Reflected, Refracted and Diffracted waves

Reflected wave from a horizontal layer Reflected wave from a dipping layer Refracted wave from a horizontal layer Refracted wave from a dipping layer Diffracted waves

Applications for shallow high resolution Reflection seismic

Hydrogeological studies of acquifers Engineering geology Shallow faults Mapping Quaternary deposits Ground investigation for pipe and sewerage tunnel detection

Applications for Refraction seismic

Depth of groundwater level Depth and location of hardrock Elastic medium parameters Permafrost Glaciology

Refraction seismic
Refracted Waves Mainly horizontal Wave propagation Only refracted waves are used. (Lower layer must have higher velocity than upper layer) Distribution of velocity as well as the depth and orientation of interfaces between layers

Reflection seismic
Reflected Waves (Echo lot principal) Mainly vertical wave propagation Complete seismic recording is used Distribution of the velocity variation

Geometrical situation
Direct wave

Reflected wave

Refracted wave

Traveltime curve

Receivers

Source

Receivers

Direct wave t

1 t= x v
x
o x x x x

x v= t

Velocity of direct wave is derived from the distance and travel time

Reflection: Horizontal reflector x

A o B x

s v

4 S 2 = 4h 2 + x 2 = t 2 v 2

h s

4h + x t = v2 2 x 2 2 t = t0 + 2 , v 2h t0 = v
2 2

Reflection: horizontal reflector

2 2 4 h + x 2 t = v2 x t = , for x >> h. v

t2v2 = 4h2+x2 t2v2 - x2 = 4h2 t2v2 - x2 =1 4h2 4h2 Hyperbola

Moveout

1 Difference in travel time t(x1 ) und t(x2 ):

x22- x12 t2- t1 2v2t0

Normal Moveout

Difference in traveltime t

und t(x):

x12 T=t1- t0 2v2t0

t2v2=4h2+x2- 4hxcos(90+) X=-2hsin Tdip t2v2=4h2+x2+4hxsin() Hyperbola: [x+2hsin()] 2 t2v2 =1 [2hcos()]2 - [2hcos()]2 -x h h x x

90+ Tdip= tx-t-x = 2xsin v

Refraction seismic

sin ic v1 v1 = sin ic = sin 90 v 2 v2

Propagation of seismic waves

Headwave

(Roth et al., 1998)

Direct wave

Reflected wave

Refracted wave

Traveltime curve

TSG = TSA + TAB + TBG = 2TSA + TAB

( x 2h tan ic ) h =2 + v1 cos ic v2

x 2h cos ic = + v2 v1

Refraction: horizontal reflector t

1 ----v1 1 ----v2 v2 v 1 2h x + -------------------t = --v2 v1 v 2 x t = ----- + t i v2
2 2

ti xcross x h v1 v2 x

v2 + v1 xcross = 2h -----------v 2 v1

x sin( c + ) 2 z a cos c + td = v1 v1 tu = x sin( c ) 2 zb cos c + v1 v1

For small slopes ( < 100):

vd + vu v2 2

x sin( c + ) 2 z a cos c + td = v1 v1 tu = x sin( c ) 2 zb cos c + v1 v1

For small slopes ( < 100):

vd + vu v2 2

Huygens Principle:

Every point on a wavefront can be considered as a secondary source of spherical waves

Surface V=1.6 km/s 800 m

Reflection/Diffraction
Reflection:
h

tr t0+t t0=2h/v t =x2/(4vh) Reflection /Diffraction Diffraction: td t0+2t

Question
To find the depth to bedrock in a dam-site survey, traveltimes were measured from the shotpoint to 12 geophones laid out on a straight line through the shotpoint. The offsets x range from 15 to 180 m. Determine the depth of overburden from the data in the Table
X(m) 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 T(ms) 19 29 39 50 59 62 65 68 72 76 78 83