DFM Design for Manufacturingincorporating design features that make the manufacturing easier, cheaper and/or faster.

Proiectarea pentru fabricaie este arta de inginerie generala de proiectare a produselor. ntr-un limbaj simplu nseamn o relativ uurin pentru fabricarea unui produs, reper sau ansamblu. Etapa de proiectare este foarte importanta n realizarea produsului. Cele mai multe din costurile ciclului de via ale produsului sunt comise la faza de proiectare. De obicei, un inginer de design va crea un model sau desen i-l va trimite la fabricaie pentru reexaminare i feedback. Acest proces este numit ca revizuirea proiectarii. Dac acest proces nu este urmat cu srguin, produsul poate eua n faza de fabricaie, va conduce la proiectarea iterativ, pierdere de timp de fabricaie. Initial sniff test - testarea initiala Evaluating the product to see if it makes sense. May have internal or external evaluations. Benchmarking Comparing one product or service to another product or service, which is the standard in its industry TRIZ Theory of Inventive Problem Solvinga methodology for generating ideas for new systems or refining old systems Pugh analysis A decision-making method of comparing multiple options against multiple criteria Focus group A group of people gathered by marketing departments to seek opinions about a product or service design, ad, packaging, etc. Scorecard - fisa de punctaj O colectie de msurtori despre un produs sau serviciu care urmaresc comportamentul su, performana sau alte caracteristici importante. VOC Voice of the Customerprocess of determining the customers desires and needs by asking them VOC analysis,ad-hoc VOC analysis Voice of the Customerprocess of determining the customers desires and needs by asking them QFD Quality Function Deploymenta group decision-making process that converts the VOC to product features and engineering characteristics with priorities and targets

Product architecture The overall design of the product, including interfaces with other products or systems, incorporation of planned and future options and future extensions of the product line. Frequently results in creation of modules and submodules. BOM Bill of Materialsthe list of subassemblies, parts and raw materials that are part of an assembly, including the quantity required of eachRisk buys Early purchase of long-lead, low-risk items prior to completion of design 3 Phase in / Phase out The planning of the new product introduction and old product obsolescence Cross-functional team Using internal or external people from different disciplines within a company. Typically includes engineering, manufacturing, sales, marketing, finance, service and quality. Change management The techniques for tracking and controlling changes to the product. May use different techniques in the design and manufacturing phases. Risk analysis Identification of those areas of the product and its development, which could have a negative impact on cost or schedule. See DFMEA and PFMEA. Team colocation Locating members of the cross-functional team in the same physical room to improve the interactions. DFMEA, FMEA (Design) Failure Mode and Effects Analysis a method of identifying potential failures in a product or process during the design phase and assessing their effects on the overall product or process. See also Risk Analysis. DOE Design of Experiments a method of gathering information about a product or process that has variation DFMA Design for Manufacturing and Assembly
Incorporarea caracteristicilor de design care pot face fabricaia i montajul simplu, mai ieftin i / sau mai rapid.

DFR Design for Reliability incorporating design features, which improves a products long-term reliability

DFR Solutions works with companies and individuals throughout the life cycle of a product, lending a guiding hand that allows you to focus on creativity and ideas. Our expertise in electronics can provide crucial insights and solutions early in product design, throughout manufacturing, and even into the field Chicken test Un test critic folosit pentru a determina comportamentul unui produs sau proces n condiiile sale cele mai vulnerabile. Numit dup testulfolosit de NASA pentru a simula o pasre lovind un motor de avion. ECRB Engineering Change Review Board a formal meeting involving representatives from different departments to discuss a proposed change to a product or document. Risk mitigation Reducerea riscurilor Msurile luate pentru a minimiza efectele unor evenimente negative cum ar fi ntrzieri n program, ne-funcionare, etc . Se poate face in avans sau, dup care are loc evenimentul. Gage R&R testing Testele de precizie a unui sistem de msurare prin masurarea variabilitatii acestuia. Implic repetabilitatea i reproductibilitatea de piese, scule, metoda i specificaii. Beta test Primul test al produsului n afara companiei. Frecvent facut cu un client-cheie care va oferi un feedback important pentru echipa de produs. ERP Enterprise Resource Planning a system that integrates all of a companys data and processes (manufacturing, payroll, accounting, etc.) into a single software package. MRP Manufacturing Resource Planninga method of planning the needs of all of the resources of a company Process MAPS A description, frequently graphical, defining the steps taken for a given process or processes. Also includes responsible people and measures of success. Post-mortem reviews O verificare formal a produsului, serviciului i a proceselor desfurate n n curs de dezvoltare a produsului sau serviciului dup ce produsul sau serviciul este lansat.

Real-time monitoring The process of monitoring the performance of a product or service in real time after it is launched. Transition / Migration plan Un plan pentru deplasarea clienilor de la produsul care se uzeaza moral, spre un alt produs al companiei Portfolio simplification A reduction of the many variants of a product to reduce the number of different products produced Preliminary obsolescence plan Plan preliminar de de uzur moral Planul preliminar de uzur moral a produsului sau serviciului prin declanarea unor tranziii cunoscute componente Business Plan / Marketing Strategy The customer business plan and marketing strategy will set the framework for the product quality plan. The business plan may place constraints (for example, timing, cost, investment, product positioning, research and development (R&D) resources) on the team that affect the direction taken. The marketing strategy will define the target customer, the key sales points and key competitors. Design Goals Design goals are a translation of the voice of the customer (VOC) into tentative and measurable design objectives. Preliminary Bill of Material The team should establish a preliminary bill of material based on product/process assumptions and include an early subcontractor list. To identify the preliminary special product/process characteristics, it is necessary to have selected the appropriate design and manufacturing process. Preliminary Process Flow Chart The anticipated manufacturing process should be described using a process flow chart developed from the preliminary bill of material (BOM) and product/process assumptions. Reliability and Quality Goals Reliability goals are established based on customer wants and expectations, program objectives and reliability benchmarksOverall reliability goals should be expressed in terms of probability and confidence limits. Quality goals are targets based on continual improvement . Product Assurance Plan The product assurance plan translates design goals into design requirements. (It) should include, but is not limited to, the following actions:

 Outlining of program requirements Identification of reliability, durability and apportionment/allocation goals and/or requirements Assessment of new technology, complexity, materials, application, environment, packaging, service and manufacturing requirements, or any other factor that may place the program at risk Development of failure mode analysis (FMA) Development of preliminary engineering standards requirements The product assurance plan is an important part of the product quality plan [3]. Management Support This is an APQP deliverable, which emphasizes that internally, the company should inform and renew management support at least at the conclusion of every phase of product quality planning . Design for Manufacturability and Assembly Design for manufacturability and assembly is a simultaneous engineering process designed to optimize the relationship between design function, manufacturability and ease of assemblyAt a minimum, the items listed here should be considered by the product quality planning team : Design, concept, function and sensitivity to manufacturing variation Manufacturing and/or assembly process Dimensional tolerances Performance requirements Number of components Process adjustments Materials handling Design Reviews Design reviews are regularly scheduled meetings led by the suppliers design engineering activity and must include other affected areasA major function of design reviews is the tracking of design verification progress . Prototype Build Control Plan Prototype control plans are a description of the dimensional measurements and material and functional tests that will occur during prototype buildAll prototypes that are the product quality planning teams responsibility should be reviewed to: Assure that the product or service meets specification and report data as required Ensure that particular attention has been given to special product and process characteristics Use data and experience to establish preliminary process parameters and packaging requirements Communicate any concerns, deviations and/or cost impact to the customer Prototype Build The term prototype does not have a standard definition, and each company has a slightly different perspective on its meaning. In general, the prototype is built to generate a physical property for engineering testing. Almost always, the prototype is not built using production tooling and equipment, so it serves limited (but still useful)

manufacturing learning. If the prototype is being built for use by a customer who is validating their own product, it is very important that the prototype meets specification and is in compliance with the prototype build control plan. Engineering Drawings (including Math Data) Engineering drawings are representation of the product and processes as drawings, math data or other means. Engineering drawings may include special (governmental regulatory and safety) characteristics that must be shown on the control plan. Engineering Specifications Engineering specifications include the controlling specifications that identify the parameters for functionality, durability and appearance of the subject product. In the engineering test section of a specification, there will be included acceptance criteria of these parameters of the product. ECO (Engineering Change Order) This is a document that initiates engineering to change drawings or specifications for a part. Some companies use other terms such as ECR (engineering change request). Companies often have to maintain a rigorous tracking of their changes through a configuration management activity. Packaging Standards The customer will usually have packaging standards that should be incorporated into any packaging specifications for the product. If none are provided, the packaging design should ensure product integrity at point of use . Floor-Plan Layout The floor plan should be developed and reviewed to determine the acceptability of inspection points, control chart location, applicability of visual aids, interim repair stations and storage areas to contain defective material. All material flow should be keyed to the process flow chart and control plan . Process Flow Charts The process flow chart is a schematic representation of the current or proposed process flow. It can be used to analyze sources of variations of machines, materials, methods and manpower from the beginning to end of a manufacturing or assembly process. It is used to emphasize the impact of sources of variation on the process . New Equipment, Tooling and Facilities Requirements The DFMEA, product assurance plan and/or design reviews may identify new equipment and facilities requirements. (Activities must be in place to) assure that the new equipment and tooling is capable and delivered on time . Process FMEA A PFMEA should be conducted during product quality planning and before beginning production. It is a disciplined review and analysis of a new/revised process and is conducted to anticipate, resolve or monitor potential process problems for a new/ revised product program. A PFMEA is a living document and needs to be reviewed and updated as new failure modes are discovered .

Design Verification Design verification verifies that the product design meets the customer requirements derived from the activities (plan and define program) . Process Instructions process instructions provide sufficient detail for all operating personnel who have direct responsibility for the operation of the processes. These instructions should be developed from the following sources : FMEAs Control plan(s) Engineering drawings, performance specifications, material specifications, visual standards and industry standards Process flowchart Floor-plan layout Characteristics matrix Packaging standards Process parameters Producer expertise and knowledge of the processes and products Handling requirements Operators of the process Pre-Launch Control Plan: A description of the dimensional measurements and material and functional test that will occur after prototype and before full production. The pre-launch control plan should include additional product/process controls to be implemented until the production process is validated. The purpose of the pre-launch control plan is to contain potential nonconformances during or prior to initial production runs Pilot Run The term pilot does not have a standard definition, and each company has a slightly different perspective on its meaning. In general, the pilot is built to generate further physical properties for engineering testing. If the pilot is built on production tooling, it can serve as a manufacturing validation activity where process capability is assessed. Because most companies do not build their pilot builds at production rate, with production operators or at production rate, they would not be acceptable for use as final production validation activity, which happens during the production trial run. Preliminary Process Capability Study The characteristics identified in the control plan will serve as the basis for the preliminary process capability study plan . Packaging Evaluation Customer packaging standards or generic packaging requirements should be used when appropriate. In all cases, the packaging design must assure that the product performance and characteristics will remain unchanged during packing, transit and unpacking. The packaging should have compatibility with all material handling equipment, including robots.

Comercialization / Sustaining Tooling and Equipment Repair/Rebuild Sometimes, manufacturing tooling and equipment needs to be repaired or rebuilt. When this happens, certain rigorous steps are required to revalidate the repair and assure that the parts made from the repaired tooling and equipment does not adversely affect downstream operations. Production Part Approval If the product customer is another manufacturer who requires the use of the production part approval process, a new production part approval must be sought once the manufacturing equipment or tooling is repaired, rebuilt or remanufactured