Table B.

2 Room-Temperature Modulus of Elasticity Values for Various Engineering Materials

Modulus of Elasticity Material GPa METALS AND METAL ALLOYS Plain Carbon and Low Alloy Steels 207 207 207 207 207 106 psi

Steel Steel Steel Steel Steel

alloy alloy alloy alloy alloy

A36 1020 1040 4140 4340

30 30 30 30 30

Table B.2 (Continued )

Modulus of Elasticity Material Stainless Stainless Stainless Stainless Stainless alloy alloy alloy alloy alloy 304 316 405 440A 17-7PH GPa Stainless Steels 193 193 200 200 204 Cast Irons Gray irons Grade G1800 Grade G3000 Grade G4000 Ductile irons Grade 60-40-18 Grade 80-55-06 Grade 120-90-02 Alloy Alloy Alloy Alloy Alloy 1100 2024 6061 7075 356.0 6697a 90113a 110138a 169 168 164 Aluminum Alloys 69 72.4 69 71 72.4 Alloys 115 128 110 97 150 100 9.614a 13.016.4a 1620a 24.5 24.4 23.8 10 10.5 10 10.3 10.5 16.7 18.6 16 14 21.8 14.5 6.5 6.5 14.9 16 16.5 11.2 24.8 10.7 46.4 27 58 29.6 30 26 34.2 106 psi 28 28 29 29 29.5

C11000 C17200 C26000 C36000 C71500 C93200

Copper (electrolytic tough pitch) (berylliumcopper) (cartridge brass) (free-cutting brass) (coppernickel, 30%) (bearing bronze)

Alloy AZ31B Alloy AZ91D

Magnesium Alloys 45 45 Alloys 103 110 114

Titanium Commercially pure (ASTM grade 1) Alloy Ti-5Al-2.5Sn Alloy Ti-6Al-4V

Precious Metals Gold (commercially pure) 77 Platinum (commercially pure) 171 Silver (commercially pure) 74 Refractory Molybdenum (commercially pure) Tantalum (commercially pure) Tungsten (commercially pure) Nickel 200 Inconel 625 Monel 400 Haynes alloy 25 Metals 320 185 400

Miscellaneous Nonferrous Alloys 204 207 180 236

Table B.2 (Continued )

Modulus of Elasticity Material Invar Super invar Kovar Chemical lead Tin (commercially pure) LeadTin solder (60Sn-40Pb) Zinc (commercially pure) Zirconium, reactor grade 702 GPa 141 144 207 13.5 44.3 30 104.5 99.3 106 psi 20.5 21 30 2 6.4 4.4 15.2 14.4

GRAPHITE, CERAMICS, AND SEMICONDUCTING MATERIALS Aluminum oxide 99.9% pure 96% 90% Concrete Diamond Natural Synthetic Gallium arsenide, single crystal In the 100 direction In the 110 direction In the 111 direction Glass, borosilicate (Pyrex) Glass, sodalime Glass ceramic (Pyroceram) Graphite Extruded Isostatically molded Silica, fused Silicon, single crystal In the 100 direction In the 110 direction In the 111 direction Silicon carbide Hot pressed Sintered Silicon nitride Hot pressed Reaction bonded Sintered Zirconia, 3 mol% Y2O3 380 303 275 25.436.6a 7001200 800925 85 122 142 70 69 120 11 11.7 73 129 168 187 207483 207483 304 304 304 205 55 44 40 3.75.3a 102174 116134 12.3 17.7 20.6 10.1 10 17.4 1.6 1.7 10.6 18.7 24.4 27.1 3070 3070 44.1 44.1 44.1 30

POLYMERS Elastomers Butadiene-acrylonitrile (nitrile) 0.0034b Styrene-butadiene (SBR) 0.0020.010b Epoxy 2.41 Nylon 6,6 1.593.79 Phenolic 2.764.83 Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) 1.933.00 Polycarbonate (PC) 2.38 Polyester (thermoset) 2.064.41

0.00049b 0.00030.0015b 0.35 0.2300.550 0.400.70 0.2800.435 0.345 0.300.64

Table B.2 (Continued )

Modulus of Elasticity Material Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Polyethylene Low density (LDPE) High density (HDPE) Ultrahigh molecular weight (UHMWPE) Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) Polypropylene (PP) Polystyrene (PS) Polytetrauoroethylene (PTFE) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) GPa 1.10 0.1720.282 1.08 0.69 2.764.14 2.243.24 1.141.55 2.283.28 0.400.55 2.414.14 106 psi 0.16 0.0250.041 0.157 0.100 0.400.60 0.3250.470 0.1650.225 0.3300.475 0.0580.080 0.350.60 19 33.4 41.3 58 10.5

FIBER MATERIALS Aramid (Kevlar 49) 131 Carbon (PAN precursor) Standard modulus 230 Intermediate modulus 285 High modulus 400 E Glass 72.5 COMPOSITE MATERIALS Aramid bers-epoxy matrix (Vf 0.60) Longitudinal 76 Transverse 5.5 High modulus carbon bersepoxy matrix (Vf 0.60) Longitudinal 220 Transverse 6.9 E glass bers-epoxy matrix (Vf 0.60) Longitudinal 45 Transverse 12 Wood Douglas r (12% moisture) Parallel to grain 10.813.6c Perpendicular to grain 0.540.68c Red oak (12% moisture) Parallel to grain 11.014.1c Perpendicular to grain 0.550.71c
a b

11 0.8

32 1.0

6.5 1.8

1.571.97c 0.0780.10c 1.602.04c 0.080.10c

Secant modulus taken at 25% of ultimate strength. Modulus taken at 100% elongation. c Measured in bending. Sources: ASM Handbooks, Volumes 1 and 2, Engineered Materials Handbooks, Volumes 1 and 4, Metals Handbook: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals, Vol. 2, 9th edition, and Advanced Materials & Processes, Vol. 146, No. 4, ASM International, Materials Park, OH; Modern Plastics Encyclopedia 96, The McGraw-Hill Companies, New York, NY; R. F. Floral and S. T. Peters, Composite Structures and Technologies, tutorial notes, 1989; and manufacturers technical data sheets.