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Contact Information: MSE 209: Introduction to the Science and Engineering Instructor: Leonid Zhigileiof Materials Office: Materials Science Building 227 Office Hours: 11:00 am 209 to 12:00 pm Monday, Friday Spring 2001 MSE - Section 6 & open Instructor: Leonid Zhigilei Telephone: (804) 243 3582 Tuesday, Thursday, 9:30 AM - 10:45 AM E-mail: lz2n@virginia.edu Olsson Hall 005 Class web page: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~lz2n/mse209/ Class e-mail list: MSE209-6@toolkit.virginia.edu Graduate Teaching Assistants: E-mail eemr aisha cts2v hw2e 982-5689 982-5689 Phone
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Grading: ! Homework: 20% ! Three 1 hour tests: 50 % ! The final exam: 30% Homework: 11 problem sets will be will be assigned and will be due at the beginning of class one week after assignment. Homework solutions should be neat and stapled. Homework does not require the pledge and cooperation among students is permitted. Late homework is not accepted Tests: pledged, closed-book and closed-notes
Textbook: W. D. Callister, Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction (John Wiley 1999, 5th edition) I will also post my lecture notes on the web.
University of Virginia, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering 3
Properties of materials (mechanical, thermal, electrical, optical) Different levels of structure in materials (atomic, microscopic, macroscopic) Relation among material processing, structure,
properties, and performance
The main objective is to understand the basic concepts and language of Materials Science
Classification of Materials
Metals, Ceramics, Polymers, Semiconductors
Advanced Materials
Electronic materials, superconductors, etc.
Historical Perspective
Beginning of the Material Science - People began to make tools from stone Start of the Stone Age about two million years ago. Natural materials: stone, wood, clay, skins, etc. The Stone Age ended about 5000 years ago with introduction of Bronze in the Far East. Bronze is an alloy (a metal made up of more than one element), copper + < 25% of tin + other elements. Bronze: can be hammered or cast into a variety of shapes, can be made harder by alloying, corrode only slowly after a surface oxide film forms. The Iron Age began about 3000 years ago and continues today. Use of iron and steel, a stronger and cheaper material changed drastically daily life of a common person. Age of Advanced materials: throughout the Iron Age many new types of materials have been introduced (ceramic, semiconductors, polymers, composites). Understanding of the relationship among structure, properties, processing, and performance of materials. Intelligent design of new materials.
University of Virginia, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering 6
A better understanding of structure-compositionproperties relations has lead to a remarkable progress in properties of materials. Example is the dramatic
progress in the strength to density ratio of materials, that resulted in a wide variety of new products, from dental materials to tennis racquets.
Structure Observational
Properties
Material science is the investigation of the relationship among processing, structure, properties, and performance of materials.
Macroscopic structure
Structural elements that may be viewed with the naked eye.
University of Virginia, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering
Monarch butterfly ~ 0.1 m
Length-scales Angstrom = 1 = 1/10,000,000,000 meter = 10-10 m Nanometer = 10 nm = 1/1,000,000,000 meter = 10-9 m Micrometer = 1m = 1/1,000,000 meter = 10-6 m Millimeter = 1mm = 1/1,000 meter = 10-3 m
Interatomic distance ~ a few A human hair is ~ 50 m Elongated bumps that make up the data track on CD are ~ 0.5 m wide, minimum 0.83 m long, and 125 nm high
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0.1 1027
Length and Time Scales from the point of view of Materials Modeling.
Micros copic
10-7 109
Mo Li, JHU, Atomistic model of a nanocrystalline
10-7
10-8 106
Nanosc opic
10-9
Leonid Zhigilei, UVA Phase transformation on diamond surfaces
10-9 103
University of Virginia, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering
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Things Manmade
10-1 m
0.1 m 100 mm
Progress in miniaturizati on
Objects fashioned from metals, ceramics, glasses, polymers ...
Cat ~ 0.3 m
10-2 m
0.01 m 1 cm 10 mm
10-3 m
1 millimeter (mm)
10-4 m
Human hair ~ 50 m wide Fly ash ~ 10-20 m
The Microworld
0.1 mm 100 m
The 21st century challenge -- Fashion materials at the nanoscale with desired properties and functionali ty
10-5 m
0.01 mm 10 m
Red blood cells Pollen grain
10-6 m
1 micrometer (m)
Visible spectrum Indium arsenide quantum dot Quantum dot array -germanium dots on silicon
ATP synthase
0.1 m 100 nm
10 nm
10-8 m
0.01 m 10 nm
Biomotor using ATP Self-assembled mushroom
Cell membrane
10-9 m
1 nanometer (nm)
DNA ~2 nm wide
10-10 m
Atoms of silicon spacing ~tenths of nm
0.1 nm
Quantum corral of 48 iron atoms on copper surface positioned one at a time with an STM tip Corral diameter 14 nm
m cm mm m nm
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Properties
Properties are the way the material responds to the environment and external forces. Mechanical properties response to mechanical forces, strength, etc. Electrical and magnetic properties - response electrical and magnetic fields, conductivity, etc. Thermal properties are related to transmission of heat and heat capacity. Optical properties include to absorption, transmission and scattering of light. Chemical stability in contact with the environment corrosion resistance.
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Types of Materials
Let us classify materials according to the way the atoms are bound together (Chapter 2). Metals: valence electrons are detached from atoms, and spread in an 'electron sea' that "glues" the ions together. Strong, ductile, conduct electricity and heat well, are shiny if polished. Semiconductors: the bonding is covalent (electrons are shared between atoms). Their electrical properties depend strongly on minute proportions of contaminants. Examples: Si, Ge, GaAs. Ceramics: atoms behave like either positive or negative ions, and are bound by Coulomb forces. They are usually combinations of metals or semiconductors with oxygen, nitrogen or carbon (oxides, nitrides, and carbides). Hard, brittle, insulators. Examples: glass, porcelain. Polymers: are bound by covalent forces and also by weak van der Waals forces, and usually based on C and H. They decompose at moderate temperatures (100 400 C), and are lightweight. Examples: plastics rubber.
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Metals
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Ceramics
Examples of ceramic materials ranging from household to high performance combustion engines which utilize both metals and ceramics.
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Polymers
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Composites
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Semiconductors
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Material Selection
Different materials exhibit different crystal structures (Chapter 3) and resultant Properties
(a) force
(b)
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Material Selection
Different materials exhibit different microstructures (Chapter 4) and resultant Properties
Superplastic deformation involves low-stress sliding along grain boundaries, a complex process of which material scientists have limited knowledge and that is a subject of current investigations.
University of Virginia, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering
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Material Selection
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Composition
Bonding
Crystal Structure
Thermomechanical Processing
Microstructure
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