****Upon completing Jung Typology Test you will obtain your type formula, strengths of the preferences and

the type description. It may help you to identify your life style in general and with respect to the specific areas of activity. You will also obtain the list of the most suitable career choices based on your personality, along with some educational institutions where you can receive a relevant degree or a training. According to Carl Jung's typology all people can be classified using the following three criteria: Extraversion - Introversion Sensing - Intuition Thinking - Feeling Isabel Briggs Myers added the fourth criterion: Judging - Perceiving The first criterion, Extraversion - Introversion defines the source and direction of energy expression for a person. The extravert has a source and direction of energy expression mainly in the external world while the introvert has a source of energy mainly in the internal world. The second criterion, Sensing - INtuition defines the method of information perception by a person. Sensing means that a person believes mainly information he or she receives directly from the external world. Intuition means that a person believes mainly information he or she receives from the internal or imaginative world. The third criterion, Thinking - Feeling defines how the person processes information. Thinking means that a person makes a decision mainly through logic. Feeling means that, as a rule, he or she makes a decision based on emotion. The fourth criterion, Judging - Perceiving defines how a person implements the information he or she has processed. Judging means that a person organizes all his life events and acts strictly according to his plans. Perceiving means that he or she is inclined to improvise and seek alternatives. The different combinations of the criteria determine sixteen possible types. Every type can be assigned a name (or formula) according to the first letters of the combination of the four criteria. For example: ISTJ Introvert Sensing Thinking Judging or Extrovert: -outward -people oriented -variety plus -talkative Sensing -down to earth -realistic -practicality -specific Thinking -logic -justice -head rules Judging -organization -planning -predictability

Introvert -inward -reflective -reserved -rich inner life Intuitive -fantasy -conceptual -ingenuity -general Feeling -values and emotions -empathy -heart rules Perceiving -flexibility -spontaneity -goes with the flow

ENFP Extravert INtuitive Feeling Perceiving

1. The study of personality is concerned with generalities about people (human nature) as well as with individual differences. Personality is understood in terms of what characteristics individuals have, how they became that way (the determinants of personality), and why they behave the way they do (motivation). 2. There are several perspectives or approaches that one can use to understand a persons personality: A. Psychodynamic Perspective: Early life experiences, particularly with parents, shape the individuals personality. The unconscious plays a role in personality development. Personality goes through stages of development B. Behavioral Perspective: Personality is learned through experience with the environment. Behavior changes as the environment changes. ***** Behaviorist. Behaviorists such as John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner, and Ivan Pavlov believed that behavior is directed and governed by environmental forces. (Schultz, 2004) The behaviorist model focuses on observable behavior and therefore studies the elements of personality that can be found in our external environment. Further, they replaced the traditional forms of punishments used to correct poor behavior with a rewards system. (Friedman, 2006) Like psychoanalysis, behaviorism is highly deterministic. ****** view people as controlled by their environment and specifically that we are the result of what we have learned from our environment. ****behavior is an expression of personality. Since behavior changes with the environment, your personality is actually learned through experience with the environment. C. Social Cognitive Perspective: Personality is determined by a complex interplay of behavior, environment, and cognitive processes. Instead of being passive recipients of the environment, individuals actively regulate and control behaviors. i. Understanding personality involves considering how people are affected by the environment, how they think, what they have learned and how they interact socially ****reciprocal determinism : interacting influences between personality and environmental factors. (personal, environmental and behavioral determinants) ****** Cognitive theorists such as Jean Piaget, Noam Chomsky, and Herbert Simon focus on thinking, perception, decision making, and individual judgments that individuals use to interpret the world around them. (Schultz, 2004) They take a more computer-like view human life and mental processes. **** we choose the environment with want, the tv shows we watch, friends, activities etc. but after that, the environment then shapes us. **** bandura: not merely a process of behavioural mimicry. Rather, through modelling people learn the value of particular behaviours with regard to goal achievement or outcomes. *** Our personalities shape how we interpret and react to events. Anxious people are more likely to look for potentially threatening eventsmore so than people who are not anxious. Therefore, they will simply see more threatening events than people who are not anxious. The reality is that there is the same number of threatening events. Our disposition lets us see the world, not as it really is, but how we perceive it because of who we are, and then we react accordingly.

*****Our personalities help create situations to which we react. Many experiments reveal that how we view and treat people influences how they in turn treat us. If we expect someone to be angry with us, we may give him or her a cold shoulder, touching off the very behavior we expect. D. Humanistic Perspective: This perspective emphasizes the importance of self-perception and world perception. It assumes that individuals have the innate capacity to fulfill their potential; however, a controlling and conditional world keeps individuals from reaching that potential. *****The humanistic perspective of personality focuses on psychological growth, free will and personal awareness. It takes a more positive outlook on human nature and is centered on how each person can achieve their individual potential. E. Trait Perspective: Personality can be understood by describing the organization of traits within the individual. ****** Traits are characteristics of a personality and are believed to be inherited at birth. Are relatively stable characteristic that causes individuals to behave in certain ways. **** we describe people using various traits; the combination and interaction of these traits in an individual forms a personality unique to him 3. Sigmund Freuds Psychoanalytic theory: The unconscious mind is the key to understanding personality; hence, exploring the deep inner workings of the mind is needed to understand behavior. The unconscious processes are disguised in symbolized form, which can be accessed and analyzed through the interpretation of dreams, fantasies, and free associations. The iceberg is used as an analogy of the conscious and unconscious mindthe conscious mind is the part of the iceberg above water, the preconscious mind is the part directly below the surface, and the unconscious mind is a big part below the water. A. The personality has three structures: the id, the ego, and the superego . The id consists of instincts and is the individuals reservoir of psychic energy. The id is unconscious, has no contact with reality, and operates according to the pleasure principle. As young children mature and experience the demands and constraints of reality, the ego is formed to deal with the demands of reality. The ego abides by the reality principle, and is considered as the executive branch of the personality because it uses rationality in dealing with the environment. The superego develops as the moral branch of personality. B. To resolve the conflict between its demands for reality, the wishes of the id, and the constraints of the superego, the ego uses defense mechanisms, which serve to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality. Examples of defense mechanisms are: repression, rationalization, displacement, sublimation, projection, reaction formation, denial, regression, intellectualization, undoing, and compensation. C. Personality is the result of early childhood experiences. The individual moves from one pleasure-giving body parterogenous zoneto another in different psychosexual stages of development. Adult personality is determined by the resolution of conflicts between early sources of pleasure and the demands of reality. The psychosexual stages are the oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage, and genital stage. D. Individuals may become fixated at any psychosexual stage of development if the underlying conflict is not resolved. Fixation is the defense mechanism that occurs when the individual remains locked in an earlier developmental stage because needs are under- or over gratified. E. An alternative psychodynamic-oriented theory to Freuds psychoanalytic theory is Carl Jungs Analytical Theory. Jung believed that the roots of personality are traced back to the collective unconscious, which is the interpersonal, deepest layer of the unconscious mind, shared by all human beings because of their common ancestral past. The collective unconscious is expressed through archetypes, which are emotionally laden ideas and images that have rich and symbolic meaning for all people. Archetypes may be used to help understand people. Some basic archetypes are the persona, shadow, anima, and animus, and the Self. On the other hand, Jung also studied the conscious mind by looking at the ego functions and created a personality typology based on introversion and extraversion, the perception or the nonrational function, and judgment or the rational function. The Shadow represents the traits which lie deep within ourselves. The traits that are hidden from day to day life and are in some cases the opposite of the self is a simple way to state these traits. The shadow is a very important trait because for one to truly know themselves,one must know all their traits, including those

which lie beneath the common, i.e., the shadow. If one chooses to know the shadow there is a chance they give into its motivation. [27] The Anima is sometimes seen -- e.g. by Campbell[28] -- as the feminine side within a man, but Jung did not fully intend this to be viewed in this way. The Anima is beyond generalization of society's views and stereotypes. Anima represents what femininity truly represents it in all its mysteries. It is what allows a man to be in touch with a woman. [23] The anima is commonly represented within dreams as a method to communicate with a person. [29] It contains all female encounters with men to help the relationship between the two improve better. The Animus is similar to the anima except for the fact that the animus allows a female to understand and communicate with a man.[24] Just like the anima, it is commonly represented in dreams of a woman to help them understand themselves and relationships with men [30] It can be known as part of the collective unconscious' connection with all of the encounters of males with females, like the anima, to improve relationship with males and females. The Persona is to Jung a mere "functional complex ... by no means identical to the individuality",[15] the way we present to the world - a mask which protects the Ego from negative images, and which by postJungians is sometimes considered an "archetype ... as a dynamic/structural component of the psyche".[16] Some view this as the opposite of the shadow which is not entirely true, this is just the face that is put on for the world, not our deepest internal secrets and desires; that is the self. [27]