CHAPTER 5

UNSYMMETRICAL
FAULT
REVISED BY : PN ZETTY NURAZLINDA ZAKARIA
PREPARED BY: EN NASRUL HELMEI BIN HALIM
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEM ENGINEERING
UniMAP
Introduction
Most of the faults occurs on power systems are
unsymmetrical faults, which may consist of
unsymmetrical short circuits, unsymmetrical faults
through impedance, or open conductors.
Unsymmetrical faults occur as:
Single line-to-ground faults
Line-to-line-faults
Double line-to-ground faults
The path of the fault current from line to line or line to
ground may or may not contain impedance.
Introduction (cont..)
One or two open conductors result in
unsymmetrical fault, through either the breaking
of one or two conductors e.g. the breaking of
fuse
Since unsymmetrical fault causes unbalanced
currents to flow in the system, the method of
symmetrical components is very useful in an
analysis to determine the currents and voltages
in the system after the occurrence of the fault.
Unsymmetrical Faults in Power
Systems
Consider a general power
network in Fig. 1.
It is assumed that a fault
occurs at point F in the
system, as a result of
which currents I
a
, I
b
, I
c
flow out of the system.
V
a
, V
b
, V
c
are voltages of
line a, b, c with respect to
ground.
Fig. 1
Unsymmetrical Faults in Power
Systems (cont..)
Thevenin equivalents circuit : (a) zero, (b) positive and
(c) negative sequence.
+
-
E
a
V
a1
Z
1
I
a1
+
-
V
a2
Z
2
I
a2
+
-
V
a0
Z
0
I
a0
Fig. 2
(a) (b) (c)
Unsymmetrical Faults in Power
Systems (cont..)
The positive sequence voltages of
synchronous machines will be identical
and will equal the pre-fault voltage at fault
point, F.
This voltage labeled as E
a
(refer Fig 2(b)).
Unsymmetrical Faults in Power
Systems (cont..)
The sequence/symmetrical components of voltages at fault
point can be expressed in terms of sequence currents and
Thevenin sequence impedance as (refer Fig 2):
(
(
(

(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

2
1
0
2
1
0
2
1
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
0
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
I
I
I
Z
Z
Z
E
V
V
V
And the phase voltages during fault;
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

2
1
0
2
2
1
1
1 1 1
a
a
a
c
b
a
V
V
V
a a
a a
V
V
V
Unsymmetrical Faults in Power
Systems (cont..)
Z =
+ Z =
120 1
120 1
; where
2
a
a
Unsymmetrical Faults in Power
Systems (cont..)
The sequence/symmetrical components of currents can be
expressed in terms of phase currents:-
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

c
b
a
a
a
a
I
I
I
a a
a a
I
I
I
2
2
2
1
0
1
1
1 1 1
3
1
Z =
+ Z =
120 1
120 1
; where
2
a
a
Unsymmetrical Faults in Power
Systems (cont..)
The phase currents are;
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

2
1
0
2
2
1
1
1 1 1
a
a
a
c
b
a
I
I
I
a a
a a
I
I
I
Z =
+ Z =
120 1
120 1
; where
2
a
a
How to do fault analysis???
Single-line-Ground Fault
Line-Line Fault
Double-Line-Ground Fault
What should we analyse???
Component currents & voltages
Phase currents & voltages during fault
Single Line-to-Ground Faults
Caused by lightning or by conductors
making contact with grounded structures.
Fig. 3 shows a line-to-ground fault at F in
a power system through a fault impedance
Z
F
.
The phases are so labeled that the fault
occurs on phase a.
REMEMBER: Z
F
Z
n
Single Line-to-Ground Faults
At the fault point F, the currents out of the power system
and the line to ground voltages are constrained as follows:
Fig. 3
I
b
= 0 I
c
= 0
V
a
= I
a
Z
f
if Z
f
=0; V
a
=0
Single Line-to-Ground Faults
The symmetrical components of the fault currents are:
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

0
0
1
1
1 1 1
3
1
2
2
2
1
0 a
a
a
a
I
a a
a a
I
I
I
From which it is easy to see that
a a a a
I I I I
3
1
0 2 1
= = =
Single Line-to-Ground Faults
Fig 4: Connection of sequence network for a single line-to-ground fault
V
a
=3I
a1
Z
F
=I
a
Z
F
3Z
F
a a a a
I I I I
3
1
0 2 1
= = =
Single Line-to-Ground Faults
Phase a voltage in terms of symmetrical components is
1 2 1 0
2 1 0
) (
a a
a a a a
I Z Z Z E
V V V V
+ + =
+ + =
From the Thevenin equivalent sequence network;
f
a
a
Z Z Z Z
E
I
3
0 2 1
1
+ + +
=
or
0
0 2 1
1
=
+ +
=
f
a
a
Z if
Z Z Z
E
I
Single Line-to-Ground Faults
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

2
1
0
2
2
1
1
1 1 1
a
a
a
c
b
a
I
I
I
a a
a a
I
I
I
The fault currents is
1
0 2 1
3
a
a a a
a F
I
I I I
I I
=
+ + =
=
Unsymmetrical Fault in SG
Fig. 5 shows an
unloaded
synchronous
generator before
the occurrence of
fault.
Fig 5
Single Line-to-Ground Faults
case: syn. generator
Fig. 6
Exercise 1
A 100 MVA, 13.8 kV, wye connected synchronous
generator has a subtransient reactance X of 0.2 pu, a
negative reactance X
2
of 0.25 pu, a zero sequence
reactance of 0.1 pu and negligible resistance as in Fig. 6.
The neutral of generator is solidly grounded. Assume that
the generator is initially unloaded and operating at rated
voltage, and that a single line-to-ground fault occurs on
phase a at the terminals of generator.
Evaluate the voltages and currents in each phase during
the subtransient period immediately after the fault occurs.
Also, determine the line-to-line voltages at that time.
Base : 100 MVA, 13.8 kV
Exercise 1: ANSWERS
Line currents
Ia = 5.45590
o
= 22.82 kA
Ib = 0
Ic = 0
Line Voltages
Va = 0
Vb = 0.983-106
o
Vc = 0.983+106
o
Line-to-line voltages
Vab = Va Vb = 0.98674
o
Vbc = Vb Vc = 1.890 -90
o
Vca = Vc Va = 0.986 106
o
Example 5.1
The one-line diagram of a simple power system is shown in Fig. 5.1. The
neutral of each generator is grounded through a current-limiting reactor of
0.25/3 per-unit on a 100 MVA base. The system data expressed in per-unit on
a common 100 MVA base is tabulated below. The generators are running on
no-load at their rated voltage and rated frequency with their rated e.m.f. in
phase.
Fig. 5.1
Example 5.1 (cont..)
Item Base
MVA
Voltage
Rating
X
1
X
2
X
0
G
1
100 20kV 0.15 0.15 0.05
G
2
100 20kV 0.15 0.15 0.05
T
1
100 20/220kV 0.10 0.10 0.10
T
2
100 20/220kV 0.10 0.10 0.10
L
12
100 220kV 0.125 0.125 0.30
L
13
100 220kV 0.15 0.15 0.35
L
23
100 220kV 0.25 0.25 0.7125
Example 5.1 (cont..)
Determine:
a) The fault current when a single line-to-
ground fault occurs at bus 3 through a
fault impedance Z
F
= j0.1p.u.
b) Phase Voltages at all buses during fault
at bus 3
Solution:
Step 1:
Draw the positive, negative and zero sequence
networks of the system.
Step 2:
Reduce the networks to their Thevenin equivalent
circuit viewed from the faulted bus (bus 3)
Solution (cont..):
Positive sequence network
Solution (cont..):
Using to Y conversion
Solution (cont..):
0357 . 0
25 . 0 15 . 0 125 . 0
) 15 . 0 )( 125 . 0 (
1
j
j j j
j j
Z
s
=
+ +
=
0595 . 0
25 . 0 15 . 0 125 . 0
) 25 . 0 )( 125 . 0 (
2
j
j j j
j j
Z
s
=
+ +
=
0714 . 0
25 . 0 15 . 0 125 . 0
) 25 . 0 )( 15 . 0 (
3
j
j j j
j j
Z
s
=
+ +
=
Solution (cont..):
22 . 0
0714 . 0
3095 . 0 2857 . 0
) 3095 . 0 )( 2857 . 0 (
1
j
j
j j
j j
Z
=
+
+
=
Positive sequence network:
Solution (cont..):
Negative sequence network
Solution (cont..):
Negative sequence network
22 . 0
0714 . 0
3095 . 0 2857 . 0
) 3095 . 0 )( 2857 . 0 (
2
j
j
j j
j j
Z
=
+
+
=
Solution (cont..):
Zero sequence network
Solution (cont..):
0771 . 0
7125 . 0 35 . 0 3 . 0
) 35 . 0 )( 3 . 0 (
1
j
j j j
j j
Z
s
=
+ +
=
183 . 0
25 . 0 15 . 0 125 . 0
) 7125 . 0 )( 35 . 0 (
3
j
j j j
j j
Z
s
=
+ +
=
1569 . 0
7125 . 0 35 . 0 3 . 0
) 7125 . 0 )( 3 . 0 (
2
j
j j j
j j
Z
s
=
+ +
=
Solution (cont..):
Zero sequence network
35 . 0
183 . 0
2569 . 0 4771 . 0
) 2569 . 0 )( 4771 . 0 (
0
j
j
j j
j j
Z
=
+
+
=
Solution (cont..):
The symmetrical components of the fault
currents are:
p.u. 9174 . 0
) 1 . 0 ( 3 35 . 0 22 . 0 22 . 0
0 . 1
3
0 2 1
0 2 1
j
j j j j
Z Z Z Z
E
I I I
f
a
a a a
=
+ + +
=
+ + +
= = =
Solution (cont..):
The fault current,
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

0
0
7523 . 2
9174 . 0
9174 . 0
9174 . 0
1
1
1 1 1
1
1
1 1 1
2
2
2
1
0
2
2
j
j
j
j
a a
a a
I
I
I
a a
a a
I
I
I
a
a
a
c
b
a
. . 7523 . 2 u p j I I
a F
= =
A
kV
MVA
I
F
29 . 722
7523 . 2 43 . 262
7523 . 2
220 3
100
=
=

=
Solution (cont..):
The symmetrical components of bus voltage
during fault are
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

2018 . 0
7982 . 0
3211 . 0
) 9174 . 0 ( 22 . 0 0 0
0 ) 9174 . 0 ( 22 . 0 0
0 0 ) 9174 . 0 ( 35 . 0
0
0 . 1
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
0
2
1
0
2
1
0
2
1
0
j j
j j
j j
I
I
I
Z
Z
Z
E
V
V
V
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
Solution (cont..):
Voltage at bus 3 during fault
(
(
(

Z
Z
Z
=
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

56 . 125 0647 . 1
56 . 125 0647 . 1
0 2752 . 0
2018 . 0
7982 . 0
3211 . 0
1
1
1 1 1
1
1
1 1 1
2
2
2
1
0
2
2
a a
a a
V
V
V
a a
a a
V
V
V
a
a
a
c
b
a
kV 234 . 234
kV 220 0647 . 1
p.u. 56 . 125 0647 . 1
kV 234 . 234
kV 220 0647 . 1
p.u. 56 . 125 0647 . 1
60.544kV
kV 220 2752 . 0
p.u. 0 2752 . 0
=
=
Z =
=
=
Z =
=
=
Z =
c
c
b
b
a
a
V
V
V
V
V
V
Line-to-Line Faults
Fig. 7 shows a line-to-line
fault at F in a power system
through a fault impedance
Z
F
. The phases can always
be relabeled, such that the
fault is on phases b and c.
The currents and the voltages at the fault can be expressed
as
I
a
= 0 I
b
= -I
c
V
b
- V
c
= I
b
Z
F
if Z
F
=0; V
b
= V
c
Fig. 7
Z
F
Line-to-Line Faults
The symmetrical components of the fault currents are:
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

b
b
a
a
a
I
I
a a
a a
I
I
I 0
1
1
1 1 1
3
1
2
2
2
1
0
From which it is easy to see that
1 2 0
; 0
a a a
I I I = =
Line-to-Line Faults
Fig. 8: Connection of sequence networks for a line-to-line faults
Z
F
1 2 a a
I I =
V
a
=I
a1
Z
F
=-I
a2
Z
F
Line-to-Line Faults
The symmetrical components of voltages at F under
currents are:
V
a1
=E
a
I
a1
Z
1
V
a0
= 0
V
a2
= - I
a2
Z
2
= I
a1
Z
2
Line-to-Line Faults
Phase a voltage in terms of symmetrical components is
2 1 1 1
2 1
Z I Z I E
V V V
a a a
a a a
+ =
+ =
From the Thevenin equivalent sequence network;
f
a
a
Z Z Z
E
I
+ +
=
2 1
1
or
0
2 1
1
=
+
=
f
a
a
Z if
Z Z
E
I
Line-to-Line Faults
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

2
1
2
2
0
1
1
1 1 1
a
a
c
b
a
I
I
a a
a a
I
I
I
Hence, the fault currents is;
Since the phase currents are as follows;
since I
a0
=0
c b F
I I I = =
Line-to-Line Faults
Therefore, phase voltages during fault are;
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

2
1
2
2
0
1
1
1 1 1
a
a
c
b
a
V
V
a a
a a
V
V
V
since V
a0
=0
2
2
1
2 1
2
2 1
a a c
a a b
a a a
V a aV V
aV V a V
V V V
+ =
+ =
+ =
Hence;
Line-Line Faults
case: syn. generator
Fig 9
Exercise 2
A 100 MVA, 13.8 kV, wye connected synchronous
generator has a subtransient reactance X of 0.2 pu, a
negative reactance X
2
of 0.25 pu, a zero sequence
reactance of 0.1 pu and negligible resistance as in Fig. 9.
The neutral of generator is solidly grounded. Assume that
the generator is initially unloaded and operating at rated
voltage, and that a line-to-line fault occurs between phase
b and c at the terminals of generator.
Evaluate the voltages and currents in each phase during
the subtransient period immediately after the fault occurs.
Also, determine the line-to-line voltages at that time.
Base : 100 MVA, 13.8 kV
Exercise 2: ANSWERS
Line currents
Ia = 0
Ib = 3.849180
o
Ic = 3.8490 = 16.1 kA
Line Voltages
Va = 1.1120
o
Vb = 0.556180
o
Vc = 0.556180
o
Line-to-line voltages
Vab = Va Vb = 1.6680
o
Vbc = Vb Vc = 00
o
Vca = Vc Va = 1.668180
o
Example 5.2
Repeat Example 5.1 when a line-to-line fault occur
at bus 3 through a fault impedance Z
F
= j0.1 p.u.
Solution:
zero sequence impedance, Z
0
= j0.35 p.u.
positive sequence impedance, Z
1
= j0.22 p.u.
negative sequence impedance, Z
2
= j0.22 p.u.
The symmetrical components of fault currents
0
0
=
a
I
p.u. 8519 . 1
1 . 0 22 . 0 22 . 0
1
2 1
2 1
j
j j j
Z Z Z
E
I I
F
a
a a
=
+ +
=
+ +
= =
Solution (cont..)
The phase currents
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

2075 . 3
2075 . 3
0
8519 . 1
8519 . 1
0
1
1
1 1 1
1
1
1 1 1
2
2
2
1
0
2
2
j
j
a a
a a
I
I
I
a a
a a
I
I
I
a
a
a
c
b
a
The fault current,
. . 2075 . 3 u p j I I I
c b F
= = =
A
kV
MVA
I
F
74 . 841
2075 . 3 43 . 262
2075 . 3
220 3
100
=
=

=
Solution (cont..):
The symmetrical components of bus voltage
during fault are
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

4074 . 0
5926 . 0
0
) 8519 . 1 ( 22 . 0 0 0
0 ) 8519 . 1 ( 22 . 0 0
0 0 ) 0 ( 35 . 0
0
0 . 1
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
0
2
1
0
2
1
0
2
1
0
j j
j j
j
I
I
I
Z
Z
Z
E
V
V
V
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
Solution (cont..):
Voltage at bus 3 during fault
(
(
(

Z
Z
Z
=
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

21 . 162 5251 . 0
61 . 162 5251 . 0
0 1
4074 . 0
5926 . 0
0
1
1
1 1 1
1
1
1 1 1
2
2
2
1
0
2
2
a a
a a
V
V
V
a a
a a
V
V
V
a
a
a
c
b
a
kV 52 . 115
kV 220 5251 . 0
p.u. 21 . 162 5251 . 0
kV 52 . 115
kV 220 5251 . 0
p.u. 21 . 162 5251 . 0
kV 20 2
kV 220 1
p.u. 0 1
=
=
Z =
=
=
Z =
=
=
Z =
c
c
b
b
a
a
V
V
V
V
V
V
Double Line-to-Ground Faults
Fig. 10 shows a double
line-to-ground fault at F
in a power system. The
fault may in general
have an impedance Z
F
as shown.
Fig. 10
The currents and the voltages conditions at the fault are
expressed as
I
a
= 0
or
I
a0
+I
a1
+I
a2
= 0
V
b
= V
c
= (I
b
+ I
c
)Z
F
if Z
F
= 0; V
b
= V
c
= 0
Z
F
Double Line-to-Ground Faults
The symmetrical components of voltages at F are:
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

b
b
a
a
a
a
V
V
V
a a
a a
V
V
V
2
2
2
1
0
1
1
1 1 1
3
1
) ) ( (
3
1
2
2 1 b a a a
V a a V V V + + = =
Where Vc=Vb
Therefore;
Double Line-to-Ground Faults
f a0
f a2 a1 a0
f a2 a1
2
a0 a2
2
a1 a0
f c b b
Z 3I
]Z I I [2I
)]Z aI I a (I ) I a aI [(I
)Z I (I V
=
=
+ + + + + =
+ =
a2 a1
a1 a1
2
a0 b
V V where
aV V a V V
=
+ + =
Double Line-to-Ground Faults
; I Solve
V V Z 3I
a)V (a V Z 3I
a0
a1 a0 f a0
a1
2
a0 f a0
=
+ + =
F
a a
a
Z Z
Z I E
I
3
2
1 1
0
+

=
Double Line-to-Ground Faults
; I Solve
Z I Z I E
V V
a2
2 a2 1 a1 a
a2 a1
=
=
2
1 1
2
Z
Z I E
I
a a
a

=
Double Line-to-Ground Faults
; I Solve
) I I ( I
0 I I I
a1
a0 a2 a1
a0 a2 a1
+ =
= + +
) 3 (
) 3 (
)) 3 //( (
0 2
0 2
1
0 2 1
1
F
F
a
F
a
a
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z
E
Z Z Z Z
E
I
+ +
+
+
=
+ +
=
Double Line-to-Ground Faults
Fig. 11: Connection of sequence network for a double line-to-ground
fault
3Z
F
3Z
F
Double Line-to-Ground Faults
The symmetrical components of fault currents is
given by;
) 3 (
) 3 (
)) 3 //( (
0 2
0 2
1
0 2 1
1
F
F
a
F
a
a
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z
E
Z Z Z Z
E
I
+ +
+
+
=
+ +
=
2
1 1
2
Z
Z I E
I
a a
a

=
F
a a
a
Z Z
Z I E
I
3
2
1 1
0
+

=
Double Line-to-Ground Faults
The fault currents is
0
2 1 0
2 1
2
0 2
2
1 0
3
2
) ( ) (
a
a a a
a a a a a a
c b F
I
I I I
aI I a I I a aI I
I I I
=
=
+ + + + + =
+ =
Double Line-to-Ground Faults
Phase currents during fault ;
Phase voltages during fault ;
2
2
1 0
2 1
2
0
2 1 0
a a a c
a a a b
a a a a
V a aV V V
aV V a V V
V V V V
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
2
2
1 0
2 1
2
0
2 1 0
a a a c
a a a b
a a a a
I a aI I I
aI I a I I
I I I I
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
Double Line-to-Ground Faults
case:syn. generator
Fig 12
Exercise 3
A 100 MVA, 13.8 kV, wye connected synchronous
generator has a subtransient reactance X of 0.2 pu, a
negative reactance X
2
of 0.25 pu, a zero sequence
reactance of 0.1 pu and negligible resistance as in Fig. 12.
The neutral of generator is solidly grounded. Assume that
the generator is initially unloaded and operating at rated
voltage, and that a double line to ground fault occurs
between phase b and c to ground at the terminals of
generator.
Evaluate the voltages and currents in each phase during
the subtransient period immediately after the fault occurs.
Also, determine the line-to-line voltages at that time.
Base : 100 MVA, 13.8 kV
Exercise 3: ANSWERS
Line currents
Ia = ?
Ib = ?
Ic = ?
Line Voltages
Va = ?
Vb = ?
Vc = ?
Line-to-line voltages
Vab = Va Vb = ?
Vbc = Vb Vc = ?
Vca = Vc Va = ?
Example 5.3
Repeat Example 5.1 when a double line-to-ground fault
occur at bus 3 through a fault impedance Z
F
= j0.1 p.u.
Solution:
zero sequence impedance, Z
0
= j0.35 p.u.
positive sequence impedance, Z
1
= j0.22 p.u.
negative sequence impedance, Z
2
= j0.22 p.u.
The symmetrical components of fault currents
. . 6017 . 2
)) 1 . 0 ( 3 35 . 0 ( 22 . 0
)) 1 . 0 ( 3 35 . 0 ( 22 . 0
22 . 0
1
)) 3 //( (
0 2 1
1
u p j
j j j
j j
j
Z Z Z Z
E
I
F
a
a
=
+ +
+
+
=
+ +
=
. . 9438 . 1
22 . 0
) 22 . 0 )( 6017 . 2 ( 1
2
1 1
2
u p j
j
j j
Z
Z I E
I
a a
a
=

=

=
6579 . 0
3 . 0 35 . 0
) 22 . 0 )( 6017 . 2 ( 1
3
2
1 1
0
j
j j
j j
Z Z
Z I E
I
F
a a
a
=
+

=
+

=
Solution (cont..)
The phase currents
(
(
(

Z
Z =
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

07 . 14 058 . 4
93 . 165 058 . 4
0
9438 . 1
6017 . 2
6579 . 0
1
1
1 1 1
1
1
1 1 1
2
2
2
1
0
2
2
j
j
a a
a a
I
I
I
a a
a a
I
I
I
a
a
a
c
b
a
The fault current,
. . 973 . 1 u p j
I I I
c b F
=
+ =
A
kV
MVA
I
F
83 . 517
9732 . 1 43 . 262
9732 . 1
220 3
100
=
=

=
Solution (cont..):
The symmetrical components of bus voltage
during fault are
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

4276 . 0
4276 . 0
2303 . 0
) 9438 . 1 ( 22 . 0 0 0
0 ) 6017 . 2 ( 22 . 0 0
0 0 ) 6579 . 0 ( 35 . 0
0
0 . 1
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
0
2
1
0
2
1
0
2
1
0
j j
j j
j j
I
I
I
Z
Z
Z
E
V
V
V
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
Solution (cont..):
Voltage at bus 3 during fault
(
(
(

Z
Z
Z
=
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

180 1974 . 0
180 1974 . 0
0 0855 . 1
4276 . 0
4276 . 0
2303 . 0
1
1
1 1 1
1
1
1 1 1
2
2
2
1
0
2
2
a a
a a
V
V
V
a a
a a
V
V
V
a
a
a
c
b
a
kV 43 . 43
kV 220 1974 . 0
p.u. 180 1974 . 0
kV 43 . 43
kV 220 1974 . 0
p.u. 180 1974 . 0
8.81kV 3 2
kV 220 0855 . 1
p.u. 0 0855 . 1
=
=
Z =
=
=
Z =
=
=
Z =
c
c
b
b
a
a
V
V
V
V
V
V
Exercise 4
Consider Figure 13.
The machines are identical. Fault occurs at high voltage
side of transformer 2.
a) Machines are solidly grounded. Determine:-
i. subtransient fault current if single line to ground occurs at fault point.
ii. subtransient fault current if line to line fault occurs at fault point.
iii. subtransient fault current if line-line to ground occurs at fault point
b) Machines are connected to neutral impedance of j0.1pu.
Repeat (a).
c) Observe the effect of having neutral impedance of the
machines.
d) Why would a power company wish to ground the neutrals of
their generators through an impedance?
Exercise 4
Item MVA Voltage X

X
1
X
2
X
0
Generator
(Y-grounded)
25 11 kV 15% 15% 10%
Transformer
T1 &T2
( -Y
grounded)
25 11/66 kV 10% 10% 5%
Motor
(Y grounded)
25 11 kV 15% 15% 10%
Line 25 66 kV 10% 10% 5%
Figure 13