224 oC for tetraethylene glycol (Rojey et al., 1994).
These regeneration conditions lead to a water content of about 35 g/1000 Sm3 in the processed
gas. By increasing solvent circulation, the purity of the processed gas can be further improved
to reach water contents in the range of 20 g / 1000 Sm3. To drop to even lower contents in the
range of a few parts per million the purity of the recycled solvent must be even further
increased. Two techniques are available for this (Gandhidasan, 2003; Rojey et al., 1994):
a) the already dehydrated gas is sent to the reboiler, to lower the water partial pressure by
stripping with natural gas. As an example the injection of 45 Sm3 of gas per m3 of
triethylene glycol helps to purify the solvent to 99,0 or 99,4 %, according to whether
the gas is simply injected into the reboiler or introduced into an additional stripping
section after the reboiler
b) a hydrocarbon (toluene, octane) is injected into the reboiler, forming a heteroazeotrope
with water. This heteroazeotrope rises to the top of the column and, after condensation
of the vapor phase, the hydrocarbon is separated by simple settling and recycled. The
triethylene glycol is thus obtained with a purity that may be higher than 99,9 %,
without any consumption of carrier gas. This method is called Drizo process
18
2.4 Dehydration by adsorption

Separation processes by adsorption uses a solid phase with large surface area, which
selectively retains the components to be separated. The adsorbents are generally characterized
by a microporous structure which affords a very large specific surface (Campbell, 1992; ATG,
1990; Arnold and Stewart, 1989; ATG, 1988; Kumar, 1987; Maddox and Erbar, 1982; Sivalls,
C.R., 1976; Tannehill, C.C., 1994, Trent, R.E., 2001).
Adsorption processes are generally applied when a high purity is required for the processed
gas. Adsorbents are naturally unsuitable for continuous circulation, owing to mechanical
problems and also due to the risks of attrition (erosion of adsorbent particles due to friction
and collisions during movement). This is why adsorbents are normally used in fixed beds with
periodic sequencing (Carroll, 2003; Rojey et al., 1994).
The flow scheme of a dehydration operation by adsorption in a fixed bed is shown in
Figure 2.7. The process is conducted alternately and periodically, with each bed going
through successive steps of adsorption and desorption (Rojey et al., 1994).
During the adsorption step, the gas to be processed is sent on the adsorbent bed which
selectively retains the water. When the bed is saturated, hot natural gas is sent to regenerate
the adsorbent (Rojey et al., 1994).
After regeneration and before the adsorption step, the bed must be cooled. This is achieved by
passing through cold natural gas. After heating, the same gas can be used for regeneration. In
these conditions, four beds are needed in practice, two beds operating simultaneously in
adsorption, one bed in cooling and one bed in regeneration (Carroll, 2003; Rojey et al., 1994).
The desorption step is carried by different methods (Carroll, 2003; Rojey et al., 1994):
a) lowering the pressure, sometimes even under vacuum
b) sweeping by an inert natural gas to lower the partial pressure of the component to be
desorbed
19
c) sweeping by a displacement agent, which, by being adsorbed, allows more effective

desorption than with a simple elution gas
d) heating, in which the temperature rises facilities desorption: in a fixed-bed operation, a
significant variation in temperature between the adsorption and desorption steps is
practical only if the cycle time is relatively long, because of the thermal inertia of the
adsorbent bed.
An adsorbent must have the following properties (Carroll, 2003; Rojey et al., 1994):
a) high adsorption capacity at equilibrium
b) reversible adsorption allowing regeneration of the adsorbent
c) fast adsorption kinetics
d) low pressure drop
e) attrition resistance
f) chemical inertness
g) no significant volume change with temperature and saturation
The most widely used adsorbents today are the following (Carroll, 2003; Rojey et al., 1994):
a) activated alumina a low residual-water content of about 1 ppm vol can be achieved
by using activated alumina. The heavy hydrocarbons are adsorbed but cannot then be
desorbed during regeneration. Therefore if such heavy hydrocarbons are present in the
gas, they have to be removed before the adsorption step
b) silica gel the water content of the gas processed by adsorption on silica gel is about
10 ppm vol. Silica gel is easily regenerated at a temperature between 120 and 200 oC.
It adsorbs water from the hydrocarbons, which are then desorbed during regeneration.
It can be used therefore to separate simultaneously the water and the condensate
fraction of the gas processed, provided a number of precautions are observed
c) molecular sieves (zeolites) used for gas processing are silicoaluminates, in which the
crystal structure forms cavities making up a microporous network on a molecular
scale. This structure has cations that play the role of charge compensation. Depending
on the type of zeolite, the size of the access cavities varies
20
2.5 Dehydration by permeation

In the process of dehydration by permeation, the dried natural gas is going through a
membrane leaving particles of water and impurities on its surface. Industrial applications of
dehydration by gas permeation are currently very limited. However, many investigations have
demonstrated the potential value of such a process which, in comparison with a glycol
dehydration unit, could prove to be more economical and more compact, which is extremely
important for offshore production (Fournie and Agostini, 1984). These advantages only
appear clearly in the case of single-stage operation without recycle or recompression of the
permeate (Carroll, 2003; Rojey et al., 1994, Deschamps et al. 1981).
For the separation to be effective, the membrane must be very permeable with respect to the
contaminant to be separated, which passes through the membrane driven by pressure
difference, and it must be relatively impermeable to methane. The permeability of methane
must be accepted to avoid an excessively large membrane area nevertheless means a
significant loss of methane in the permeate (Deschamps et al, 1981).
Membrane separation processes require large membrane areas, which are generally expressed
in thousands of square meters. The membrane surface is dependent on the amount of gas
permeating through it. Compact permeation modules with a high membrane area are therefore
needed. The most widely used industrial modules belong to two types (Rojey et al., 1994):
a) modules with plane membranes wound spirally around a collector tube
b) modules with a bundle of hollow fibers
For a gas-permeation unit processing 1107 Nm3/d of gas at 7 MPa and required to reduce the
water content from 1040 to 170 ppm vol, the loss of gas in the permeate is estimated at 4,2 %
and the membrane area is estimated 1430 m2 (Deschamps et al., 1989).
Under these conditions, to make this process economically viable, it is either necessary to find
an application compatible with the production of gas low pressure, or to reduce the gas loss
substantially, by improving membrane performance (Deschamps et al., 1989).
21
2.6 Dehydration by refrigeration

If a natural gas contains a relatively large fraction of hydrocarbons other than methane
(condensate gas or associated gas), it may be necessary to separate of at least part of these
hydrocarbons to avoid the formation of a liquid phase during transport (Rojey et al., 1997).
This separation is usually performed by lowering the temperature with the formation of a
liquid phase. It can also be achieved by adsorption or absorption.
The following liquid fractions can be obtained in succession by lowering the temperature
(Rojey et al., 1994):
a) natural gasoline or condensate which is a light gasoline representing the C5+ fraction
b) the LPG fraction which includes propane and butanes (normal butane and isobutene);
the mixture of natural gasoline and LPG (which also contains ethane) obtained by
lowering the temperature of the natural gas up to the LPG liquefaction point but
without separation between natural gasoline and LPG, is called natural gas liquids
c) by lowering the temperature to about -160 oC, it becomes possible to liquefy the
methane: the natural gas can thus be transported at atmospheric pressure in the form of
liquefied natural gas (LNG), which is mainly formed of methane, and generally
contains ethane; it may include an LPG fraction if this fraction has not been separated
in the liquefaction plant.
In most cases refrigeration is used for cases of a previously dehydrated gas to avoid hydrate
formation during refrigeration. Examples are: process of liquids recovery by refrigeration,
refrigeration by isenthalpic expansion and expansion through a turbine which is similar to
isenthalpic expansion but much more effective, as the process operates at low temperature
thorough dehydration and carbon dioxide removal is needed to prevent formation of crystals
though (Rojey et al., 1994).
If the gas is not dehydrated before the refrigeration step the injection of an inhibitor is often
the simplest and most economical solution. In this way, refrigeration simultaneously yields a
22
condensate and an aqueous phase consisting of the mixture of water and inhibitor(Carroll,
2003; Rojey et al., 1994).
The use of glycol as inhibitor allows relatively easy regeneration by distillation. This
regeneration may, however, become very costly if the water content is high, especially in the
presence of free water. Methanol is also used, but is generally not recycled. Refrigeration in
the presence of methanol helps to control water and heavy-hydrocarbon contents
simultaneously, and the solution of water and methanol is regenerated without a distillation
step (Rojey et al., 1997).
One of main ways of natural gas dehydration through refrigeration is carried through
expansion refrigeration. This process is also known as low-temperature extraction (LTX). It
employs Joule-Thompson expansion (isothermal expansion) to dry the gas and recover
condensate. Joule-Thompson expansion requires large pressure drops. Because of large
pressure drops, LTX is used only when the prime objective is condensate recovery (Manning
and Thompson, 1991). This method is used at Lollsnes, Norway to remove water from natural
gas. Kollsnes is one of the largest systems in the world. Kollsnes receives the gas from Troll
A, the largest gas field in Norway.
Cool gas holds less water than hot gas. Therefore the process of refrigeration removes also
water. The cold temperatures in a refrigeration process result in water removal. In order to
prevent the formation of ice and hydrates, the cold gas is mixed with a polar solvent, usually
ethylene glycol. A typical refrigeration process can easily reduce the water content of a gas
stream down to 1,60*10-5 kg/m3 level (Carroll, 2003).
23
3. Makowice Facilities
The gas drying unit Makowice, Poland is located 25 km from the Ukrainian Border, about 10
km from Przemyl (Figure 3.1). It is located in the neighborhood of compressor unit used for
compressing gas imported from Ukraine. It is owned and operated by Regional Department of
Gas Transport (ROP), Tarnow. It is used for drying natural gas flowing from Ukraine. The
gas may be previously compressed in neighboring compressor unit.
The dehydrating facility was built in this location deliberately. The main reasons were
(Stosur, 2005):
a) the possibility of drying two times larger amount of gas under higher pressure thanks
to the neighboring gas compressor unit, in comparison to the drying capability under
lower pressure range
b) possibility of drying not only imported, but also polish gas,
c) closeness to power plant solves the problem of energy delivery
d) pressure loss up to 0,2 MPa acceptable due to proximity of compressor unit.
The facility was opened on 21st January 2005. The building was begun in April 2004. The
necessity of building a dehydration facility was caused by high water content in the imported
gas and hydrate problems deriving from it. The imported gas hardly ever met dew point
specification required by Polish norms (Figure 3.2)
The system of gas pipelines in the region of Makowice dehydration facility is shown on
Figure 3.3. The natural gas coming from the direction of Ukrainian border is metered and
compressed in Hermanowice compressor station. Some of the gas is then sent to Strachocin.
Subsequently part of the main gas stream from the direction of Ukrainian border, or whole the
amount of gas imported is carried through dehydration process in Makowice dewatering unit.
After dehydration the gas is sent to Jaroslaw compressor and metering station where the
stream is split and sent to receivers. The internal diameters of gas pipelines are given on the
figure.
24
The process of dehydration is led with use of TEG absorption in typical way described in
previous chapter (see Chapter 2.3). The facility contains two independent drying units. The
gas coming from the direction of Ukrainian border is split equally between them and,
depending on the strategy chosen, there may be a third gas stream led directly to the transport
pipelines. The dehydration process scheme for Makowice dehydration facility is shown on
Figure 3.4.
The first step of dehydration process is removing any free liquids from the natural gas stream.
Separators are placed upstream of the absorption columns. The separators are free standing,
vertical two-phase separators. The internal diameter is 1500 mm. They are equipped with a
high-efficiency wire mesh mist extractor to remove any free liquids and mist.
After separating the free water the gas stream is directed through an oil propelled heater to
absorbtion column where the actual dehydration takes place.The oil used for heater propelling
is Aviaterm 6 (see Appendix A). The heater should keep the gas temperature between 10 oC
and 38oC depending on chosen strategy. The gas enters the bottom part of the absorber and
flowing upward meets countercurrent flow of lean TEG stream. The column is filled with
Mellapak structured packing provided by Sulzer company.
The pressure and temperature range for the dehydration facility is suggested by the Nafta-Gaz
Company the designer of Makowice facility. The pressure of gas can be in the range from
2700 kPa to 4000 kPa for gas coming directly from Ukraine, and in the range from 4700 kPa
to 5500 kPa for gas going through compressor unit. Under different pressures, natural gas of
different range of temperatures can be dryed (Figure 3.5). Depending on the selected pressure
75 000 [Nm3/h] to 280 000 [Nm3/h] per one contactor can be dehydrated.
After leaving the absorber the natural gas stream goes through heat exchanger cooling down
the TEG stream going into the dehydration column. Finally about 20 [Nm3/h] of the dry gas is
directed to glycol regenerator as stripping gas and the remaining part, as the sales gas, flows
to system pipelines. The stripping gas is heated to the temperature of 104 oC and
depressurized to the regenerator pressure.
25
The rich glycol leaves the contactor under the contactor pressure (depending of gas inlet
pressure) and goes through valve decreasing the pressure to 400 kPa, which allows TEG to
lose most of the entrained and soluble volatile components while in the flash tank. Then the
TEG stream flows through a heat exchanger in which it is heated before getting to the
regeneration column. In the regenerator it is further heated to the temperature of 180 oC to
200 oC. The separation of water from TEG takes place by fractional distillation. The still
column is filled with packing and cooled at the top by a coil in which circulates the glycol
solution (condenser part). This helps to reduce the glycol losses. A fired boiler and surge tank
are located at the lower section of the vessel. Aforementioned stripping gas is put in the upper
part of the column in order to regenerate the glycol solution to concentration of 99,5 % TEG
mole fraction.
After leaving the regenerator, TEG stream is directed through heat exchanger where it warms
up rich TEG flowing towards the regenerator. Then the lean TEG is mixed with TEG makeup
stream in order to compensate the glycol losses. Subsequently it goes through a pump where
the pressure is increased in order to surpass the pressure in absorber tower. After compression
the lean TEG stream goes through a heat exchanger where it is cooled down by the dry gas
going out of absorber.
26
4. Hysys Simulation Package

Aspen Hysys 3.2 is a process modeling tool for steady state simulation, design, performance
monitoring, optimization and business planning for oil and gas production, gas processing and
petroleum refining industries. The program is built upon proven technologies, with more than
25 years experience supplying process simulation tools to the oil, gas and refining industries.
It proves an interactive process modeling solution that enables engineers to create steady state
models of plant design, performance monitoring, troubleshooting, operational improvement,
business planning and asset management. Hysys helps process industries improve
productivity and profitability throughout the plant lifecycle. The powerful simulation and
analysis tools, real-time applications and the integrated approach to the engineering solutions
enable the user to improve designs, optimize production and enhance decision-making (Aspen
Tech, 2004).
Hysys offers a high degree of flexibility because there are multiple ways to accomplish
specific tasks. This flexibility combined with consistent and logical approach to how these
capabilities are delivered makes Hysys a versatile process simulation tool (Aspen Tech,
2004).
Another Hysys feature is that modular operations are combined with non-sequential solution
algorithm, so not only is information processed as it is supplied, but the results of any
calculation are automatically produced throughout the flowsheet, both forwards and
backwards. The modular structure of the operation means they can be calculated in either
direction, using information in an outlet stream to calculate inlet conditions (Aspen Tech,
2004).
In Hysys, all necessary information pertaining to pure component flash and physical property
calculations is contained within the Fluid Package, therefore choosing the right Fluid Package
for given compounds is substantial. For the given composition of natural gas flowing through
Makowice dehydration unit different Fluid Packages were checked, but finally the PengRobinson equation of state was chosen, as an ideal model for VLE calculations as well as
calculating liquid densities for hydrocarbon systems. In the used property package several
27
enhancements to the original Peng-Robinson model were made by the creators of Hysys
program in order to extend the range of applicability and to improve its predictions in some
non-ideal systems. The results achieved with use of Peng-Robinson equation of state were
found to be most similar to empirical calculations of all used Fluid Packages. The values were
also compared to analytical results and only insignificantly differed (Aspen Tech, 2003).
Once the Fluid Package for given compounds was chosen, the author prepared a detailed
scheme of Makowice dehydration facility along with surrounding pipelines in order to be
able to simulate dehydration and glycol regeneration processes. The process was
reconstructed in as much detail as it was possible (Operating Manual of Makowice
Dehydration Facility, 2004). All the known dimensions were inserted, likewise gas and glycol
temperatures and pressures. The author tried to avoid using simplified and non-physical units
but failed by little as balance units for stripping gas getting into regenerators had to be used
(Figure 3.4). This does not yet influence the simulation results as the amount of energy
necessary to heat up the stripping gas stream is known.
Hysys offers an assortment of utilities which can be attached to process streams and unit
operations. These tools interact with the process and provide additional information. The unit
operations are used to assemble flow sheets. By connecting the proper unit operations and
streams the user can model a wide variety of oil, gas, petrochemical and chemical processes
(Aspen Tech, 2004).
Included in the available operations are those which are governed by thermodynamics and
mass/energy balances, such as heat exchangers, separators, compressor, and the logical
operations like adjust, set, and recycle (Aspen Tech, 2004).
All unit operations and utilities are connected by material and energy streams. Multiple
properties pages are connected with every streams. Examples are conditions and composition
pages. The properties pages display the property correlations of the inlet and outlet streams of
the unit operations (Aspen Tech, 2004).
Material streams are used to simulate the material traveling in and out of the simulation
boundaries and passing between unit operations. For the material stream the user has to define
28
their main properties and composition so Hysys can solve the stream. The parameters
necessary are the temperature, pressure, flow based for example on molar flow, and
composition (Aspen Tech, 2003).
Energy streams are used to simulate the energy traveling in and out of the simulation
boundaries and passing between unit operations. The energy stream property view contains of
fields allowing user to define stream parameters, view objects to which the stream is attached
and specify dynamic information. The main parameter for energy streams is heat flow (Aspen
Tech, 2003).
In the next part of this chapter units used for building Makowice dehydration facility will be
briefly described. The sequence in which the description are provided reflects the sequence of
TEG solution and natural gas flow.
Separator is an unit with one or multiple feeds, one vapor and one liquid product stream. The
separator divides the vessel contents into its constituent vapor and liquid phases. Every
separator may be provided with some common features like for example the geometry of the
vessel and heat loss model which accounts for the convective and conductive heat transfer
that occurs across the vessel wall. The user can choose between various heater types, which
determine the way in which heat is transferred to the vessel operation (Aspen Tech, 2003).
The heater operations are one-sided heat exchangers. The inlet stream is heated to the required
outlet conditions, and energy stream provides the enthalpy difference between the two
streams. These operations provide information on how much energy is required to heat a
process stream with a utility (Aspen Tech, 2003).
The column is a special type of sub-flow sheet in Hysys. A sub-flow sheet contains equipment
and streams, and exchanges information with the parent flow sheet through the connected
internal and external streams. In general the column appears as multi-feed multi-product unit.
Depending on demands the user can choose one of the predefined columns, or build his own
column along with side equipment such as pump arounds, side strippers and side rectifiers
(Aspen Tech, 2003).
29
The column used by the author for separating water from natural gas is a typical absorber
column with two inlet and two exit streams. One of the inlet streams is natural gas saturated
with water in given conditions, the other is lean TEG glycol. The column is designed in such a
way that it should allows to dry the gas to the content of water in gas below 0,050 [g/Nm3]
which determines the dew point of -18 oC under the pressure of 3900 kPa (Aspen Tech,
2003).
A valve is used to decrease the pressure of dry natural gas exiting from the TEG contactor to
the value of 400 kPa. Hysys performs a material and energy balance on the inlet and exit
streams of the valve. The calculations are based on equal material and enthalpy between the
two streams. It is assumed that the valve operation is isenthalpic. The variable specified by the
user is outlet pressure. The rest of variables necessary for solving the valve operation is taken
from the stream flowing out of the contactor (Aspen Tech, 2003).
The separator used for removing vapor part from the rich TEG stream under lower pressure is
similar to the one separating free water from rich gas stream. The entering stream contains
particles of vapor and liquid. On the exit the vapor which is composed of volatile gases and a
small quantity of water is taken out at the top part of the separator, and the liquid part
composed of glycol and water is carried to the heat exchanger (Aspen Tech, 2003).
Heat exchanger performs two-sided energy and material balance calculations. The heat
exchangers calculations are based on energy balances for the hot and cold fluids on the basis
of temperatures of inlet and outlet streams. In the considered case the TEG stream is heated
up to the temperature of approximately 100 oC by lean TEG stream exiting regenerator
(Aspen Tech, 2003).
The regenerator is an example of distillation column with two inlet and two exit streams.
Warm rich glycol flows into the regenerator where it is heated up and losses water. In order to
dry the absorbent to higher concentration stripping gas in the quantity of 20 Nm3/h is injected
into the regenerator. Fully refluxed condenser is built at the top of the column, and a reboiler
in the lower part of the column is added for heating up bottom liquid to the temperature range
of 180 oC to 200 oC (Aspen Tech, 2003).
30
The lean glycol flowing out of the regenerator is mixed with stream of additional TEG in the
makeup mixer. The additional TEG is put into the circulation in order to make up glycol
losses due to solution in natural gas and vaporization. The mixer combines the two streams to
produce a single outlet stream, which subsequently gets to the TEG pump. The properties of
both streams entering the mixer are known, just as the amount of lean TEG from the
regenerator and amount of TEG going out of the pump. On this ground Hysys calculates the
amount of glycol necessary to compensate the TEG losses and the properties of absorbent
entering the pump.
The pump operation is used to increase the pressure of an inlet liquid stream. The outlet
pressure, the inlet pressure and the pump efficiency are known. The heat flow necessary for
compression is calculated by Hysys. The dynamics pump operation is similar to the
compressor operation in that it increases the pressure of its inlet stream. The pump operation
assumes that the inlet fluid is incompressible though (Aspen Tech, 2003).
After compression the lean TEG stream goes through another heat exchanger where it gives
some of its energy to dry gas stream flowing out of TEG contactor. The glycol is cooled down
while the dry gas is warmed up.
Before getting to the contactor lean TEG stream goes through recycle operation. The recycle
operation is a theoretical block in process stream. This block gives Hysys the ability to backcalculate through many operations in a non-sequential manner. All material recycles, where
downstream material mixes with upstream material, require a recycle operation. Hysys uses
the assumed values and solves the flowsheet around the recycle, then it compares the assumed
values in the attached streams to the calculated values in the opposite stream. Based on the
difference between the assumed and calculated values Hysys generates new values to
overwrite the previous assumed values. The calculation process repeats until the calculated
values match the assumed values within specified tolerances. The given values are the amount
of TEG going into the contactor given with relative tolerance, and internal absolute tolerances
(Aspen Tech, 2003).
31
5. Water Content of Natural Gas

5.1 Water content measurement
The water content of a natural gas at saturation conditions depends essentially on the
temperature and pressure. Corrections can be made for the sake of the composition of gas and
the salinity of the water. The Figure 5.1 shows the water content at saturation point of
nitrogen-free natural gases as a function of pressure and temperature. Dissolved salts reduce
the partial pressure of water in the vapor phase, and the water content of the gas is
accordingly decreased. The Figure 5.2 helps to correct the water contents given by the
Figure 5.1, as a function of salinity of the aqueous phase (after Katz, 1962).
The water content of natural gas can be measured by three different methods (Rojey et al.,
1994):
a) by observation of the dew point
b) by water retention on an adsorbent
c) by absorption in liquid.
Alexandre Rojey et al., 1994 provides a short description of these methods. In the dew point
method, a cooler mirror is used to observe the water condensation temperature. The water
dew point is sometimes difficult to distinguish from the hydrocarbon dew point. The water
content can also be measured by adsorption on magnesium perchlorate. The quantity of water
adsorbed is determined by gravimetric method. In the widely used absorption based KarlFischer method, the water is absorbed in a solution, and the water content is measured from
the amount of gas required to neutralize the reagent (solution of iodine, pyridine and sulfur
dioxide in methanol, called the Karl-Fischer reagent).
If the variation of temperature and pressure in an installation is known, the water dew point
curve of the natural gas can be used to determine the zone where water may condense. The
amount of condensed water released from gas can be then calculated from the difference
between the water content in gas at saturation point at the inlet and outlet respectively.
32
5.2 Water content from GPSA diagram

Natural gases containing significant quantities of acid gas are encountered frequently in the
world. Estimates of the water content of these sour gases are required for the design of plant
and pipelines facilities. Three methods are currently available for estimating the water content
of sour natural gases.
The most commonly used procedure is prepared by the Gas Processors Suppliers Association
(GPSA). In the procedure outlined by GPSA, the estimated water content of a sour gas is a
molar average of the solubility of water in the hydrocarbons, hydrogen, sulfide, and carbon
dioxide. The water content curves for H2S and CO2 are based on experimental data for the
binary mixtures H2O-H2S and H2O-CO2, respectively. Both these binaries display liquidliquid equilibria at temperatures and pressures common in processing applications, and the
water content read for the acid gas components often corresponds to the solubility of water in
nonaqueous liquid phase rather than in vapor phase. In general, the predicted water content of
sour natural gas is high when based on these experimental curves (Robinson et al., 1977).
A chart was prepared containing aheadmentioned curves for temperatures from -50 oC to
140 oC under pressures of 100 kPa, 250 kPa, 500 kPa, 750 kPa, 1000 kPa, 1500 kPa,
2000 kPa, 3000 kPa, 4000 kPa, 5000 kPa, 8000 kPa, 20 000 kPa, 30 000 kPa, 40 000 kPa,
50 000 kPa, and 60 000 kPa (Figure 5.3). The figure shows the amounts of water saturating
natural gas in given temperature and pressure along with charts for correction for gas relative
density and for salinity.
33
5.3 Water content values obtained from Makowice operation manual

The designer of Makowice natural gas dehydration facility provided an operating manual.
An attachment to the manual shows water content of natural gas within the range of pressures
for which the facility was designed (Figure 3.5, Appendix B). The table in Appendix B shows
water content in natural gas in [g/Nm3] within the range of pressures between 2700 kPa and
5500 kPa, for the temperatures between 10 oC and 40 oC with stress to points within the
temperature and pressure range for which the facility should be used.
The temperature range includes temperatures encountered in Polish gas pipelines. Only water
dew point temperatures below -18 oC are considered as work points. This assumption is made
because of the investors demand to keep the amount of water in dried gas below the dew
point temperature of -18 oC.
The part of the table pertaining to the pressures encountered when the gas is put into the
dehydration facility under the import pipeline pressure, without using the compressor station
is shown in Table 5.1. Dew point temperatures exceeding -18 oC were omitted.
Original layout given by the designer (Nafta Gaz) was used. This layout may not be
transparent as it repeats the same results many times for different gas temperatures. This
layout is useful though to calculations of the amount of water necessary to remove from
natural gas under given conditions in order to dry gas to the point where it meets the required
standards (see Chapter 5.6). Therefore it was kept this way deliberately.
Graphic analysis of the results was prepared for the temperatures of 10 oC (Figure 5.4), 15 oC
(Figure 5.5), and 20 oC (Figure 5.6).
The figures show the amount of water that is left in natural gas after dehydration process in
different conditions. The figures do not show the dew point obtained with dehydrating,
although the differences in water amount in natural gas come out of dew point differences.
The dew points for the gas temperature of 10 oC vary from -27 oC with the water content of
0,018 g/Nm3 at 2700 kPa to -33,8 oC for water content of 0,009 kg/Nm3 at 5500 kPa.
34
Similarly the dew points for the gas temperature of 15 oC vary from -22,9 oC for the water
amount of 0,025 g/Nm3 at 2700 kPa to -30,1 oC for water amount of 0,013 kg/Nm3 at
5500 kPa. For the gas temperature of 20 oC the dew points vary from -18,8 oC for the water
amount of 0,036 g/Nm3 at 2700 kPa to -26,4 oC for water amount of 0,019 kg/Nm3 at
5500 kPa. The comparison of these results with the values obtained with other methods is
done in Chapter 5.6.
35
5.4 Water content calculations from empirical equations

On the ground of empirical equations the author calculated the amount of water present in
natural gas leaving the absorber column.
The authors approach was based on calculations with use of equilibrium dew point equation
for gases according to P. Gandhidasan, 2002. The dew point acquired depends on amount of
water leaving the dehydration facility and gas pressure, and is given by the formula:
Tdew,eq = 18,228 ln(0,001685 wout Pg
0 ,81462
(1)
).
Since the gas and TEG are not in contact for a long enough time to reach equilibrium, the
actual water dew point is always higher than the equilibrium dew point. A well designed and
properly operated unit will have an actual water dew point 5 oC to 8oC higher than the
equilibrium dew point. In present study, an 10 oC approach to the equilibrium dew point at the
top of the dehydrator was assumed, as the height of absorption column is not known and
therefore the additional 2 oC was used. This is:
(2)
Tdew,act = Tdew,eq 10 o C .
When the pressure and dew point temperature of natural gas are known, from the equations
(1) and (2) the water content in outlet gas may be obtained:
wout = exp(
Tdew,eq + 10 o C
18,228
ln 0,001685 ln Pg
0 ,81462
).
(3)
The values obtained are given in kilograms of water per million standard cubic meters. The
values format was converted to grams of water per normal cubic meter with use of Clapeyron
equation (see Appendix F).
The assumed water dew point temperature is known. The natural gas is getting in the absorber
under a known pressure, which only insignificantly changes inside the absorber. Therefore
36
without noticeable mistake one can recognize the inlet pressure as the actual pressure. The
calculations were made for the pressure range recommended by Nafta Gaz Company the
designer of Makowice dehydration facility. Typical gas temperatures encountered in Poland
were taken into account. The results were put together and shown in a table (Appendix C).
The values shown were chosen to correspond with results obtained from Makowice facility
operating manual. The pressure values and the dew points were kept unchanged. The table
was prepared for the same gas temperatures as the one reproduced from Makowice
dehydration facility manual. Diagrams were made to show graphically the water content in
dehydrated natural gas in the work pressure range in the temperatures of 10 oC (Figure 5.7),
15oC (Figure 5.8), and 20 oC (Figure 5.9)
The figures show the amount of water that is left in natural gas after dehydration process in
different conditions. The figures do not show the dew point obtained with dehydrating,
although the differences in water amount in natural gas come out of dew point differences.
The dew points were kept same as in the Makowice dehydration facility operating manual
(Appendix B), and the amounts of water for different dew points under the considered
pressure range were calculated with the given formula (3). The dew points in the gas
temperature of 10 oC vary from -27 oC for the water amount of 0,016 g/Nm3 at 2700 kPa to 33,8 oC for water amount of 0,011 kg/Nm3 at 5500 kPa. Similarly the dew points in the gas
temperature of 15 oC vary from -22,9 oC for the water amount of 0,020 g/Nm3 at 2700 kPa to 30,1 oC for water amount of 0,013 kg/Nm3 at 5500 kPa. For the temperature of 20 oC the dew
points vary from -18,8 oC for the water amount of 0,025 g/Nm3 at 2700 kPa to -26,4 oC for
water amount of 0,017 kg/Nm3 at 5500 kPa. The comparison of these results with the values
obtained with other methods is done in Chapter 5.6.
37
5.5 Water content in natural gas according to Hysys program

A simple flow sheet was made with the use of Hysys program. The flow sheet shows a stream
of dry gas with no water content going in a mixer operation along with pure water stream. The
amount of water is high enough to saturate the gas, and to be still present as liquid in the pipe
(Figure 5.10). Therefore a stream of saturated gas with significant amount of free water above
the saturation point is created in the mixer and flows to a two-phase separator. In the separator
operation the water content above the saturation level is taken away as liquid from the bottom
part of the separator. The rich gas is taken from the top part of the separator as vapor. The
temperature and pressure of saturated gas are inserted by the user and on this basis Hysys
calculates the water content of saturated natural gas. By this means the water saturation points
under given conditions can be checked.
Hysys application does not provide the possibility of checking the amount of water per
standard cubic meter directly. In order to achieve this result the author had to prepare a sheet
containing values of molecular weight of natural gas, water, and gas-water mixture, mole
fraction of gas and water, Z factor of the mixture in given conditions and mass density of gas
in given conditions. Subsequently the values were exported to Microsoft Excel application,
where the calculation of amount of water in natural gas was made.
The computation had following course:
a) the number of moles of gas in given conditions per 1 m3 expressed in kmol was
calculated on the basis of multiplication the density of gas-water mixture by 1 m3 and
dividing the result by molecular weight of the mixture
b) mass of water accumulated in 1 m3 water-gas mixture was calculated through
multiplication of the number of moles of gas per 1 m3 by the mole fraction of water
and by the molecular weight of pure water
c) calculation of the cubic volume of water-gas mixture in standard conditions by means
of the real gas law equation called Clapeyron equation (see Appendix F) was done
d) the mass of water per 1 Sm3 was achieved by dividing the mass of water accumulated
in 1 m3 by the standard volume of water-gas mixture.
The computation course for exemplary conditions are shown in Appendix E.
38
The computation was first made generally for wide range of temperatures and pressures. The
temperature range started with -40 oC and reached the temperature of 140 oC with 20 oC step.
The pressure range started with 100 kPa and reached 60 000 kPa. The values for which the
calculation took place were 100 kPa, 250 kPa, 500 kPa, 750 kPa, 1000 kPa, 1500 kPa,
2000 kPa, 3000 kPa, 4000 kPa, 5000 kPa, 8000 kPa, 20 000 kPa, 30 000 kPa, 40 000 kPa,
50 000 kPa, and 60 000 kPa (Table 5.2a, 5.2b, 5.2c, 5.2d). These values were chosen
deliberately in order to compare the results achieved with the chart provided by GPSA
(Figure 5.3) see Chapter 5.2.
The results format was converted from mass of water per standard cubic meter to mass of
water per normal cubic meter with use of the real gas law equation (see Appendix F). The
results obtained were put in tables. Table 5.3 shows the number of grams of water per
standard cubic meter of natural gas. Table 5.4 shows the number of grams of water per normal
cubic meter of natural gas.
Second method of calculating the amount of water in standard cubic meter was discovered.
This method is based on reading the value of standard gas flow per hour [Sm3/h] and dividing
it by mass flow of water as one of the stream component. The value of standard gas flow per
hour can be calculated by Hysys as one of gas stream properties. Hysys application can
calculate mass and mole flows of every component of a given stream, for example water.
The outcome for the temperature range from -40 oC to 140 oC under the pressure of
60 000 kPa is shown in Table 5.5 .
Comparison of results achieved with the Clapeyron equation was made with the method based
on flow values obtained with Hysys application. The values achieved with both methods are
almost identical. The outcomes differ by less than 0,02 % in every case. The results
comparison is shown in Table 5.6.
The range of conditions taken under consideration was narrowed. In Tables 5.2a, 5.2b, 5.2c,
5.2d the range of conditions is very wide. The conditions encountered in Makowice gas
dehydration facility vary only within the pressure range from 2700 kPa to 5500 kPa and the
temperature range between 10 oC and 30 oC. Therefore the author made a detailed study of the
interest range.
39
The outcome unit was transformed. The Hysys application results unit was given in grams of
water per standard cubic meter of gas mixture. In order to make the comparison with other
results possible the Hysys obtained values were transformed into grams of water per normal
cubic meter. As the difference between standard and normal condition is limited to
temperature difference (15 oC for standard conditions, 0 oC for normal conditions) the real gas
law equation was used for transformation (see Appendix F).
A detailed study of water amount in gas under work range of Makowice dehydration facility
was made. The input data included temperature range encountered in polish gas pipelines
under the pressure range for which the Makowice gas dehydration facility was designed. The
obtained results were put in a table (Appendix D). The layout of the table has changed in
comparison with Tables 5.2a, 5.2b, 5.2c, 5.2d. The values shown were chosen to correspond
with results obtained from Makowice facility operating manual and empirical calculations.
The pressure range, gas temperatures and dew points were left unchanged. The water content
results obtained with Hysys are delivered. Graphical analysis was prepared for temperatures
of 10 oC (Figure 5.11), 15oC (Figure 5.12), and 20oC (Figure 5.13).
Similar values to those achieved from the Makowice dehydration facility manual (Chapter
5.3) and with the use of empirical equations (Chapter 5.4) were achieved. The dew points in
the temperature of 10 oC vary from -27 oC for the water amount of 0,023 g/Nm3 at 2700 kPa
to -33,8 oC for water amount of 0,009 kg/Nm3 at 5500 kPa. Similarly the dew points in the
temperature of 15 oC vary from -22,9 oC for the water amount of 0,032 g/Nm3 at 2700 kPa to
-30,1 oC for water amount of 0,010 kg/Nm3 at 5500 kPa. For the temperature of 20 oC the
dew points vary from -18,8 oC for the water amount of 0,046 g/Nm3 at 2700 kPa to -26,4 oC
for water amount of 0,015 kg/Nm3 at 5500 kPa.
40
5.6 Water content results comparison

Comparison was made between the amount of water calculated from Hysys results (Tables
5.2a, 5.2b, 5.2c, 5.2d) and the amount of water results achieved with use of GPSA chart (see
Figure 5.3, see Chapter 5.2). For ten randomly chosen pressure and temperature values the
amount of water was read from the GPSA chart. In every case the error was smaller than 20
mg H2O per standard cubic meter. Hence, as the GPSA chart is well recognized as accurate
for predicting the amount of water in natural gas under given conditions (Robinson,1977), the
author considers the values obtained with use of Hysys application as unquestionable.
The values of water amount in natural gas according to Makowice dehydration facility
manual, empirical equation, and Hysys application were compared. The comparison results
are shown in graphic mode. The diagrams for temperatures 10oC (Figure 5.14), 15oC (Figure
5.15), and 20oC (Figure 5.16) are provided. The water saturation calculated with the use of
empirical equations for given gas temperature is shown along with the water content for
selected dew points according to Makowice dehydration facility manual (see Appendix B)
and Hysys package.
Comparison of the results obtained with empirical equations, Hysys computation and manual
based data was made. The values obtained with different methods stay in reasonable
conformity. The percent differences between values obtained from Makowice dehydration
facility operating manual and Hysys application are shown in Table 5.7. The percent
differences between values obtained from Makowice dehydration facility operating manual
and solution based on empirical equations according to P. Gandhidasan, 2002 are shown in
Table 5.8. Only values pertaining to work-points were included in tables.
Average error was calculated from the values obtained. In case of the comparison between
manual data and Hysys calculated values the average mistake was 5,58 % for the gas
temperature of 10 oC, 14,94 % for gas temperature of 15 oC, 15,15 % for gas temperature of
20 oC and 16,57 % for gas temperature of 25 oC. Similarly in comparison between manual
data and equation based calculations the average mistake was 7,77 % for the gas temperature
of 10 oC, 13,01 % for gas temperature of 15 oC, 27,79 % for gas temperature of 20 oC and
34,87 % for gas temperature of 25 oC. The difference was considerably lower for comparison
between Makowice dehydration facility operation manual and Hysys package.
41
The author concludes from the results that both Hysys and manual based data stay in good
conformity. Empirical equations used provide results close to the ones computed with use of
Hysys application and delivered from Makowice dehydration facility manual.
Therefore the author decides to use the Hysys results as correct and not burdened with error
that would substantially influence subsequent deliberations over optimum energy and glycol
strategy.
Moreover the author notices that the results obtained with empirical calculations used are
burdened with noticeable error in comparison to manual and Hysys based outcome. The
reason of this unconformity may be the generality of used equation in which the results are
not dependent on natural gas composition. These general empirical equations were used
instead of more complex ones as the main goal of this part of authors work was to check the
harmony between empirical solution and computer program based calculation. This is gained
as the inaccuracy was small and the obtained values show the same tendency in each case.
42
5.7 Amount of water to remove during dehydration process

Calculation of water content under dew point temperatures in Makowice dehydration facility
work pressure range was made. The range of temperatures taken into account corresponds
with the dew points possible to achieve during gas dehydration. For the pressure range from
2700 kPa to 3990 kPa and 4720 kPa to 5500 kPa the amount of water in natural gas was
calculated with use of Hysys application. For every pressure chosen the dew points in the
range of -31 oC to -18 oC with 1 oC step were counted the same way as for water content in
given gas temperature and pressure (see Chapter 5.5). In the range of temperatures between
-19 oC and -18 oC the step was decreased to 0,1 oC, as this range of dew point temperatures is
usually sufficient. The results showing the amount of water in natural gas expressed in grams
of water per standard cubic meter were put in Table 5.9. The results were recalculated with
use of Clapeyron equation (see Appendix F) to values expressed in grams of water per normal
cubic meter. The values in changed units are shown in Table 5.10.
The amounts of water under the temperature range encountered in Polish gas pipelines and
Makowice dehydration facility work-area pressure range were calculated. The values for gas
temperatures of 10 oC, 15 oC, 20 oC, and 25 oC under pressure range from 2700 kPa to
3990 kPa and from 4720 kPa to 5500 kPa are provided in Table 5.11. The values in
mentioned table were given in grams of water per standard cubic meter. The results were then
converted to grams of water per normal cubic meter with use of Clapeyron equation (see
Appendix F). The results for normal conditions are provided in Table 5.12
The results pertaining to water content in natural gas under dew point temperatures in the
pressure range between 2700 kPa and 5500 kPa (Table 5.9) were compared with the amounts
of water in typical gas temperatures encountered in polish gas pipelines (Table 5.11).The
amount of water left in natural gas under dew point temperature was subtracted from the
water content of natural gas in typical temperatures encountered in gas pipelines. This led to
specifying the amount of water to be removed in order to achieve a required dew point
temperature under given pressure for a known medium temperature.
The results were put in tables. Gas temperatures of 10 oC, 15 oC, 20 oC, 25 oC and 30 oC in
this part of pressure range which is in Makowice dehydration facility work-area (Figure 3.5)
were considered. Table 5.13 shows the amount of water to be removed in grams of water per
43
standard cubic meter when the natural gas temperature equals 10 oC. Table 5.14 shows the
amount of water to be removed when the natural gas temperature equals 10 oC. The value is
given in grams of water per normal cubic meter. Table 5.15 shows the water amount to be
removed for 15 oC warm natural gas expressed in grams of water per standard cubic meter of
gas. Table 5.16 provides the same data transformed to normal conditions. Table 5.17 shows
the amount of water to remove from gas under the temperature of 20 oC in grams of water per
standard cubic meter. Table 5.18 shows data pertaining to the same gas temperature, but
expressed in grams of water to remove per normal cubic meter. Table 5.19 provides results of
water amount to remove under gas temperature of 25 oC expressed in grams of water per
standard cubic meter. Table 5.20 shows the same data expressed in grams of water per normal
cubic meter. Finally Table 5.21 shows the amount of water to remove from 30 oC warm gas in
grams per standard cubic meter, and Table 5.22 transforms the unit to grams of water to
remove from gas per normal meter of medium.
44
5.8 Dew point values comparison

Comparison of dew points for given water content between empirical calculation, Hysys
computation and manual data was made. For preset values of water content in natural gas the
dew point values were calculated and put in tables. The points were not selected for a given
pressure, but within the whole range of pressure encountered in Makowice dehydration
facility. Table 5.23 shows the values of dew point for given water content obtained with use
of Hysys package, Table 5.24 contains the values achieved from Makowice dehydration
facility operating manual, and Table 5.25 brings up values calculated with use of empirical
equations. The data was prepared for the range of water content encountered after dewatering
in Makowice dehydration facility in gas temperature of 10 oC, which is between
0,009 g/Nm3 and 0,018 g/Nm3.
Achieved values show good correlation between results obtained with use of computation and
manual data. The results of empirical calculation differ insignificantly from the ones
mentioned above . The graphical comparison is shown in the Figure 5.17.
The difference between dew points computed with use of Hysys package and Makowice
dehydration facility operating manual data hardly ever exceeds the value of 1 oC. This is
satisfying result. The calculation is aimed at checking the compatibility of Hysys computation
and manual data. Alike in the survey of water content saturating the natural gas in given
conditions, Hysys obtained results stay in good conformity with manual obtained data.
Therefore there are no contraindications against using Hysys outcome as reliable.
45
6. Glycol solutions
6.1 Use of glycol solutions

Glycols are by far most commonly used solvents in natural gas dehydration. The crucial
properties of glycol solvents suitable for dewatering were given before (see Chapter 2.3). The
organic compounds known as glycols approximate the properties that meet the commercial
application criteria. According to Manning and Thompson (1991) the advantages of glycol
over solid desiccants are:
a) lower installed costs by 50 % less at 3,277 Sm3/s, and 33 % at 16,387 Sm3/s (Kohl
and Riesenfeld, 1979)
b) lower pressure drop (34,47 kPa 68,95 kPa vs. 68,95 kPa - 344,7 kPa for dry
desiccants)
c) glycol dehydration is continuous rather than batch
d) glycol makeup is easily accomplished
e) glycol units require less regeneration heat per pound of water removed
f) glycol units can typically dehydrate natural gas to 0,008 g/Sm3
The disadvantages of glycol over solid desiccants are
a) water dew points below -4 oC require stripping gas and Stahl column for TEG
regeneration
b) glycol is susceptible to contamination
c) glycol is corrosive when contaminated or decomposed
The glycols that are most common for dehydration applications are monoethylene glycol
(MEG), diethylene glycol (DEG), triethylene glycol (TEG), and tetraethylene glycol (TREG).
All of mentioned glycols have a higher boiling point than water and a low vapor pressure.
Glycols will, however, decompose at elevated temperatures. The decomposition temperature
limits the maximum temperature at which the process operates, particularly in the reboiler.
This is one of the most important features upon which a specific glycol absorbent is chosen.
46
Triethylene glycol offers the best cost/benefit compromise, and is the most widely used
(Manning and Wood, 1993). It shows most of the properties mentioned and in comparison to
the other absorbents it is most economically right. It is marginally more expensive than DEG,
but brings much less losses due to lower vapor pressure. It also has less affinity for water and
therefore less dew point depression. In comparison to TREG it is less viscious, which
translates into lower pumping costs, not mentioning higher costs of TREG purchase, which
are not entirely compensated by lower vapor pressure (Carroll, 2003). Moreover TEG is more
easily regenerated, has a higher decomposition temperature of 277 oC in comparison to DEG
(245 oC) and is not too viscous above 4 oC (Manning and Thompson, 1991)
47
6.2 Minimum strong TEG concentration

The drying ability of the TEG is limited by the vapor-liquid equilibrium of water between the
gas phase and the liquid TEG phase. Therefore it is necessary to estimate the minimum
concentration of TEG in the strong solution entering the top of the dehydrator to meet the exit
gas water content specification.
Vapor Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) data for TEGwater system commonly are represented as
charts of water dew point lines as a function of contactor temperature and liquid TEG
concentrations. The water dew point is the dew point of the gas, Td, which would be obtained
if the gas was brought to equilibrium with the TEG solution at the contactor temperature, T
(Chorng et al., 2004).
A method of calculating the equilibrium between the gas phase and a TEG solution was
presented by Rosman (1973). The strong affinity between glycols and water is attributed to
hydrogen bonds. More complete data can be obtained by referring to the to the manual
published by the GPA (1980). The distribution of water between the two phases at
equilibrium is determined by introducing a partition coefficient assumed to be constant
throughout the absorption column (Rojey et al., 1994).
Figure 6.1 shows the dew point obtained for a gas in equilibrium with a solution of triethylene
glycol at different concentrations after ATG, 1988 (Rojey et al., 1994). According to ATG the
dew point temperature possible to achieve differs with glycol concentration and solution
contact temperature. In the Figure 6.1 glycol concentration is given in weight percent of TEG
in solution. Concentrations of TEG between 95 and 99,97 % are taken into account. Solution
contact temperatures shown vary between 0 oC and 80 oC.
Calculation of the minimum strong TEG concentration required at the inlet to the dehydrator
in order to dewater natural gas to given dew point temperature was made. The calculation was
carried out on the basis of equation provided by P. Gandhidasan (2002):
in ,min = 84,629 exp(0,00173 Tdew,act ) Tg 0,036313 .
(4)
48
The minimum strong TEG concentration is dependent on the dew point temperature required
and natural gas temperature. The calculation was made for dew point temperature range from
-18 oC to -31 oC, which are dew points encountered in Makowice dehydration facility. The
solution contact temperature which equals gas temperature between 1 oC and 25 oC is
considered. The results achieved are shown in Table 6.1.
Figures showing minimum strong TEG concentration in mass percent required to achieve a
given dew point temperature were made on this ground. Figure 6.2 shows minimum TEG
concentration for dew point temperature range between -18 oC and -29 oC. Figure 6.3 shows a
more detailed study on a more narrow range of dew point temperatures (-18 oC to -19 oC) with
0,1 oC step. The range between -18 oC and -19 oC, is the most commonly obtained.
Comparison of results after ATG, 1988 (Figure 6.1) and after P. Gandhidasan, 2002
(Figure 6.2) was made. For chosen points in range of operation area of Mackiwice
dehydration facility results were compared. The points were chosen on basis of minimum
strong TEG concentration table (Table 6.1). Points of TEG concentration equal to 95 %,
96 %, 97 %, 98 %, and 99 % were used.
The dew point chart after ATG is commonly used for determination of minimum TEG
concentration necessary in many dehydration facilities and bring good conformity with reality
(Rojey et al., 1994). Therefore the results obtained with it are unquestionable. The results
based on empirical solution shown by P. Gandhidasan, 2002 turned out to be burdened with a
few percent error in case of water content in natural gas and dew point temperature
calculations. Hence the author expects a similar distortion in results pertaining to the
minimum concentration of strong TEG stream.
According to P. Gandhidasan, 2002 the minimum TEG absorbent concentration necessary to
dewater 10 oC warm natural gas to dew point temperature of -18,5 oC is 95 % (Table 6.1). The
outcome was checked with dew point chart after ATG, 1988 (Figure 6.1). According to it the
minimum strong TEG concentration cannot be lower than 96 %.
After P. Gondhidasan the minimum TEG concentration enabling to dewater natural gas to
-21 oC in gas temperature 12 oC is 96 %. The value of approximately 97 % TEG concentration
49
is read from dew point temperature of gas with solutions of triethylene glycol chart after
ATG, 1988.
Similar comparison was made for the gas temperature of 16 oC reaching the dew point
temperature of -21 oC. In this case according to P. Gondhidasan the minimum TEG
concentration is 97 %. Which is by about 1 % less than the result achieved with the use of
Figure 6.1 (minimally less than 98 %).
The value of 98 % strong TEG concentration was calculated as minimum for dehydration of
24 oC warm gas to dew point temperature of -18 oC according to P. Gondhidasan. The value
obtained with use of the chart after ATG, 1988 equals approximately 98,5 %.
For TEG concentration of 99 % and gas temperature 25 oC the dew point temperature of
-23 oC is encountered with use of P. Gandhidasan proposed method. After ATG the value
equals approximately 98,5 %.
Aforementioned examples, alike Table 6.1 and Figures 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 show clearly that the lean
TEG concentrations encountered in Makowice dehydration facility are high enough to dry
the stream of natural gas to dew point below -18 oC in typical temperatures met in Polish gas
pipelines. The dew point temperature of -18 oC or lower is the demand from gas transport
company.
50
6.3 TEG circulation in Makowice dehydration facility

According to Makowice dehydration facility operating manual the TEG concentration varies
between 99,5 mass % on the inlet to absorber column, and not less than 95 % on the outlet
from the absorber. Tables are provided in the operating manual showing the minimum amount
of TEG necessary to dehydrate natural gas containing a known amount of water (Appendix
G). These are the minimum TEG amounts sufficient to keep the TEG concentration within the
desired range.
Calculation was made of the amount of water possible to remove with use of 1 cubic meter of
triethylene glycol. According to the installation requirements the concentration of TEG
solution cannot drop below the point of 95 mass percent. Therefore not more than 5 mass
precent can be filled by water taken out from dehydrated natural gas. Omitting other chemical
compounds dissolving in TEG and assuming the TEG density as 1122 kg/m3 the value of
approximately 56 kg of water per 1 cubic meter of TEG solution was calculated.
It stands to reason that the circulation of TEG depends on the amount of water present in
natural gas. This, in sequence, is dependent on the temperature and pressure of natural gas
flowing into the absorber column (Table 5.3). The amount of water saturating natural gas is
increasing with temperature, and decreasing with pressure.
For the instances where the amount of water flowing in natural gas can be decreased before
the actual dehydration process it should be done. Therefore gas should be deprived of any free
water before getting to absorber. Also increasing the inlet pressure can bring noticeable
effects while separating free water from natural gas before the actual dehydration process.
The gas temperature should be kept low. The gas should not be warmed up before entering the
absorber more than necessary. The gas entering the absorber should be always warmer than
10 oC though (see Chapter 2.3).
Some part of TEG is wasted through evaporation ans is carried over from absorber with
particles of natural gas. The amount of TEG lost depends on TEG vapor pressure in given
temperature.
51
7. Hysys simulations
The author puts attention to the direct after-effect of evaporation of TEG which is TEG loss,
and tries to minimize it, alike energy consumption. Hysys application was used in search for
the optimum solution for minimizing TEG waste and energy use. Optimization was made by
adjusting factors like temperature and pressure of gas entering the installations, TEG
circulation, and dew point temperature of the outgoing gas.
The water content of incoming gas was set at the level of 0,2 g/Nm3, which is the point very
seldom exceeded in recent two years for the natural gas imported from Ukraine (Figure 3.2).
This water content suits the dew point temperature of -2 oC for the pressure of 2700 kPa, and
8 oC for the pressure of 5500 kPa. Natural gas temperature of 10 oC was chosen.
The installation was set to the lowest work pressure. According to Makowice dehydration
facility operation manual this is the pressure of 2700 kPa, and under this pressure only
75 000 Nm3 of natural gas per one processing line can be dehydrated. Therefore to dehydrate
the whole amount of gas coming from Ukraine (550 000 Nm3 per hour) to the water content
below 0,050 g/Nm3, which is the investors demand, the dehydration of the part of natural gas
undergoing the dehydration must be very deep. The author will check the possibility of
meeting the demand.
The main gas stream was split in three parts. Two of them, 75 000 Nm3/h each, were directed
to the dehydrators, the remaining part (400 000 Nm3/h) was put directly to the gas pipeline.
Even through decreasing the water content in natural gas undergoing the dehydration process
to the level of 13 mg/Nm3, after mixing with the not dehydrated gas the total water content
was still way too high (145 mg/Nm3). This instance shows that the pressure chosen should be
adjusted with consideration for the water content of gas at the inlet to the absorber.
Even though the above this solution cannot be chosen, calculation of TEG losses was made.
TEG is being wasted through:
a) evaporating and escape with dried natural gas stream from TEG Contactor and TEG
Contactor-2 (Figure 3.4),
52
b) evaporating with natural gas taken from Gas From TEG Sep and Gas From TEG
Sep-2 separators (Figure 3.4),
c) through getting into equilibrium with water during TEG regeneration in Regenerator
and Regenerator-2 (Figure 3.4).
The greatest loss was observed in Remnants and Remnants-2 streams (Figure 3.4). The
amount of TEG equal to 1,7946 kg is wasted every hour through each of these streams. In
Gas To Sale and Gas To Sale-2 streams the amount of TEG equals two times 0,0184 kg/h. No
TEG losses were noticed in Gas From TEG and Gas From TEG-2 streams. The losses
mentioned are made up by New TEG and New TEG-2 streams (Figure 3.4). The amount of
TEG necessary to fill the leaks is 3,6261 kg/h which gives the amount of 31764 kilograms of
TEG per year. This makes up the loss of 28 m3 of TEG annually.
The installation was set to the maximum gas pressure without compression in compressor
unit. This is 3990 kPa. Under this pressure the maximum amount of 150 000 Nm3 per one
processing line can be dehydrated. In this case the absorber was able to dehydrate the streams
of natural gas to water content of 25 mg/Nm3 which is 0,000035 mass percent of water in
natural gas. In the Outlet GAS stream (Figure 3.4) the total water amount left is 57 kg, which
makes up 104 mg/Nm3. The TEG circulation was set according to the operating manual tips to
0,620 m3 per 100 000Nm3 of natural gas (Appendix G). Total annual TEG losses in this case
would be approximately 28,7 m3. This setting cannot be used for natural gas containing
assumed water content though, as the water content in outlet stream is greater than
50 mg/Nm3.
The pressure of 4720 kPa was assumed. This pressure requires the main imported gas stream
to undergo compression before entering the dehydration facility. The maximum amount of
approximately 180 000 Nm3 of natural gas can be dehydrated with every processing line
(Mackowice Dehydration Facility Operation Manual, 2004). For this amount of gas
dehydrated the water content of outlet gas equals 75 mg/Nm3.
The same examination was used for the gas pressure of 5500 kPa and the whole main gas
stream undergoing the drying process. The temperature of gas entering dehydrator was 10 oC
and did not differ from the gas temperature in the pipelines (little energy use in Pre Column
Heater and Pre Column Heater-2, see Figure 3.4). The TEG circulation was set to the level of
53
1,9 m3/h. The gas stream was dehydrated to the level of 6,3 mg/Nm3. The amount of TEG lost
is 3,352 10-3 m3/h, which gives the amount of 29,4 m3/yr.
The same approach was used for different TEG circulations. For TEG inlet of 1 m3 per one
absorption column the gas can be dehydrated to the amount of water in natural gas equal
13 mg/Nm3. The TEG loss equals then 29,2 m3/yr, which is inconsiderably lower than in case
of following operating manual hints. For TEG inlet of 3 m3 per one absorption column the
outgoing gas contained only 5 mg of water per Nm3 of natural gas. The TEG loss equaled
29,5 m3/yr.
The amount of gas dehydrated under the pressure of 5500 kPa was decreased to the level
where the amount of water in the outlet gas stays close to the level of 50 mg/Nm3. The
imported gas was split to three streams. The two of them that are undergoing the dehydration
operation put through 212800 Nm3/h each. The water content of the outgoing gas stream of
48 mg/Nm3 was achieved this way. The amount of 1,4 m3 of TEG per hour is flowing into the
absorber column. The annual TEG loss achieved is 28,6 m3. The energy streams necessary to
perform the drying operations (Figure 3.4) are the Condenser En and Condenser En-2 (6,5 kW
each), Reboiler En and Reboiler En-2 (135,3 kW each), Pump Q and Pump Q-2 (3,7 kW
each), En To Heater and En To Heater-2 (0,13 kW each). The total energy use equals 292 kW.
The gas was preheated to 25 oC. The minimum share of gas undergoing the dehydration
process has in order to meet the maximum 50 mg of water per Nm3 of gas demand increased
to 237000 Nm3 per one processing line. The TEG loss in this case was encountered through
Gas To Sale and Gas To Sale-2 (0,16 kg/h each), and Remnants and Remnants-2 (1,8 kg/h
each). Total TEG waste amounts to 3,5 10-3 m3/h, which makes up the quantity of 30,6
m3/yr. The energy use is high in comparison to previous instances, as the En To Heater and
En To Heater-2 heat flows equal 1801 kW each. Hence the total energy us encountered is
3900 kW.
For the same gas stream (5500 kPa, 10 oC, 0,2 g of water per Nm3 of natural gas) an approach
of preheating the natural gas to the temperature of 35 oC was used. In this temperature the
imported gas cannot fulfill the investors demands.
54
Similar technique by a process of trial and error was used for water content in gas of
0,1 g/Nm3. As one can see in Figure 3.2 this is the amount of water that is not much above the
minimum dew point temperature in winter conditions. The temperature of gas was set to the
minimum temperature encountered in gas flowing through Makowice dehydration facility,
which is 2 oC. This temperature is met only sometimes during the winter , and applies only to
the gas that did not undergo compression process in the neighboring compressor unit. As the
dehydration process cannot be completed with sufficient results under the lower variety of
pressures from the range of non-compressed gas pressures (as the amounts of gas that can
undergo the dewatering process for lower pressures are to low), the dehydration unit was set
for the pressure of 4000 kPa, and gas temperature of 2 oC. In these conditions the amount of
gas undergoing the dehydration process is set to 150 000 Nm3/h per processing line. Water
content of outlet gas equals 46 mg/Nm3. The TEG loss is amount to 28 m3/yr. Total energy
use equals 260 kW. By the energy use the author understands the heat flows of Condenser En,
Condenser En-2, Reboiler En, Reboiler En-2, Pump Q, Pump-2, En To Heater, and En To
Heater-2. Although this is the most energy and absorbent saving setup the dehydration
process should be carried out in higher temperatures to prevent precipitation of hydrates.
Therefore in case of preheating the natural gas to the temperature of 10 oC the outlet gas water
content changes insignificantly, alike TEG loss. The energy consumption amounts to 1500
kW .
Calculation for 10 oC warm gas was made. The water content is left at the level of
0,1 gH2O/Nm3GAS. The initial pressure was set to 4000 kPa. The gas is not preheated before
entering the contactor. For the instance of dehydrating 150 000 Nm3 of gas in each absorber
the water content of outlet stream is 46 mgH2O/Nm3GAS. The TEG loss equals 28 m3TEG/yr, the
heat flow amounts to 260 kW.
The same values were checked for higher pressures. For the pressure of 4700 kPa, which is
the lowest pressure value for compressed gas, the amount of water in outlet stream has
decreased to the value of 45 mgH2O/Nm3GAS. The TEG loss is 28 m3TEG/yr. Heat flow equals
260 kW. For the pressure of 5500 kPa, the highest pressure in work range of Makowice
dehydration facility, the outlet water content amounts to 46 mgH2O/Nm3GAS, and the power
supply necessary equals 260 kW.
55
Tests were made of adjusting the TEG Regenerator in different manners. The main TEG loss
is encountered in the Remnants and Remnants-2 streams leaving Regenerator. Therefore it
might be of purpose to try to change the setup of this unit in order to get smaller TEG waste.
The temperature of the stream leaving the condenser was changed in range from 60 oC to
140 oC. The change in TEG loss was imperceptible. The Reboiler En was changed in order to
achieve different reboiler temperature. Similarly the results did not bring any change to the
amount of TEG carried out with Remnants and Remnants-2 streams. The temperatures of
Regen Feed and Regen Feed-2 streams were increased. The outlet TEG concentration
increased insignificantly, but no change in the amount of TEG in Remnants and Remnants-2
streams was noticed. The author did not have access to sufficient data pertaining to the
regenerator. Hysys application chooses the remaining dimentions and other values necessary
depending on the conditions. The process is repeated every time the conditions change. That
was probably the reason why the author did not obtain any differences in the outcoming
stream. Therefore with the data the author possessed only changes in TEG loss of
approximately 3 m3 per year are possible, which still makes up 10 % of whole TEG annual
use.
An approach was made to calculate the energy consumption and TEG loss differences
between using two processing lines, and one processing line in order to achieve the same
amount of water in outgoing gas. At first the possibility of dehydration to the water content
required by the investor was checked. The water content of inlet gas was set to the value of
0,1 g/Nm3. Inlet pressure equals 5500 kPa. Gas temperature is 10 oC. One processing line was
used with the throughput of 280 000 Nm3/h. This was sufficient for achieving the water
content of 49,7 mg/Nm3. The energy consumption is now encountered through Reboiler En,
Pump Q and En To Heater streams. Reboiler En is the amount of energy necessary necessary
for warming up TEG undergoing regeneration. Pump Q is heat flow necessary for
compressing lean TEG stream from the pressure of 0,4 MPa to the pressure of 6,2 MPa. En
To Heater stream is the total amount of energy necessary to get the required gas temperature.
In the considered case total energy loss encountered amounts to 132 kW. The regenerators
reboiler requires 127,2 kW, TEG Pump consumes 3,7 kW and the Pre Column Heater uses
0,2 kW (as the gas is not preheated). Total TEG consumption amounts to 1,61610-3 m3/h
which gives the value of 14,2 m3/yr.
In case of running dehydration with use of two processing lines gas pressure can be lowered.
The two streams entering TEG contactors are 140 000 Nm3/h each. The water content in
56
natural gas achieved equals 49,5 ng/Nm3, therefore the water amount is similar to the case of
using single processing line. Total energy consumption encountered is 254 kW, which is
almost twice higher than in the previous example. TEG consumption amounts to
3,21510-3 m3/h which equals 28,2 m3/yr.
Dehydration of natural gas to the water content of 50 mg/Nm3 is not necessary, especially for
summer conditions. Polish norm characterizes the dew point temperature for summer and
winter time. For the water content in natural gas of 220 mg/Nm3, which corresponds with dew
point temperature of 5 oC in pressure of 4 MPa (dew point requirement in summer
conditions) the dehydration process for most time can be omissed. For the amount of water in
natural gas of 75 mg/Nm3 for most cases use of single processing line is sufficient. For the
pressure of 5500 kPa, 280 000 Nm3/h of natural gas can be dehydrated. This allows using
single processing line for achieving the water content of natural gas below 50 mg/Nm3 for all
cases of water content lower than 100 mg/Nm3. If the amount of water in natural gas was
supposed not to exceed the value of 75 mn/Nm3, this would enable to dehydrate natural gas of
water content at the inlet to the separator of approximately 170 mg/Nm3. For fulfilling the
demand for dew point temperature in summer season according to Polish norm which
corresponds with the water content in dehydrated natural gas of 220 mg/Nm3, the incoming
natural gas can contain up to 440 mg/Nm3. This high values were not encountered in the
imported natural gas for over four years now.
57
8. Discussion
There is a constant necessity of dehydration the gas stream coming from Ukraine. The natural
gas coming from Ukraine hardly ever meets the dew point temperature demand (Figure 3.2).
The maximum water content for transport of gas in pipelines is specified by Polish norm. The
contemporary dew point temperature demand is determined by the Decree of the Minister of
Administration issued on 24th of August 2000. This decree changed the values of dew point
temperature at the pressure of 4 MPa to 5 oC in the period from 1st of April until 30th of
September, and -10oC from 1st of October to 31st of March. Previously the values for summer
time were slightly higher, while the water content of natural gas during winter period was
lower.
Mackowice dehydration facility is the only drying unit connected with Polish gas
transportation system. Other gas treatment facilities are usually parts of gas storage facilities.
The dehydration process in Mackowice is carried with use of TEG based absorption method.
The total amount of gas imported from Ukraine amounts to 550 000 Nm3/h, which makes up
153 Nm3/s. The dehydration process chosen is absorption. Triethylene glycol was chosen for
the absorbent by the designer of Makowice dehydration facility. According to experimental
data, for this amount of natural gas, dehydration with use of TEG solution is the most
economically justified way (see Chapter 6.1). Therefore this decision seems to be correct from
the economical point of view.
The dehydration facility consists of two processing lines. Depending on gas inlet pressure
each of them can dry up to 280 000 Nm3/h. This enables the whole amount of imported gas to
undergo the dehydration process. The water content possible to achieve in this case is far
below the water content of natural gas requirement and equals approximately 6 mg/Nm3 (see
Chapter 7). The two drying equipment sets make renovation, conservation, and maintenance
operations possible without necessity of turning off whole the dehydration facility. As shown,
one processing line may sometimes not be sufficient for dehydration of the imported gas
stream to the water content demand of the investor which is 50 mg per normal meter of
natural gas. Therefore any maintenance operations should be carried out during summer
season, while there is small probability of hydrate precipitation in gas pipelines.
58
During seasons of natural gas surplus the vent gas is burnt in flare. This causes emission of
carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, but is justified from economical point of view, as
recompression of the gas stream and putting it back to system would be costly, and storing it
is impossible. It might be advisable to calculate the costs and profits that could result from
using the gas streams outgoing from Gas From TEG Sep, Gas From TEG Sep-2, and the
streams outgoing from regenerator containing the stripping gas - Remnants and Remnants-2
(Figure 3.4) as fuel for energy source for operating Makowice dehydration facility, or
neighbouring comressors unit. Besides economical aspect, this step would make the
dehydration facility more independent from external energy source.
The calculations of amount of water to remove from natural gas to reach required dew point
temperature were made. The figures show clearly, that the amount of water to be removed
decreases considerably with pressure increase (Table 5.13). The results obtained with use of
Hysys application stay with good conformity with experimental data provided by ATG
(Figure 5.1) and by GPSA (Figure 5.3). Even in the temperature and pressure range
encountered in Makowice dehydration facility the tendency is clear.
Energy consumption simulation was made. According to Hysys application computation the
most energy demand occurs in Pre Column Heater and Pre Column Heater-2. From the values
obtained with Hysys application it is noticeable that processing the gas dehydration under
lower temperatures brings better effects (see Chapter 7). Therefore the natural gas
temperature should be kept low. Preheating of the natural gas stream should be carried out
only when the gas temperature is lower than 10 oC for the reasons explained in Chapter 2.3.
Good results in energy saving can be brought by exploiting only one processing line at a time
when it is enough to reach the water content of natural gas below the level of
50 mgH2O/Nm3GAS.
TEG loss simulation was made. According to Hysys computations the biggest TEG waste is
encountered in Remnants and Remnants-2 streams outgoing from Regenerator and
Regenerator-2 (Figure 3.4). An survey for ways of lowering the amount of TEG in these
streams was done. The results show insignificant changes in the amount of TEG lost in the
Remnants and Remnants-2 streams. The main difference in the amount of TEG lost comes out
of the amount of water in natural gas. For gas containing the same amount of water saving of
59
approximately 2 m3TEG per year can be achieved by carrying out the dehydration process
under pressures close to the value of 5500 kPa.
Lowering the water content in natural gas to the level of 50 mg/Nm3 is not necessary.
According to the Polish Norm the dew point temperature of 5 oC under the pressure of 4 MPa
which amounts to the water content in natural gas of 220 mg/Nm3 (Figure 5.1) is sufficient
during summer season. In the winter period the dew point temperature of -10 oC under the
pressure of 4 MPa which equals the water content in natural gas of 75 mg/Nm3 (Figure 5.1) or
lower is necessary. Therefore there is no need to dehydrate the natural gas stream to the level
of 50 mgH2O/Nm3.
Keeping the dew point temperature minimally below the dew point demand will in multiple
cases bring savings in energy and TEG loss. Until the process of dehydration can be lead with
use of one processing line the energy demand equals half the demand calculated (see
Chapter 7). The TEG absorbent waste can also be noticeably lowered this way.
Dehydrating natural gas under high pressures enables drying bigger quantities of natural gas.
In order to increase the gas pressure neighboring compressor unit is used. When the pressure
equals 5500 kPa, 280 000 Nm3 per one processing line can be dehydrated. Until the water
content is low enough, the demand for dew point temperature can be fulfilled with using only
one processing line. This brings rational savings in TEG loss and energy consumption.
60
9. Conclusions
Calculations of water content in natural gas under different temperatures and pressures were
made. The results obtained by the author with Hysys application were coherent with
published results (Figure 5.1, Figure 5.3, Table 5.12), which leads to the conclusion that
results obtained with use of Hysys are reliable. The results show clearly that the amount of
water in natural gas increases rapidly with temperature rise, and decreases with pressure
increase (Table 5.3). By comparison of these results with water content in natural gas under
dew point temperatures in range between -31 oC and -18 oC (Table 5.09) the amount of water
to remove during dehydration process were determined (Table 5.13, Table 5.15, Table 5.17,
Table 5.19, Table 5.21). The author concludes, that in case of saturated gas flow, by
increasing work pressure, some part of water can be removed from natural gas as liquid
before the actual dehydration process. In this case less water would have to be removed from
gas in the dehydration process to achieve a desired dew point under given gas temperature.
The author suggests using the compressor unit neighbouring with Makowice dehydration
facility for natural gas compression before undergoing the dewatering process. In winter
season increase in gas temperature caused by the compression may be advisable. From the
study made the author concludes that working in high pressure range brings savings in energy
consumption and reduces TEG consumption by approximately 2-3 m3 per year, which makes
up around 10 % of annual TEG loss. Moreover, as gas compression is necessary anyway, this
approach prevents the necessity of compressing the gas after undergoing the dehydration
process.
Only one processing line should be used at a time until it is able to dehydrate the outlet stream
below the required dew point temperature. This approach brings savings in amount of TEG
lost and energy consumption. It also extends the period between maintenance operations and
decreases the threat of malfunctions.
The work temperature should be kept low. The most energy consumption is encountered
during heating of gas stream flowing in the absorber column. The incoming gas stream should
not be warmed up, unless its temperature is lower than 10 oC, as due to the higher viscosity of
61
the glycol, temperature of about 10 oC is considered as a lower limit of the dehydration

temperature range.
More in-depth study over an algorithm of choosing whether to run one or two processing lines
depending on the gas temperature, water content in gas, gas pressure and dew point
temperature demand should be carried out and checked with the data achieved during the
exploitation of Makowice dehydration facility, Poland. Unfortunately the author did not have
enough data to carry out this investigation.
62
References
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63
Daubert, T.E., Danner, R.P.,1985, Data Compilation Tables of Properties of Pure Compounds,
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Campbell, J.M., Campbell Petroleum Series, Norman, Okla, April, 1982
Manning, F.S., Thompson, R.E., Gas dehydration using glycol, Oilfield Processing of
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1991
Manning, W. P., and Wood, H.S., Guidelines for glycol dehydrator design Part 1.
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64
Nafta-Gaz, Makowice Dehydration Facility Operating Manual, Nafta-Gas, 2004

Pontiff, M.E., Process optimization review, Newfield Exploration Co., 2005,
Regional Department of Gas Transport in Tarnw (ROP Tarnw), materials from conference
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Conference, Norman, OK, February, 2001
65
66
Tables
Table 2. 1 Physical Properties of Commercial Glycols (reproduced from Daubert and Danner,
1985)
Ethylene
Diethylene
Triethylene
Tetraethylene
glycol
glycol
glycol
glycol
EG
DEG
TEG
T4EG (TrEG)
Overall chemical formula
C2H6O2
C4H10O3
C6H14O4
C8H18O5
Molecular weight [kg/kmol]
62,068
106,122
150,175
194,228
Melting point [oC]
-13,00
-10,45
-7,35
-5,00
Boiling point at 101325 Pa [oC]
197,30
245,00
277,85
307,85
Vapor pressure at 25 oC [Pa]
12,24
0,27
0,05
0,007
Density at 25 oC [kg/m3]
1110
1115
1122
1122
0,01771
0,03021
0,03673
0,04271
0,00522
0,00787
0,00989
0,01063
2395
2307
2190
2165
111,11
123,89
176,67
196,11
Abbreviation
Absolute viscosity at 25 oC
[Pas]
Absolute viscosity at 60 oC
[Pas]
Specific heat at 25 oC [J/kgK]
Flash point [oC]
67
Table 5. 1 Water contents of gas for given dew points in Makowice dehydration facility
pressure and dew point work-range (Nafta-Gaz, 2004)
P [bar]
10 C
15 C
20 C
25 C
[g/Nm3] Tr[C] [g/Nm3] Tr[C] [g/Nm3] Tr[C] [g/Nm3] Tr[C]

27,0
0,018
-27
0,025
-22,9
0,036
-18,8
27,6
0,017
-27,2
0,025
-23,1
0,035
-19
28,1
0,018
-26,9
0,026
-23,2
0,035
-18,8
28,7
0,018
-27,1
0,025
-22,8
0,035
-18,8
29,2
0,017
-27,5
0,024
-23,3
0,034
-19,3
29,8
0,017
-27,3
0,024
-23,2
0,034
-19,5
30,4
0,016
-27,9
0,023
-23,7
0,033
-19,6
30,9
0,016
-28,2
0,023
-23,9
0,032
-20
31,5
0,016
-28,1
0,023
-24,2
0,032
-20,3
32,0
0,016
-28,5
0,022
-24,4
0,031
-20,4
32,6
0,016
-28,5
0,022
-24,5
0,031
-20,6
33,2
0,015
-28,7
0,022
-24,6
0,03
-20,7
33,7
0,015
-28,9
0,021
-24,9
0,03
-20,7
34,3
0,015
-29,1
0,021
-25,1
0,03
-21,1
34,8
0,014
-29,2
0,021
-25,3
0,029
-21,3
35,4
0,015
-29,1
0,02
-25,3
0,028
-21,5
36,0
0,014
-29,3
0,02
-25,8
0,028
-21,6
36,5
0,014
-29,9
0,02
-25,8
0,028
-21,9
37,1
0,014
-29,7
0,019
-26
0,027
-22
0,039
-18,2
37,6
0,013
-30,4
0,019
-26,1
0,027
-22,2
0,037
-18,3
38,2
0,013
-30,5
0,019
-26
0,026
-22,4
0,037
-18,5
38,8
0,013
-30,6
0,019
-26,2
0,026
-22,5
0,036
-18,5
39,3
0,013
-30,8
0,018
-26,6
0,026
-22,6
0,035
-18,7
39,9
0,012
-30,9
0,018
-26,7
0,025
-22,8
0,035
-18,8
68
Table 5. 2 Water content calculation with use of Hysys application (page 1 of 4)

Name
Temperature C
Pressure kPa
Comp Mole Frac NG
Comp Mole Frac H2O
Z Factor
Mass Density kg/m3
Molecular Weight
c [gH2O/Sm3] =
Name
Temperature C
Pressure Kpa
Comp Mole Frac Methane
Comp Mole Frac H2O
Z Factor
Mass Density kg/m3
Molecular Wright
c [gH2O/Sm3]=
Name
Temperature C
Pressure kPa
Comp Mole Frac H2O
Z Factor
Mass Density kg/m3
Molecular Weight
c [gH2O/Sm3]=
Name
Temperature C
Pressure kPa
Comp Mole Frac H2O
Z Factor
Mass Density kg/m3
Molecular Wright
c [gH2O/Sm3]=
NG
-40
100
1
0
0,995188
0,853712
16,46942
Water In
-40,00
100
0
1
8,81E-04
1054,49
18,0151
NG
Water In
0
-40,59685
250
250
1
0
0
1
0,992517 2,21E-03
1,826639 1054,953
16,46942 18,0151
NG
Water In
0
-40,6056
500
500
1
0
0
1
0,985064 4,42E-03
3,680918 1055,034
16,46942 18,0151
NG
Water In
0
-40,61348
750
750
1
0
0
1
0,977643 6,62E-03
5,563285 1055,113
16,46942 18,0151
SatGas
-40
100
0,999822
1,78E-04
0,995188
0,853289
16,46115
0,135562
SatGas
-40
250
0,999928
7,20E-05
0,987959
2,147638
16,45213
0,054844
SatGas
-40
500
0,999963
3,67E-05
0,975872
4,345989
16,44272
0,02794
SatGas
-40
750
0,999975
2,49E-05
0,963736
6,598667
16,43672
0,018981
SatGas
-20
100
0,998802
1,20E-03
0,996218
0,785442
16,46774
0,913126
SatGas
-20
250
0,999515
4,85E-04
0,990553
1,973988
16,46217
0,369326
SatGas
-20
500
0,999754
2,46E-04
0,981116
3,984439
16,45592
0,187523
SatGas
-20
750
0,999833
1,67E-04
0,971687
6,032949
16,45126
0,12696
SatGas
0
100
0,994062
5,94E-03
0,996996
0,727702
16,47688
4,524305
SatGas
0
250
0,997606
2,39E-03
0,99251
1,826606
16,46902
1,823647
SatGas
0
500
0,998788
1,21E-03
0,985059
3,679663
16,46374
0,923569
SatGas
0
750
0,999181
8,19E-04
0,977642
5,560168
16,46018
0,623664
SatGas
20
100
0,977004
2,30E-02
0,997576
0,678777
16,504
17,52095
SatGas
20
250
0,990742
9,26E-03
0,994001
1,700705
16,48134
7,053893
SatGas
20
500
0,995321
4,68E-03
0,988072
3,419901
16,4721
3,565226
SatGas
20
750
0,996847
3,15E-03
0,982186
5,159245
16,46779
2,402648
SatGas
40
100
0,926761
7,32E-02
0,997954
0,638188
16,58206
55,8042
SatGas
40
250
0,970541
2,95E-02
0,995118
1,593395
16,51343
22,44607
SatGas
40
500
0,985134
1,49E-02
0,990382
3,197366
16,48937
11,327
SatGas
40
750
0,989998
1,00E-02
0,985684
4,816303
16,48047
7,621263
SatGas
60
100
0,800924
0,199076
0,997932
0,606935
16,77682
151,6903
SatGas
60
250
0,919972
8,00E-02
0,995834
1,503793
16,59211
60,97907
SatGas
60
500
0,959664
4,03E-02
0,992091
3,007565
16,52963
30,73496
SatGas
60
750
0,972894
2,71E-02
0,988345
4,522551
16,50811
20,65389
SatGas
80
100
0,525055
0,474945
0,996642
0,587882
17,20343
361,9035
SatGas
80
250
0,80903
0,19097
0,995826
1,433335
16,76397
145,5172
SatGas
80
500
0,903817
9,62E-02
0,993106
2,849244
16,61655
73,29028
SatGas
80
750
0,935425
6,46E-02
0,990195
4,273601
16,56683
49,20551
SatGas
100
100
0,032416
0,967584
0,991957
0,583746
17,965
737,3064
SatGas
100
250
0,590953
0,409047
0,993959
1,386413
17,10139
311,697
SatGas
100
500
0,793934
0,206066
0,99289
2,724768
16,78691
157,0241
SatGas
100
750
0,861717
0,138283
0,990927
4,069508
16,68139
105,3731
SatGas
120
100
0,032416
0,967584
0,993004
0,553466
17,965
737,3215
SatGas
120
250
0,20153
0,79847
0,98718
1,371575
17,70357
608,453
SatGas
120
500
0,596676
0,403324
0,9899
2,641157
17,09231
307,3425
SatGas
120
750
0,729221
0,270779
0,989531
3,915565
16,88681
206,3396
SatGas
140
100
0,032416
0,967584
0,993883
0,526208
17,965
737,3351
SatGas
140
250
0,032416
0,967584
0,984592
1,327933
17,965
737,3351
SatGas
140
500
0,270738
0,729262
0,980576
2,612049
17,59653
555,7249
SatGas
140
750
0,509163
0,490837
0,983602
3,82412
17,22757
374,036
69
Table 5.2b Water content calculation with use of Hysys application (page 2 of 4)
Name
Temperature C
Pressure kPa
Comp Mole Frac H2O
Z Factor
Mass Density kg/m3
Molecular Weight
c [gH2O/Sm3]=
Name
Temperature C
Pressure kPa
Comp Mole Frac H2O
Z Factor
Mass Density kg/m3
Molecular Weight
c [gH2O/Sm3]=
Name
Temperature C
Pressure kPa
Comp Mole Frac H2O
Z Factor
Mass Density kg/m3
Molecular Weight
c [gH2O/Sm3]=
Name
Temperature C
Pressure kPa
Comp Mole Frac H2O
Z Factor
Mass Density kg/m3
Molecular Weight
c [gH2O/Sm3]=
NG
Water In SatGas
SatGas
SatGas
0 -40,62119
-40
-20
0
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1
0 0,999981 0,999873 0,999378
0
1 1,90E-05 1,27E-04 6,22E-04
0,970258 8,83E-03 0,951549 0,962267 0,97026
7,474177 1055,192 8,908599 8,120855 7,468663
16,46942
18,0151 16,43247 16,44758 16,45732
0,014508 0,096707 0,473805
NG
Water In SatGas
SatGas
SatGas
0 -40,63688
-40
-20
0
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1
0 0,999987 0,999913 0,999575
0
1 1,32E-05 8,73E-05 4,25E-04
0,955599 1,32E-02 0,927023 0,943466 0,955612
11,38324 1055,351 13,7116 12,41986 11,37161
16,46942
18,0151 16,42667 16,44207 16,45281
0,010051 0,066516 0,324139
NG
Water In SatGas
SatGas
SatGas
0 -40,65348
-40
-20
0
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
1
0 0,99999 0,999932 0,999673
0
1 1,03E-05 6,76E-05 3,27E-04
0,941109 1,77E-02 0,902296 0,924731 0,941132
15,41135 1055,511 18,77865 16,89122 15,39215
16,46942
18,0151 16,42274 16,43809 16,44932
0,007838 0,051486 0,249505
NG
Water In SatGas
SatGas
SatGas
0 -40,69075
-40
-20
0
3000
3000
3000
3000
3000
1
0 0,999993 0,999952 0,99977
0
1 7,43E-06 4,80E-05 2,30E-04
0,912718 2,65E-02 0,852287 0,887568 0,912768
23,83609 1055,832 29,81105 26,38896 23,79828
16,46942
18,0151 16,41739 16,43263 16,44419
0,005662 0,036597 0,175293
SatGas
SatGas
SatGas
20
40
60
1000
1000
1000
0,997609 0,992429 0,979508
2,39E-03 7,57E-03 2,05E-02
0,976344 0,981032 0,984633
6,918913 6,450217 6,048684
16,46484 16,47543 16,49689
1,821597 5,768893 15,61413
SatGas
SatGas
SatGas
20
40
60
1500
1500
1500
0,998371 0,994859 0,98612
1,63E-03 5,14E-03 1,39E-02
0,964803 0,971871 0,977337
10,4998 9,762924 9,134077
16,46059 16,46936 16,48483
1,241031 3,917547 10,57614
SatGas
SatGas
SatGas
20
40
60
2000
2000
2000
0,998752 0,996072 0,989423
1,25E-03 3,93E-03 1,06E-02
0,953463 0,962913 0,970226
14,16351 13,13523
12,263
16,45741 16,46545 16,47806
0,951245 2,992914 8,059008
SatGas
SatGas
SatGas
20
40
60
3000
3000
3000
0,999131 0,997283 0,992722
8,69E-04 2,72E-03 7,28E-03
0,931448 0,945642 0,956597
21,74116 20,05625 18,64756
16,45267 16,46018 16,4701
0,662485 2,070397 5,545669
SatGas
SatGas
80
100
1000
1000
0,95123 0,895629
4,88E-02 0,104371
0,987268 0,988768
5,706312 5,420531
16,54156 16,62825
37,16258 79,53179
SatGas
SatGas
80
100
1500
1500
0,967032 0,929551
3,30E-02 7,04E-02
0,981485 0,984334
8,596383 8,140997
16,51558 16,57444
25,12137 53,68303
SatGas
SatGas
80
100
2000
2000
0,97493 0,946511
2,51E-02 5,35E-02
0,975846 0,979939
11,51855 10,88526
16,50195 16,54694
19,10334 40,75873
SatGas
SatGas
80
100
3000
3000
0,98282 0,963464
1,72E-02 3,65E-02
0,96508 0,97151
17,45501 16,44117
16,48725 16,51844
13,09114 27,84049
SatGas
SatGas
120
140
1000
1000
0,795648 0,629204
0,204352 0,370796
0,988409 0,984385
5,194701 5,039737
16,78348 17,04149
155,7211 282,5601
SatGas
SatGas
120
140
1500
1500
0,862171 0,749796
0,137829 0,250204
0,985479 0,983751
7,766747 7,481237
16,6794 16,85395
105,0286 190,6648
SatGas
SatGas
120
140
2000
2000
0,895465 0,810293
0,104535 0,189707
0,982294 0,982086
10,35645 9,93579
16,62675 16,75932
79,65841 144,5639
SatGas
SatGas
120
140
3000
3000
0,928768 0,870911
7,12E-02 0,129089
0,975949 0,977969
15,58522 14,88087
16,5731 16,66352
54,28041 98,37066
70
Table 5.2c Water content calculation with use of Hysys application (page 3 of 4)
Name
Temperature C
Pressure kPa
Comp Mole Frac H2O
Z Factor
Mass Density kg/m3
Molecular Weight
c [gH2O/Sm3]=
Name
Temperature C
Pressure kPa
Comp Mole Frac H2O
Z Factor
Mass Density kg/m3
Molecular Weight
c [gH2O/Sm3]=
Name
Temperature C
Pressure kPa
Comp Mole Frac H2O
Z Factor
Mass Density kg/m3
Molecular Weight
c [gH2O/Sm3]=
Name
Temperature C
Pressure kPa
Comp Mole Frac H2O
Z Factor
Mass Density kg/m3
Molecular Weight
c [gH2O/Sm3]=
NG
Water In SatGas
SatGas
Sargas
0 -40,73488
-40
-20
0
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
1
0 0,999994 0,999962 0,999818
0
1 6,06E-06 3,85E-05 1,82E-04
0,885287 3,53E-02 0,801717 0,851043 0,885364
32,76622 1056,157 42,24562 36,68723 32,70598
16,46942
18,0151 16,41364 16,42899 16,44057
0,004616 0,029307 0,138633
NG
Water In SatGas
SatGas
Sargas
0 -40,78728
-40
-20
0
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
1
0 0,999995 0,999967 0,999846
0
1 5,29E-06 3,29E-05 1,54E-04
0,859054 4,41E-02 0,75104 0,815533 0,859158
42,20853 1056,488 56,36004 47,8481 42,12253
16,46942
18,0151 16,41068 16,42634 16,43786
0,00403 0,025071 0,117018
NG
Water In SatGas
SatGas
Sargas
0 -40,99151
-40
-20
0
8000
8000
8000
8000
8000
1
0 0,999996 0,999975 0,999887
0
1 4,41E-06 2,54E-05 1,13E-04
0,790396 7,06E-02 0,612019
0,7209 0,790572
73,39992 1057,511 110,6143 86,57958 73,21987
16,46942
18,0151 16,40396 16,42122 16,43267
0,003357 0,019317 0,086119
NG
Water In SatGas
SatGas
Sargas
0 -41,10392
-40
-20
0
20000
20000
20000
20000
20000
1
0 0,999996 0,999979 0,999919
0
1 4,27E-06 2,09E-05 8,10E-05
0,735116 0,176007 0,623604 0,677581 0,735258
197,299 1061,048 271,1565 230,1548 196,7218
16,46942
18,0151 16,38932 16,4118 16,42444
0,003252 0,015889 0,061717
SatGas
SatGas
20
40
4000
4000
0,999319 0,997885
6,81E-04 2,11E-03
0,910429 0,929306
29,6512 27,2057
16,44921 16,4565
0,519165 1,611285
SatGas
SatGas
20
40
5000
5000
0,99943 0,998245
5,70E-04 1,76E-03
0,890549 9,14E-01
37,88522 34,5712
16,44653 16,45369
0,434047 1,337547
SatGas
SatGas
20
40
8000
8000
0,999594 0,998775
4,06E-04 1,22E-03
0,839223 0,874918
64,3026 57,76382
16,44117 16,44798
0,309711 0,933332
SatGas
SatGas
20
40
20000
20000
0,999738 0,99927
2,62E-04 7,30E-04
0,788426 0,833824
171,0245 151,4395
16,43259 16,43851
0,199802 0,556253
SatGas
60
4000
0,994366
5,63E-03
0,943805
25,19285
16,46516
4,292802
SatGas
60
5000
0,995349
4,65E-03
0,9319
31,88647
16,46161
3,544099
SatGas
60
8000
0,996808
3,19E-03
0,901925
52,6919
16,45474
2,431904
SatGas
60
20000
0,998209
1,79E-03
0,871305
136,2668
16,4436
1,364449
SatGas
SatGas
80
100
4000
4000
0,986757 0,971931
1,32E-02 2,81E-02
0,955041 0,963674
23,50623 22,07962
16,47901 16,50335
10,09099 21,38908
SatGas
SatGas
80
100
5000
5000
0,989113 0,977002
1,09E-02 2,30E-02
0,945766 0,95648
29,66101 27,79094
16,47349 16,49374
8,295609 17,52469
SatGas
SatGas
80
100
8000
8000
0,992626 0,984579
7,37E-03 1,54E-02
0,922745 0,938915
48,61259 45,2535
16,46367 16,47777
5,619164 11,75109
SatGas
SatGas
80
100
20000
20000
0,996052 0,992041
3,95E-03 7,96E-03
0,901826 0,926502
124,2411 114,5037
16,44918 16,45682
3,008631 6,064803
SatGas
SatGas
120
140
4000
4000
0,945414 0,901254
5,46E-02 9,87E-02
0,969976 0,973769
20,87337 19,8684
16,54545 16,61474
41,59576 75,24829
SatGas
SatGas
120
140
5000
5000
0,955393 0,919462
4,46E-02 8,05E-02
0,964497 0,969835
26,21273 24,89146
16,5283 16,58489
33,99159 61,37301
SatGas
SatGas
120
140
8000
8000
0,970326 0,94675
2,97E-02 5,32E-02
0,951349 0,960475
42,4498 40,10192
16,50101 16,53849
22,61243 40,57841
SatGas
SatGas
120
140
20000
20000
0,985125 0,973919
1,49E-02 2,61E-02
0,946273 0,961818
106,4832 99,80019
16,46845 16,48651
11,3351 19,87495
71
Table 5.2d Water content calculation with use of Hysys application (page 4 of 4)
Name
Temperature C
Pressure kPa
Comp Mole Frac H2O
Z Factor
Mass Density kg/m3
Molecular Weight
c [gH2O/Sm3]=
Name
Temperature C
Pressure kPa
Comp Mole Frac H2O
Z Factor
Mass Density kg/m3
Molecular Weight
c [gH2O/Sm3]=
Name
Temperature C
Pressure kPa
Comp Mole Frac H2O
Z Factor
Mass Density kg/m3
Molecular Weight
c [gH2O/Sm3]=
Name
Temperature C
Pressure kPa
Comp Mole Frac H2O
Z Factor
Mass Density kg/m3
Molecular Weight
c [gH2O/Sm3]=
NG
Water In SatGas
SatGas
Sargas
0 -40,99604
-40
-20
0
30000
30000
30000
30000
30000
1
0 0,999996 0,99998 0,999926
0
1 4,13E-06 1,98E-05 7,44E-05
0,836617
0,26321 0,787539 0,808816 0,836689
260,043 1063,782 321,9708 289,1354 259,2511
16,46942
18,0151 16,38437 16,40719 16,42069
0,003146 0,015052 0,056669
NG
Water In SatGas
SatGas
Sargas
0 -40,93605
-40
-20
0
40000
40000
40000
40000
40000
1
0 0,999996 0,999981 0,99993
0
1 3,98E-06 1,88E-05 6,99E-05
0,964618 0,349965 0,955701 0,956455 0,964662
300,7149 1066,491 353,6698 325,9354 299,7577
16,46942
18,0151 16,38031 16,40366 16,41775
0,00303 0,014345 0,053222
NG
Water In SatGas
SatGas
Sargas
0 -40,89911
-40
-20
0
50000
50000
50000
50000
50000
1
0 0,999996 0,999982 0,999934
0
1 3,83E-06 1,80E-05 6,63E-05
1,098653 0,436294 1,121822 1,105999 1,09869
330,035 1069,161 376,5492 352,2691 328,9393
16,46942
18,0151 16,37712 16,40077 16,4153
0,002921 0,013729 0,050478
NG
Water In SatGas
SatGas
Sargas
0 -40,87408
-40
-20
0
60000
60000
60000
60000
60000
1
0 0,999996 0,999983 0,999937
0
1 3,70E-06 1,73E-05 6,32E-05
1,233769 0,522215 1,285294 1,254669 1,233811
352,6695 1071,786 394,3253 372,5774 351,4535
16,46942
18,0151 16,3745 16,3983 16,41319
0,002819 0,013185 0,048174
SatGas
SatGas
20
40
30000
30000
0,999768 0,999375
2,32E-04 6,25E-04
0,867052 0,896785
233,2235 211,1631
16,42906 16,43479
0,177091 0,476543
SatGas
SatGas
20
40
40000
40000
0,999785 0,999433
2,15E-04 5,67E-04
0,97742 0,992353
275,8061 254,3943
16,42638 16,43209
0,163468 0,431976
SatGas
SatGas
20
40
50000
50000
0,999799 0,999474
2,01E-04 5,26E-04
1,097277 1,099654
307,0578 286,9262
16,42416 16,42991
0,153415 0,400888
SatGas
SatGas
20
40
60000
60000
0,999809 0,999505
1,91E-04 4,95E-04
1,220082 1,211407
331,3435 312,5132
16,42226 16,42806
0,145359 0,376912
SatGas
60
30000
0,998511
1,49E-03
0,924049
192,6839
16,43938
1,134202
SatGas
60
40000
0,998674
1,33E-03
1,007714
235,5396
16,43644
1,010212
SatGas
60
50000
0,998783
1,22E-03
1,104182
268,664
16,43412
0,927037
SatGas
60
60000
0,998865
1,13E-03
1,206158
295,1048
16,4322
0,864803
SatGas
SatGas
80
100
30000
30000
0,996801 0,99369
3,20E-03 6,31E-03
0,948025 0,968509
177,2246 164,2381
16,44403 16,45003
2,437416 4,808525
SatGas
SatGas
80
100
40000
40000
0,997197 0,994549
2,80E-03 5,45E-03
1,022349 1,03557
219,0746 204,7493
16,44059 16,44569
2,136093 4,153622
SatGas
SatGas
80
100
50000
50000
0,997455
0,9951
2,54E-03 4,90E-03
1,109651 1,115204
252,2582 237,6145
16,43795 16,44248
1,939258 3,733471
SatGas
SatGas
80
100
60000
60000
0,997644 0,995497
2,36E-03 4,50E-03
1,203081 1,201229
279,1653 264,6765
16,43581 16,43994
1,795334 3,431505
SatGas
SatGas
120
140
30000
30000
0,988416 0,979989
1,16E-02 2,00E-02
0,985585 0,999408
153,2648 143,9466
16,45887 16,47242
8,827251 15,24902
SatGas
SatGas
120
140
40000
40000
0,99012 0,983118
9,88E-03 1,69E-02
1,046991 1,056396
192,2995 181,4849
16,45305 16,46424
7,529158 12,86498
SatGas
SatGas
120
140
50000
50000
0,991199 0,985083
8,80E-03 1,49E-02
1,120244 1,124344
224,5998 213,0735
16,4489 16,45861
6,7066 11,36711
SatGas
SatGas
120
140
60000
60000
0,991965 0,986465
8,04E-03 1,35E-02
1,199886 1,198501
251,5814 239,806
16,4457 16,45438
6,122926 10,31423
72
Table 5. 3 Water content of natural gas after Hysys [gH2O/Sm3]

Temperature C
Pressure
[kPa]
100
250
500
750
1000
1500
2000
3000
4000
5000
8000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
-40
0,135562
0,054844
0,02794
0,018981
0,014508
0,010051
0,007838
0,005662
0,004616
0,00403
0,003357
0,003252
0,003146
0,00303
0,002921
0,002819
-20
0,913126
0,369326
0,187523
0,12696
0,096707
0,066516
0,051486
0,036597
0,029307
0,025071
0,019317
0,015889
0,015052
0,014345
0,013729
0,013185
0
4,524305
1,823647
0,923569
0,623664
0,473805
0,324139
0,249505
0,175293
0,138633
0,117018
0,086119
0,061717
0,056669
0,053222
0,050478
0,048174
20
17,52095
7,053893
3,565226
2,402648
1,821597
1,241031
0,951245
0,662485
0,519165
0,434047
0,309711
0,199802
0,177091
0,163468
0,153415
0,145359
40
55,8042
22,44607
11,327
7,621263
5,768893
3,917547
2,992914
2,070397
1,611285
1,337547
0,933332
0,556253
0,476543
0,431976
0,400888
0,376912
60
151,6903
60,97907
30,73496
20,65389
15,61413
10,57614
8,059008
5,545669
4,292802
3,544099
2,431904
1,364449
1,134202
1,010212
0,927037
0,864803
80
361,9035
145,5172
73,29028
49,20551
37,16258
25,12137
19,10334
13,09114
10,09099
8,295609
5,619164
3,008631
2,437416
2,136093
1,939258
1,795334
100
737,3064
311,697
157,0241
105,3731
79,53179
53,68303
40,75873
27,84049
21,38908
17,52469
11,75109
6,064803
4,808525
4,153622
3,733471
3,431505
120
140
608,453
307,3425
206,3396
155,7211
105,0286
79,65841
54,28041
41,59576
33,99159
22,61243
11,3351
8,827251
7,529158
6,7066
6,122926
737,3351
555,7249
374,036
282,5601
190,6648
144,5639
98,37066
75,24829
61,37301
40,57841
19,87495
15,24902
12,86498
11,36711
10,31423
80
381,7883
153,5127
77,31722
51,90911
39,20448
26,50166
20,15298
13,81044
10,64545
8,751411
5,92791
3,17394
2,57134
2,25346
2,045811
1,893979
100
777,8178
328,8232
165,6518
111,1628
83,90167
56,63265
42,99822
29,37018
22,56431
18,48759
12,39675
6,398034
5,07273
4,381843
3,938607
3,620049
120
777,8337
641,8845
324,2294
217,6769
164,2772
110,7994
84,03524
57,26286
43,88124
35,85926
23,85487
11,95791
9,312264
7,942848
7,075094
6,45935
140
777,848
777,848
586,2593
394,5874
298,0854
201,1409
152,507
103,7756
79,38281
64,74515
42,80799
20,96698
16,08687
13,57185
11,99168
10,88095
Table 5. 4 Water content of natural gas after Hysys [gH2O/Nm3]

Temperature C
Pressure
[kPa]
100
250
500
750
1000
1500
2000
3000
4000
5000
8000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
-40
0,14301
0,057858
0,029475
0,020024
0,015305
0,010603
0,008269
0,005973
0,00487
0,004251
0,003542
0,003431
0,003319
0,003197
0,003081
0,002974
-20
0,963297
0,389619
0,197827
0,133935
0,102021
0,070171
0,054315
0,038607
0,030917
0,026449
0,020379
0,016762
0,015879
0,015133
0,014483
0,01391
0
4,772893
1,923847
0,974314
0,657931
0,499838
0,341949
0,263214
0,184924
0,14625
0,123447
0,090851
0,065108
0,059783
0,056146
0,053251
0,050821
20
18,48364
7,44147
3,761118
2,534662
1,921685
1,30922
1,003511
0,698885
0,54769
0,457895
0,326728
0,21078
0,186821
0,172449
0,161845
0,153346
40
58,87037
23,67937
11,94936
8,040013
6,085865
4,132796
3,15736
2,184155
1,699817
1,411039
0,984614
0,586816
0,502727
0,455711
0,422915
0,397621
60
160,025
64,32957
32,42369
21,78872
16,47204
11,15725
8,501811
5,850376
4,528671
3,73883
2,565526
1,439419
1,19652
1,065718
0,977973
0,912319
Table 5. 5 Water content on basis of gas stream flow (after Hysys)

Name
Temperature C
Pressure kPa
CompMassFlowH2O kg/h
Std Gas Flow STD_m3/h
c=
SatGas
-40
60000
1,23E-02
4362,565
0,00282
SatGas
SatGas SatGas
SatGas
SatGas SatGas SatGas
SatGas SatGas
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
60000
60000
60000
60000
60000
60000
60000
60000
60000
5,76E-02 0,210783 0,636424 1,651129 3,790811 7,876656
15,07368 26,94011 45,46727
4370,501 4375,293 4378,339 4380,861 4383,751 4387,715
4393,253 4400,49 4408,903
0,013186 0,048176 0,145357 0,376896 0,864741 1,795161
3,431096 6,122071 10,31261
Table 5. 6 Water content comparison between Clapeyron equation based solution and flows based solution (after Hysys)
Name
Temperature C
Pressure kPa
c_flow=
c_Clapeyron=
Difference
Percent Difference
SatGas
SatGas
SatGas
SatGas
SatGas
SatGas
SatGas
SatGas
SatGas
SatGas
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
60000
60000
60000
60000
60000
60000
60000
60000
60000
60000
0,002819812 0,013186 0,048176 0,145357 0,376896 0,864741 1,795161 3,431096 6,122071 10,31261
0,002819467 0,013185 0,048174 0,145359 0,376912 0,864803 1,795334 3,431505 6,122926 10,31423
3,45153E-07 9,43E-07 1,36E-06 -1,4E-06 -1,6E-05 -6,1E-05 -0,00017 -0,00041 -0,00085 -0,00163
0,012
0,007
0,003
-0,001
-0,004
-0,007
-0,010
-0,012
-0,014
-0,016
73
74
manual and Hysys package
P [bar]
27,0
27,6
28,1
28,7
29,2
29,8
30,4
30,9
31,5
32,0
32,6
33,2
33,7
34,3
34,8
35,4
36,0
36,5
37,1
37,6
38,2
38,8
39,3
39,9
47,2
47,7
48,3
48,8
49,4
50,0
50,5
51,1
51,6
52,2
52,8
53,3
53,9
54,4
55,0
10 C
%
Tr[C]
20,7048
-27
23,7907
-27,2
18,1297
-26,9
16,7322
-27,1
18,2692
-27,5
19,0476
-27,3
15,7895
-27,9
13,9785
-28,2
12,759
-28,1
5,88235
-28,5
5,88235
-28,5
6,25
-28,7
6,25
-28,9
3,22581
-29,1
9,67742
-29,2
1,96078
-29,1
6,66667
-29,3
0
-29,9
0
-29,7
2,98507
-30,4
1,51515
-30,5
0
-30,6
-8,3333
-30,8
0
-30,9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-32,4
-32,6
-32,7
-32,8
-32,9
-33
-33,1
-33,1
-33,2
-33,3
-33,4
-33,5
-33,6
-33,7
-33,8
15 C
%
Tr[C]
21,875
-22,9
21,875
-23,1
16,129
-23,2
19,3548
-22,8
20
-23,3
20
-23,2
14,8148
-23,7
11,5385
-23,9
11,5385
-24,2
15,3846
-24,4
10,2041
-24,5
4,34783
-24,6
8,69565
-24,9
6,66667
-25,1
5,8296
-25,3
9,09091
-25,3
0
-25,8
0
-25,8
0
-26
0
-26,1
0
-26
0
-26,2
3,22581
-26,6
0
-26,7
20 C
%
Tr[C]
21,7391
-18,8
22,2222
-19
22,2222
-18,8
20,4545
-18,8
20,9302
-19,3
15
-19,5
15,1671
-19,6
15,7895
-20
15,1194
-20,3
16,442
-20,4
11,4286
-20,6
14,2857
-20,7
11,7647
-20,7
6,25
-21,1
3,33333
-21,3
3,44828
-21,5
0
-21,6
0
-21,9
3,57143
-22
3,57143
-22,2
5,45455
-22,4
0
-22,5
0
-22,6
0
-22,8
25 C
%
-2,6316
1,06952
-1,9284
-0,5587
0
-1,4493
-18,2
-18,3
-18,5
-18,5
-18,7
-18,8
-15,385
-20
-20,968
-21,951
-22,951
-23,967
-16,667
-16,667
-21,739
-27,273
-30,841
-32,075
-33,333
-33,333
-25
-12,821
-15,789
-18,644
-20
-20,69
-21,387
-22,093
-25
-28,205
-29,87
-24,183
-25
-25,828
-26,667
-26,667
-16,667
-16,667
-17
-14,828
-15,517
-16,207
-17,857
-18,571
-21,429
-21,786
-19,63
-20
-20,37
-18,846
-21,154
-20,9
-20,8
-21
-21,2
-21,2
-21,4
-21,5
-21,6
-21,8
-21,9
-21,9
-22,1
-22,2
-22,4
-22,5
-28,7
-28,8
-28,9
-29
-29,1
-29,2
-29,3
-29,4
-29,5
-29,6
-29,7
-29,8
-29,9
-30
-30,1
-24,5
-24,7
-24,8
-24,9
-25,1
-25,1
-25
-25,7
-25,8
-25,9
-26
-26,1
-26,2
-26,3
-26,4
Tr[C]
75
manual and article according to P. Gandhidasan
P [bar]
15 C
%
Tr[C]
-25,288
-22,9
-26,67
-23,1
-32,462
-23,2
-24,602
-22,8
-22,945
-23,3
-22,272
-23,2
-20,436
-23,7
-21,765
-23,9
-23,786
-24,2
-19,71
-24,4
-20,368
-24,5
-21,031
-24,6
-17,446
-24,9
-18,742
-25,1
-20,052
-25,3
-14,335
-25,3
-17,515
-25,8
-17,515
-25,8
-12,871
-26
-13,492
-26,1
-12,871
-26
-14,116
-26,2
-10,509
-26,6
-11,117
-26,7
20 C
%
Tr[C]
-44,074
-18,8
-41,617
-19
-40,072
-18,8
-40,072
-18,8
-39,854
-19,3
-41,397
-19,5
-37,993
-19,6
-36,781
-20
-39,05
-20,3
-35,446
-20,4
-36,94
-20,6
-33,252
-20,7
-33,252
-20,7
-36,208
-21,1
-33,121
-21,3
-29,948
-21,5
-30,663
-21,6
-32,831
-21,9
-28,792
-22
-30,213
-22,2
-26,774
-22,4
-27,471
-22,5
-28,172
-22,6
-24,602
-22,8
25 C
%
27,0
27,6
28,1
28,7
29,2
29,8
30,4
30,9
31,5
32,0
32,6
33,2
33,7
34,3
34,8
35,4
36,0
36,5
37,1
37,6
38,2
38,8
39,3
39,9
10 C
%
Tr[C]
-12,96
-27
-7,8619
-27,2
-12,342
-26,9
-13,582
-27,1
-9,6518
-27,5
-8,4553
-27,3
-5,4914
-27,9
-7,242
-28,2
-6,6552
-28,1
-9,0216
-28,5
-9,0216
-28,5
-3,3354
-28,7
-4,4754
-28,9
-5,628
-29,1
0,8715
-29,2
-5,628
-29,1
0,32618
-29,3
-3,0093
-29,9
-1,8853
-29,7
1,68842
-30,4
1,1476
-30,5
0,6038
-30,6
-0,4928
-30,8
6,72712
-30,9
-51,026
-44,07
-45,659
-41,722
-39,306
-40,072
-18,2
-18,3
-18,5
-18,5
-18,7
-18,8
47,2
47,7
48,3
48,8
49,4
50,0
50,5
51,1
51,6
52,2
52,8
53,3
53,9
54,4
55,0
7,16637
6,14217
5,62585
13,7333
13,2588
12,7816
12,3018
12,3018
11,8194
11,3343
10,8465
10,3561
9,86292
9,36706
17,9816
-3,3354
-3,9038
-4,4754
-5,0501
-5,628
-6,2091
0,32618
-0,2221
-0,7735
-1,3278
-1,8853
-2,4457
-3,0093
-3,576
3,29321
-20,368
-21,696
-16,804
-17,446
-18,742
-18,742
-18,092
-16,872
-17,515
-18,161
-12,871
-13,492
-14,116
-14,744
-15,375
-34,722
-33,985
-35,463
-32,392
-32,392
-33,853
-29,948
-30,663
-32,105
-32,831
-28,088
-29,501
-30,213
-26,774
-27,471
-20,9
-20,8
-21
-21,2
-21,2
-21,4
-21,5
-21,6
-21,8
-21,9
-21,9
-22,1
-22,2
-22,4
-22,5
-32,4
-32,6
-32,7
-32,8
-32,9
-33
-33,1
-33,1
-33,2
-33,3
-33,4
-33,5
-33,6
-33,7
-33,8
-28,7
-28,8
-28,9
-29
-29,1
-29,2
-29,3
-29,4
-29,5
-29,6
-29,7
-29,8
-29,9
-30
-30,1
-24,5
-24,7
-24,8
-24,9
-25,1
-25,1
-25
-25,7
-25,8
-25,9
-26
-26,1
-26,2
-26,3
-26,4
Tr[C]
76
Table 5. 9 Water amount in dehydrated gas [mgH2O/Sm3]

P [bar]
27
27,6
28,1
28,7
29,2
29,8
30,4
30,9
31,5
32
32,6
33,2
33,7
34,3
34,8
35,4
36
36,5
37,1
37,6
38,2
38,8
39,3
39,9
47,2
47,7
48,3
48,8
49,4
50
50,5
51,1
51,6
52,2
52,8
53,3
53,9
54,4
55
-31
14,87
14,61
14,40
14,16
13,97
13,75
13,53
13,36
13,17
13,01
12,83
12,65
12,51
12,35
12,21
12,06
11,91
11,79
11,66
11,54
11,41
11,29
11,19
11,07
9,90
9,83
9,75
9,69
9,62
9,55
9,49
9,42
9,37
9,30
9,24
9,19
9,13
9,09
9,03
-30
16,33
16,04
15,81
15,55
15,34
15,09
14,86
14,67
14,46
14,28
14,08
13,89
13,73
13,55
13,41
13,24
13,08
12,94
12,79
12,67
12,52
12,39
12,27
12,14
10,85
10,78
10,69
10,62
10,54
10,46
10,40
10,33
10,27
10,20
10,13
10,07
10,01
9,95
9,89
-29
17,92
17,60
17,35
17,06
16,83
16,56
16,30
16,10
15,86
15,67
15,45
15,23
15,06
14,86
14,70
14,52
5,49
14,19
14,03
13,89
13,73
13,58
13,46
13,31
11,88
11,80
11,71
11,63
11,55
11,46
11,39
11,31
11,24
11,16
11,09
11,02
10,95
10,89
10,83
-28
19,65
19,30
19,02
18,71
18,45
18,16
17,87
17,65
17,38
17,17
16,93
16,70
16,26
16,29
16,11
15,91
15,71
15,55
15,37
15,22
15,04
14,87
14,74
14,58
13,01
12,92
12,82
12,73
12,63
12,54
12,46
12,37
12,30
12,21
12,13
12,06
11,98
11,92
11,84
-27
21,52
21,14
20,84
20,49
20,21
19,89
19,58
19,33
19,04
18,81
18,54
18,28
18,07
17,83
17,64
17,42
17,20
17,02
16,82
16,66
16,47
16,28
16,13
15,96
14,23
14,13
14,01
13,92
13,81
13,71
13,62
13,52
13,44
13,35
13,26
13,18
13,09
13,02
12,94
-26
23,56
23,15
22,81
22,43
22,12
21,77
21,42
21,15
20,84
20,58
20,29
20,00
19,78
19,51
19,30
19,05
18,81
18,62
18,40
18,22
18,01
17,81
17,64
17,45
15,55
15,44
15,31
15,21
15,09
14,98
14,88
14,77
14,69
14,58
14,48
14,40
14,30
14,22
14,13
-25
25,77
25,32
24,95
24,53
24,19
23,80
23,43
23,13
22,78
22,50
22,18
21,87
21,62
21,33
21,10
20,83
20,56
20,35
20,11
19,91
19,68
19,46
19,28
19,07
16,98
16,86
16,72
16,61
16,48
16,35
16,25
16,13
16,03
15,91
15,80
15,71
15,60
15,52
15,42
-24
28,17
27,67
27,27
26,81
26,44
26,01
25,60
25,34
24,89
24,59
24,23
23,89
23,62
23,46
23,04
22,75
22,46
22,23
21,96
21,74
21,49
21,25
21,05
20,82
18,52
18,39
18,24
18,12
17,98
17,84
17,72
17,59
17,48
17,36
17,23
17,13
17,02
16,92
16,81
-23
30,76
30,22
29,78
29,27
28,87
28,40
27,95
27,59
27,17
26,84
26,45
26,08
25,78
25,43
25,15
24,83
24,51
24,26
23,96
23,73
23,45
23,18
22,97
22,71
20,20
20,05
19,89
19,75
19,60
19,44
19,32
19,17
19,05
18,92
18,78
18,67
18,54
18,44
18,31
Water saturation temperature

-22
-21
-20
-19 -18,9
33,57 36,61 39,89 43,43 43,79
32,97 35,95 39,17 42,64 43,01
32,49 35,43 38,60 42,02 42,38
31,94 34,82 37,94 41,30 41,65
31,50 34,34 37,41 40,72 41,07
30,98 33,78 36,80 40,06 40,40
30,49 33,24 36,21 39,42 39,75
30,10 32,81 35,74 38,90 39,23
29,64 32,31 35,20 38,31 38,63
29,28 31,91 34,76 37,83 38,15
28,85 31,45 34,25 37,28 37,60
28,45 31,00 33,77 36,75 37,06
28,12 30,65 33,37 36,32 36,63
27,74 30,23 32,92 35,82 36,13
27,43 29,89 32,55 35,42 35,72
27,07 29,50 32,13 34,96 35,25
26,73 29,13 31,72 34,51 34,80
26,45 28,82 31,39 34,15 34,44
26,13 28,47 31,00 33,73 34,01
25,87 28,19 30,69 33,39 33,67
25,57 27,86 30,33 32,99 33,27
25,27 27,54 29,98 32,61 32,88
25,04 27,28 29,69 32,30 32,57
24,76 26,97 29,36 31,94 32,21
22,00 23,96 26,06 28,33 28,57
21,85 23,79 25,88 28,13 28,36
21,67 23,59 25,66 27,89 28,12
21,52 23,43 25,48 27,70 27,93
21,35 23,24 25,27 27,47 27,70
21,18 23,05 25,07 27,25 27,48
21,04 22,90 24,91 27,07 27,30
20,88 22,73 24,72 26,86 27,09
20,75 22,58 24,56 26,69 26,91
20,60 22,42 24,38 26,49 26,71
20,45 22,25 24,20 26,30 26,51
20,33 22,12 24,05 26,14 26,35
20,19 21,97 23,88 25,95 26,17
20,07 21,84 23,75 25,80 26,01
19,94 21,69 23,58 25,62 25,83
-18,8
44,17
43,37
42,74
42,00
41,42
40,74
40,09
39,57
38,96
38,48
37,91
37,37
36,94
36,43
36,02
35,55
35,09
34,73
34,30
33,95
33,55
33,16
32,85
32,48
28,81
28,60
28,36
28,16
27,93
27,71
27,52
27,31
27,14
26,93
26,73
26,57
26,38
26,23
26,05
-18,7
44,54
43,74
43,10
42,36
41,77
41,08
40,43
39,90
39,29
38,80
38,23
37,69
37,25
36,74
36,33
35,85
35,39
35,02
34,59
34,24
33,83
33,44
33,12
32,75
29,05
28,84
28,60
28,40
28,16
27,94
27,75
27,54
27,36
27,16
26,96
26,79
26,60
26,45
26,26
-18,6
44,92
44,11
43,46
42,72
42,12
41,43
40,77
40,24
39,62
39,13
38,56
38,01
37,56
37,05
36,63
36,15
35,69
35,31
34,88
34,53
34,12
33,72
33,40
33,03
29,29
29,08
28,83
28,63
28,40
28,17
27,98
27,77
27,59
27,38
27,18
27,01
26,82
26,66
26,48
-18,5
45,30
44,48
43,83
43,08
42,48
41,78
41,11
40,58
39,96
39,46
38,88
38,33
37,88
37,36
36,94
36,46
35,99
35,61
35,17
34,82
34,40
34,00
33,68
33,30
29,53
29,32
29,07
28,87
28,63
28,40
28,22
28,00
27,82
27,61
27,40
27,24
27,04
26,89
26,70
-18,4
45,68
44,86
44,20
43,44
42,83
42,13
41,46
40,92
40,29
39,79
39,21
38,65
38,20
37,67
37,25
36,76
36,29
35,91
35,47
35,11
34,69
34,29
33,96
33,58
29,78
29,57
29,31
29,11
28,87
28,64
28,45
28,23
28,05
27,84
27,63
27,46
27,27
27,11
26,92
-18,3
46,07
45,24
44,58
43,81
43,20
42,49
41,81
41,26
40,63
40,13
39,54
38,97
38,52
37,99
37,57
37,07
36,60
36,21
35,76
35,40
34,98
34,57
34,25
33,86
30,03
29,81
29,56
29,35
29,11
28,88
28,69
28,46
28,05
28,07
27,86
27,69
27,49
27,33
27,14
-18,2
46,46
45,62
44,95
44,18
43,56
42,85
42,16
41,61
40,98
40,46
39,87
39,30
38,84
38,31
37,88
37,38
36,90
36,51
36,06
35,70
35,27
34,86
34,53
34,15
30,28
30,06
29,80
29,59
29,35
29,11
28,92
28,70
28,51
28,30
28,09
27,92
27,72
27,56
27,36
-18,1
46,85
46,01
45,33
44,55
43,93
43,21
42,52
41,96
41,32
40,80
40,21
39,63
39,17
38,63
38,20
37,70
37,21
36,82
36,36
36,00
35,57
35,16
34,82
34,43
30,53
30,31
30,05
29,84
29,59
29,36
29,16
28,93
28,75
28,53
28,32
28,15
27,95
27,78
27,59
-18
47,25
46,39
45,71
44,93
44,30
43,57
42,87
42,31
41,67
41,15
40,54
39,96
39,50
38,96
38,52
38,01
37,52
37,13
36,67
36,30
35,87
35,45
35,11
34,72
30,78
30,56
30,30
30,09
29,84
29,60
29,40
29,17
28,99
28,77
28,55
28,38
28,18
28,01
27,82
77
Table 5. 10 Water amount in dehydrated gas [mgH2O/Nm3]

P [bar]
27
27,6
28,1
28,7
29,2
29,8
30,4
30,9
31,5
32
32,6
33,2
33,7
34,3
34,8
35,4
36
36,5
37,1
37,6
38,2
38,8
39,3
39,9
47,2
47,7
48,3
48,8
49,4
50
50,5
51,1
51,6
52,2
52,8
53,3
53,9
54,4
55
-31
15,68
15,41
15,19
14,94
14,73
14,50
14,28
14,10
13,89
13,73
13,53
13,35
13,20
13,02
12,89
12,72
12,57
12,44
12,30
12,18
12,04
11,91
11,80
11,68
10,44
10,37
10,29
10,22
10,15
10,07
10,01
9,94
9,88
9,82
9,75
9,70
9,64
9,58
9,53
-30
17,22
16,92
16,68
16,40
16,18
15,92
15,68
15,48
15,25
15,07
14,86
14,65
14,49
14,30
14,14
13,97
13,79
13,65
13,49
13,36
13,21
13,07
12,95
12,81
11,44
11,37
11,28
11,21
11,12
11,04
10,97
10,89
10,83
10,76
10,68
10,62
10,56
10,50
10,43
-29
18,90
18,57
18,30
18,00
17,75
17,47
17,20
16,98
16,73
16,53
16,30
16,07
15,89
15,68
15,51
15,31
5,79
14,97
14,80
14,65
14,49
14,33
14,19
14,04
12,54
12,45
12,35
12,27
12,18
12,09
12,01
11,93
11,86
11,78
11,70
11,63
11,55
11,49
11,42
-28
20,73
20,36
20,07
19,73
19,46
19,15
18,86
18,62
18,34
18,12
17,86
17,61
18,60
17,18
17,00
16,78
16,57
16,40
16,21
16,05
15,87
15,69
15,55
15,38
13,72
13,63
13,52
13,43
13,33
13,23
13,15
13,05
12,97
12,88
12,79
12,72
12,64
12,57
12,49
-27
22,71
22,31
21,99
21,62
21,32
20,98
20,65
20,39
20,09
19,84
19,56
19,29
19,07
18,81
18,61
18,37
18,14
17,96
17,74
17,57
17,37
17,18
17,02
16,83
15,01
14,90
14,79
14,69
14,57
14,46
14,37
14,27
14,18
14,08
13,98
13,91
13,81
13,74
13,65
46,39
24,86
24,42
24,07
23,66
23,34
22,96
22,60
22,31
21,98
21,71
21,40
21,10
20,86
20,58
20,36
20,10
19,85
19,64
19,41
19,22
19,00
18,78
18,61
18,41
16,40
16,29
16,16
16,05
15,92
15,80
15,70
15,59
15,49
15,38
15,27
15,19
15,08
15,00
14,90
-25
27,19
26,71
26,32
25,88
25,52
25,11
24,72
24,40
24,03
23,74
23,40
23,07
22,81
22,50
22,26
21,97
21,69
21,47
21,21
21,00
20,76
20,53
20,34
20,12
17,91
17,78
17,64
17,52
17,38
17,25
17,14
17,01
16,91
16,79
16,67
16,57
16,46
16,37
16,26
-24
29,72
29,19
28,77
28,28
27,89
27,44
27,01
26,02
26,26
25,94
25,56
25,20
24,92
24,43
24,31
24,00
23,69
23,45
23,17
22,94
22,67
22,41
22,21
21,96
19,54
19,41
19,25
19,12
18,97
18,82
18,70
18,56
18,44
18,31
18,18
18,07
17,95
17,85
17,73
-23
32,45
31,88
31,41
30,88
30,45
29,96
29,49
29,11
28,67
28,31
27,91
27,51
27,20
26,83
26,53
26,19
25,86
25,59
25,28
25,03
24,74
24,46
24,23
23,96
21,31
21,16
20,98
20,84
20,67
20,51
20,38
20,23
20,10
19,96
19,81
19,70
19,56
19,45
19,32
Water saturation temperature

-22
-21
-20
-19 -18,9
35,42 38,62 42,08 45,81 46,20
34,78 37,93 41,32 44,99 45,37
34,28 37,37 40,72 44,33 44,70
33,69 36,73 40,02 43,57 43,94
33,23 36,22 39,46 42,96 43,32
32,69 35,63 38,82 42,26 42,61
32,17 35,07 38,20 41,58 41,93
31,75 34,61 37,71 41,04 41,39
31,27 34,09 37,13 40,41 40,76
30,89 33,67 36,67 39,91 40,25
30,44 33,18 36,14 39,33 39,66
30,01 32,71 35,62 38,77 39,10
29,66 32,33 35,21 38,32 38,64
29,26 31,89 34,73 37,79 38,11
28,94 31,54 34,34 37,37 37,69
28,56 31,13 33,89 36,88 37,19
28,20 30,73 33,46 36,41 36,71
27,91 30,41 33,11 36,02 36,33
27,57 30,04 32,70 35,58 35,88
27,29 29,74 32,38 35,22 35,52
26,97 29,39 31,99 34,81 35,10
26,66 29,05 31,62 34,40 34,69
26,41 28,77 31,32 34,07 34,36
26,12 28,46 30,98 33,69 33,98
23,21 25,27 27,49 29,89 30,14
23,05 25,09 27,30 29,68 29,92
22,86 24,88 27,07 29,42 29,67
22,70 24,71 26,88 29,22 29,46
22,52 24,51 26,66 28,98 29,22
22,34 24,32 26,45 28,75 28,99
22,20 24,16 26,28 28,56 28,80
22,03 23,98 26,08 28,34 28,57
21,89 23,83 25,91 28,16 28,39
21,73 23,65 25,72 27,95 28,18
21,58 23,48 25,53 27,74 27,97
21,45 23,34 25,38 27,57 27,80
21,30 23,17 25,20 27,38 27,60
21,18 23,04 25,05 27,22 27,44
21,03 22,88 24,88 27,03 27,25
-18,8
46,59
45,75
45,08
44,31
43,69
42,98
42,29
41,74
41,10
40,59
40,00
39,43
38,97
38,43
38,00
37,50
37,02
36,63
36,18
35,82
35,39
34,98
34,65
34,26
30,39
30,17
29,92
29,71
29,47
29,23
29,04
28,81
28,63
28,41
28,20
28,03
27,83
27,67
27,48
-18,7
46,99
46,14
45,47
44,69
44,06
43,34
42,65
42,09
41,45
40,93
40,33
39,76
39,30
38,76
38,32
37,82
37,34
36,94
36,49
36,12
35,69
35,28
34,94
34,55
30,64
30,42
30,17
29,96
29,71
29,47
29,28
29,05
28,87
28,65
28,44
28,27
28,06
27,90
27,71
-18,6
47,39
46,53
45,85
45,06
44,43
43,71
43,01
42,45
41,80
41,28
40,67
40,09
39,63
39,08
38,65
38,14
37,65
37,25
36,79
36,42
35,99
35,57
35,23
34,84
30,90
30,68
30,42
30,21
29,96
29,72
29,52
29,29
29,10
28,89
28,67
28,50
28,30
28,13
27,94
-18,5
47,79
46,93
46,24
45,45
44,81
44,08
43,37
42,81
42,15
41,63
41,02
40,43
39,96
39,41
38,97
38,46
37,97
37,57
37,10
36,73
36,29
35,87
35,53
35,13
31,16
30,93
30,67
30,46
30,21
29,96
29,77
29,53
29,35
29,13
28,91
28,73
28,53
28,36
28,17
-18,4
48,19
47,32
46,63
45,83
45,19
44,45
43,74
43,17
42,51
41,98
41,36
40,77
40,30
39,74
39,30
38,78
38,28
37,88
37,41
37,04
36,60
36,17
35,83
35,43
31,42
31,19
30,92
30,71
30,46
30,21
30,01
29,78
29,59
29,37
29,15
28,97
28,77
28,60
28,40
-18,3
48,60
47,72
47,02
46,22
45,57
44,82
44,11
43,53
42,87
42,33
41,71
41,12
40,64
40,08
39,63
39,11
38,61
38,20
37,73
37,35
36,90
36,47
36,13
35,72
31,68
31,45
31,18
30,96
30,71
30,46
30,26
30,03
29,59
29,61
29,39
29,21
29,00
28,83
28,63
-18,2
49,01
48,13
47,42
46,61
45,95
45,20
44,48
43,90
43,23
42,69
42,06
41,46
40,98
40,42
39,96
39,44
38,93
38,52
38,04
37,66
37,21
36,78
36,43
36,02
31,94
31,71
31,44
31,22
30,96
30,71
30,51
30,27
30,08
29,85
29,63
29,45
29,24
29,07
28,87
-18,1
49,42
48,53
47,82
47,00
46,34
45,58
44,85
44,27
43,59
43,05
42,42
41,81
41,32
40,75
40,30
39,77
39,26
38,84
38,36
37,97
37,52
37,09
36,73
36,32
32,20
31,97
31,70
31,48
31,22
30,97
30,76
30,52
30,33
30,10
29,88
29,70
29,48
29,31
29,11
-18
49,84
48,94
48,22
47,40
46,73
45,96
45,23
44,64
43,96
43,41
42,77
42,16
41,67
41,10
40,64
40,10
39,58
39,17
38,68
38,29
37,84
37,40
37,04
36,63
32,47
32,24
31,96
31,74
31,48
31,22
31,02
30,78
30,58
30,35
30,12
29,94
29,73
29,55
29,35
Table 5. 11 Amount of water in natural gas [mgH2O/Sm3]
27
27,6
28,1
28,7
29,2
29,8
30,4
30,9
31,5
32
32,6
33,2
33,7
34,3
34,8
35,4
36
36,5
37,1
37,6
38,2
38,8
39,3
39,9
Gas Temperature C
10
15
20
25
383,22
530,95
726,48
982,30
375,97
520,84
712,56
963,37
370,16
512,74
701,41
948,21
363,47
503,40
688,56
930,72
358,10
495,92
678,25
916,70
351,90
487,27
666,34
900,51
345,95
478,97
654,91
884,96
341,17
472,30
645,72
872,47
335,64
464,58
635,09
858,01
331,19
458,37
626,54
846,37
326,03
451,17
616,63
832,89
321,06
444,24
607,08
819,90
317,06
438,65
599,39
809,43
312,41
432,17
590,46
797,28
308,67
426,94
583,25
787,48
304,31
420,86
574,88
776,08
300,11
414,99
566,79
765,07
296,71
410,25
560,25
756,18
292,76
404,73
552,65
745,83
289,56
400,27
546,50
737,46
285,84
395,07
539,34
727,71
282,24
390,04
532,40
718,26
279,32
385,96
526,78
710,62
275,92
381,21
520,23
701,70
47,2
47,7
48,3
48,8
49,4
50
50,5
51,1
51,6
52,2
52,8
53,3
53,9
54,4
55
241,64
239,69
237,40
235,54
233,36
231,23
229,50
227,47
225,81
223,87
221,97
220,43
218,61
217,13
215,39
Pressure
[bar]
333,30
330,57
327,37
324,77
321,71
318,74
316,31
313,47
311,15
308,43
305,77
303,61
301,06
298,99
296,55
454,15
450,38
445,96
442,37
438,15
434,04
430,69
426,77
423,57
419,81
416,14
413,15
409,63
406,76
403,39
611,68
606,55
600,53
595,63
589,88
584,28
579,72
574,36
569,99
564,87
559,86
555,78
550,99
547,07
542,48
30
758,71
751,80
745,06
739,55
733,09
727,82
721,62
78
Table 5. 12 Amount of water in natural gas [mgH2O/Nm3]

Pressure
[bar]
27
27,6
28,1
28,7
29,2
29,8
30,4
30,9
31,5
32
32,6
33,2
33,7
34,3
34,8
35,4
36
36,5
37,1
37,6
38,2
38,8
39,3
39,9
47,2
47,7
48,3
48,8
49,4
50
50,5
51,1
51,6
52,2
52,8
53,3
53,9
54,4
55
10
404,28
396,62
390,50
383,44
377,78
371,24
364,96
359,91
354,08
349,38
343,94
338,70
334,48
329,58
325,63
321,03
316,60
313,01
308,84
305,47
301,55
297,74
294,67
291,08
Gas Temperature C
15
20
25
560,13
766,40 1036,28
549,45
751,71 1016,30
540,91
739,95 1000,31
531,06
726,39
981,86
523,16
715,51
967,07
514,04
702,95
949,99
505,28
690,89
933,58
498,25
681,20
920,41
490,10
669,99
905,15
483,55
660,97
892,88
475,96
650,51
878,65
468,65
640,44
864,95
462,76
632,32
853,91
455,92
622,90
841,09
450,40
615,30
830,74
443,99
606,47
818,72
437,79
597,93
807,11
432,79
591,04
797,73
426,97
583,01
786,81
422,26
576,53
777,98
416,78
568,97
767,69
411,47
561,65
757,73
407,17
555,73
749,66
402,16
548,82
740,26
254,92
252,86
250,45
248,48
246,18
243,94
242,11
239,97
238,22
236,17
234,17
232,54
230,62
229,06
227,23
351,61
348,73
345,36
342,61
339,39
336,25
333,69
330,69
328,25
325,38
322,57
320,29
317,61
315,42
312,85
479,10
475,12
470,46
466,67
462,23
457,89
454,36
450,22
446,84
442,87
439,00
435,85
432,14
429,11
425,56
645,29
639,88
633,53
628,36
622,30
616,38
611,57
605,92
601,31
595,91
590,63
586,32
581,26
577,13
572,28
30
800,39
793,11
785,99
780,19
773,37
767,81
761,27
79
80
Table 5. 13 Water to remove from natural gas for 10 oC [mgH2O/Sm3]

27,0
27,6
28,1
28,7
29,2
29,8
30,4
30,9
31,5
32,0
32,6
33,2
33,7
34,3
34,8
35,4
36,0
36,5
37,1
37,6
38,2
38,8
39,3
39,9
47,2
47,7
48,3
48,8
49,4
50,0
50,5
51,1
51,6
52,2
52,8
53,3
53,9
54,4
55,0
-31,0
368,4
361,4
355,8
349,3
344,1
338,2
332,4
327,8
322,5
318,2
313,2
308,4
304,5
300,1
296,5
292,3
288,2
284,9
281,1
278,0
274,4
270,9
268,1
264,8
231,7
229,9
227,6
225,8
223,7
221,7
220,0
218,0
216,4
214,6
212,7
211,2
209,5
208,0
206,4
-30,0
366,9
359,9
354,3
347,9
342,8
336,8
331,1
326,5
321,2
316,9
311,9
307,2
303,3
298,9
295,3
291,1
287,0
283,8
280,0
276,9
273,3
269,9
267,0
263,8
230,8
228,9
226,7
224,9
222,8
220,8
219,1
217,1
215,5
213,7
211,8
210,4
208,6
207,2
205,5
-29,0
365,3
358,4
352,8
346,4
341,3
335,3
329,6
325,1
319,8
315,5
310,6
305,8
302,0
297,6
294,0
289,8
294,6
282,5
278,7
275,7
272,1
268,7
265,9
262,6
229,8
227,9
225,7
223,9
221,8
219,8
218,1
216,2
214,6
212,7
210,9
209,4
207,7
206,2
204,6
-28,0
363,6
356,7
351,1
344,8
339,6
333,7
328,1
323,5
318,3
314,0
309,1
304,4
300,9
296,1
292,6
288,4
284,4
281,2
277,4
274,3
270,8
267,4
264,6
261,3
228,6
226,8
224,6
222,8
220,7
218,7
217,0
215,1
213,5
211,7
209,8
208,4
206,6
205,2
203,6
-27,0
361,7
354,8
349,3
343,0
337,9
332,0
326,4
321,8
316,6
312,4
307,5
302,8
299,0
294,6
291,0
286,9
282,9
279,7
275,9
272,9
269,4
266,0
263,2
260,0
227,4
225,6
223,4
221,6
219,5
217,5
215,9
213,9
212,4
210,5
208,7
207,2
205,5
204,1
202,5
-26,0
359,7
352,8
347,3
341,0
336,0
330,1
324,5
320,0
314,8
310,6
305,7
301,1
297,3
292,9
289,4
285,3
281,3
278,1
274,4
271,3
267,8
264,4
261,7
258,5
226,1
224,2
222,1
220,3
218,3
216,3
214,6
212,7
211,1
209,3
207,5
206,0
204,3
202,9
201,3
-25,0
357,4
350,6
345,2
338,9
333,9
328,1
322,5
318,0
312,9
308,7
303,8
299,2
295,4
291,1
287,6
283,5
279,5
276,4
272,6
269,7
266,2
262,8
260,0
256,9
224,7
222,8
220,7
218,9
216,9
214,9
213,3
211,3
209,8
208,0
206,2
204,7
203,0
201,6
200,0
-24,0
355,0
348,3
342,9
336,7
331,7
325,9
320,3
315,0
310,7
306,6
301,8
297,2
293,4
289,2
285,6
281,6
277,6
274,5
270,8
267,8
264,4
261,0
258,3
255,1
223,1
221,3
219,2
217,4
215,4
213,4
211,8
209,9
208,3
206,5
204,7
203,3
201,6
200,2
198,6
-23,0
352,5
345,8
340,4
334,2
329,2
323,5
318,0
313,6
308,5
304,3
299,6
295,0
291,3
287,0
283,5
279,5
275,6
272,5
268,8
265,8
262,4
259,1
256,4
253,2
221,4
219,6
217,5
215,8
213,8
211,8
210,2
208,3
206,8
205,0
203,2
201,8
200,1
198,7
197,1
-22,0
349,6
343,0
337,7
331,5
326,6
320,9
315,5
311,1
306,0
301,9
297,2
292,6
288,9
284,7
281,2
277,2
273,4
270,3
266,6
263,7
260,3
257,0
254,3
251,2
219,6
217,8
215,7
214,0
212,0
210,1
208,5
206,6
205,1
203,3
201,5
200,1
198,4
197,1
195,5
-21,0
346,6
340,0
334,7
328,6
323,8
318,1
312,7
308,4
303,3
299,3
294,6
290,1
286,4
282,2
278,8
274,8
271,0
267,9
264,3
261,4
258,0
254,7
252,0
248,9
217,7
215,9
213,8
212,1
210,1
208,2
206,6
204,7
203,2
201,5
199,7
198,3
196,6
195,3
193,7
-20,0
343,3
336,8
331,6
325,5
320,7
315,1
309,7
305,4
300,4
296,4
291,8
287,3
283,7
279,5
276,1
272,2
268,4
265,3
261,8
258,9
255,5
252,3
249,6
246,6
215,6
213,8
211,7
210,1
208,1
206,2
204,6
202,8
201,3
199,5
197,8
196,4
194,7
193,4
191,8
-19,0
339,8
333,3
328,1
322,2
317,4
311,8
306,5
302,3
297,3
293,4
288,7
284,3
280,7
276,6
273,2
269,4
265,6
262,6
259,0
256,2
252,8
249,6
247,0
244,0
213,3
211,6
209,5
207,8
205,9
204,0
202,4
200,6
199,1
197,4
195,7
194,3
192,7
191,3
189,8
-18,9
339,4
333,0
327,8
321,8
317,0
311,5
306,2
301,9
297,0
293,0
288,4
284,0
280,4
276,3
272,9
269,1
265,3
262,3
258,7
255,9
252,6
249,4
246,7
243,7
213,1
211,3
209,3
207,6
205,7
203,8
202,2
200,4
198,9
197,2
195,5
194,1
192,4
191,1
189,6
-18,8
339,1
332,6
327,4
321,5
316,7
311,2
305,9
301,6
296,7
292,7
288,1
283,7
280,1
276,0
272,6
268,8
265,0
262,0
258,5
255,6
252,3
249,1
246,5
243,4
212,8
211,1
209,0
207,4
205,4
203,5
202,0
200,2
198,7
196,9
195,2
193,9
192,2
190,9
189,3
-18,7
338,7
332,2
327,1
321,1
316,3
310,8
305,5
301,3
296,3
292,4
287,8
283,4
279,8
275,7
272,3
268,5
264,7
261,7
258,2
255,3
252,0
248,8
246,2
243,2
212,6
210,8
208,8
207,1
205,2
203,3
201,7
199,9
198,5
196,7
195,0
193,6
192,0
190,7
189,1
-18,6
338,3
331,9
326,7
320,7
316,0
310,5
305,2
300,9
296,0
292,1
287,5
283,1
279,5
275,4
272,0
268,2
264,4
261,4
257,9
255,0
251,7
248,5
245,9
242,9
212,3
210,6
208,6
206,9
205,0
203,1
201,5
199,7
198,2
196,5
194,8
193,4
191,8
190,5
188,9
-18,5
337,9
331,5
326,3
320,4
315,6
310,1
304,8
300,6
295,7
291,7
287,1
282,7
279,2
275,1
271,7
267,9
264,1
261,1
257,6
254,7
251,4
248,2
245,6
242,6
212,1
210,4
208,3
206,7
204,7
202,8
201,3
199,5
198,0
196,3
194,6
193,2
191,6
190,2
188,7
-18,4
337,5
331,1
326,0
320,0
315,3
309,8
304,5
300,2
295,3
291,4
286,8
282,4
278,9
274,7
271,4
267,6
263,8
260,8
257,3
254,5
251,2
247,9
245,4
242,3
211,9
210,1
208,1
206,4
204,5
202,6
201,1
199,2
197,8
196,0
194,3
193,0
191,3
190,0
188,5
-18,3
337,1
330,7
325,6
319,7
314,9
309,4
304,1
299,9
295,0
291,1
286,5
282,1
278,5
274,4
271,1
267,2
263,5
260,5
257,0
254,2
250,9
247,7
245,1
242,1
211,6
209,9
207,8
206,2
204,2
202,4
200,8
199,0
197,8
195,8
194,1
192,7
191,1
189,8
188,3
-18,2
336,8
330,3
325,2
319,3
314,5
309,1
303,8
299,6
294,7
290,7
286,2
281,8
278,2
274,1
270,8
266,9
263,2
260,2
256,7
253,9
250,6
247,4
244,8
241,8
211,4
209,6
207,6
205,9
204,0
202,1
200,6
198,8
197,3
195,6
193,9
192,5
190,9
189,6
188,0
-18,1
336,4
330,0
324,8
318,9
314,2
308,7
303,4
299,2
294,3
290,4
285,8
281,4
277,9
273,8
270,5
266,6
262,9
259,9
256,4
253,6
250,3
247,1
244,5
241,5
211,1
209,4
207,4
205,7
203,8
201,9
200,3
198,5
197,1
195,3
193,7
192,3
190,7
189,3
187,8
-18,0
336,0
329,6
324,4
318,5
313,8
308,3
303,1
298,9
294,0
290,0
285,5
281,1
277,6
273,5
270,1
266,3
262,6
259,6
256,1
253,3
250,0
246,8
244,2
241,2
210,9
209,1
207,1
205,5
203,5
201,6
200,1
198,3
196,8
195,1
193,4
192,0
190,4
189,1
187,6
81
Table 5. 14 Water to remove from natural gas for 10 oC [mgH2O/Nm3]

27
27,6
28,1
28,7
29,2
29,8
30,4
30,9
31,5
32
32,6
33,2
33,7
34,3
34,8
35,4
36
36,5
37,1
37,6
38,2
38,8
39,3
39,9
-31
388,6
381,2
375,3
368,5
363,0
356,7
350,7
345,8
340,2
335,7
330,4
325,4
321,3
316,6
312,7
308,3
304,0
300,6
296,5
293,3
289,5
285,8
282,9
279,4
-30
387,1
379,7
373,8
367,0
361,6
355,3
349,3
344,4
338,8
334,3
329,1
324,1
320,0
315,3
311,5
307,1
302,8
299,4
295,3
292,1
288,3
284,7
281,7
278,3
-29
385,4
378,1
372,2
365,4
360,0
353,8
347,8
342,9
337,3
332,9
327,6
322,6
318,6
313,9
310,1
305,7
310,8
298,0
294,0
290,8
287,1
283,4
280,5
277,0
-28
383,5
376,3
370,4
363,7
358,3
352,1
346,1
341,3
335,7
331,3
326,1
321,1
316,2
312,4
308,6
304,3
300,0
296,6
292,6
289,4
285,7
282,1
279,1
275,7
-27
381,6
374,3
368,5
361,8
356,5
350,3
344,3
339,5
334,0
329,5
324,4
319,4
315,4
310,8
307,0
302,7
298,5
295,1
291,1
287,9
284,2
280,6
277,6
274,2
-26
379,4
372,2
366,4
359,8
354,4
348,3
342,4
337,6
332,1
327,7
322,5
317,6
313,6
309,0
305,3
300,9
296,7
293,4
289,4
286,3
282,5
279,0
276,1
272,7
-25
377,1
369,9
364,2
357,6
352,3
346,1
340,2
335,5
330,0
325,6
320,5
315,6
311,7
307,1
303,4
299,1
294,9
291,5
287,6
284,5
280,8
277,2
274,3
271,0
-24
374,6
367,4
361,7
355,2
349,9
343,8
338,0
332,6
327,8
323,4
318,4
313,5
309,6
305,1
301,3
297,0
292,9
289,6
285,7
282,5
278,9
275,3
272,5
269,1
-23
371,8
364,7
359,1
352,6
347,3
341,3
335,5
330,8
325,4
321,1
316,0
311,2
307,3
302,8
299,1
294,8
290,7
287,4
283,6
280,4
276,8
273,3
270,4
267,1
-22
368,9
361,8
356,2
349,7
344,5
338,5
332,8
328,2
322,8
318,5
313,5
308,7
304,8
300,3
296,7
292,5
288,4
285,1
281,3
278,2
274,6
271,1
268,3
265,0
-21
365,7
358,7
353,1
346,7
341,6
335,6
329,9
325,3
320,0
315,7
310,8
306,0
302,2
297,7
294,1
289,9
285,9
282,6
278,8
275,7
272,2
268,7
265,9
262,6
-20
362,2
355,3
349,8
343,4
338,3
332,4
326,8
322,2
316,9
312,7
307,8
303,1
299,3
294,9
291,3
287,1
283,1
279,9
276,1
273,1
269,6
266,1
263,3
260,1
-19
358,5
351,6
346,2
339,9
334,8
329,0
323,4
318,9
313,7
309,5
304,6
299,9
296,2
291,8
288,3
284,2
280,2
277,0
273,3
270,3
266,7
263,3
260,6
257,4
-18,9
358,1
351,3
345,8
339,5
334,5
328,6
323,0
318,5
313,3
309,1
304,3
299,6
295,8
291,5
287,9
283,8
279,9
276,7
273,0
270,0
266,4
263,1
260,3
257,1
-18,8
357,7
350,9
345,4
339,1
334,1
328,3
322,7
318,2
313,0
308,8
303,9
299,3
295,5
291,1
287,6
283,5
279,6
276,4
272,7
269,7
266,2
262,8
260,0
256,8
-18,7
357,3
350,5
345,0
338,8
333,7
327,9
322,3
317,8
312,6
308,5
303,6
298,9
295,2
290,8
287,3
283,2
279,3
276,1
272,4
269,4
265,9
262,5
259,7
256,5
-18,6
356,9
350,1
344,6
338,4
333,3
327,5
321,9
317,5
312,3
308,1
303,3
298,6
294,9
290,5
287,0
282,9
278,9
275,8
272,0
269,0
265,6
262,2
259,4
256,2
-18,5
356,5
349,7
344,3
338,0
333,0
327,2
321,6
317,1
311,9
307,8
302,9
298,3
294,5
290,2
286,7
282,6
278,6
275,4
271,7
268,7
265,3
261,9
259,1
255,9
-18,4
356,1
349,3
343,9
337,6
332,6
326,8
321,2
316,7
311,6
307,4
302,6
297,9
294,2
289,8
286,3
282,3
278,3
275,1
271,4
268,4
264,9
261,6
258,8
255,7
-18,3
355,7
348,9
343,5
337,2
332,2
326,4
320,9
316,4
311,2
307,1
302,2
297,6
293,8
289,5
286,0
281,9
278,0
274,8
271,1
268,1
264,6
261,3
258,5
255,4
-18,2
355,3
348,5
343,1
336,8
331,8
326
320,5
316
310,9
306,7
301,9
297,2
293,5
289,2
285,7
281,6
277,7
274,5
270,8
267,8
264,3
261
258,2
255,1
-18,1
354,9
348,1
342,7
336,4
331,4
325,7
320,1
315,6
310,5
306,3
301,5
296,9
293,2
288,8
285,3
281,3
277,3
274,2
270,5
267,5
264
260,7
257,9
254,8
-18
354,4
347,7
342,3
336
331
325,3
319,7
315,3
310,1
306
301,2
296,5
292,8
288,5
285
280,9
277
273,8
270,2
267,2
263,7
260,3
257,6
254,5
47,2
47,7
48,3
48,8
49,4
50
50,5
51,1
51,6
52,2
52,8
53,3
53,9
54,4
55
244,5
242,5
240,2
238,3
236,0
233,9
232,1
230,0
228,3
226,4
224,4
222,8
221,0
219,5
217,7
243,5
241,5
239,2
237,3
235,1
232,9
231,1
229,1
227,4
225,4
223,5
221,9
220,1
218,6
216,8
242,4
240,4
238,1
236,2
234,0
231,8
230,1
228,0
226,4
224,4
222,5
220,9
219,1
217,6
215,8
241,2
239,2
236,9
235,1
232,9
230,7
229,0
226,9
225,2
223,3
221,4
219,8
218,0
216,5
214,7
239,9
238,0
235,7
233,8
231,6
229,5
227,7
225,7
224,0
222,1
220,2
218,6
216,8
215,3
213,6
238,5
236,6
234,3
232,4
230,3
228,1
226,4
224,4
222,7
220,8
218,9
217,4
215,5
214,1
212,3
237,0
235,1
232,8
231,0
228,8
226,7
225,0
223,0
221,3
219,4
217,5
216,0
214,2
212,7
211,0
235,4
233,5
231,2
229,4
227,2
225,1
223,4
221,4
219,8
217,9
216,0
214,5
212,7
211,2
209,5
233,6
231,7
229,5
227,6
225,5
223,4
221,7
219,7
218,1
216,2
214,4
212,8
211,1
209,6
207,9
231,7
229,8
227,6
225,8
223,7
221,6
219,9
217,9
216,3
214,4
212,6
211,1
209,3
207,9
206,2
229,6
227,8
225,6
223,8
221,7
219,6
217,9
216,0
214,4
212,5
210,7
209,2
207,5
206,0
204,3
227,4
225,6
223,4
221,6
219,5
217,5
215,8
213,9
212,3
210,5
208,6
207,2
205,4
204,0
202,3
225,0
223,2
221,0
219,3
217,2
215,2
213,6
211,6
210,1
208,2
206,4
205,0
203,2
201,8
200,2
224,8
222,9
220,8
219,0
217,0
214,9
213,3
211,4
209,8
208,0
206,2
204,7
203,0
201,6
200,0
224,5
222,7
220,5
218,8
216,7
214,7
213,1
211,2
209,6
207,8
206,0
204,5
202,8
201,4
199,7
224,3
222,4
220,3
218,5
216,5
214,5
212,8
210,9
209,4
207,5
205,7
204,3
202,6
201,2
199,5
224,0
222,2
220,0
218,3
216,2
214,2
212,6
210,7
209,1
207,3
205,5
204,0
202,3
200,9
199,3
223,8
221,9
219,8
218,0
216,0
214,0
212,3
210,4
208,9
207,0
205,3
203,8
202,1
200,7
199,1
223,5
221,7
219,5
217,8
215,7
213,7
212,1
210,2
208,6
206,8
205,0
203,6
201,9
200,5
198,8
223,2
221,4
219,3
217,5
215,5
213,5
211,8
209,9
208,6
206,6
204,8
203,3
201,6
200,2
198,6
223
221,1
219
217,3
215,2
213,2
211,6
209,7
208,1
206,3
204,5
203,1
201,4
200
198,4
222,7
220,9
218,7
217
215
213
211,3
209,4
207,9
206,1
204,3
202,8
201,1
199,8
198,1
222,4
220,6
218,5
216,7
214,7
212,7
211,1
209,2
207,6
205,8
204
202,6
200,9
199,5
197,9
82

27,0
27,6
28,1
28,7
29,2
29,8
30,4
30,9
31,5
32,0
32,6
33,2
33,7
34,3
34,8
35,4
36,0
36,5
37,1
37,6
38,2
38,8
39,3
39,9
-31,0
516,1
506,2
498,3
489,2
481,9
473,5
465,4
458,9
451,4
445,4
438,3
431,6
426,1
419,8
414,7
408,8
403,1
398,5
393,1
388,7
383,7
378,7
374,8
370,1
-30,0
514,6
504,8
496,9
487,9
480,6
472,2
464,1
457,6
450,1
444,1
437,1
430,4
424,9
418,6
413,5
407,6
401,9
397,3
391,9
387,6
382,5
377,7
373,7
369,1
-29,0
513,0
503,2
495,4
486,3
479,1
470,7
462,7
456,2
448,7
442,7
435,7
429,0
423,6
417,3
412,2
406,3
409,5
396,1
390,7
386,4
381,3
376,5
372,5
367,9
-28,0
511,3
501,5
493,7
484,7
477,5
469,1
461,1
454,7
447,2
441,2
434,2
427,5
421,6
415,9
410,8
405,0
399,3
394,7
389,4
385,1
380,0
375,2
371,2
366,6
-27,0
509,4
499,7
491,9
482,9
475,7
467,4
459,4
453,0
445,5
439,6
432,6
426,0
420,6
414,3
409,3
403,4
397,8
393,2
387,9
383,6
378,6
373,8
369,8
365,3
-26,0
507,4
497,7
489,9
481,0
473,8
465,5
457,5
451,1
443,7
437,8
430,9
424,2
418,9
412,7
407,6
401,8
396,2
391,6
386,3
382,1
377,1
372,2
368,3
363,8
-25,0
505,2
495,5
487,8
478,9
471,7
463,5
455,5
449,2
441,8
435,9
429,0
422,4
417,0
410,8
405,8
400,0
394,4
389,9
384,6
380,4
375,4
370,6
366,7
362,1
-24,0
502,8
493,2
485,5
476,6
469,5
461,3
453,4
227,0
439,7
433,8
426,9
420,3
415,0
408,3
403,9
398,1
392,5
388,0
382,8
378,5
373,6
368,8
364,9
360,4
-23,0
500,2
490,6
483,0
474,1
467,0
458,9
451,0
444,7
437,4
431,5
424,7
418,2
412,9
406,7
401,8
396,0
390,5
386,0
380,8
376,5
371,6
366,9
363,0
358,5
-22,0
497,4
487,9
480,2
471,5
464,4
456,3
448,5
442,2
434,9
429,1
422,3
415,8
410,5
404,4
399,5
393,8
388,3
383,8
378,6
374,4
369,5
364,8
360,9
356,4
-21,0
494,3
484,9
477,3
468,6
461,6
453,5
445,7
439,5
432,3
426,5
419,7
413,2
408,0
401,9
397,0
391,4
385,9
381,4
376,3
372,1
367,2
362,5
358,7
354,2
-20,0
491,1
481,7
474,1
465,5
458,5
450,5
442,8
436,6
429,4
423,6
416,9
410,5
405,3
399,3
394,4
388,7
383,3
378,9
373,7
369,6
364,7
360,1
356,3
351,8
-19,0
487,5
478,2
470,7
462,1
455,2
447,2
439,5
433,4
426,3
420,5
413,9
407,5
402,3
396,3
391,5
385,9
380,5
376,1
371,0
366,9
362,1
357,4
353,7
349,3
-18,9
487,2
477,8
470,4
461,8
454,8
446,9
439,2
433,1
425,9
420,2
413,6
407,2
402,0
396,0
391,2
385,6
380,2
375,8
370,7
366,6
361,8
357,2
353,4
349,0
-18,8
486,8
477,5
470,0
461,4
454,5
446,5
438,9
432,7
425,6
419,9
413,3
406,9
401,7
395,7
390,9
385,3
379,9
375,5
370,4
366,3
361,5
356,9
353,1
348,7
-18,7
486,4
477,1
469,6
461,0
454,1
446,2
438,5
432,4
425,3
419,6
412,9
406,6
401,4
395,4
390,6
385,0
379,6
375,2
370,1
366,0
361,2
356,6
352,8
348,5
-18,6
486,0
476,7
469,3
460,7
453,8
445,8
438,2
432,1
425,0
419,2
412,6
406,2
401,1
395,1
390,3
384,7
379,3
374,9
369,9
365,7
361,0
356,3
352,6
348,2
-18,5
485,7
476,4
468,9
460,3
453,4
445,5
437,9
431,7
424,6
418,9
412,3
405,9
400,8
394,8
390,0
384,4
379,0
374,6
369,6
365,5
360,7
356,0
352,3
347,9
-18,4
485,3
476,0
468,5
460,0
453,1
445,1
437,5
431,4
424,3
418,6
412,0
405,6
400,5
394,5
389,7
384,1
378,7
374,3
369,3
365,2
360,4
355,8
352,0
347,6
-18,3
484,9
475,6
468,2
459,6
452,7
444,8
437,2
431,0
423,9
418,2
411,6
405,3
400,1
394,2
389,4
383,8
378,4
374,0
369,0
364,9
360,1
355,5
351,7
347,3
-18,2
484,5
475,2
467,8
459,2
452,4
444,4
436,8
430,7
423,6
417,9
411,3
404,9
399,8
393,9
389,1
383,5
378,1
373,7
368,7
364,6
359,8
355,2
351,4
347,1
-18,1
484,1
474,8
467,4
458,9
452,0
444,1
436,4
430,3
423,3
417,6
411,0
404,6
399,5
393,5
388,7
383,2
377,8
373,4
368,4
364,3
359,5
354,9
351,1
346,8
-18,0
483,7
474,4
467,0
458,5
451,6
443,7
436,1
430,0
422,9
417,2
410,6
404,3
399,2
393,2
388,4
382,9
377,5
373,1
368,1
364,0
359,2
354,6
350,9
346,5
47,2
47,7
48,3
48,8
49,4
50,0
50,5
51,1
51,6
52,2
52,8
53,3
53,9
54,4
55,0
323,4
320,7
317,6
315,1
312,1
309,2
306,8
304,0
301,8
299,1
296,5
294,4
291,9
289,9
287,5
322,4
319,8
316,7
314,1
311,2
308,3
305,9
303,1
300,9
298,2
295,6
293,5
291,1
289,0
286,7
321,4
318,8
315,7
313,1
310,2
307,3
304,9
302,2
299,9
297,3
294,7
292,6
290,1
288,1
285,7
320,3
317,6
314,6
312,0
309,1
306,2
303,9
301,1
298,9
296,2
293,6
291,5
289,1
287,1
284,7
319,1
316,4
313,4
310,8
307,9
305,0
302,7
299,9
297,7
295,1
292,5
290,4
288,0
286,0
283,6
317,8
315,1
312,1
309,6
306,6
303,8
301,4
298,7
296,5
293,8
291,3
289,2
286,8
284,8
282,4
316,3
313,7
310,6
308,2
305,2
302,4
300,1
297,3
295,1
292,5
290,0
287,9
285,5
283,5
281,1
314,8
312,2
309,1
306,6
303,7
300,9
298,6
295,9
293,7
291,1
288,5
286,5
284,0
282,1
279,7
313,1
310,5
307,5
305,0
302,1
299,3
297,0
294,3
292,1
289,5
287,0
284,9
282,5
280,6
278,2
311,3
308,7
305,7
303,2
300,4
297,6
295,3
292,6
290,4
287,8
285,3
283,3
280,9
278,9
276,6
309,3
306,8
303,8
301,3
298,5
295,7
293,4
290,7
288,6
286,0
283,5
281,5
279,1
277,1
274,9
307,2
304,7
301,7
299,3
296,4
293,7
291,4
288,8
286,6
284,1
281,6
279,6
277,2
275,2
273,0
305,0
302,4
299,5
297,1
294,2
291,5
289,2
286,6
284,5
281,9
279,5
277,5
275,1
273,2
270,9
304,7
302,2
299,2
296,8
294,0
291,3
289,0
286,4
284,2
281,7
279,3
277,3
274,9
273,0
270,7
304,5
302,0
299,0
296,6
293,8
291,0
288,8
286,2
284,0
281,5
279,0
277,0
274,7
272,8
270,5
304,2
301,7
298,8
296,4
293,5
290,8
288,6
285,9
283,8
281,3
278,8
276,8
274,5
272,5
270,3
304,0
301,5
298,5
296,1
293,3
290,6
288,3
285,7
283,6
281,0
278,6
276,6
274,2
272,3
270,1
303,8
301,2
298,3
295,9
293,1
290,3
288,1
285,5
283,3
280,8
278,4
276,4
274,0
272,1
269,9
303,5
301,0
298,1
295,7
292,8
290,1
287,9
285,2
283,1
280,6
278,1
276,1
273,8
271,9
269,6
303,3
300,8
297,8
295,4
292,6
289,9
287,6
285,0
283,1
280,4
277,9
275,9
273,6
271,7
269,4
303,0
300,5
297,6
295,2
292,4
289,6
287,4
284,8
282,6
280,1
277,7
275,7
273,3
271,4
269,2
302,8
300,3
297,3
294,9
292,1
289,4
287,2
284,5
282,4
279,9
277,5
275,5
273,1
271,2
269,0
302,5
300,0
297,1
294,7
291,9
289,1
286,9
284,3
282,2
279,7
277,2
275,2
272,9
271,0
268,7
83

27,0
27,6
28,1
28,7
29,2
29,8
30,4
30,9
31,5
32,0
32,6
33,2
33,7
34,3
34,8
35,4
36,0
36,5
37,1
37,6
38,2
38,8
39,3
39,9
-31,0
544,4
534,0
525,7
516,1
508,4
499,5
491,0
484,1
476,2
469,8
462,4
455,3
449,6
442,9
437,5
431,3
425,2
420,3
414,7
410,1
404,7
399,6
395,4
390,5
-30,0
542,9
532,5
524,2
514,7
507,0
498,1
489,6
482,8
474,9
468,5
461,1
454,0
448,3
441,6
436,3
430,0
424,0
419,1
413,5
408,9
403,6
398,4
394,2
389,3
-29,0
541,2
530,9
522,6
513,1
505,4
496,6
488,1
481,3
473,4
467,0
459,7
452,6
446,9
440,2
434,9
428,7
432,0
417,8
412,2
407,6
402,3
397,1
393,0
388,1
-28,0
539,4
529,1
520,8
511,3
503,7
494,9
486,4
479,6
471,8
465,4
458,1
451,0
444,8
438,7
433,4
427,2
421,2
416,4
410,8
406,2
400,9
395,8
391,6
386,8
-27,0
537,4
527,1
518,9
509,4
501,8
493,1
484,6
477,9
470,0
463,7
456,4
449,4
443,7
437,1
431,8
425,6
419,6
414,8
409,2
404,7
399,4
394,3
390,2
385,3
-26,0
535,3
525,0
516,8
507,4
499,8
491,1
482,7
475,9
468,1
461,8
454,6
447,5
441,9
435,3
430,0
423,9
417,9
413,1
407,6
403,0
397,8
392,7
388,6
383,7
-25,0
532,9
522,7
514,6
505,2
497,6
488,9
480,6
473,8
466,1
459,8
452,6
445,6
439,9
433,4
428,1
422,0
416,1
411,3
405,8
401,3
396,0
390,9
386,8
382,0
-24,0
530,4
520,3
512,1
502,8
495,3
486,6
478,3
470,6
463,8
457,6
450,4
443,4
437,8
431,6
426,1
420,0
414,1
409,3
403,8
399,3
394,1
389,1
385,0
380,2
-23,0
527,7
517,6
509,5
500,2
492,7
484,1
475,8
469,1
461,4
455,2
448,1
441,1
435,6
429,1
423,9
417,8
411,9
407,2
401,7
397,2
392,0
387,0
382,9
378,2
-22,0
524,7
514,7
506,6
497,4
489,9
481,4
473,1
466,5
458,8
452,7
445,5
438,6
433,1
426,7
421,5
415,4
409,6
404,9
399,4
395,0
389,8
384,8
380,8
376,0
-21,0
521,5
511,5
503,5
494,3
486,9
478,4
470,2
463,6
456,0
449,9
442,8
435,9
430,4
424,0
418,9
412,9
407,1
402,4
396,9
392,5
387,4
382,4
378,4
373,7
-20,0
518,0
508,1
500,2
491,0
483,7
475,2
467,1
460,5
453,0
446,9
439,8
433,0
427,5
421,2
416,1
410,1
404,3
399,7
394,3
389,9
384,8
379,8
375,8
371,2
-19,0
514,3
504,5
496,6
487,5
480,2
471,8
463,7
457,2
449,7
443,6
436,6
429,9
424,4
418,1
413,0
407,1
401,4
396,8
391,4
387,0
382,0
377,1
373,1
368,5
-18,9
513,9
504,1
496,2
487,1
479,8
471,4
463,3
456,9
449,3
443,3
436,3
429,6
424,1
417,8
412,7
406,8
401,1
396,5
391,1
386,7
381,7
376,8
372,8
368,2
-18,8
513,5
503,7
495,8
486,8
479,5
471,1
463,0
456,5
449,0
443,0
436,0
429,2
423,8
417,5
412,4
406,5
400,8
396,2
390,8
386,4
381,4
376,5
372,5
367,9
-18,7
513,1
503,3
495,4
486,4
479,1
470,7
462,6
456,2
448,7
442,6
435,6
428,9
423,5
417,2
412,1
406,2
400,5
395,8
390,5
386,1
381,1
376,2
372,2
367,6
-18,6
512,7
502,9
495,1
486,0
478,7
470,3
462,3
455,8
448,3
442,3
435,3
428,6
423,1
416,8
411,8
405,8
400,1
395,5
390,2
385,8
380,8
375,9
371,9
367,3
-18,5
512,3
502,5
494,7
485,6
478,4
470,0
461,9
455,4
448,0
441,9
434,9
428,2
422,8
416,5
411,4
405,5
399,8
395,2
389,9
385,5
380,5
375,6
371,6
367,0
-18,4
511,9
502,1
494,3
485,2
478,0
469,6
461,5
455,1
447,6
441,6
434,6
427,9
422,5
416,2
411,1
405,2
399,5
394,9
389,6
385,2
380,2
375,3
371,3
366,7
-18,3
511,5
501,7
493,9
484,8
477,6
469,2
461,2
454,7
447,2
441,2
434,2
427,5
422,1
415,8
410,8
404,9
399,2
394,6
389,2
384,9
379,9
375,0
371,0
366,4
-18,2
511,1
501,3
493,5
484,5
477,2
468,8
460,8
454,3
446,9
440,9
433,9
427,2
421,8
415,5
410,4
404,6
398,9
394,3
388,9
384,6
379,6
374,7
370,7
366,1
-18,1
510,7
500,9
493,1
484,1
476,8
468,5
460,4
454,0
446,5
440,5
433,5
426,8
421,4
415,2
410,1
404,2
398,5
393,9
388,6
384,3
379,3
374,4
370,4
365,8
-18,0
510,3
500,5
492,7
483,7
476,4
468,1
460,1
453,6
446,1
440,1
433,2
426,5
421,1
414,8
409,8
403,9
398,2
393,6
388,3
384,0
378,9
374,1
370,1
365,5
47,2
47,7
48,3
48,8
49,4
50,0
50,5
51,1
51,6
52,2
52,8
53,3
53,9
54,4
55,0
341,2
338,4
335,1
332,4
329,2
326,2
323,7
320,8
318,4
315,6
312,8
310,6
308,0
305,8
303,3
340,2
337,4
334,1
331,4
328,3
325,2
322,7
319,8
317,4
314,6
311,9
309,7
307,1
304,9
302,4
339,1
336,3
333,0
330,3
327,2
324,2
321,7
318,8
316,4
313,6
310,9
308,7
306,1
303,9
301,4
337,9
335,1
331,8
329,2
326,1
323,0
320,5
317,6
315,3
312,5
309,8
307,6
305,0
302,8
300,4
336,6
333,8
330,6
327,9
324,8
321,8
319,3
316,4
314,1
311,3
308,6
306,4
303,8
301,7
299,2
335,2
332,4
329,2
326,6
323,5
320,4
318,0
315,1
312,8
310,0
307,3
305,1
302,5
300,4
297,9
333,7
330,9
327,7
325,1
322,0
319,0
316,6
313,7
311,3
308,6
305,9
303,7
301,1
299,0
296,6
332,1
329,3
326,1
323,5
320,4
317,4
315,0
312,1
309,8
307,1
304,4
302,2
299,7
297,6
295,1
330,3
327,6
324,4
321,8
318,7
315,7
313,3
310,5
308,1
305,4
302,8
300,6
298,0
296,0
293,5
328,4
325,7
322,5
319,9
316,9
313,9
311,5
308,7
306,4
303,6
301,0
298,8
296,3
294,2
291,8
326,3
323,6
320,5
317,9
314,9
311,9
309,5
306,7
304,4
301,7
299,1
297,0
294,4
292,4
290,0
324,1
321,4
318,3
315,7
312,7
309,8
307,4
304,6
302,3
299,7
297,0
294,9
292,4
290,4
288,0
321,7
319,1
315,9
313,4
310,4
307,5
305,1
302,4
300,1
297,4
294,8
292,7
290,2
288,2
285,8
321,5
318,8
315,7
313,1
310,2
307,3
304,9
302,1
299,9
297,2
294,6
292,5
290,0
288,0
285,6
321,2
318,6
315,4
312,9
309,9
307,0
304,7
301,9
299,6
297,0
294,4
292,3
289,8
287,7
285,4
321,0
318,3
315,2
312,7
309,7
306,8
304,4
301,6
299,4
296,7
294,1
292,0
289,5
287,5
285,1
320,7
318,1
314,9
312,4
309,4
306,5
304,2
301,4
299,1
296,5
293,9
291,8
289,3
287,3
284,9
320,5
317,8
314,7
312,2
309,2
306,3
303,9
301,2
298,9
296,3
293,7
291,6
289,1
287,1
284,7
320,2
317,5
314,4
311,9
308,9
306,0
303,7
300,9
298,7
296,0
293,4
291,3
288,8
286,8
284,4
319,9
317,3
314,2
311,6
308,7
305,8
303,4
300,7
298,7
295,8
293,2
291,1
288,6
286,6
284,2
319,7
317,0
313,9
311,4
308,4
305,5
303,2
300,4
298,2
295,5
292,9
290,8
288,4
286,3
284,0
319,4
316,8
313,7
311,1
308,2
305,3
302,9
300,2
297,9
295,3
292,7
290,6
288,1
286,1
283,7
319,1
316,5
313,4
310,9
307,9
305,0
302,7
299,9
297,7
295,0
292,5
290,4
287,9
285,9
283,5
84

27,0
27,6
28,1
28,7
29,2
29,8
30,4
30,9
31,5
32,0
32,6
33,2
33,7
34,3
34,8
35,4
36,0
36,5
37,1
37,6
38,2
38,8
39,3
39,9
-31,0
711,6
698,0
687,0
674,4
664,3
652,6
641,4
632,4
621,9
613,5
603,8
594,4
586,9
578,1
571,0
562,8
554,9
548,5
541,0
535,0
527,9
521,1
515,6
509,2
-30,0
710,2
696,5
685,6
673,0
662,9
651,2
640,0
631,1
620,6
612,3
602,5
593,2
585,7
576,9
569,8
561,6
553,7
547,3
539,9
533,8
526,8
520,0
514,5
508,1
-29,0
708,6
695,0
684,1
671,5
661,4
649,8
638,6
629,6
619,2
610,9
601,2
591,8
584,3
575,6
568,5
560,4
561,3
546,1
538,6
532,6
525,6
518,8
513,3
506,9
-28,0
706,8
693,3
682,4
669,8
659,8
648,2
637,0
628,1
617,7
609,4
599,7
590,4
582,6
574,2
567,1
559,0
551,1
544,7
537,3
531,3
524,3
517,5
512,0
505,7
-27,0
705,0
691,4
680,6
668,1
658,0
646,5
635,3
626,4
616,1
607,7
598,1
588,8
581,3
572,6
565,6
557,5
549,6
543,2
535,8
529,8
522,9
516,1
510,7
504,3
-26,0
702,9
689,4
678,6
666,1
656,1
644,6
633,5
624,6
614,3
606,0
596,3
587,1
579,6
570,9
564,0
555,8
548,0
541,6
534,2
528,3
521,3
514,6
509,1
502,8
-25,0
700,7
687,2
676,5
664,0
654,1
642,5
631,5
622,6
612,3
604,0
594,4
585,2
577,8
569,1
562,2
554,1
546,2
539,9
532,5
526,6
519,7
512,9
507,5
501,2
-24,0
698,3
684,9
674,1
661,7
651,8
640,3
629,3
620,0
610,2
602,0
592,4
583,2
575,8
567,1
560,2
552,1
544,3
538,0
530,7
524,8
517,8
511,2
505,7
499,4
-23,0
695,7
682,3
671,6
659,3
649,4
637,9
627,0
618,1
607,9
599,7
590,2
581,0
573,6
565,0
558,1
550,1
542,3
536,0
528,7
522,8
515,9
509,2
503,8
497,5
-22,0
692,9
679,6
668,9
656,6
646,8
635,4
624,4
615,6
605,4
597,3
587,8
578,6
571,3
562,7
555,8
547,8
540,1
533,8
526,5
520,6
513,8
507,1
501,7
495,5
-21,0
689,9
676,6
666,0
653,7
643,9
632,6
621,7
612,9
602,8
594,6
585,2
576,1
568,7
560,2
553,4
545,4
537,7
531,4
524,2
518,3
511,5
504,9
499,5
493,3
-20,0
686,6
673,4
662,8
650,6
640,8
629,5
618,7
610,0
599,9
591,8
582,4
573,3
566,0
557,5
550,7
542,8
535,1
528,9
521,6
515,8
509,0
502,4
497,1
490,9
-19,0
683,1
669,9
659,4
647,3
637,5
626,3
615,5
606,8
596,8
588,7
579,3
570,3
563,1
554,6
547,8
539,9
532,3
526,1
518,9
513,1
506,3
499,8
494,5
488,3
-18,9
682,7
669,6
659,0
646,9
637,2
625,9
615,2
606,5
596,5
588,4
579,0
570,0
562,8
554,3
547,5
539,6
532,0
525,8
518,6
512,8
506,1
499,5
494,2
488,0
-18,8
682,3
669,2
658,7
646,6
636,8
625,6
614,8
606,2
596,1
588,1
578,7
569,7
562,5
554,0
547,2
539,3
531,7
525,5
518,3
512,5
505,8
499,2
493,9
487,8
-18,7
681,9
668,8
658,3
646,2
636,5
625,3
614,5
605,8
595,8
587,7
578,4
569,4
562,1
553,7
546,9
539,0
531,4
525,2
518,1
512,3
505,5
499,0
493,7
487,5
-18,6
681,6
668,4
657,9
645,8
636,1
624,9
614,1
605,5
595,5
587,4
578,1
569,1
561,8
553,4
546,6
538,7
531,1
524,9
517,8
512,0
505,2
498,7
493,4
487,2
-18,5
681,2
668,1
657,6
645,5
635,8
624,6
613,8
605,1
595,1
587,1
577,7
568,8
561,5
553,1
546,3
538,4
530,8
524,6
517,5
511,7
504,9
498,4
493,1
486,9
-18,4
680,8
667,7
657,2
645,1
635,4
624,2
613,4
604,8
594,8
586,8
577,4
568,4
561,2
552,8
546,0
538,1
530,5
524,3
517,2
511,4
504,6
498,1
492,8
486,7
-18,3
680,4
667,3
656,8
644,7
635,1
623,9
613,1
604,5
594,5
586,4
577,1
568,1
560,9
552,5
545,7
537,8
530,2
524,0
516,9
511,1
504,4
497,8
492,5
486,4
-18,2
680,0
666,9
656,5
644,4
634,7
623,5
612,7
604,1
594,1
586,1
576,8
567,8
560,5
552,1
545,4
537,5
529,9
523,7
516,6
510,8
504,1
497,5
492,3
486,1
-18,1
679,6
666,6
656,1
644,0
634,3
623,1
612,4
603,8
593,8
585,7
576,4
567,5
560,2
551,8
545,1
537,2
529,6
523,4
516,3
510,5
503,8
497,2
492,0
485,8
-18,0
679,2
666,2
655,7
643,6
634,0
622,8
612,0
603,4
593,4
585,4
576,1
567,1
559,9
551,5
544,7
536,9
529,3
523,1
516,0
510,2
503,5
496,9
491,7
485,5
47,2
47,7
48,3
48,8
49,4
50,0
50,5
51,1
51,6
52,2
52,8
53,3
53,9
54,4
55,0
444,2
440,5
436,2
432,7
428,5
424,5
421,2
417,3
414,2
410,5
406,9
404,0
400,5
397,7
394,4
443,3
439,6
435,3
431,7
427,6
423,6
420,3
416,4
413,3
409,6
406,0
403,1
399,6
396,8
393,5
442,3
438,6
434,3
430,7
426,6
422,6
419,3
415,5
412,3
408,6
405,1
402,1
398,7
395,9
392,6
441,1
437,5
433,1
429,6
425,5
421,5
418,2
414,4
411,3
407,6
404,0
401,1
397,7
394,8
391,6
439,9
436,2
431,9
428,4
424,3
420,3
417,1
413,2
410,1
406,5
402,9
400,0
396,5
393,7
390,5
438,6
434,9
430,6
427,2
423,1
419,1
415,8
412,0
408,9
405,2
401,7
398,7
395,3
392,5
389,3
437,2
433,5
429,2
425,8
421,7
417,7
414,4
410,6
407,5
403,9
400,3
397,4
394,0
391,2
388,0
435,6
432,0
427,7
424,2
420,2
416,2
413,0
409,2
406,1
402,5
398,9
396,0
392,6
389,8
386,6
433,9
430,3
426,1
422,6
418,6
414,6
411,4
407,6
404,5
400,9
397,4
394,5
391,1
388,3
385,1
432,1
428,5
424,3
420,8
416,8
412,9
409,7
405,9
402,8
399,2
395,7
392,8
389,4
386,7
383,5
430,2
426,6
422,4
418,9
414,9
411,0
407,8
404,0
401,0
397,4
393,9
391,0
387,7
384,9
381,7
428,1
424,5
420,3
416,9
412,9
409,0
405,8
402,0
399,0
395,4
391,9
389,1
385,7
383,0
379,8
425,8
422,2
418,1
414,7
410,7
406,8
403,6
399,9
396,9
393,3
389,8
387,0
383,7
381,0
377,8
425,6
422,0
417,8
414,4
410,5
406,6
403,4
399,7
396,7
393,1
389,6
386,8
383,5
380,7
377,6
425,3
421,8
417,6
414,2
410,2
406,3
403,2
399,5
396,4
392,9
389,4
386,6
383,2
380,5
377,3
425,1
421,5
417,4
414,0
410,0
406,1
402,9
399,2
396,2
392,7
389,2
386,4
383,0
380,3
377,1
424,9
421,3
417,1
413,7
409,8
405,9
402,7
399,0
396,0
392,4
389,0
386,1
382,8
380,1
376,9
424,6
421,1
416,9
413,5
409,5
405,6
402,5
398,8
395,7
392,2
388,7
385,9
382,6
379,9
376,7
424,4
420,8
416,6
413,3
409,3
405,4
402,2
398,5
395,5
392,0
388,5
385,7
382,4
379,7
376,5
424,1
420,6
416,4
413,0
409,0
405,2
402,0
398,3
395,5
391,7
388,3
385,5
382,1
379,4
376,3
423,9
420,3
416,2
412,8
408,8
404,9
401,8
398,1
395,1
391,5
388,0
385,2
381,9
379,2
376,0
423,6
420,1
415,9
412,5
408,6
404,7
401,5
397,8
394,8
391,3
387,8
385,0
381,7
379,0
375,8
423,4
419,8
415,7
412,3
408,3
404,4
401,3
397,6
394,6
391,0
387,6
384,8
381,5
378,8
375,6
85

27,0
27,6
28,1
28,7
29,2
29,8
30,4
30,9
31,5
32,0
32,6
33,2
33,7
34,3
34,8
35,4
36,0
36,5
37,1
37,6
38,2
38,8
39,3
39,9
-31,0
750,7
736,3
724,8
711,5
700,8
688,5
676,6
667,1
656,1
647,2
637,0
627,1
619,1
609,9
602,4
593,7
585,4
578,6
570,7
564,3
556,9
549,7
543,9
537,1
-30,0
749,2
734,8
723,3
710,0
699,3
687,0
675,2
665,7
654,7
645,9
635,7
625,8
617,8
608,6
601,2
592,5
584,1
577,4
569,5
563,2
555,8
548,6
542,8
536,0
-29,0
747,5
733,1
721,6
708,4
697,8
685,5
673,7
664,2
653,3
644,4
634,2
624,4
616,4
607,2
599,8
591,2
592,1
576,1
568,2
561,9
554,5
547,3
541,5
534,8
-28,0
745,7
731,3
719,9
706,7
696,1
683,8
672,0
662,6
651,6
642,8
632,7
622,8
615,0
605,7
598,3
589,7
581,4
574,6
566,8
560,5
553,1
546,0
540,2
533,4
-27,0
743,7
729,4
718,0
704,8
694,2
682,0
670,2
660,8
649,9
641,1
631,0
621,2
613,3
604,1
596,7
588,1
579,8
573,1
565,3
559,0
551,6
544,5
538,7
532,0
-26,0
741,5
727,3
715,9
702,7
692,2
680,0
668,3
658,9
648,0
639,3
629,1
619,3
611,5
602,3
594,9
586,4
578,1
571,4
563,6
557,3
550,0
542,9
537,1
530,4
-25,0
739,2
725,0
713,6
700,5
690,0
677,8
666,2
656,8
646,0
637,2
627,1
617,4
609,5
600,4
593,0
584,5
576,2
569,6
561,8
555,5
548,2
541,1
535,4
528,7
-24,0
736,7
722,5
711,2
698,1
687,6
675,5
663,9
654,2
643,7
635,0
624,9
615,2
607,4
598,5
591,0
582,5
574,2
567,6
559,8
553,6
546,3
539,2
533,5
526,9
-23,0
733,9
719,8
708,5
695,5
685,1
673,0
661,4
652,1
641,3
632,7
622,6
612,9
605,1
596,1
588,8
580,3
572,1
565,4
557,7
551,5
544,2
537,2
531,5
524,9
-22,0
731,0
716,9
705,7
692,7
682,3
670,3
658,7
649,5
638,7
630,1
620,1
610,4
602,7
593,6
586,4
577,9
569,7
563,1
555,4
549,2
542,0
535,0
529,3
522,7
-21,0
727,8
713,8
702,6
689,7
679,3
667,3
655,8
646,6
635,9
627,3
617,3
607,7
600,0
591,0
583,8
575,3
567,2
560,6
553,0
546,8
539,6
532,6
527,0
520,4
-20,0
724,3
710,4
699,2
686,4
676,1
664,1
652,7
643,5
632,9
624,3
614,4
604,8
597,1
588,2
581,0
572,6
564,5
557,9
550,3
544,2
537,0
530,0
524,4
517,8
-19,0
720,6
706,7
695,6
682,8
672,6
660,7
649,3
640,2
629,6
621,1
611,2
601,7
594,0
585,1
577,9
569,6
561,5
555,0
547,4
541,3
534,2
527,2
521,7
515,1
-18,9
720,2
706,3
695,2
682,4
672,2
660,3
649,0
639,8
629,2
620,7
610,8
601,3
593,7
584,8
577,6
569,3
561,2
554,7
547,1
541,0
533,9
527,0
521,4
514,8
-18,8
719,8
706,0
694,9
682,1
671,8
660,0
648,6
639,5
628,9
620,4
610,5
601,0
593,4
584,5
577,3
569,0
560,9
554,4
546,8
540,7
533,6
526,7
521,1
514,6
-18,7
719,4
705,6
694,5
681,7
671,5
659,6
648,2
639,1
628,5
620,0
610,2
600,7
593,0
584,1
577,0
568,6
560,6
554,1
546,5
540,4
533,3
526,4
520,8
514,3
-18,6
719,0
705,2
694,1
681,3
671,1
659,2
647,9
638,8
628,2
619,7
609,8
600,3
592,7
583,8
576,7
568,3
560,3
553,8
546,2
540,1
533,0
526,1
520,5
514,0
-18,5
718,6
704,8
693,7
680,9
670,7
658,9
647,5
638,4
627,8
619,3
609,5
600,0
592,4
583,5
576,3
568,0
560,0
553,5
545,9
539,8
532,7
525,8
520,2
513,7
-18,4
718,2
704,4
693,3
680,6
670,3
658,5
647,2
638,0
627,5
619,0
609,1
599,7
592,0
583,2
576,0
567,7
559,6
553,2
545,6
539,5
532,4
525,5
519,9
513,4
-18,3
717,8
704,0
692,9
680,2
669,9
658,1
646,8
637,7
627,1
618,6
608,8
599,3
591,7
582,8
575,7
567,4
559,3
552,8
545,3
539,2
532,1
525,2
519,6
513,1
-18,2
717,4
703,6
692,5
679,8
669,6
657,8
646,4
637,3
626,8
618,3
608,4
599,0
591,3
582,5
575,3
567,0
559,0
552,5
545,0
538,9
531,8
524,9
519,3
512,8
-18,1
717,0
703,2
692,1
679,4
669,2
657,4
646,0
636,9
626,4
617,9
608,1
598,6
591,0
582,1
575,0
566,7
558,7
552,2
544,7
538,6
531,4
524,6
519,0
512,5
-18,0
716,6
702,8
691,7
679,0
668,8
657,0
645,7
636,6
626,0
617,6
607,7
598,3
590,7
581,8
574,7
566,4
558,3
551,9
544,3
538,2
531,1
524,3
518,7
512,2
47,2
47,7
48,3
48,8
49,4
50,0
50,5
51,1
51,6
52,2
52,8
53,3
53,9
54,4
55,0
468,7
464,8
460,2
456,4
452,1
447,8
444,3
440,3
437,0
433,1
429,3
426,1
422,5
419,5
416,0
467,7
463,8
459,2
455,5
451,1
446,9
443,4
439,3
436,0
432,1
428,3
425,2
421,6
418,6
415,1
466,6
462,7
458,1
454,4
450,0
445,8
442,3
438,3
435,0
431,1
427,3
424,2
420,6
417,6
414,1
465,4
461,5
456,9
453,2
448,9
444,7
441,2
437,2
433,9
430,0
426,2
423,1
419,5
416,5
413,1
464,1
460,2
455,7
452,0
447,7
443,4
440,0
435,9
432,7
428,8
425,0
421,9
418,3
415,4
411,9
462,7
458,8
454,3
450,6
446,3
442,1
438,7
434,6
431,3
427,5
423,7
420,7
417,1
414,1
410,7
461,2
457,3
452,8
449,2
444,8
440,6
437,2
433,2
429,9
426,1
422,3
419,3
415,7
412,7
409,3
459,6
455,7
451,2
447,6
443,3
439,1
435,7
431,7
428,4
424,6
420,8
417,8
414,2
411,3
407,8
457,8
454,0
449,5
445,8
441,6
437,4
434,0
430,0
426,7
422,9
419,2
416,1
412,6
409,7
406,2
455,9
452,1
447,6
444,0
439,7
435,5
432,2
428,2
424,9
421,1
417,4
414,4
410,8
407,9
404,5
453,8
450,0
445,6
442,0
437,7
433,6
430,2
426,2
423,0
419,2
415,5
412,5
409,0
406,1
402,7
451,6
447,8
443,4
439,8
435,6
431,4
428,1
424,1
420,9
417,2
413,5
410,5
406,9
404,1
400,7
449,2
445,4
441,0
437,5
433,2
429,1
425,8
421,9
418,7
414,9
411,3
408,3
404,8
401,9
398,5
449,0
445,2
440,8
437,2
433,0
428,9
425,6
421,6
418,4
414,7
411,0
408,0
404,5
401,7
398,3
448,7
445,0
440,5
437,0
432,8
428,7
425,3
421,4
418,2
414,5
410,8
407,8
404,3
401,4
398,1
448,5
444,7
440,3
436,7
432,5
428,4
425,1
421,2
418,0
414,2
410,6
407,6
404,1
401,2
397,9
448,2
444,4
440,0
436,5
432,3
428,2
424,8
420,9
417,7
414,0
410,3
407,3
403,8
401,0
397,6
447,9
444,2
439,8
436,2
432,0
427,9
424,6
420,7
417,5
413,7
410,1
407,1
403,6
400,8
397,4
447,7
443,9
439,5
436,0
431,8
427,7
424,3
420,4
417,2
413,5
409,9
406,9
403,4
400,5
397,2
447,4
443,7
439,3
435,7
431,5
427,4
424,1
420,2
417,2
413,3
409,6
406,6
403,1
400,3
396,9
447,2
443,4
439,0
435,5
431,3
427,2
423,8
419,9
416,8
413,0
409,4
406,4
402,9
400,0
396,7
446,9
443,2
438,8
435,2
431,0
426,9
423,6
419,7
416,5
412,8
409,1
406,2
402,7
399,8
396,5
446,6
442,9
438,5
434,9
430,7
426,7
423,3
419,4
416,3
412,5
408,9
405,9
402,4
399,6
396,2
86

27,0
27,6
28,1
28,7
29,2
29,8
30,4
30,9
31,5
32,0
32,6
33,2
33,7
34,3
34,8
35,4
36,0
36,5
37,1
37,6
38,2
38,8
39,3
39,9
-31,0
967,4
948,8
933,8
916,6
902,7
886,8
871,4
859,1
844,8
833,4
820,1
807,2
796,9
784,9
775,3
764,0
753,2
744,4
734,2
725,9
716,3
707,0
699,4
690,6
-30,0
966,0
947,3
932,4
915,2
901,4
885,4
870,1
857,8
843,5
832,1
818,8
806,0
795,7
783,7
774,1
762,8
752,0
743,2
733,0
724,8
715,2
705,9
698,3
689,6
-29,0
964,4
945,8
930,9
913,7
899,9
883,9
868,7
856,4
842,1
830,7
817,4
804,7
794,4
782,4
772,8
761,6
759,6
742,0
731,8
723,6
714,0
704,7
697,2
688,4
-28,0
962,7
944,1
929,2
912,0
898,3
882,4
867,1
854,8
840,6
829,2
816,0
803,2
792,6
781,0
771,4
760,2
749,4
740,6
730,5
722,2
712,7
703,4
695,9
687,1
-27,0
960,8
942,2
927,4
910,2
896,5
880,6
865,4
853,1
839,0
827,6
814,3
801,6
791,4
779,4
769,8
758,7
747,9
739,2
729,0
720,8
711,2
702,0
694,5
685,7
-26,0
958,7
940,2
925,4
908,3
894,6
878,7
863,5
851,3
837,2
825,8
812,6
799,9
789,7
777,8
768,2
757,0
746,3
737,6
727,4
719,2
709,7
700,5
693,0
684,3
-25,0
956,5
938,1
923,3
906,2
892,5
876,7
861,5
849,3
835,2
823,9
810,7
798,0
787,8
775,9
766,4
755,3
744,5
735,8
725,7
717,5
708,0
698,8
691,3
682,6
-24,0
954,1
935,7
920,9
903,9
890,3
874,5
859,4
847,3
833,1
821,8
808,7
796,0
785,8
773,5
764,4
753,3
742,6
733,9
723,9
715,7
706,2
697,0
689,6
680,9
-23,0
951,5
933,2
918,4
901,5
887,8
872,1
857,0
844,9
830,8
819,5
806,4
793,8
783,7
771,8
762,3
751,3
740,6
731,9
721,9
713,7
704,3
695,1
687,7
679,0
-22,0
948,7
930,4
915,7
898,8
885,2
869,5
854,5
842,4
828,4
817,1
804,0
791,5
781,3
769,5
760,0
749,0
738,3
729,7
719,7
711,6
702,1
693,0
685,6
676,9
-21,0
945,7
927,4
912,8
895,9
882,4
866,7
851,7
839,7
825,7
814,5
801,4
788,9
778,8
767,0
757,6
746,6
735,9
727,4
717,4
709,3
699,9
690,7
683,3
674,7
-20,0
942,4
924,2
909,6
892,8
879,3
863,7
848,7
836,7
822,8
811,6
798,6
786,1
776,1
764,4
754,9
744,0
733,4
724,8
714,8
706,8
697,4
688,3
680,9
672,3
-19,0
938,9
920,7
906,2
889,4
876,0
860,5
845,5
833,6
819,7
808,5
795,6
783,2
773,1
761,5
752,1
741,1
730,6
722,0
712,1
704,1
694,7
685,7
678,3
669,8
-18,9
938,5
920,4
905,8
889,1
875,6
860,1
845,2
833,2
819,4
808,2
795,3
782,8
772,8
761,2
751,8
740,8
730,3
721,7
711,8
703,8
694,4
685,4
678,0
669,5
-18,8
938,1
920,0
905,5
888,7
875,3
859,8
844,9
832,9
819,0
807,9
795,0
782,5
772,5
760,8
751,5
740,5
730,0
721,5
711,5
703,5
694,2
685,1
677,8
669,2
-18,7
937,8
919,6
905,1
888,4
874,9
859,4
844,5
832,6
818,7
807,6
794,7
782,2
772,2
760,5
751,1
740,2
729,7
721,2
711,2
703,2
693,9
684,8
677,5
668,9
-18,6
937,4
919,3
904,7
888,0
874,6
859,1
844,2
832,2
818,4
807,2
794,3
781,9
771,9
760,2
750,8
739,9
729,4
720,9
710,9
702,9
693,6
684,5
677,2
668,7
-18,5
937,0
918,9
904,4
887,6
874,2
858,7
843,8
831,9
818,0
806,9
794,0
781,6
771,6
759,9
750,5
739,6
729,1
720,6
710,7
702,6
693,3
684,3
676,9
668,4
-18,4
936,6
918,5
904,0
887,3
873,9
858,4
843,5
831,5
817,7
806,6
793,7
781,3
771,2
759,6
750,2
739,3
728,8
720,3
710,4
702,4
693,0
684,0
676,7
668,1
-18,3
936,2
918,1
903,6
886,9
873,5
858,0
843,2
831,2
817,4
806,2
793,4
780,9
770,9
759,3
749,9
739,0
728,5
720,0
710,1
702,1
692,7
683,7
676,4
667,8
-18,2
935,8
917,7
903,3
886,5
873,1
857,7
842,8
830,9
817,0
805,9
793,0
780,6
770,6
759,0
749,6
738,7
728,2
719,7
709,8
701,8
692,4
683,4
676,1
667,6
-18,1
935,5
917,4
902,9
886,2
872,8
857,3
842,4
830,5
816,7
805,6
792,7
780,3
770,3
758,6
749,3
738,4
727,9
719,4
709,5
701,5
692,1
683,1
675,8
667,3
-18,0
935,1
917,0
902,5
885,8
872,4
856,9
842,1
830,2
816,3
805,2
792,3
779,9
769,9
758,3
749,0
738,1
727,5
719,1
709,2
701,2
691,8
682,8
675,5
667,0
47,2
47,7
48,3
48,8
49,4
50,0
50,5
51,1
51,6
52,2
52,8
53,3
53,9
54,4
55,0
601,8
596,7
590,8
585,9
580,3
574,7
570,2
564,9
560,6
555,6
550,6
546,6
541,9
538,0
533,4
600,8
595,8
589,8
585,0
579,3
573,8
569,3
564,0
559,7
554,7
549,7
545,7
541,0
537,1
532,6
599,8
594,7
588,8
584,0
578,3
572,8
568,3
563,1
558,8
553,7
548,8
544,8
540,0
536,2
531,7
598,7
593,6
587,7
582,9
577,3
571,7
567,3
562,0
557,7
552,7
547,7
543,7
539,0
535,2
530,6
597,5
592,4
586,5
581,7
576,1
570,6
566,1
560,8
556,6
551,5
546,6
542,6
537,9
534,1
529,5
596,1
591,1
585,2
580,4
574,8
569,3
564,8
559,6
555,3
550,3
545,4
541,4
536,7
532,9
528,3
594,7
589,7
583,8
579,0
573,4
567,9
563,5
558,2
554,0
549,0
544,1
540,1
535,4
531,6
527,1
593,2
588,2
582,3
577,5
571,9
566,4
562,0
556,8
552,5
547,5
542,6
538,6
534,0
530,2
525,7
591,5
586,5
580,6
575,9
570,3
564,8
560,4
555,2
550,9
546,0
541,1
537,1
532,4
528,6
524,2
589,7
584,7
578,9
574,1
568,5
563,1
558,7
553,5
549,2
544,3
539,4
535,5
530,8
527,0
522,5
587,7
582,8
576,9
572,2
566,6
561,2
556,8
551,6
547,4
542,5
537,6
533,7
529,0
525,2
520,8
585,6
580,7
574,9
570,1
564,6
559,2
554,8
549,6
545,4
540,5
535,7
531,7
527,1
523,3
518,9
583,4
578,4
572,6
567,9
562,4
557,0
552,6
547,5
543,3
538,4
533,6
529,6
525,0
521,3
516,9
583,1
578,2
572,4
567,7
562,2
556,8
552,4
547,3
543,1
538,2
533,3
529,4
524,8
521,1
516,6
582,9
577,9
572,2
567,5
562,0
556,6
552,2
547,0
542,9
537,9
533,1
529,2
524,6
520,8
516,4
582,6
577,7
571,9
567,2
561,7
556,3
552,0
546,8
542,6
537,7
532,9
529,0
524,4
520,6
516,2
582,4
577,5
571,7
567,0
561,5
556,1
551,7
546,6
542,4
537,5
532,7
528,8
524,2
520,4
516,0
582,1
577,2
571,5
566,8
561,3
555,9
551,5
546,4
542,2
537,3
532,5
528,5
523,9
520,2
515,8
581,9
577,0
571,2
566,5
561,0
555,6
551,3
546,1
541,9
537,0
532,2
528,3
523,7
520,0
515,6
581,7
576,7
571,0
566,3
560,8
555,4
551,0
545,9
541,9
536,8
532,0
528,1
523,5
519,7
515,3
581,4
576,5
570,7
566,0
560,5
555,2
550,8
545,7
541,5
536,6
531,8
527,9
523,3
519,5
515,1
581,2
576,2
570,5
565,8
560,3
554,9
550,6
545,4
541,2
536,3
531,5
527,6
523,0
519,3
514,9
580,9
576,0
570,2
565,5
560,0
554,7
550,3
545,2
541,0
536,1
531,3
527,4
522,8
519,1
514,7
87

-31,0
-30,0
-29,0
-28,0
-27,0
-26,0
-25,0
-24,0
-23,0
-22,0 -21,0 -20,0 -19,0 -18,9 -18,8 -18,7 -18,6 -18,5 -18,4 -18,3 -18,2 -18,1 -18,0
27,0 1020,6 1019,1 1017,4 1015,5 1013,6 1011,4 1009,1 1006,6 1003,8 1000,9 997,7 994,2 990,5 990,1 989,7 989,3 988,9 988,5 988,1 987,7 987,3 986,9 986,4
27,6 1000,9 999,4 997,7 995,9 994,0 991,9 989,6 987,1 984,4 981,5 978,4 975,0 971,3 970,9 970,5 970,2 969,8 969,4 969,0 968,6 968,2 967,8 967,4
28,1 985,1 983,6 982,0 980,2 978,3 976,2 974,0 971,5 968,9 966,0 962,9 959,6 956,0 955,6 955,2 954,8 954,5 954,1 953,7 953,3 952,9 952,5 952,1
28,7 966,9 965,5 963,9 962,1 960,2 958,2 956,0 953,6 951,0 948,2 945,1 941,8 938,3 937,9 937,6 937,2 936,8 936,4 936,0 935,6 935,3 934,9 934,5
29,2 952,3 950,9 949,3 947,6 945,8 943,7 941,6 939,2 936,6 933,8 930,8 927,6 924,1 923,7 923,4 923,0 922,6 922,3 921,9 921,5 921,1 920,7 920,3
29,8 935,5 934,1 932,5 930,8 929,0 927,0 924,9 922,5 920,0 917,3 914,4 911,2 907,7 907,4 907,0 906,6 906,3 905,9 905,5 905,2 904,8 904,4 904,0
30,4 919,3 917,9 916,4 914,7 912,9 911,0 908,9 906,6 904,1 901,4 898,5 895,4 892,0 891,6 891,3 890,9 890,6 890,2 889,8 889,5 889,1 888,7 888,4
30,9 906,3 904,9 903,4 901,8 900,0 898,1 896,0 893,2 891,3 888,7 885,8 882,7 879,4 879,0 878,7 878,3 878,0 877,6 877,2 876,9 876,5 876,1 875,8
31,5 891,3 889,9 888,4 886,8 885,1 883,2 881,1 878,9 876,5 873,9 871,1 868,0 864,7 864,4 864,0 863,7 863,3 863,0 862,6 862,3 861,9 861,6 861,2
32,0 879,2 877,8 876,3 874,8 873,0 871,2 869,1 866,9 864,6 862,0 859,2 856,2 853,0 852,6 852,3 851,9 851,6 851,3 850,9 850,5 850,2 849,8 849,5
32,6 865,1 863,8 862,4 860,8 859,1 857,3 855,3 853,1 850,7 848,2 845,5 842,5 839,3 839,0 838,7 838,3 838,0 837,6 837,3 836,9 836,6 836,2 835,9
33,2 851,6 850,3 848,9 847,3 845,7 843,8 841,9 839,7 837,4 834,9 832,2 829,3 826,2 825,9 825,5 825,2 824,9 824,5 824,2 823,8 823,5 823,1 822,8
33,7 840,7 839,4 838,0 836,2 834,8 833,0 831,1 829,0 826,7 824,2 821,6 818,7 815,6 815,3 814,9 814,6 814,3 813,9 813,6 813,3 812,9 812,6 812,2
34,3 828,1 826,8 825,4 823,9 822,3 820,5 818,6 816,3 814,3 811,8 809,2 806,4 803,3 803,0 802,7 802,3 802,0 801,7 801,3 801,0 800,7 800,3 800,0
34,8 817,9 816,6 815,2 813,7 812,1 810,4 808,5 806,4 804,2 801,8 799,2 796,4 793,4 793,1 792,7 792,4 792,1 791,8 791,4 791,1 790,8 790,4 790,1
35,4 806,0 804,8 803,4 801,9 800,4 798,6 796,8 794,7 792,5 790,2 787,6 784,8 781,8 781,5 781,2 780,9 780,6 780,3 779,9 779,6 779,3 779,0 778,6
36,0 794,5 793,3 801,3 790,5 789,0 787,3 785,4 783,4 781,3 778,9 776,4 773,6 770,7 770,4 770,1 769,8 769,5 769,1 768,8 768,5 768,2 767,9 767,5
36,5 785,3 784,1 782,8 781,3 779,8 778,1 776,3 774,3 772,1 769,8 767,3 764,6 761,7 761,4 761,1 760,8 760,5 760,2 759,8 759,5 759,2 758,9 758,6
37,1 774,5 773,3 772,0 770,6 769,1 767,4 765,6 763,6 761,5 759,2 756,8 754,1 751,2 750,9 750,6 750,3 750,0 749,7 749,4 749,1 748,8 748,4 748,1
37,6 765,8 764,6 763,3 761,9 760,4 758,8 757,0 755,0 752,9 750,7 748,2 745,6 742,8 742,5 742,2 741,9 741,6 741,2 740,9 740,6 740,3 740,0 739,7
38,2 755,7 754,5 753,2 751,8 750,3 748,7 746,9 745,0 743,0 740,7 738,3 735,7 732,9 732,6 732,3 732,0 731,7 731,4 731,1 730,8 730,5 730,2 729,9
38,8 745,8 744,7 743,4 742,0 740,6 738,9 737,2 735,3 733,3 731,1 728,7 726,1 723,3 723,0 722,7 722,5 722,2 721,9 721,6 721,3 720,9 720,6 720,3
39,3 737,9 736,7 735,5 734,1 732,6 731,1 729,3 727,5 725,4 723,2 720,9 718,3 715,6 715,3 715,0 714,7 714,4 714,1 713,8 713,5 713,2 712,9 712,6
39,9 728,6 727,4 726,2 724,9 723,4 721,8 720,1 718,3 716,3 714,1 711,8 709,3 706,6 706,3 706,0 705,7 705,4 705,1 704,8 704,5 704,2 703,9 703,6
47,2
47,7
48,3
48,8
49,4
50,0
50,5
51,1
51,6
52,2
52,8
53,3
53,9
54,4
55,0
634,9
629,5
623,2
618,1
612,1
606,3
601,6
596,0
591,4
586,1
580,9
576,6
571,6
567,5
562,8
633,8
628,5
622,2
617,2
611,2
605,3
600,6
595,0
590,5
585,2
579,9
575,7
570,7
566,6
561,8
632,8
627,4
621,2
616,1
610,1
604,3
599,6
594,0
589,5
584,1
578,9
574,7
569,7
565,6
560,9
631,6
626,2
620,0
614,9
609,0
603,2
598,4
592,9
588,3
583,0
577,8
573,6
568,6
564,6
559,8
630,3
625,0
618,7
613,7
607,7
601,9
597,2
591,7
587,1
581,8
576,6
572,4
567,4
563,4
558,6
628,9
623,6
617,4
612,3
606,4
600,6
595,9
590,3
585,8
580,5
575,4
571,1
566,2
562,1
557,4
627,4
622,1
615,9
610,8
604,9
599,1
594,4
588,9
584,4
579,1
574,0
569,7
564,8
560,8
556,0
625,8
620,5
614,3
609,2
603,3
597,6
592,9
587,4
582,9
577,6
572,4
568,2
563,3
559,3
554,6
624,0
618,7
612,5
607,5
601,6
595,9
591,2
585,7
581,2
576,0
570,8
566,6
561,7
557,7
553,0
622,1
616,8
610,7
605,7
599,8
594,0
589,4
583,9
579,4
574,2
569,1
564,9
560,0
556,0
551,2
620,0
614,8
608,6
603,6
597,8
592,1
587,4
581,9
577,5
572,3
567,1
563,0
558,1
554,1
549,4
617,8
612,6
606,5
601,5
595,6
589,9
585,3
579,8
575,4
570,2
565,1
560,9
556,1
552,1
547,4
615,4
610,2
604,1
599,1
593,3
587,6
583,0
577,6
573,2
568,0
562,9
558,7
553,9
549,9
545,3
615,2
610,0
603,9
598,9
593,1
587,4
582,8
577,3
572,9
567,7
562,7
558,5
553,7
549,7
545,0
614,9
609,7
603,6
598,6
592,8
587,2
582,5
577,1
572,7
567,5
562,4
558,3
553,4
549,5
544,8
614,6
609,5
603,4
598,4
592,6
586,9
582,3
576,9
572,4
567,3
562,2
558,1
553,2
549,2
544,6
614,4
609,2
603,1
598,2
592,3
586,7
582,0
576,6
572,2
567,0
562,0
557,8
553,0
549,0
544,3
614,1
608,9
602,9
597,9
592,1
586,4
581,8
576,4
572,0
566,8
561,7
557,6
552,7
548,8
544,1
613,9
608,7
602,6
597,6
591,8
586,2
581,6
576,1
571,7
566,5
561,5
557,3
552,5
548,5
543,9
613,6
608,4
602,3
597,4
591,6
585,9
581,3
575,9
571,7
566,3
561,2
557,1
552,3
548,3
543,7
613,4
608,2
602,1
597,1
591,3
585,7
581,1
575,6
571,2
566,1
561,0
556,9
552,0
548,1
543,4
613,1
607,9
601,8
596,9
591,1
585,4
580,8
575,4
571,0
565,8
560,7
556,6
551,8
547,8
543,2
612,8
607,6
601,6
596,6
590,8
585,2
580,6
575,1
570,7
565,6
560,5
556,4
551,5
547,6
542,9
88

-31,0
-30,0
-29,0
-28,0
-27,0
-26,0
-25,0
-24,0
-23,0
-22,0
-21,0
-20,0
-19,0
-18,9
-18,8
-18,7
-18,6
-18,5
-18,4
-18,3
-18,2
-18,1
-18,0
749,3
742,5
735,8
730,4
724,0
718,7
712,6
748,4
741,6
734,9
729,5
723,1
717,9
711,7
747,5
740,6
734,0
728,5
722,1
716,9
710,8
746,4
739,6
732,9
727,5
721,1
715,9
709,8
745,3
738,5
731,8
726,4
720,0
714,8
708,7
744,0
737,2
730,6
725,2
718,8
713,6
707,5
742,7
735,9
729,3
723,8
717,5
712,3
706,2
741,2
734,4
727,8
722,4
716,1
710,9
704,8
739,7
732,9
726,3
720,9
714,5
709,4
703,3
738,0
731,2
724,6
719,2
712,9
707,7
701,7
736,1
729,4
722,8
717,4
711,1
706,0
699,9
734,1
727,4
720,9
715,5
709,2
704,1
698,0
732,0
725,3
718,8
713,4
707,1
702,0
696,0
731,8
725,1
718,5
713,2
706,9
701,8
695,8
731,6
724,9
718,3
713,0
706,7
701,6
695,6
731,3
724,6
718,1
712,8
706,5
701,4
695,4
731,1
724,4
717,9
712,5
706,3
701,2
695,1
730,9
724,2
717,7
712,3
706,0
700,9
694,9
730,7
724,0
717,4
712,1
705,8
700,7
694,7
730,7
723,7
717,2
711,9
705,6
700,5
694,5
730,2
723,5
717,0
711,6
705,4
700,3
694,3
730,0
723,3
716,7
711,4
705,1
700,0
694,0
729,7
723,0
716,5
711,2
704,9
699,8
693,8
27,0
27,6
28,1
28,7
29,2
29,8
30,4
30,9
31,5
32,0
32,6
33,2
33,7
34,3
34,8
35,4
36,0
36,5
37,1
37,6
38,2
38,8
39,3
39,9
47,2
47,7
48,3
48,8
49,4
50,0
50,5
51,1
51,6
52,2
52,8
53,3
53,9
54,4
55,0
89

-31,0
-30,0
-29,0
-28,0
-27,0
-26,0
-25,0
-24,0
-23,0
-22,0
-21,0
-20,0
-19,0
-18,9
-18,8
-18,7
-18,6
-18,5
-18,4
-18,3
-18,2
-18,1
-18,0
790,5
783,3
776,2
770,5
763,7
758,2
751,7
789,6
782,4
775,3
769,6
762,8
757,3
750,8
788,5
781,3
774,3
768,6
761,8
756,3
749,8
787,4
780,2
773,2
767,5
760,7
755,2
748,8
786,2
779,0
772,0
766,3
759,6
754,1
747,6
784,9
777,7
770,7
765,0
758,3
752,8
746,4
783,5
776,3
769,3
763,6
756,9
751,4
745,0
781,9
774,8
767,8
762,1
755,4
750,0
743,5
780,3
773,2
766,2
760,5
753,8
748,4
741,9
778,5
771,4
764,4
758,7
752,1
746,6
740,2
776,6
769,5
762,5
756,9
750,2
744,8
738,4
774,5
767,4
760,5
754,8
748,2
742,8
736,4
772,2
765,2
758,3
752,6
746,0
740,6
734,2
772,0
764,9
758,0
752,4
745,8
740,4
734,0
771,8
764,7
757,8
752,2
745,5
740,1
733,8
771,5
764,5
757,6
751,9
745,3
739,9
733,6
771,3
764,2
757,3
751,7
745,1
739,7
733,3
771,0
764,0
757,1
751,5
744,8
739,4
733,1
770,8
763,7
756,8
751,2
744,6
739,2
732,9
770,8
763,5
756,6
751,0
744,4
739,0
732,6
770,3
763,3
756,4
750,7
744,1
738,7
732,4
770,1
763,0
756,1
750,5
743,9
738,5
732,2
769,8
762,8
755,9
750,2
743,6
738,3
731,9
27,0
27,6
28,1
28,7
29,2
29,8
30,4
30,9
31,5
32,0
32,6
33,2
33,7
34,3
34,8
35,4
36,0
36,5
37,1
37,6
38,2
38,8
39,3
39,9
47,2
47,7
48,3
48,8
49,4
50,0
50,5
51,1
51,6
52,2
52,8
53,3
53,9
54,4
55,0
Table 5. 23 Values of dew point temperature for given water content obtained with use of
Hysys package
P [bar]
27,0
27,6
28,1
28,7
29,2
29,8
30,4
30,9
31,5
32,0
32,6
33,2
33,7
34,3
34,8
35,4
36,0
36,5
37,1
37,6
38,2
38,8
39,3
39,9
10 C
[g/Nm3]
0,018
0,017
0,018
0,018
0,017
0,017
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,015
0,015
0,015
0,014
0,015
0,014
0,014
0,014
0,013
0,013
0,013
0,013
0,012
Tr[C]
-29
-30
-29
-29
-29
-29
-30
-30
-29
-29
-29
-30
-30
-30
-30
-29
-30
-30
-30
-30
-30
-30
-30
-31
47,2
47,7
48,3
48,8
49,4
50,0
50,5
51,1
51,6
52,2
52,8
53,3
53,9
54,4
55,0
0,011
0,011
0,011
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,009
-30
-30
-30
-31
-31
-31
-31
-31
-31
-31
-31
-31
-31
-31
-31
90
Table 5. 24 Values of dew point for given water content achieved from the Makowice
dehydration facility operation manual
P [bar]
27,0
27,6
28,1
28,7
29,2
29,8
30,4
30,9
31,5
32,0
32,6
33,2
33,7
34,3
34,8
35,4
36,0
36,5
37,1
37,6
38,2
38,8
39,3
39,9
10 C
[g/Nm3]
0,018
0,017
0,018
0,018
0,017
0,017
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,015
0,015
0,015
0,014
0,015
0,014
0,014
0,014
0,013
0,013
0,013
0,013
0,012
Tr[C]
-27
-27,2
-26,9
-27,1
-27,5
-27,3
-27,9
-28,2
-28,1
-28,5
-28,5
-28,7
-28,9
-29,1
-29,2
-29,1
-29,3
-29,9
-29,7
-30,4
-30,5
-30,6
-30,8
-30,9
47,2
47,7
48,3
48,8
49,4
50,0
50,5
51,1
51,6
52,2
52,8
53,3
53,9
54,4
55,0
0,011
0,011
0,011
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,009
-32,4
-32,6
-32,7
-32,8
-32,9
-33
-33,1
-33,1
-33,2
-33,3
-33,4
-33,5
-33,6
-33,7
-33,8
91
Table 5. 25 Values of dew point temperature for given water content calculated with use of
empirical equations
P [bar]
27,0
27,6
28,1
28,7
29,2
29,8
30,4
30,9
31,5
32,0
32,6
33,2
33,7
34,3
34,8
35,4
36,0
36,5
37,1
37,6
38,2
38,8
39,3
39,9
10 C
[g/Nm3]
0,018
0,017
0,018
0,018
0,017
0,017
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,015
0,015
0,015
0,014
0,015
0,014
0,014
0,014
0,013
0,013
0,013
0,013
0,012
Tr[C]
-24,779
-25,494
-24,186
-23,872
-24,657
-24,355
-25,164
-24,922
-24,637
-24,403
-24,127
-25,032
-24,811
-24,548
-25,591
-24,08
-25,088
-24,883
-24,641
-25,793
-25,558
-25,326
-25,136
-26,37
47,2
47,7
48,3
48,8
49,4
50,0
50,5
51,1
51,6
52,2
52,8
53,3
53,9
54,4
55,0
0,011
0,011
0,011
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,009
-25,462
-25,305
-25,119
-26,704
-26,522
-26,343
-26,195
-26,02
-25,875
-25,704
-25,534
-25,394
-25,228
-25,091
-26,848
92
93
Table 6. 1 Minimum strong TEG concentration required in given conditions

Dew
Point
-18
-18,1
-18,2
-18,3
-18,4
-18,5
-18,6
-18,7
-18,8
-18,9
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
-24
-25
-26
-27
-28
-29
-30
-31
Gas Temperature:
1
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
87,31 89,53 90,86 91,81 92,56 93,18 93,70 94,15 94,56 94,92 95,25 95,55 95,83 96,09 96,33 96,55 96,77 96,97 97,16 97,34 97,51 97,68 97,83 97,99 98,13
87,32 89,55 90,87 91,83 92,58 93,19 93,71 94,17 94,57 94,94 95,27 95,57 95,84 96,10 96,34 96,57 96,78 96,98 97,17 97,36 97,53 97,69 97,85 98,00 98,15
87,34 89,56 90,89 91,85 92,59 93,21 93,73 94,19 94,59 94,95 95,28 95,58 95,86 96,12 96,36 96,59 96,80 97,00 97,19 97,37 97,55 97,71 97,87 98,02 98,17
87,35 89,58 90,91 91,86 92,61 93,22 93,75 94,20 94,61 94,97 95,30 95,60 95,88 96,14 96,38 96,60 96,82 97,02 97,21 97,39 97,56 97,73 97,89 98,04 98,18
87,37 89,59 90,92 91,88 92,62 93,24 93,76 94,22 94,62 94,99 95,31 95,62 95,89 96,15 96,39 96,62 96,83 97,03 97,23 97,41 97,58 97,74 97,90 98,05 98,20
87,38 89,61 90,94 91,89 92,64 93,26 93,78 94,24 94,64 95,00 95,33 95,63 95,91 96,17 96,41 96,64 96,85 97,05 97,24 97,42 97,60 97,76 97,92 98,07 98,22
87,40 89,62 90,95 91,91 92,66 93,27 93,80 94,25 94,66 95,02 95,35 95,65 95,93 96,19 96,43 96,65 96,87 97,07 97,26 97,44 97,61 97,78 97,94 98,09 98,23
87,41 89,64 90,97 91,92 92,67 93,29 93,81 94,27 94,67 95,03 95,36 95,67 95,94 96,20 96,44 96,67 96,88 97,08 97,28 97,46 97,63 97,79 97,95 98,10 98,25
87,43 89,66 90,99 91,94 92,69 93,30 93,83 94,28 94,69 95,05 95,38 95,68 95,96 96,22 96,46 96,69 96,90 97,10 97,29 97,47 97,65 97,81 97,97 98,12 98,27
87,44 89,67 91,00 91,96 92,70 93,32 93,84 94,30 94,70 95,07 95,40 95,70 95,98 96,24 96,48 96,70 96,92 97,12 97,31 97,49 97,66 97,83 97,99 98,14 98,28
87,46 89,69 91,02 91,97 92,72 93,34 93,86 94,32 94,72 95,08 95,41 95,72 95,99 96,25 96,49 96,72 96,93 97,14 97,33 97,51 97,68 97,85 98,00 98,16 98,30
87,61 89,84 91,17 92,13 92,88 93,50 94,02 94,48 94,88 95,25 95,58 95,88 96,16 96,42 96,66 96,89 97,10 97,30 97,49 97,68 97,85 98,02 98,17 98,33 98,47
87,76 90,00 91,33 92,29 93,04 93,66 94,19 94,64 95,05 95,41 95,74 96,05 96,33 96,59 96,83 97,06 97,27 97,47 97,66 97,85 98,02 98,18 98,34 98,50 98,64
87,91 90,15 91,49 92,45 93,20 93,82 94,35 94,81 95,21 95,58 95,91 96,21 96,49 96,75 97,00 97,22 97,44 97,64 97,83 98,02 98,19 98,35 98,51 98,67 98,81
88,06 90,31 91,65 92,61 93,36 93,98 94,51 94,97 95,38 95,74 96,08 96,38 96,66 96,92 97,16 97,39 97,61 97,81 98,00 98,18 98,36 98,53 98,68 98,84 98,98
88,22 90,47 91,81 92,77 93,53 94,15 94,68 95,14 95,54 95,91 96,24 96,55 96,83 97,09 97,33 97,56 97,78 97,98 98,17 98,35 98,53 98,70 98,86 99,01 99,15
88,37 90,62 91,97 92,93 93,69 94,31 94,84 95,30 95,71 96,08 96,41 96,71 97,00 97,26 97,50 97,73 97,95 98,15 98,34 98,53 98,70 98,87 99,03 99,18 99,33
88,52 90,78 92,13 93,09 93,85 94,47 95,00 95,47 95,87 96,24 96,58 96,88 97,16 97,43 97,67 97,90 98,11 98,32 98,51 98,70 98,87 99,04 99,20 99,35 99,50
88,68 90,94 92,28 93,25 94,01 94,64 95,17 95,63 96,04 96,41 96,74 97,05 97,33 97,59 97,84 98,07 98,28 98,49 98,68 98,87 99,04 99,21 99,37 99,52 99,67
88,83 91,09 92,44 93,42 94,18 94,80 95,33 95,80 96,21 96,58 96,91 97,22 97,50 97,76 98,01 98,24 98,45 98,66 98,85 99,04 99,21 99,38 99,54 99,70 99,84
88,98 91,25 92,60 93,58 94,34 94,97 95,50 95,96 96,37 96,74 97,08 97,39 97,67 97,93 98,18 98,41 98,63 98,83 99,02 99,21 99,39 99,55 99,71 99,87 100,0
89,14 91,41 92,77 93,74 94,50 95,13 95,66 96,13 96,54 96,91 97,25 97,55 97,84 98,10 98,35 98,58 98,80 99,00 99,20 99,38 99,56 99,73 99,89 100,0 100,2
89,29 91,57 92,93 93,90 94,67 95,29 95,83 96,30 96,71 97,08 97,42 97,72 98,01 98,27 98,52 98,75 98,97 99,17 99,37 99,55 99,73 99,90 100,1 100,2 100,3
94
Figures
Figure 2. 1 Hydrate Crystal Unit Structure I (McMullan and Jeffrey, 1965 figure
reproduced from the Journal of Chemical Physics by the American Institute of Physics)
Figure 2. 2 Hydrate Crystal Unit Structure II. Small and large cavities (Behar et al.,
1994)
Figure 2. 3 Hydrate Crystal Unit Structure sH (Sloan, 1997)
95
96
Figure 2. 4 Dehydration Unit Using Triethylene Glycol (ATG, 1988)
Figure 2. 5 Simplified flow diagram for a glycol dehydration unit (reprinted from John Carrol,
Natural Gas Hydrates A Guide for Engineers, 2003)
Figure 2. 6 Stahl or gas-stripping column (Manning and Thompson, 1991)
Figure 2. 7 Dehydration by adsorption (reprinted from Alexandre Rojey et al, Natural Gas
Production Processing Transport, 1997)
97
Figure 3. 1 Location of Makowice Dehydration Facility (reprinted from Autoatlas Polski, 2003, reproduced)
98
Water Content In Ukrainian Gas

0,6
between 21-11-1995 do 10-01-2005
Water content [g/Nm3]
0,5
c
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
Change in the Polish Norm
0
1995-10- 1996-08- 1997-06- 1998-04- 1999-02- 1999-12- 2000-10- 2001-07- 2002-05- 2003-03- 2004-01- 2004-1128
23
19
15
09
14
09
06
01
28
24
20
Water content of imported gas
Water content limit
Figure 3. 2 Water content of imported gas with water content limit under 3900 kPa (ROP, 2005)
99
towards ROZWADW
ID 700
ID 300
Gas compressor
ID 400
towards
TARNW
JAROSAW
ID 500
ID 300
ID 700
ID 600
towards LUBACZW
ID 300
ID 500
MAKOWICE
ID 700
Gas
Drying
Gas
compressor
URAWICA
ID 500
ID 700
Gas compressor
ID 600
ID 300
towards STRACHOCIN
HERMANOWICE
ID 600
Gas
compressor
ID700
ID 500
POLAND / UKRAINE BORDER
Figure 3. 3 Pipeline system with the destinations of gas flow (ROP, 2005)
100
Figure 3. 4 Flowsheet of Makowice dehydration facility (Hysys, 2005)
101
Figure 3. 5 Work range of Makowice dehydration facility (Nafta-Gas, 2004)
102
Figure 5. 1 Water content of natural gas (ATG, 1990)
103
Figure 5. 2Correction to water content in presence of brine (Katz et al, 1959)
104
Figure 5. 3Water content of hydrocarbon gas after GPSA
105

Water content according to manual 10 C
0,02
amount of water [g/Sm^3]
0,018
0,016
0,014
0,012
0,01
Manual
0,008
0,006
0,004
0,002
27
28,0
29,1
30,2
31,4
32,5
33,6
34,7
36,8
37,0
38,1
39,2
,3
47
48,2
49,3
50,4
51,5
52,6
53,8
55,9
,0
pressure [bar]
Figure 5. 4 Water content of natural gas at 10 oC according to manual

0,03
0,025
0,02
Manual
0,015
0,01
0,005
27
28,0
29,1
30,2
31,4
32,5
33,6
34,7
36,8
37,0
38,1
39,2
,3
47
48,2
49,3
50,4
51,5
52,6
53,8
55,9
,0
pressure [bar]
106

0,04
0,035
0,03
0,025
Manual
0,02
0,015
0,01
0,005
27
28,0
29,1
30,2
31,4
32,5
33,6
34,7
36,8
37,0
38,1
39,2
,3
47
48,2
49,3
50,4
51,5
52,6
53,8
55,9
,0
pressure [bar]
Water content in dehydrated gas 10 C
0,018
0,016
0,014
0,012
0,01
Article
0,008
0,006
0,004
0,002
27
28,0
29,1
30,2
31,4
32,5
33,6
34,7
36,8
37,0
38,1
39,2
,3
47
48,2
49,3
50,4
51,5
52,6
53,8
55,9
,0
pressure[bar]
Figure 5. 7 Water content of natural gas at 10 oC according to equations
107

0,025
0,02
0,015
Article
0,01
0,005
27
28,0
29,1
30,2
31,4
32,5
33,6
34,7
36,8
37,0
38,1
39,2
,3
47
48,2
49,3
50,4
51,5
52,6
53,8
55,9
,0
pressure[bar]

0,03
0,025
0,02
0,015
Article
0,01
0,005
27
28,0
29,1
30,2
31,4
32,5
33,6
34,7
36,8
37,0
38,1
39,2
,3
47
48,2
49,3
50,4
51,5
52,6
53,8
55,9
,0
pressure[bar]
108
Figure 5. 10 Flow sheet of gas saturation system with Hysys
Water content according to Hysys 10 C
0,025
0,02
0,015
Hysys
0,01
0,005
27
28,0
29,1
30,2
31,4
32,5
33,6
34,7
36,8
37,0
38,1
39,2
,3
47
48,2
49,3
50,4
51,5
52,6
53,8
55,9
,0
pressure [bar]
Figure 5. 11 Water content of natural gas at 10 oC according to Hysys
109

0,035
0,03
0,025
0,02
Hysys
0,015
0,01
0,005
27
28,0
29,1
30,2
31,4
32,5
33,6
34,7
36,8
37,0
38,1
39,2
,3
47
48,2
49,3
50,4
51,5
52,6
53,8
55,9
,0
pressure [bar]

0,05
0,045
0,04
0,035
0,03
0,025
Hysys
0,02
0,015
0,01
0,005
27
28,0
29,1
30,2
31,4
32,5
33,6
34,7
36,8
37,0
38,1
39,2
,3
47
48,2
49,3
50,4
51,5
52,6
53,8
55,9
,0
pressure [bar]
110
Water content comparison 10 C

0,05
0,045
0,04
0,035
Manual
Hysys
Article
Saturation
0,03
0,025
0,02
0,015
0,01
0,005
27
28,0
29,1
3 0,2
3 1 ,4
32,5
33,6
34,7
36,8
37,0
38,1
39,2
,3
47
48,2
49,3
50,4
5 1,5
5 2 ,6
53,8
55,9
,0
pressure [bar]
Figure 5. 14 Water content comparison at 10 oC
0,06
amount of water
0,05
0,04
Manual
Hysys
Article
Saturation
0,03
0,02
0,01
27
28,0
29,1
30,2
31,4
32,5
33,6
34,7
36,8
37,0
38,1
39,2
,3
47
48,2
49,3
50,4
51,5
52,6
53,8
55,9
,0
pressure
111

0,08
0,07
0,06
0,05
Manual
Hysys
Article
Saturation
0,04
0,03
0,02
0,01
47
,7
49
,4
51
,1
52
,8
54
,4
27
,0
28
,7
30
,4
32
,0
33
,7
35
,4
37
,1
38
,8
pressure [bar]
112
113
0,011
0,011
0,010
0,010
0,010
0,010
0,010
0,009
-21
0,018
0,018
0,017
0,016
0,016
0,016
0,015
0,014
0,014
0,014
0,013
0,013
Dew Point For Water Content
-23
-25
Dew Point
Manual
Article
Hysys
Wielom. (Article)
Wielom. (Manual)
-27
-29
Wielom. (Hysys)
-31
-33
-35
Water Content
Figure 5. 17 Dew point comparison
114
Figure 6. 1 Dew point of a gas in contact with solutions of triethylene glycol after ATG, 1988
115
Minimum Strong TEG Concentration
100,00
98,00
TEG Min Concentration [% mas]
96,00
-18
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
-24
-25
-26
-27
-28
-29
94,00
92,00
90,00
88,00
86,00
1
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
Gas Temperature [C]
-18oC and -29oC
116
Minimum strong TEG concentration
100,00
98,00
TEG Min Concentration [% mass]
96,00
-18
-18,1
-18,2
-18,4
-18,5
-18,6
-18,7
-18,8
-18,9
-19
94,00
92,00
90,00
88,00
86,00
1
11
13 15
17
19
21
23 25
Gas Temperature C
-18oC and -19oC
117
Appendices
Appendix A Specification of Aviaterm 6 heating oil

Aviaterm 6 is heating oil used for warming up natural gas flowing into absorbtion column. It
is used as heat carrier in the temperature range between -18 oC and 280 oC (Makowice
Dehydration Facility Operation Manual, 2004)
Table of Aviaterm 6 oil specifications was provided with Mackowice dehydration Facility
operation manual.
Colour
Amber light brown
Form
Transparent fluid
Boiling point [C]
Over 300 oC
Freezing poing [C]
Below -16 oC
Density [kg/m3]
860 kg/m3
Ignition temperature [C]
Over 200 oC
Range of explosivness [g/m3]
From 45 g/m3
Self-ignition temperature [C]
Omissible in Makowice temperature work

range
118
Appendix B - Water content according to manual [g/Nm3]

P
[bar]
10 C
15 C
20 C
25 C
30 C
[g/Nm3] Tr[C] [g/Nm3] Tr[C] [g/Nm3] Tr[C] [g/Nm3] Tr[C] [g/Nm3]
Tr[C]
27
0,018
-27
0,025
-22,9
0,036
-18,8
0,052
-14,1
0,073
-9,7
27,6
0,017
-27,2
0,025
-23,1
0,035
-19
0,052
-14,4
0,072
-10,1
28,1
0,018
-26,9
0,026
-23,2
0,035
-18,8
0,05
-14,5
0,071
-10,2
28,7
0,018
-27,1
0,025
-22,8
0,035
-18,8
0,05
-14,8
0,069
-10,4
29,2
0,017
-27,5
0,024
-23,3
0,034
-19,3
0,048
-15,1
0,068
-10,8
29,8
0,017
-27,3
0,024
-23,2
0,034
-19,5
0,047
-15,3
0,067
-11
30,4
0,016
-27,9
0,023
-23,7
0,033
-19,6
0,047
-15,6
0,065
-11,3
30,9
0,016
-28,2
0,023
-23,9
0,032
-20
0,046
-15,8
0,064
-11,5
31,5
0,016
-28,1
0,023
-24,2
0,032
-20,3
0,045
-16
0,063
-11,7
32
0,016
-28,5
0,022
-24,4
0,031
-20,4
0,044
-16,3
0,062
-12
32,6
0,016
-28,5
0,022
-24,5
0,031
-20,6
0,043
-16,5
0,061
-12,2
33,2
0,015
-28,7
0,022
-24,6
0,03
-20,7
0,043
-16,7
0,059
-12,5
33,7
0,015
-28,9
0,021
-24,9
0,03
-20,7
0,042
-16,7
0,058
-12,7
34,3
0,015
-29,1
0,021
-25,1
0,03
-21,1
0,041
-17,2
0,057
-12,9
34,8
0,014
-29,2
0,021
-25,3
0,029
-21,3
0,041
-17,3
0,057
-13,1
35,4
0,015
-29,1
0,02
-25,3
0,028
-21,5
0,04
-17,5
0,055
-13,5
36
0,014
-29,3
0,02
-25,8
0,028
-21,6
0,039
-17,6
0,055
-13,5
36,5
0,014
-29,9
0,02
-25,8
0,028
-21,9
0,039
-17,5
0,053
-13,8
37,1
0,014
-29,7
0,019
-26
0,027
-22
0,039
-18,2
0,053
-14
37,6
0,013
-30,4
0,019
-26,1
0,027
-22,2
0,037
-18,3
0,052
-14,2
38,2
0,013
-30,5
0,019
-26
0,026
-22,4
0,037
-18,5
0,051
-14,4
38,8
0,013
-30,6
0,019
-26,2
0,026
-22,5
0,036
-18,5
0,051
-14,5
39,3
0,013
-30,8
0,018
-26,6
0,026
-22,6
0,035
-18,7
0,049
-14,8
39,9
0,012
-30,9
0,018
-26,7
0,025
-22,8
0,035
-18,8
0,049
-14,9
40,4
0,012
-31
0,018
-26,7
0,025
-22,9
0,035
-19
0,048
-15,1
41
0,012
-31,2
0,018
-26,9
0,025
-23,2
0,034
-19,2
0,048
-15,1
41,6
0,012
-31,3
0,018
-27
0,024
-23,3
0,034
-19,2
0,048
-15,4
42,1
0,012
-31,4
0,018
-27,2
0,025
-23,3
0,034
-19,5
0,047
-15,6
42,7
0,012
-31,5
0,017
-27,3
0,024
-23,5
0,033
-19,7
0,046
-15,8
43,2
0,012
-31,7
0,017
-27,5
0,024
-23,6
0,033
-19,9
0,045
-15,8
119

43,8
0,011
-31,8
0,017
-27,7
0,023
-23,8
0,033
-19,9
0,045
-16
44,4
0,011
-31,9
0,016
-28,1
0,023
-23,9
0,032
-20,2
0,044
-16,2
44,9
0,011
-32
0,016
-28,2
0,023
-24
0,032
-20,2
0,044
-16,3
45,5
0,011
-32,1
0,016
-28,3
0,023
-24,2
0,031
-20,4
0,043
-16,5
46
0,011
-32,2
0,016
-28,4
0,022
-24,3
0,031
-20,6
0,043
-16,6
46,6
0,011
-32,3
0,015
-28,5
0,022
-24,4
0,031
-20,7
0,042
-16,7
47,2
0,011
-32,4
0,015
-28,7
0,022
-24,5
0,03
-20,9
0,042
-16,9
47,7
0,011
-32,6
0,015
-28,8
0,022
-24,7
0,03
-20,8
0,041
-17,1
48,3
0,011
-32,7
0,015
-28,9
0,021
-24,8
0,03
-21
0,041
-17,2
48,8
0,01
-32,8
0,015
-29
0,021
-24,9
0,029
-21,2
0,04
-17,4
49,4
0,01
-32,9
0,015
-29,1
0,021
-25,1
0,029
-21,2
0,04
-17,3
50
0,01
-33
0,015
-29,2
0,021
-25,1
0,029
-21,4
0,04
-17,5
50,5
0,01
-33,1
0,014
-29,3
0,021
-25
0,028
-21,5
0,039
-17,7
51,1
0,01
-33,1
0,014
-29,4
0,02
-25,7
0,028
-21,6
0,039
-17,7
51,6
0,01
-33,2
0,014
-29,5
0,02
-25,8
0,028
-21,8
0,038
-18
52,2
0,01
-33,3
0,014
-29,6
0,02
-25,9
0,028
-21,9
0,038
-18,1
52,8
0,01
-33,4
0,014
-29,7
0,019
-26
0,027
-21,9
0,038
-18,1
53,3
0,01
-33,5
0,014
-29,8
0,019
-26,1
0,027
-22,1
0,037
-18,2
53,9
0,01
-33,6
0,014
-29,9
0,019
-26,2
0,027
-22,2
0,037
-18,4
54,4
0,01
-33,7
0,014
-30
0,019
-26,3
0,026
-22,4
0,037
-18,5
55
0,009
-33,8
0,013
-30,1
0,019
-26,4
0,026
-22,5
0,036
-18,6
120
Appendix C Water content according to article [g/Nm3]

P [bar] 10 C
[g/Nm3] Tr[C]
27,0 0,01593
-27
27,6 0,01576 -27,2
28,1 0,01602 -26,9
28,7 0,01585 -27,1
29,2 0,0155 -27,5
29,8 0,01567 -27,3
30,4 0,01517 -27,9
30,9 0,01492 -28,2
31,5
0,015 -28,1
32,0 0,01468 -28,5
32,6 0,01468 -28,5
33,2 0,01452 -28,7
33,7 0,01436 -28,9
34,3 0,0142 -29,1
34,8 0,01412 -29,2
35,4 0,0142 -29,1
36,0 0,01405 -29,3
36,5 0,01359 -29,9
37,1 0,01374 -29,7
37,6 0,01322 -30,4
38,2 0,01315 -30,5
38,8 0,01308 -30,6
39,3 0,01294 -30,8
39,9 0,01287 -30,9
47,2
47,7
48,3
48,8
49,4
50,0
50,5
51,1
51,6
52,2
52,8
53,3
53,9
54,4
55,0
0,01185
0,01172
0,01166
0,01159
0,01153
0,01147
0,0114
0,0114
0,01134
0,01128
0,01122
0,01116
0,01109
0,01103
0,01097
-32,4
-32,6
-32,7
-32,8
-32,9
-33
-33,1
-33,1
-33,2
-33,3
-33,4
-33,5
-33,6
-33,7
-33,8
15 C
[g/Nm3] Tr[C]
0,01995 -22,9
0,01974 -23,1
0,01963 -23,2
0,02006 -22,8
0,01952 -23,3
0,01963 -23,2
0,0191 -23,7
0,01889 -23,9
0,01858 -24,2
0,01838 -24,4
0,01828 -24,5
0,01818 -24,6
0,01788 -24,9
0,01769 -25,1
0,01749 -25,3
0,01749 -25,3
0,01702 -25,8
0,01702 -25,8
0,01683
-26
0,01674 -26,1
0,01683
-26
0,01665 -26,2
0,01629 -26,6
0,0162 -26,7
20 C
[g/Nm3] Tr[C]
0,02499
-18,8
0,02471
-19
0,02499
-18,8
0,02499
-18,8
0,02431
-19,3
0,02405
-19,5
0,02391
-19,6
0,0234
-20
0,02301
-20,3
0,02289
-20,4
0,02264
-20,6
0,02251
-20,7
0,02251
-20,7
0,02203
-21,1
0,02178
-21,3
0,02155
-21,5
0,02143
-21,6
0,02108
-21,9
0,02096
-22
0,02074
-22,2
0,02051
-22,4
0,0204
-22,5
0,02029
-22,6
0,02006
-22,8
25 C
[g/Nm3] Tr[C]
0,02582
0,02568
0,0254
0,0254
0,02512
0,02499
-18,2
-18,3
-18,5
-18,5
-18,7
-18,8
0,01452
0,01444
0,01436
0,01428
0,0142
0,01412
0,01405
0,01397
0,01389
0,01382
0,01374
0,01367
0,01359
0,01352
0,01344
0,01828
0,01808
0,01798
0,01788
0,01769
0,01769
0,01778
0,01711
0,01702
0,01693
0,01683
0,01674
0,01665
0,01656
0,01647
0,02227
0,02239
0,02215
0,0219
0,0219
0,02167
0,02155
0,02143
0,0212
0,02108
0,02108
0,02085
0,02074
0,02051
0,0204
-20,9
-20,8
-21
-21,2
-21,2
-21,4
-21,5
-21,6
-21,8
-21,9
-21,9
-22,1
-22,2
-22,4
-22,5
-28,7
-28,8
-28,9
-29
-29,1
-29,2
-29,3
-29,4
-29,5
-29,6
-29,7
-29,8
-29,9
-30
-30,1
-24,5
-24,7
-24,8
-24,9
-25,1
-25,1
-25
-25,7
-25,8
-25,9
-26
-26,1
-26,2
-26,3
-26,4
30 C
[g/Nm3] Tr[C]
0,02611
0,02597
0,02597
0,02582
0,02554
0,0254
0,02526
-18
-18,1
-18,1
-18,2
-18,4
-18,5
-18,6
121
Appendix D Water content according to Hysys in g/Nm3

P
27,0
27,6
28,1
28,7
29,2
29,8
30,4
30,9
31,5
32,0
32,6
33,2
33,7
34,3
34,8
35,4
36,0
36,5
37,1
37,6
38,2
38,8
39,3
39,9
47,2
47,7
48,3
48,8
49,4
50,0
50,5
51,1
51,6
52,2
52,8
53,3
53,9
54,4
55,0
10 C
15 C
20 C
25 C
30 C
w
Tr[C] w
Tr[C] [g/Nm3] Tr[C] [g/Nm3] Tr[C]
[g/Nm3] Tr[C]
0,0227
-27
0,032 -22,9
0,046 -18,8
0,02231 -27,2
0,032 -23,1
0,045
-19
0,02199 -26,9
0,031 -23,2
0,045 -18,8
0,02162 -27,1
0,031 -22,8
0,044 -18,8
0,0208 -27,5
0,03 -23,3
0,043 -19,3
0,021 -27,3
0,03 -23,2
0,04 -19,5
0,019 -27,9
0,027 -23,7 0,0389 -19,6
0,0186 -28,2
0,026 -23,9
0,038
-20
0,01834 -28,1
0,026 -24,2 0,0377 -20,3
0,017 -28,5
0,026 -24,4 0,0371 -20,4
0,017 -28,5 0,0245 -24,5
0,035 -20,6
0,016 -28,7
0,023 -24,6
0,035 -20,7
0,016 -28,9
0,023 -24,9
0,034 -20,7
0,0155 -29,1 0,0225 -25,1
0,032 -21,1
0,0155 -29,2 0,0223 -25,3
0,03 -21,3
0,0153 -29,1
0,022 -25,3
0,029 -21,5
0,015 -29,3
0,02 -25,8
0,028 -21,6
0,014 -29,9
0,02 -25,8
0,028 -21,9
0,014 -29,7
0,019
-26
0,028
-22
0,038
-18,2
0,0134 -30,4
0,019 -26,1
0,028 -22,2 0,0374
-18,3
0,0132 -30,5
0,019
-26 0,0275 -22,4 0,0363
-18,5
0,013 -30,6
0,019 -26,2
0,026 -22,5 0,0358
-18,5
0,012 -30,8 0,0186 -26,6
0,026 -22,6
0,035
-18,7
0,012 -30,9
0,018 -26,7
0,025 -22,8 0,0345
-18,8
0,011
0,011
0,011
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,009
-32,4
-32,6
-32,7
-32,8
-32,9
-33
-33,1
-33,1
-33,2
-33,3
-33,4
-33,5
-33,6
-33,7
-33,8
0,013
0,0125
0,0124
0,0123
0,0122
0,0121
0,012
0,012
0,0115
0,011
0,0107
0,0106
0,0105
0,0105
0,0104
-28,7
-28,8
-28,9
-29
-29,1
-29,2
-29,3
-29,4
-29,5
-29,6
-29,7
-29,8
-29,9
-30
-30,1
0,0195
0,019
0,0177
0,0175
0,0174
0,0173
0,0172
0,016
0,0156
0,0154
0,0153
0,0152
0,0151
0,015
0,015
-24,5
-24,7
-24,8
-24,9
-25,1
-25,1
-25
-25,7
-25,8
-25,9
-26
-26,1
-26,2
-26,3
-26,4
0,025
0,025
0,0249
0,0247
0,0245
0,0243
0,023
0,0228
0,022
0,0219
0,0217
0,0216
0,0215
0,0211
0,0205
-20,9
-20,8
-21
-21,2
-21,2
-21,4
-21,5
-21,6
-21,8
-21,9
-21,9
-22,1
-22,2
-22,4
-22,5
0,0305
0,0301
0,0299
0,0295
0,0288
0,0284
0,028
-18
-18,1
-18,1
-18,2
-18,4
-18,5
-18,6
122
Appendix E Example of calculation of water content saturating natural gas

Calculation of water amount saturating natural gas in given conditions was made. The
composition of natural gas is known. Solution for one chosen gas pressure and temperature is
shown below
Input data:
Gas pressure Pg = 100 kPa
Gas temperature Tg = -40 oC
The data obtained from Hysys application:
Molecular weight of water Mw = 18,0151 kg/kmol
Molecular weight of gas with water Mg-w = 16,46115 kg/kmol
Mole fraction of pure water Cw = 1,78*10-4
Z-factor Z = 0,995188
Mass density of water-gas mixture g-w = 0,853289 kg/m3
The number of moles of gas in given conditions per 1 m3 expressed in kmol is
n g w,1m =
n g w
1m 3 g w
M g w
3 kg
kg
1 0,853289 m m3
=
=
= kmol
kg
16,46115 kg
kmol
kmol
ng w = 0,05184 kmol
Mass of water accumulated in 1 m3 water-gas mixture
mw,1m = n g w,1m C w M w
kg
m w,1m = 0,05184 1,78 10 4 18,0151kmol

= kg
kmol

m w,1m = 1,6623 10 4 kg
Calculation of the cubic volume of water-gas mixture in standard conditions by means of

Clapeyron equation was done.
For details on Clapeyron equation see attachment 5.
V s .c . = V (
T
1
P
) ( s .c . )
Ps.c.
T
Z
100000
15 + 273,15
1
Pa K
)(
V s .c . = 1 (
)
[1m 3
= 1Sm 3 ]
101325 40 + 273,15 0,995188
Pa K
Vs.c. = 1,2256Sm 3
Finally the mass of water per 1 Sm3 was calculated
c=
c=
m w,1m
V s .c .
1,6623 10 4 kg
[ 3]
1,2256
Sm
c = 1,3563 10 4 [
kg
]
Sm 3
In attached table (5.2) water content in grams per standard cubic meter is given.
c = 0,136
g
Sm 3
123
124
Appendix F Real gas law equation use for standard volume calculation
Real gas law equation is known also as Clapeyron Equation. General form of Clapeyron
equation (1):
P V = Z Rn T
(1)
where:
P gas pressure,
V gas volume,
Z Z factor,
Rn individual gas constant ,
T temperature.
Individual gas constant equals (2):
Rn = R n
(2)
where:
R universal gas constant
n number of moles of gas
As individual gas constant is non-changeable for a given gas mixture one of the four variables
(pressure, volume, Z factor, temperature) may be calculated in given conditions if all four
variables are known for the mixture at any other conditions. This leads to the equation (3):
P1 V1 P2 V2
=
T1 Z 1 T2 Z 2
where:
1 - stands for given volume, temperature, Z factor and pressure,
2 stands for different volume, temperature, Z factor and pressure.
(3)
125
For any vapor the Z factor in standard conditions equals 1

Zs.c. = 1
Therefore for comparison between standard conditions and any given conditions the
equation (3) becomes the following (4):
P V Ps.c. Vs.c.
=
T Z
Ts.c.
(4)
where:
Ps.c. standard pressure (Ps.c. = 101325 Pa),
Ts.c. standard temperature (Ts.c. = 288,15 K = 15 oC),
Vs.c. standard volume.
After transformation the equation (4) assumes the following form (5):
V s .c . = V (
T
1
P
) ( s .c . )
Ps.c.
T
Z
From the equation (5) gas volume in standard conditions is calculated when pressure,
temperature and Z factor for given pressure are known.
(5)
Appendix G Amount of TEG necessary to dehydrate gas of given water content

The values given are obtained from Makowice dehydration facility operation instruction.
Without compression (pressure between 2,7 MPa and 3,0 MPa)
Dew point
Water content in inlet
Amount of TEG to
temperature of sour
natural gas
dehydrate gas
gas [oC]
[gH2O/Nm3]
[dm3TEG/1000 Nm3]
-10
0,1
3,1
-5
0,14
4,4
0,20
6,2
0,29
9,0
10
0,39
12,1
With compression (pressure between 4,5 MPa and 5,5 MPa)

Dew point
Water content in inlet
Amount of TEG to
temperature of sour
natural gas
dehydrate gas
gas [oC]
[gH2O/Nm3]
[dm3TEG/1000 Nm3]
-10
0,075
2,4
-5
0,110
3,5
0,155
4,8
0,215
6,7
10
0,295
9,2
126

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OPTIMIZATION OF NATURAL GAS DEHYDRATION

REDUCTION IN EMISSIONS AND ENERGY USE

OPTIMIZATION OF NATURAL GAS DEHYDRATION

OPTIMIZATION OF NATURAL GAS DEHYDRATION

OPTIMIZATION OF NATURAL GAS DEHYDRATION

Dewatering Technology ................................................................................................... 6

Makowice Facilities ...................................................................................................... 23

Hysys Simulation Package............................................................................................. 26

Water Content of Natural Gas...................................................................................... 31

Hysys simulations ........................................................................................................... 51

OPTIMIZATION OF NATURAL GAS DEHYDRATION

OPTIMIZATION OF NATURAL GAS DEHYDRATION

OPTIMIZATION OF NATURAL GAS DEHYDRATION

OPTIMIZATION OF NATURAL GAS DEHYDRATION

OPTIMIZATION OF NATURAL GAS DEHYDRATION

Figure 5. 14 Water content comparison at 10 oC ................................................................... 111

OPTIMIZATION OF NATURAL GAS DEHYDRATION

Association Technique de lIndustrie du Gaz en France

Best Management Practice

Environmental Protection Agency

Gas Processors Suppliers Assn

Liquefied Natural Gas

Liquefied Petroleum Gas

Normal Cubic Meter

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Process Hazards Analysis

Process Optimization Review

Partner Reported Opportunities

Structure I (hydrate structure)

Structure II (hydrate structure)

Structure H (hydrate structure)

Standard Cubic Meter

Vapor Liquid Equilibrium

OPTIMIZATION OF NATURAL GAS DEHYDRATION

OPTIMIZATION OF NATURAL GAS DEHYDRATION

OPTIMIZATION OF NATURAL GAS DEHYDRATION

OPTIMIZATION OF NATURAL GAS DEHYDRATION

OPTIMIZATION OF NATURAL GAS DEHYDRATION

OPTIMIZATION OF NATURAL GAS DEHYDRATION

OPTIMIZATION OF NATURAL GAS DEHYDRATION

OPTIMIZATION OF NATURAL GAS DEHYDRATION

OPTIMIZATION OF NATURAL GAS DEHYDRATION

2.2 Technologies used for dehydration

OPTIMIZATION OF NATURAL GAS DEHYDRATION

OPTIMIZATION OF NATURAL GAS DEHYDRATION

2.3 Dehydration by absorption

OPTIMIZATION OF NATURAL GAS DEHYDRATION

OPTIMIZATION OF NATURAL GAS DEHYDRATION

OPTIMIZATION OF NATURAL GAS DEHYDRATION

OPTIMIZATION OF NATURAL GAS DEHYDRATION

OPTIMIZATION OF NATURAL GAS DEHYDRATION

OPTIMIZATION OF NATURAL GAS DEHYDRATION

OPTIMIZATION OF NATURAL GAS DEHYDRATION

2.4 Dehydration by adsorption

OPTIMIZATION OF NATURAL GAS DEHYDRATION

c) sweeping by a displacement agent, which, by being adsorbed, allows more effective

OPTIMIZATION OF NATURAL GAS DEHYDRATION

2.5 Dehydration by permeation

OPTIMIZATION OF NATURAL GAS DEHYDRATION

2.6 Dehydration by refrigeration

OPTIMIZATION OF NATURAL GAS DEHYDRATION

OPTIMIZATION OF NATURAL GAS DEHYDRATION

OPTIMIZATION OF NATURAL GAS DEHYDRATION