CHAPTER - 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Takeer Singh et al. (2010) suggested that Bhembetka world heritage site in Madhya Pradesh is quite important both from archaeological and biodiversity point of view. There are 700 rocks shelters with worlds oldest Stone Age rock paintings, which are surrounded by a thick cover of primeval forests supporting a rich biodiversity. The forests of the area are typically dry mixed deciduous type with preponderance of Mitragyna parviflora, Terminalia alata, Careya arborea, Chloroxylon swietenia, sterculia urens, ficus mollis lannea coromandelica, Angeissus latifolia schleichera oleosa and diospyros melanoxylon trees. An analysis of floristic diversity revealed that there are 201 species of flowering plant belonging to 157 genera and 56 families. The legumes are most dominant in the area in respect to number of species (36spp.) followed by families like Malvaceae (13 spp.) and Euphorbiaceae (12spp.). An assessment of economic potential of the flora has also been made based on the first hand information generated from local inhabitants mainly gond adivasis. The economically potential species are categorized into different groups based on their uses. Rare and endangered species have also been identified based on the status evaluation of their populations.

Review of Literature

Menka et al. (2009) Suggested that the present study is aimed to investigate the effects of Chenopodium album (leaves) on the growth of estrogen dependent(MCF-7)and estrogen independent( MDA-MB 468) human breast cancer cell lines. The different solvent extracts (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol) were assessed for their cytotoxicity using TBE(Trypan blue exclusion) and MTT[3(4,5dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium] bioassay. These cells were calculated in MEN (minimum essential medium) medium and incubated with the dilution series of extracts (10-100mg/ml)in CO2 incubator at 370Cfor 24 h.Among the varios extracts studied for two cells lines, methanolic extracts of C. Album (leaves) exhibited maximum antibreast cancer activity having IC 50(the concentration of an individual compound 27.31mg/ml (leaves0at48 inhibition(94.06%)in h leading to the of meoh 50% inhibition) extract and of C. value album againstMCF-7 cell line. Significant percent concentration

exposure

100mg/ml(p<0.05)against MCF-7 breast cancer cell line, indicates the presence of some structural moiety responsible for this observed antiproliferative effect. In vivo study and structural elucidation of its bioactive principle are in progress. Our findings highlight the potential of this plant for its possible clinical use to counteract malignancy development as antibreast cancer bioagent.

Department of Forestry, S.L.S. Khandari, Agra (35)

Kamal Jha

Review of Literature

Louisa

et

et

al.

(2009)

Suggested

that

Amanda

(Apocynaceae) is a genus of climbing shrubs known for producing compounds with a range of biological activities. Previous works have shown the anti-proliferative effect of the ethanolic extract of Allamanda schotti on leukemic cells. The present work was conducted to evaluate the effects of dichloro methane fraction, obtained from allamanda schottti, on sea urchin Echinometra lucunter an inhibition of sea urchin eggs, as multicellular in a dosemodel for evaluating anti tumour activity. Our results show development dependent manner in the presence of dichloromethane fraction. The IC50 values for first and third cleavage and blastulae stage were 103.7g/ml, 33.1g/ml and 10.2 g/ml, respectively. These result also demonstrate the cumulative effect of this fraction on sea urchin embryos. In the present work, the expressive anti-mitotic activity of dichloromethane fraction towards sea urchin eggs, a multicellular model, reinforces the anti-yumour potential of the allamanda schotti. Nishaa Tripati et al. (2009) suggested that Herbal products are 009 becoming popular in society and their demand is showing regular increase in the market. A Study was undertaken to assess the number of herbal products in selected categories of face care, tooth care, hair care and foot care at Haridwar, Uttarakhand. It was observed that
Department of Forestry, S.L.S. Khandari, Agra (36) Kamal Jha

Review of Literature

maximum numbers of products were available under hair care category followed by face care, tooth care and foot care. Price-wise, face care products were the costliest among these R.S. Rawat et al. (2009) Suggested that a desert in spiti valley of north-west number of for

floristic surveys were conducted in different localities of cold Himalayas documenting the medicinal and aromatic plant diversity A total of 118 medicinal and aromatic plant species have been recorded, which were low in occurrence and sparsely distributed. They were also under threat mainly due to over exploitation, unscientific collection and overgrazing. Avinish Kumar et al. (2009) Suggested that field study was done to study and document the indigenous knowledge of various ethnic groups of Sikkim regarding animal health care. A large number of plant was collected and the information on their ethno-veterinary uses was gathered from local inhabitants. The information about folk medicinal use, vernacular names of plant and the parts of the plant used are documented. During the investigation, a well developed ethno-veterinary system among tribal people was observed .19 species of plant were recorded, which are used by local people to cure various diseases and disorders. The basic aim of the study was to document knowledge and conserves this medicinal plant.
Department of Forestry, S.L.S. Khandari, Agra (37) Kamal Jha

Review of Literature

Usha Singh et al.(2009) Suggested that Mirzapur

District of Uttar Pradesh, covering land area 4.952km, is natural treasure of vast number of plants having ethnobotanical importance. The present study enumerates some common and extensively used ethno-medicinal plants, during the ethno-botanical survey in the District 183 plants species belonging to 158 genera and 60 families have been collected. The medicinal informations were gathered by personal contact with the aborigines such as Kols, Musher, Bagia, Pashaiya, Gond, Saharia, Panika, Kharwar, Agaria and others. Plants with botanical name, family, local name, part use are given. These plants are useful under rural healthcare system and for herbal drug industry. S. Hussain et al. (2008) Suggested that Arunachal Pradesh has been identified as one of the Bio diversity hotspot areas in the world. The tribes inhabiting the state recognize over 500 species of plant as having medicinal properties. The authors have conducted field trips in different areas of Arunachal Pradesh covering six western districts during March, 2004-October 2005. In this attempt, they have collected 64 accessions of medical and aromatic plants belonging to 46 species distributed over 45 genera and 36 families. The local people were interviewed to get the ethnobotanical information on collected material, including
Department of Forestry, S.L.S. Khandari, Agra (38) Kamal Jha

Review of Literature

live plants, rhizomes, cuttings, suckers, seeds, etc, The collected materials were also introduced in the field gene Bank of the NBPGR Regional station Umaim (Meghalaya) for their multiplication and subsequent characterization. The ethno-medicinal aspect of medicinal and aromatic plants, covering their botanical name. Local name, habitat, family and uses with active principle, of all the 46 species are presented in the paper. The authors have also emphasized in-situ as well as ex-situ conservation strategies for medicinal plants. N. Santhill Kumar et al. (2008) Suggested that

Entomophagy (i.e. use of insects as food) is practiced in many part s of the world and including India but the use of insects, as medicine is done in very few parts of the world and we are fortunate that north-east people of India are rich in this traditional medicinal knowledge tribes of north-east India have been using several insects based traditional drugs to cure several disease. Over 500 species of insects are used as medicine to cure common ailments to complicated in the north-east from time immemorial. Some valuable information regarding traditional medicinal uses of common insects by folk doctors has been summarized. Ajay Kumar Singh et al. (2008) Suggested that the present manuscript deals with seed and seedling morphology of a very common ornamental and valuable
Department of Forestry, S.L.S. Khandari, Agra (39) Kamal Jha

Review of Literature

medicinal plant Catharanthus roseus (L.) G .don from District (U.P.) seedling morphology observed for 53 days. Root/Shoot length value (R/S Value) and day and date of appearance of different leaf stages have been provided in tabulated form. Sourabh Sharma et al. (2008) Suggested that Medicinal and aromatic plant (MAPs) have great scope to achieve net higher returns and in international agribusiness which has an estimated growth rate of about 5-10%. However, MAPs are facing danger of extinction due to the attack of some serious insect-pest, disease, weeds, deforestation, extensive exploitation and harvesting from natural sources and lack of proper knowledge on those problem among majority of the people. Therefore there is an urgent need for through investigation on cultivation management of MAPs. Reports on insect pests MAPs are meager and scattered. There are about 40-45 major destructive insect-pest species found causing loss of about 50-60% damage to MAPs. Therefore, it is necessary to follow suitable management strategies involving IPM components of pest management. An overall literature review of insect of MAPs and their management is dealt herewith.

Department of Forestry, S.L.S. Khandari, Agra (40)

Kamal Jha