Determinants

Consider the system of liner equations:

a
1
x + b
1
y = c
1

a
2
x + b
2
y = c
2
,
If a
1
b
2
a
2
b
1
= 0, the above equations will have a unique solution
2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
b c b c a c a c
,
a b a b a b a b
| |
|
\ .

The expression a
1
b
2
a
2
b
1
plays a very important part in the solution of
simultaneous equations and is denoted as
1 1
1 2 2 1
2 2
a b
a b a b
a b
=
It is called a determinant of second order.
If refers to a square matrix
1 1
2 2
a b
a b
| |
|
\ .

In other words every square matrix A corresponds to a unique number, which is
called its determinant and is denoted by |A| or det (A).
While matrix is an ordered arrangement of numbers, and has no value, its
determinant has a definite value.
Determinant of a square matrix
(1) Let A = [a], |A| = |a| = a
(2) Let A =
1 2 1 1
1 2 2 1
2 2 2 2
a b a b
, A a b a b
a b a b
(
= =
(



(3) Let A =
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
a b c
a b c ,
a b c
(
(
(
(


|A| =
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 3 3 2 1 2 3 3 2 1 2 3 3 2
a b c b c b a c a c c a b a b +
expansion of |A| along the first row.
=
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1
3 3 3 3 3 3
b c a c a b
a b c
b c a c a b
+
Minor of a element of a determinant
Minor of an element of a determinant is the value of the determinant obtained
on assuming the row and column of the element as removed.
Thus, the minor of the element
a
1
in
1 1 1
2 2
2 2 2 2 3 3 2
3 3
3 3 3
a b c
b c
a b c is b c b c
b c
a b c
=
Minor of a
2
in
1 1 1
1 1
2 2 2 1 3 3 1
3 3
3 3 3
a b c
b c
a b c is b c b c
b c
a b c
=
Minor of b
3
in
1 1 1
1 1
2 2 2 1 2 2 1
2 2
3 3 3
a b c
b c
a b c a c a c
a c
a b c
=
In fact the determinant can be expressed in terms of the elements of a row or
column and the corresponding minors

let D =
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
a b c
a b c
a b c

=
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 3 3 2 1 2 3 3 2 1 2 3 3 2
a b c b c b a c a c c a b a b +
= a
1
(minor a
1
) b
1
(minor of b
1
) c
1
(minor of c
1
) ...(i)
We also find that
D = a
2
(b
1
c
3
b
3
c
1
) + b
2
(a
1
c
3
a
3
c
1
) C
2
(a
1
b
3
a
3
b
1
)
= a
2
(minor of a
2
) + b
2
(minor of b
2
) c
2
(minor of c
2
) ...(ii)
similarly D = a
3
(minor of a
3
) b
3
(minor of b
3
) + c
3
(minor of c
3
) ...(iii)
Also D = a
1
(minor of a
1
) a
2
(minor of a
2
) + a
3
(minor of a
3
) ...(iv)
= b
1
(minor of b
1
) + b
2
(minor of b
2
) b
3
(minor of b
3
) ...(v)
= c
1
(minor of c
1
) c
2
(minor of c
2
) + c
3
(minor of c
3
) ...(iv)
Thus a detent can be expressed with the help of the elements of any row of
elements of as a column, but we have to be careful about the prefer sign.
Consider the defind
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
a b c
a b c ,
a b c

Sign scheme
+ +
+
+ +


For example all element is at ijth place, then to proper sign is (+)
i+j

If it is at 1, 1 place proper sign = ( 1)
1+1
= + 1.
Working Rule :
(1) Expansion of determinant can be obtained with the help of any row or any
column.
(2) Expansion with the help of that line will be convenient, which has maximum
number of zeros.
(3) Write the elements a line along with their proper signs, multiply them by their
minors and their sum is the value of the determinant.
Cofactors of an element

Cofactor of an element of a determinant is the coefficient of that element in the
expansion of the determinant. If is equal to the minor of that element alongwith
with its proper sign.
We have D =
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
a b c
a b c
a b c

=
2 2 1 1 1 1
1 2 3
3 3 3 3 2 2
b c b c b c
a a a
b c b c b c
+
cofactors of a
1
, a
2
, a
3
are
2 2 1 1 1 1
3 3 3 3 2 2
b c b c b c
, ,
b c b c b c

We denote the cofactors of a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, b
1
, ... as A
1
, A
2
, A
3
, B
1
, ...

We find the cofactors of an element equal to their corresponding minor
multiplied by proper sign of the element.
Consider the following example
D =
2 1 3
4 2 5
3 1 7

We find the cofactors of the elements R
2

cofactor of 4 =
| |
1 3
7 3 10
1 7

= =
Cofactor of (2) =
2 1 3
2 3
4 2 5 14 9 23
3 7
3 1 7

+ = + =

Cofactor of (5) = | |
2 1
2 3 1
3 1

= =
+

2 1 3
4 2 5
3 1 7

D = 4 (cofactor of 4) + (2)(cofactor of 6) + (5)(cofactor of 5)
= 4(10) + (2)(23) + (5)(+1)
= 40 46 5 = 11
We find the cofactors of the elements of C
3


cofactor of 3 =
2 1 3
4 2
4 2 5 4 6 2
3 1
3 1 7

= + = =

cofactor of 5 = ( ) | |
2 1 3
2 1
1 4 2 5 2 3 1
3 1
3 1 7

= = = +

cofactor of 7 = ( )
2 1 3
2 1
4 2 5 4 4 0
4 2
3 1 7

+ = = + =

D = 3 cofactor 3 + (5) cofactor of (5) + 7 cofactor of 7
= 3(2) + (5)(1) + 7(0)
= 6 5 + 0 = 11
Thus, we observe
D = a
1
(cofactor of a
1
) + a
2
(cofactor of a
2
) + a
3
(cofactor of a
3
)
= b
1
(cofactor of b
1
) + b
2
(cofactor of b
2
) + b
3
(cofactor of b
3
)
and so on.
Hence, the sum of the products of the elements of a line (row or column) and
their corresponding cofactor is equal to value of the determinant.
Sarrus Diagram
Let D =
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
a b c
a b c
a b c


A very simple method for finding the value of a determinant is given below. If is
known a sarrus Diagram.
D =
1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3
a b c a b
a b c a b
a b c a b

We introduce the elements of first and second column as fourth and fifth column
as shown above. We take the sum of products of the elements along the diagonal
parallel to main diagonal and subtract the sum of the products of the elements
along the remaining three diagonals.
Following example will show the working of this method.
3 0 2 3 0 2 3 0
1 1 5 1 1 5 1 1
4 2 6 4 2 6 4 2
=
= [(3 1 6) + (0 5 4) + 2(1)(2)] [(4 1 2) + (2 5 3) + (6 1) 10)]
= (18 + 0 4) (8 + 30 + 0)
= 14 38 = 24
Properties of Determinants :
1. (a) The determinant of a zero matrix is zero.
(b) The determinant of a matrix, whose all entries in any row or a column are
zeros is zero.
Consider D
1
=
1 1 1
2 2 2
a b c
0 0 0
a b c
or
1 1
2 2 2
3 3
a b 0
D a b 0
a b 0


If we expand D
1
with the help of R
2
, we get all zero terms. Hence D
1
= 0.
Similarly if we expand D
2
with the help of C
3

We get all zero terms, Hence D
2
= 0
Thus, the property is verified.
(2) (a) The determinant of a triangular matrix is obtained by the product of the
elements in the main diagonal.
(b) The determinant of a diagonal matrix is equal to the product of the elements
on the main diagonal.
Explanation :
(a) D
1
=
a b c
0 d e ,
0 0 f
expanding with the help of C
1

= a [df 0] 0 + 0 = adf.
(b) D
2
=
a 0 0
b c e ,
d e f
expanding with the help of R
1
,
= a[cf 0] 0 + 0 = acf.
(3) If rows and columns of a determinant are interchanged, the value of the
detent remains unaltered.
equivalently, if A is any square matrix,
det (A) = det (A)

Explanation :
Let D =
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
a b c
a b c
a b c

= a
1
(b
2
c
3
b
3
c
2
) b
1
(a
2
c
3
a
3
c
2
) + c
1
(a
2
b
3
a
3
b
2
)
Here we have
let D be obtained by changing rows into columns, we get
D =
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
a a a
b b b
c c c

= a
1
(b
2
c
3
b
3
c
2
) a
2
(b
1
c
3
b
3
c
1
) + a
3
(a
2
b
3
a
3
b
2
)
= a
1
(b
2
c
3
b
3
c
2
) b
1
(a
2
c
3
a
3
c
2
) + c
1
(a
2
b
3
a
3
b
2
)
= D
which proves the result.
(4) If we interchange any two parallel lines (rows or columns) of a determinant,
the value of the determinant changes in sign only (magnitude remains the same).
Explanation :
Let D =
1 1 1
1 2 2
3 3 3
a b c
a b c
a b c

= a
1
(b
2
c
3
b
3
c
2
) b
1
(a
2
c
3
a
3
c
2
) + c
1
(a
2
b
3
a
3
b
2
)

let D
1
is obtained by interchanging the elements R
2
and R
3

D
1
=
1 1 1
3 3 3
2 2 2
a b c
a b c
a b c

= a
1
(b
3
c
2
b
2
c
3
) b
2
(a
3
c
2
a
2
c
3
) + c
1
(a
3
b
3
a
2
b
3
)
= [a
1
(b
2
c
3
b
3
c
2
) b
1
(a
2
c
3
a
3
c
2
) + c
1
(a
2
b
3
a
3
b
2
)]
= D, which shows the result.
Note : (1) This operation is denoted by R
2
R
3
.
(2) This applies tot he interchange any two rows or any two columns but not a
row or a column.
(5) If two parallel lines (two rows or two columns) have identical elements, the
value of the determinant is zero.
Explanation :
Let D =
1 1 1
2 2 2
2 2 2
a b c
a b c
a b c

Here R
2
and R
3
have identical elements
= a
1
(b
2
c
2
b
2
c
2
) b
1
(a
2
c
2
a
2
c
2
) + c
1
(a
2
b
2
a
2
b
2
) = 0
D
1
=
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
a b a
a b a
a b a


Here C
1
and C
3
have identical elements.
= a
1
(b
2
a
3
b
3
a
2
) b
1
(a
2
a
3
a
2
a
3
) + a
1
(a
2
b
3
a
2
b
3
)
= a
1
(a
2
b
3
a
3
b
2
) 0 + a
1
(a
2
b
3
a
2
b
3
)
= 0
which shows the result.
(6) If the elements of a line (row or column) are multiplied by a constant K, then
the whole detest gets multiplied by that constant.
Explanation :
Let D =
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
a b c
a b c
a b c

= a
1
(b
2
c
3
b
3
c
2
) b
1
(a
2
c
3
a
3
c
2
) + c
1
(a
2
b
3
a
3
b
2
)
let D
1
=
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
a b c
Ka Kb Kc ,
a b c
All the elements of Row 2 have been multiplied by K.
D
1
= a
1
(Kb
2
c
2
Kb
3
c
2
) b
1
(Ka
3
c
3
Ka
3
c
2
) + c
1
(Ka
2
b
3
Ka
2
b
3
)
= K[D]
Cor. (1) We have prove D
1
= KD

1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
a b c a b c
Ka Kb Kc K a b c
a b c a b c
=

This suggests that we can pull out a common factor from the elements of any row
or a column.
(ii) This property is different from the property of matrices, where multiplying a
constant (scalar) means to multiply all the elements of the matrix.
(iii) If we multiply R
2
by K
1
and C
3
by l, then the whole det. gets multiplied by l, k.
(iv) If two parallel lines of a detents are proportional then the value of the
determinant is zero.
D =
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
a b c
a b c
a b c

where the elements of R
1
and R
3
are proportional
let
1 1 1
3 3 3
a b c
a b c
= = =
a
1
=

a
3
, b
1
= b
3
,

c = c
3

D =
3 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
a b c a b c
a b c a b c .0 0
a b c a b c

= = =
(7) If each element of a row or column of a determinant consists of two terms
each, then the determinant can be exposed as the sum of two determinants.
Explanation

let D =
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
a x b y c z
a b c
a b c
+ + =

= (a
1
+ x
1
) (b
2
c
3
b
3
c
2
) (b
1
+ y
1
) (a
2
c
3
a
3
c
2
) + (c
1
+ z
1
) (a
2
b
3
a
3
b
2
)
= a
1
(b
2
c
3
b
3
c
2
) b
1
(a
2
c
3
a
3
c
2
) + c
1
(a
2
b
3
a
3
b
2
)

+ x
1
(b
2
c
3
b
3
c
2
) y(a
2
c
3
a
3
c
2
) + z
1
(a
2
b
3
a
3
b
2
)
=
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
a b c x y z
a b c a b c
a b c a b c
+


Note : (1) If should be noted that the row or column which consists of two terms
each gets split into two determents but the other two parallel lines remain
common to two determinants.
(ii) If there are m term in one column and n terms in another column, the detent
can be split into m n determinants.
(iii) Conversely if there are two determinants having two rows identical, we can
combine them into a single determinant, where in common two rows will remain
with third elements of third row getting added.
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
x y z p q r x p y q z r
a b c a b c a b c
a b c a b c a b c
+ + +
+ =
To understand this, see this property in the reverse way. This can be generalized
to any number of determinants.

(8) If we add the equimultiples of one line (row or columns) of a determent to the
elements of a parallel line, then the value of the determinant remains same.
Explanation :
Let D =
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
a b c
a b c
a b c

let D
1
be obtained by adding K-multiples of the elements of R
3
to the elements of
R
1

D
1
=
1 3 1 3 1 3
2 2 2
3 3 3
a Ka b Kb c Kc
a b c
a b c
+ + +

=
1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
a b c Ka Kb Kc a b c
a b c a b c D K a b c
a b c a b c a b c
+ = +
common factor K have been pulled out from the elements or R
1
.
Cor. (i) The above operation is denoted by R
1
R
1
+ KR
3
.
(ii) We can add the equimultiples of R
2
and the equimultiples of R
3
to the
elements of R
1
without changing the value of the determinant, such an operation
is denoted by
R
1
R
1
+ R
2
+ R
3
(where and are constants multiplies)
(iii) An operation like R
1
KR
1
+ R
2
is wrong.

unless we multiply the whole determinant by
1
K
(K = 0). On applying this
property.
(9) If we multiply the elements of a line by their own cofactors then their sum is
equal to the value of the determinant.
Explanation :
D =
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
a b c
a b c
a b c

let A
1
, B
1
, C
1
, A
2
, are respectively the cofactors of a
1
, b
1
, c
1
, a
2
, in the
determinant D, then
D = a
1
A
1
+ b
1
B
1
+ c
1
C
1

= a
2
A
2
+ b
2
B
2
+ c
2
C
2
= a
3
A
3
+ b
3
B
3
+ c
3
C
3
= a
1
A
1
+ a
2
A
2
+ a
3
A
3

= b
1
B
1
+ b
2
B
2
+ b
3
B
3

= c
1
C
1
+ c
2
C
2
+ c
3
C
3

(i) These are the results, which have already been established while defining
cofactors.
(ii) This property is called the First property of cofactors and follow director, from
the defining of cofactors.

(10) If we multiply the elements of a row column by the corresponding cofactors
of another row column then their sum is zero.
Explanation :
Let D =
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
a b c
a b c
a b c

To show a
1
A
2
+ b
1
B
2
+ c
1
C
2
= 0
L.H.S. = a
1
[ (b
1
c
3
b
3
c
1
)] + b
1
[(a
1
c
3
a
3
c
1
)] + c
1
[(a
1
b
3
a
3
b
1
)]
= a
1
b
1
c
3
+ a
1
b
3
c
1
+ a
1
b
1
c
3
a
3
b
1
c
1
a
1
b
3
c
1
+ a
3
b
1
c
1

= 0
Note : (i) similarly we can prove others.
(ii) In a 3rd order determinant, there are 12 such relations.
(iii) They are called zero relations.
Some of them are :
a
1
A
3
+ b
1
B
3
+ c
1
C
3
= 0
a
2
A
3
+ b
2
B
3
+ c
2
C
3
= 0

a
1
B
1
+ a
2
B
2
+ a
3
B
3
= 0
a
1
C
1
+ a
2
C
2
+ a
3
C
3
= 0 etc. etc.
(ii) The determinant of the product of two matrices is equal to the product of
their determinants.

Let A =
1 1 2 2
1 1 3 2
a b a b
, B
c d c d
( (
=
( (


|A| =
1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1
a b
a d b c
c d
=
|B| =
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
a b
a d b c
c d
=
Now AB =
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
a b a b
c d c d
( (
( (


=
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2
a a b c a b b d
a c d c b c d d
+ +
(
(
+ +


Now, |AB| =
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2
a a b c a b b d
a c d c b c d d
+ +
+ +

=
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2
a a a b b c b d
a c b c a c d c b c d d
+
+ +

=
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2
a a a b a a a b b c b d b c b d
a c b c d c d d a c b c d c d d
+ + +
=
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
a b a b c d c d
a c a d b c b d
a b c d a b c d
+ + +
= 0 + ( )
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2
a c
a d B b c b d 0
c d
+
=
1 1 1 1
a d B b c B
= ( )
1 1 1 1
a d b c B A B =

Thus determinant of the product of two square matrices is equal to product of
their determinants.
(12) The product of to determinants can be obtained by any of the following
rules:
(i) Row Row multiplication
(ii) Row column multiplication
(iii) Column Row multiplication
(iv) Column column multiplication
The above rules can easily be explained as below :
let A and B be two square matrices of the same order then
|A| |B| = |A.B|
Here we perform row column multiplied rule.
= |A| |B|
= |A| |B| = |A B|
Here rows of A with columns of B forms the rule which gives rows of A with the
rows of B.
Hence row multiplication rule is established.
Again |A| |B| = |A| |B|
= |AB|

rows of A with columns of B rule or columns of A with columns of B rule or
columns columns rule is established similarly columns rows rule can also be
established.
(13) If A be any matrix and C be matrix formed by its cofactors then
|C| = |A|
n1
, where n is the order of the detent A.
For n = 3 (3rd ordered detent)
we have to prove
|C| = |A|
2

let A =
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
a b c
a b c
a b c
(
(
(
(


C =
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
A B C
A B C
A B C
(
(
(
(


|A| |C| =
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
a b c A B C
a b c A B C
a b c A B C

=
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 1 3 1 3 1 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3
a A b B c C a A b B c C a A b B c C
a A b B c C a A b B c C a A b B c C
a A b B c C a A b B c C a A b B c C
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +

=
A 0 0
0 A 0 ,
0 0 A


a
1
A
1
+ b
1
B
1
+ c
1
C
1
= a
2
A
2
+ b
2
B
2
+ c
2
C
2

= a
3
A
3
+ b
3
B
3
+ c
3
C
3
= |A|
|A| |C| = |A|
3

|C| = |A|
2

(14) If A is square matrix whose inverse exits.
then |A
1
| =
1
A

Explanation :
We know if A
1
exits, then
A.A
1
= I
|AA
1
| = |I|
|A| |A
1
| = 1
|A
1
| =
1
, A 0
A
=
(15) If we can express the D =
1 2 3
C C C
where C
1
, C
2
, C
3
are three columns containing functions of x then
( )
d
D
dx
=
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
d d d
C C C C C C C C C
dx dx dx
+ +
Note : If the derivative is convenient in row formation, we have similar result for
derivative performing row-wise.

1
1
1 1
2 2 2 2
3 3
3
3
d
R
R
R R
dx
d d
R R R R
dx dx
R R d
R
R
dx
= + +
Q.1. If
( )
2 2
3
2 2 2 2
2 2
1 a b 2ab 2b
2ab 1 a b 2a 1 a b
2b 2b 1 a b
+
+ = + +


then =
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1.
Sol.
2 2
2 2
2 2
1 a b 2ab 2b
2ab 1 a b 2a
2b 2b 1 a b
+
+


operate
1 1 3 2 1 3
C C bC , C C aC . +
=
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1ta b 0 2b
0 1 a b 2a
b 1ta b a 1ta b 1 a b
+
+ +
+ +

=
( )
2
2 2
2 2
1 0 2b
1ta b 0 1 2a
b a 1 a b

+


=
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2 2
1ta b 1 1 a b 2ab b 2b
(
+ + +



=
( )
3
2 2
1 a b 1 + + =
option 'd' is correct.
Q.2. If
a b b c c a a b c
b c c a a b b c a ,
c a a b b c c a b
+ + +
+ + + =
+ + +

then equals
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4.
Sol.
a b b c c a
b c c a a b 0
c a a b b c
+ + +
+ + + =
+ + +

By using, Row Row multiplication rule, we could breakup, the given determent
as =
1 1 0 a b c
0 1 1 b c a
1 0 1 c a b

=
( ) ( )
a b c a b c
1 1 0 1 0 1 b c a 2 b c a
c a b c a b
( =


Hence 2 =
Q.3. If
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
x a x b x c
y a y b y c
z a z b z c





=
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x y y z z x a b b c c a
where =
(a) 1 (b) -1 (c) 2 (d) -2
Sol. The given determent is
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
x a x b x c
y a y b y c
z a z b z c



=
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
x 2ax a x 2bx b x 2cx c
y 2ay a y 2by b y 2cy c
z 2az a z 2bz b z 2cz c
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +

=
2 2
2 2
2 2
x 2x 1 1 a a
y 2y 1 1 b b
z 2z 1 1 c c

=
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2
x x 1
2 y y 1 a b b c c a
z z 1

=
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2
1 x x
2 1 y y a b b c c a
1 z z

=
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 x y y z z x a b b c c a

2 =
option 'c' is correct
Q.4.
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
3
a b nc n 1 a n 1 b
n 1 c b c na n 1 b a b c
n 1 c n 1 a c a nb
+ +
+ + = + +
+ +

Where =
(a) n (b) n - 1 (c) n + 1 (d) none of these
Sol.
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
a b nc n 1 a n 1 b
n 1 c b c na n 1 b
n 1 c n 1 a c a nb
+ +
+ +
+ +

operate
1 1 2 3
C C C C . + +
=
( ) ( ) ( )
( ( ) )
( ) ( )
n a b c n 1 a n 1 b
n a b c b c na n 1 b
n a b c n 1 a c a nb
+ +
+ + + +
+ + + +

=
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
1 n 1 a n 1 b
n a b c 1 b c na n 1 b
1 n 1 a c a nb

+ + + +
+ +

operate
2 2 1 3 3 1
R R R , R R R
=
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
1 n 1 a n 1 b
n a b c 0 a b c 0
0 0 a b c

+ + + +
+ +


(upper triangular)
=
( )
3
n a b c + +
n =
= option 'a'
Q. If A =
ax by cz ay bx cx az
ay bx by cz ax bz cy , then
cx az bz cy cz ax by
+ +
+ + A
+ +
is divisible
by
(a) x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
(b) a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
(c) ax + by + cz (d) none of these
A=
ax by cz ay bx cx az
ay bx by cz ax bz cy
cx az bz cy cz ax by
+ +
+ +
+ +

operate
1 1 2 3
1
C xC yC zC
x
+ + (


=
( )
( )
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
a x y z ay bx cx az
1
b x y z by cz ax bz cy
x
c x y z bz cy cz ax by
+ + + +
+ + +
+ + +

=
2 2 2
a ay bx cx az
x y z
b by cz ax bz cy
x
c bz cy cz ax by
+ +
+ +
+
+


Now operate
1 1 2 3
1
R aR bR cR
a
+ + (


=
( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
a b c y a b c z a b c
x y z
b by cz ax bz cy
ax
c bz cy cz ax by
+ + + + + +
+ +
+
+

=
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 y z
x y z a b c
b by cz ax bz cy
ax
c bz cy cz ax by
+ + + +
+
+

Now operate
2 2 1 3 3 1
R R bR , R R cR
=
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 y z
x y z a b c
0 ax cz cy
ax
0 bz ax by
+ + + +



=
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
x y z a b c
a x axby axcz bycz bycz
ax
+ + + +
(
+ + +


=
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
x y z a b c ax by cz + + + + + +
Hence (a), (b), (c) are all correct options
Q.6. If
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2bc a c b
c 2ca b a
b a 2ab c

=
( )
2
3 3 3
a b c 3abc + +
then =

(a) 1 (b) 2(c) 3(d) 4.
Sol.
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2bc a c b
c 2ca b a
b a 2ab c

=
a b c a c b
b c a b a c
c a b c b a

Row Row multiple rule

=
( )
2 3
a b c a c b
b c a 1 b a c C C
c a b c b a

=
( )
2
a b c a b c a b c
b c a 1 b c a b c a
c a b c a b c a b
=
=
( )
2
3 3 3
a b c 3abc + +
1 =
option (a) is correct
The value of the determinant
Q.7.
2 2
2 2
2 2
bc b bc c bc
a ac ac c ac
a ab b ab ab
+ +
+ +
+ +


= (a)
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
a b c ab bc ca + + + + (b)
( )
3
2 2 2
a b c + +
(c)
( )
3
ab bc ca + + (d)
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
a b c ab bc ca + + + +
Consider
2 2
2 2
2 2
bc b bc c bc
a ac ac c ac
a ab b ab ab
+ +
+ +
+ +

Multiply R
1
by a, R
2
by b and R
3
by c, we get
=
2 2
2 2
2 2
abc ab abc ac abc
1
a b abc abc bc abc
abc
a c abc cb abc abc
+ +
+ +
+ +

Now, pull out 'a' common from C
1
, b from C
2
, C from C
2

=
bc ab ac ac ab
1
abc ab bc ac bc ab
abc
ac bc bc ac ab
+ +
+ +
+ +

operate R
1
+ R
2
+ R
3

=
ab bc ca ab bc ca ab bc ca
ab bc ac bc ab
ac bc bc ac ab
+ + + + + +
+ +
+ +

=
( )
1 1 1
ab bc ca ab bc ac bc ab
ac bc bc ac ab
+ + + +
+ +


1 1 3 2 3 3
C C C , C C C
=
( ) ( )
0 0 1
ab bc ca 0 ab cb ca bc ab
ab bc ac ab ac ab ab
+ + + + +
+ + + +

=
( ) ( )
2
ab bc ca ab bc ca + + + +
=
( )
3
ab bc ca + +
option (c) is correct
Q.8. If
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
a b c
a b c
a 1 b 1 c 1 a b c , then
1 1 1
a 1 b 1 c 1
+ + + = =


(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4.
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
a b c
a b c
a 1 b 1 c 1 4a 4b 4c
a 1 b 1 c 1 a 1 b 1 c 1
+ + + =


2 2 3
operate R R R
=
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
a b c
4 a b c
a 1 b 1 c 1

3 3 1 2
operate R R R 2R +

=
2 2 2
a b c
4 a b c
1 1 1

4 =
option ' d' iscorrect
The value of
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
2 3
2 2
2
2 2
b c a a
b c a b a b c , where
c c a b
+
+ = + +
+

= (a) abc (b) 2abc (c) 4abc (d) none of these
Sol.
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
b c a a
b c a b
c c a b
+
+
+

1 1 3 2 2 3
operate C C C andC C C
=
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2
b c a b c a 0 a
0 c a b c a b b
c a b c a b c a b c a b a b
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + +


=
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
b c a 0 a
a b c 0 c a b b
c a b c a b a b
+
+ + +
+

operate
3 1 2
R R R
=
( )
2
2
2
b c a 0 a
a b c 0 c a b b
2b 2a 2ab
+
+ + +


1 1 2 2
C aC C bC
=
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
b c a a 0 a
a b c
0 b c a b b
ab
2ab 2ab 2ab
+
+ +
+


= operate
1 1 3 2 2 3
C C C C C C + +
=
( )
2 2
2
2 2
ab ac a a
a b c
b bc ab b
ab
0 0 2ab
+
+ +
+
=
( )
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2ab
a b c
ab c abc a b a bc a b
ab
+ +
(
+ + +


= 2abc (a+b+c)
3

2abc =
option (b) is correct

Q.10. If A,B,C are the angles of a triangle, then, the value of
1 cosC cosB
cosC 1 cos A
cosB cos A 1

(a) cos A cos B cos C (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) none of these.
Sol.
1 cosC cosB
cosC 1 cos A
cosB cos A 1

=
2
1 1 cos A cosC cosc cosAcosB
(
(



cosB cosAcosC cosB + + (


=
2 2 2
sin A cos C cos B 2cosA cosB cosC + + +
=
( )
2 2 2
cos B sin A cos C 2cosA CosB cosC + +
=
( ) ( )
2
cos A B cos A B cos C 2cosA cosB cosC + + +
=
( )
2
cosC cos A B cos C 2cosA cosB cosC + +
=
( )
cosC cos A B cosC 2cosA cosB ( + +


=
( ) ( ) ( )
cosC cos A B cosC cos A B cos A B ( + + + +


=
( )
cosC cosC cos A B ( + +


=
( )
cosC cosC cos C ( + t



= cosC cosC cosC (


= cos (C) [0] = 0
Hance option (C) is correct
Q.11. The value of
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
2 3
2 2
2
2 2
b c c b
c c a a ab bc ca
b a a b
+
+ = + +
+

where =
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
Sol.
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
b c c b
c c a a
b a a b
+
+
+

Multiply C
1
by a
2
, C
2
by b
2
and C
3
by C
2
,
we get
=
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
ab ac bc bc
1
ac bc ab ac
a b c
ab ab ac bc
+
+
+

operate
1 1 3 2 2 3
C C C and C C C , we get

=
2 2 2
1
a b c

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2
ab ac bc ab ac bc 0 bc
0 bc ab ac bc ab ac ac
ab ac bc ab ac bc ab ac bc ab ac bc ac bc
+ + +
+ + +
+ + + + +

=
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
2 2 2
2
ab ac bc 0 bc
ab bc ca
0 bc ab ac ac
a b c
ab ac bc ab ac bc ac bc
+
+ +
+
+

Now operate R
3
-R
1
-R
2

=
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
2 2 2
2
ab ac bc 0 bc
ab bc ca
0 bc ab ac ac
a b c
2ac 2bc 2abc
+
+ +
+
+

operate
1 1 2
C bc.C ,C ac
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
ab c abc bc 0 bc
ab bc ca
0 abc a bc ac ac
a b c .bc.ac
2abc 2abc 2abc
+
+ +
+


operate
1 1 3 2 2 3
C C C , C C C + +

=
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
3 3 3
2
ab c abc bc bc
ab bc ca
ac abc a bc ac
c a b c
0 0 2abc
+
+ +
+
=
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2 2
3 3 3
b bc bc bc
ab bc ca
.2abc .ac.bc ac ac a ac
c a b c
0 0 1
+
+ +
+
=
( )
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 ab bc ca
ab c abc a bc a b abc
ab
+ +
(
+ + +


=
( )
( ) ( )
2
3
2 ab bc ca
.ab bc ac ab 2 ab bc ca
ab
+ +
+ + = + +
2 =
Q.12. If
1 1 1
, , ,.....
a a d a 2d + +
form an H.P. an represents its with ten, then
1 1 2 2 3
4 2 3 2
2 2 3 3 4 1 2 3 4 5
3 3 4 4 5
a a a a a
a a a a a a a a a a a
a a a a a
=
where =
(a)2 (b) 3 (c)4 (d) none of these
Sol.
1 2 3 4 5
1 1 1 1 1
a ,a ,a ,a ,a
a a d a 2d a 3d a 4d
= = =
+ + + +


D =
1 1 2 2 3
2 2 3 3 4
3 3 4 4 5
a a a a a
a a a a a
a a a a a

=
( ) ( )
( )
2 3 3 1
1 2 3 2 3 4
3 4 5 3 4 4 2
4 5 5 3
1 1 1
a a a a
a a a a a a
1 1 1
a a a a a a a
1 1 1
a a a a

=
2 3 3 1
2 3 2
1 2 3 4 5
3 4 4 2
4 5 5 3
1 1 1
a a a a
1 1 1
a a a a a
a a a a
1 1 1
a a a a

E =
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
a d a 2d a 2d a
a 2d a 3d a 3d a d
a 3d a 4d a 4d a 2d
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + +

operate
2 2 1 3 3 2
R R R , R R R
=
2 2
2
2
a 3ad 2d a 2d a
2ad 4d d d
2ad 6d d d
+ + +
+
+

operate R
3
R
2

=
2 2
2
2
a 3ad 2d a 2d a
2ad 4d d d
2d 0 0
+ + +
+
=
2 2
2d ad 2d ad
(
+


= + 4d
2

Hence 4 =
( )
option c is correct
Q.8. If a, b, c are different, then the value of x,
satisfying
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
=

2 2 2
1 1 1
x a x b x c 0
x b x c x c x a x a x b
is
(a) a + b + c (b)
+ + a b c
2
(c)
+ + a b c
3
(d) none of these.
Sol. Let x a = A, x b = B, x c = C, we get
=
2 2 2
1 1 1
A B C 0
BC CA AB

Multiplying C
1
by A, C
2
by B, C
3
by C, we get
=
3 3 3
A B C
1
A B C 0
ABC
ABC ABC ABC


=
3 3 3
A B C
A B C 0
1 1 1

Extracting ABC as common facts from R
3

Now operate
1 1 2 2 2 3
C C C , and C C C , we get

=
3 3 3 3 3
A B B C C
A B B C C 0
0 0 1

( ) ( )
=
+ + + +
2 2 2 2
1 1
A B B C 0
A AB B B BC C

( ) ( )
(
+ + =

2 2 2 2
A B B C B C BC A B AB 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+ + = A B B C C A A B C 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
= b a c b a c 3x a b c 0
But (b a) (c b) (a c) = 0
as, a, b, c are different
= 3x a b c 0
+ +
=
a b c
or x
3

option (c) is correct.
Q.9. If o | , , are the roots of

+ =
3 2
x px qx r 0
such they are different and
o o o
| | | =

3 4
3 4
3 4
1
1 0, then
1

(a) p = qr (b) q = pr (c) r = pq (d) none of these.
Sol. o | + =
3 2
, , are the roots of x px qx r 0
o + | + = o + | + o = o| = p, p q, r,
But
o o o o o
| | | + | | =

3 4 3
3 4 3
3 4 3
1
1 0
1

( )
o o o o
o| | | = | | =

3 3 3
2 3 3
2 3 3
1 1
1 1 1 0
1 1

o | o | o | o |
o| | | | | =

2 2 3 3 3 3
2 2 3 3 3 3
2 3 3
0 0
0 0 0
1 1

( ) ( )
o| o | p
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
(
o + | | + | + | + o + o| + | o | |

2 2 2 2

( ) ( )
(
| + + o + o + =

2 2 2
p p p 0

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
o| o | o o| + | + o p
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
o | | o o + | + = 0
o | = | = o = 0, 0, 0
as o | , , are different
We divide by
( ) ( ) ( )
o | | o
( ) ( )
o o + + o o + + = 0
= r.p p 0
p = qr
option (a) is correct.
Q.10. If a + b + c = 0

a x c b
c b x a 0
b a c x

then the nonzero roots of the above equation is given by :
(a)
( )
+ +
2 2 2
1
a b c
2
(b)
( )
+ +
2 2 2
a b c (c) + +
2 2 2
3
a b c
2
(d)
( )
+ +
2 2 2
3
a b c
2


Sol.

a x c b
c b x a 0
b a c x

operate + +
1 1 2 3
C C C C
and a + b + c x = x as a + b + c = 0

=

x c b
x b x a 0
x a c x

( )
=

1 c b
x 1 b x a 0
1 a c x

But x = 0 for
=

1 c b
1 b x a 0
1 a c x

( ) ( )
+ + = ( (

2
b x c x a c x a b a b x 0
( )
+ + + + + + =
2 2 2 2
x b c x bc a c cx ac ab b bx 0
( ) ( )
= + + + +
2 2 2 2
x a b c ab bc ca
But a + b = c = 0
+ = + + + =
2 2 2
a b c 2ab 2ac 2bc 0

( )
+ + = + +
2 2 2
1
ab bc ca a b c
2

Thus
( ) ( )
= + + + + +
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1
x a b c a b c
2

( )
= + +
2 2 2 2
3
x a b c
2

( )
= + +
2 2 2
3
x a b c
2

which shows option (d) is correct.
Q.11. The value of u lying between 0 and
t
2
and satisfying the equation
+ u u u
u + u u =
u u + u
2 2
2 2
2 2
1 sin cos 4 sin 4
sin 1 cos 4 sin 4 0
sin cos 1 4 sin 4

(a)
t 7
24
(b)
t 5
24
(c)
t 11
24
(d)
t
24

Sol. Given
+ u u u
u + u u =
u u + u
2 2
2 2
2 2
1 sin cos 4 sin 4
sin 1 cos 4 sin 4 0
sin cos 1 4 sin 4

operate + +
1 1 2 3
C C C C , we get,
+ u u u
+ u + u u =
+ u u + u
2 4
2
2
2 4 sin 4 cos 4 sin
2 4 sin 4 1 cos 2 sin 0
2 4 sin 4 cos 1 4 sin 4


( )
u u
+ u + u u =
u + u
2
2
2
1 cos 4 sin 4
2 4 sin 4 1 1 cos 4 sin 4 0
1 cos 1 4 sin 4

operate
2 2 1
R R R

3 3 1
R R R
( )
u u
= + u =
2
1 cos 4 sin 4
2 4 sin 4 0 1 0 0
0 0 1

( ) ( )
+ u = 2 4 sin 1 0
t t t | | | |
u = = = t + = t
| |
\ . \ .
1
sin 4 sin sin sin 2
2 6 6 6

t t
=
7 11
sin or sin
6 6

t t
u =
7 11
4 or
6 6

t t
u =
7 11
or
24 24

options (a) and (c) are correct.
Q.12. The value of
u u
u u u
u u u
3
3
2 3
1 sin3 sin
2cos sin6 sin 3
4cos 1 sin9 sin 3
is equal to

(a) 0 (b) u u + u (

u
1
sin9 2sin6 sin3
sin3

(c) u u + u (

u
1
sin9 2sin6 sin3
sin
(d) None of these
Sol.
u u
u u u
u u u
3
3
2 3
1 sin3 sin
2cos sin6 sin 3
4cos 1 sin9 sin 3

Multiplying C
1
by sin u, + u = u 2cos sin sin2 ,
( ) ( )
(
u u = u u = u

2 2
sin 4cos 1 sin 4 1 sin 1 sin3
u u u
= u u u
u
u u u
3
3
3
sin sin3 sin
1
sin2 sin6 sin 2
sin
sin3 sin9 sin 3

operate (
1 1 3
1
C 3C 4C
3

u u u u
= u u u u
u
u u u u
3 3
3 3
3 3
3sin 4sin sin3 sin
1
3sin2 4sin 2 sin6 sin 2
3sin
3sin3 4sin 3 sin9 sin 3

u u u
= u u u
u
u u u
3
3
3
sin3 sin3 sin
1
sin6 sin6 sin 2
3sin
sin9 sin9 sin 3

= 0
option (a).

Q.13. The value of the determinate
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )



cos A P cos A Q cos A R
cos B P cos B Q cos B R
cos C P cos C Q cos C R
is equal to
(a) cos A cos B cos C cos P cos Q cos R
(b) cos 2A cos 2B cos 2C cos 2P cos 2Q cos 2R
(c) sin 2B sin 2C sin 2A sin 2P sin 2Q sin 2R
(d) None of these.
Sol.
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )



cos A P cos A Q cos A R
cos B P cos B Q cos B R
cos C P cos C Q cos C R


=

cos AcosP sinAsinP cos AcosQ sinAsinQ cos AcosR sinAsinR
cosBcos sinBsinP cosBcosQ sinBsinQ cosBcos sinBsinR
cosCcosP sinCsinP cosCcosQ sinCsinQ cosCcosR sinCsinR

= =

cos A sinA 0 cosP sinQ 0

cosB sinB 0 cosQ sinQ 0 0.0
cosC sinC 0 cosR sinR 0

= 0
option (d).
Q.14. If
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3
l m , n ; l , m , n ; l , m , n are the direction cosines of three
mutually perpendicular lines, then the value of

1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
l m n
l m n
l m n
is equal to
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) none of these.
Sol. Let
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
l m n
l m n
l m n
A =
1 1 1 1 1 1
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
l m n l m n
l m n l m n
l m n l m n
A =
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 3 3
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 3
2 2 2
3 1 3 1 3 1 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 3
l m n l l mm n n l l mm mn
l l mm n n l m n l l m m n n
l l m m n n l l m m n n l m n
+ + + + + +
= + + + + + +
+ + + + + +

since l
1
, m
1
, n
1
; l
2
, m
2
, n
2
; l
3
, m
3
, n
3
one D.C. of three mutually lines we have
2 2 2
1 1 1
l m n 1 etc. + + =
1 2 1 2 1 2
l l mm nn 0 etc. + + =
1 0 0
0 1 0 1
0 0 1
= =
2
1 A =
1 or 1 A = +
option (a) or (c).

Q.15. If (a p) (b q) (c r) = 0, and
p b c
a q c 0
a b r
=
then
p q r
p a q b r c
+ + =


(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) (+ 2)
Sol. Given
p b c
a q c 0
a b r
=
multiplying
1
1
C by
p a

2
1
C by
q b

3
1
C by ,
r c
we get
p b c
p a q b r c
a q c
0
p a q b r c
a b c
p a q b r c

=




a b c
1
p a q b r c
a b c
1 0
p a q b r c
a b c
1
p a q b r c
+

+ =

+


of then from
1 x y z
x 1 y z 0
x y 1 z
+
+ =
+

where x =
a b c
, y , z
p a q b r c
= =


operate
1 1 2 3
C C C C + +
we get
1 x y z y z
1 x y z 1 y z 0
1 x y z y 1 z
+ + +
+ + + + =
+ + + +

putting out 1 + x + y + z out for C
1

( )
1 y z
1 x y z 1 1 y z 0
1 y 1 z
+ + + + =
+

operate
2 2 1
R R R
3 3 1
R R R

( )
1 y z
1 x y z 0 1 0 0
0 0 1
+ + + =
1 x y z 0 + + + =
q b c
1 0
p a q b r c
+ + + =


p q r
1 1 1 1 0
p a q b r c
+ + + =


p q r
2
p a q b r c
+ + =


Hence option (d) is correct.
Q.16. If D
r
=
( ) ( )
r 1 r 1 r 1
n n n
2 2 3 4 5
x y z
2 1 3 1 5 1


then
n
r
r 1
D
=

is equal to
(a) x + 2y + 4z (b) 2x + 3y + 5z (c) n(2x 3y + 5z) (d) 0
Sol. D
r
=
( ) ( )
r 1 r 1 r 1
n n n
2 2 3 4 5
x y z
2 1 3 1 5 1



r 1 r 1 r 1
2 2.3 4.5
x y z
P Q R

=
where
n 1 n 1 n 1
P 2 , Q 3 , R 5

= = =

Now
n
r 1 2 3 n
r 1
D D D D D
=
= + + + .+

2 2 2
1 2 4 2. 2.3 4.5 2 2.3 4.5
x y z x y z x y z
P Q R P Q R P Q R
+ + + .
n 1 n 1 n 1
2 2.3 4.5
x y z
P Q R


( ) ( )
2 n 1 2 n 1 2 n 1
n
r
r 1
1 2 2 2 2 1 3 3 3 4 1 5 5 5
D x y z
P Q R

=
+ + + .+ + + + .+ + + + .
=

( )
n
n n
2 3 1
2 1 5 1
4
2 1 3 1 5 1
x y z
P Q R

| |

|

\ .
=
putting break the values of P, Q and R
n n n
n n n
2 1 3 1 5 1
x y z 0
2 1 3 1 5 1

= =


Hence option (d) is correct.
Q.17. If ax + by + cz = 1
bx = cy + az = 0

cx + ay + bz = 0
then
x y z a c b
z x y b a c
y z x c b a
=
(a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 3
Sol.
x y z a c b
z x y b a c
y z x c b a

In the first let.
We operate
2 3
R R
and the II we operate
2 3
C C
to make them compatible.
( ) ( )
x y z a b c
1 y z x b c a 1
z x y c a b
=
Now perform Row Row multiplication rule.
ax by cz bx cy az cx ay bz
by bz cx by cz ax cy ax bx
az bx cy bz cx ay cz ax by
+ + + + + +
= + + + + + +
+ + + + + +

1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
=

= 1
Hence option (a) is correct.
Q.18. if
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
a b c
a b c 10,
a b c
=
then the value
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
2b c c 3a 2a 3b
2a c c 3a 2a 3b
2b c c 3a 2a 3b
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +

is equal to.
(a) 600 (b) 360 (c) 130 (d)120
Sol.
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
2b c c 3a 2a 3b
2a c c 3a 2a 3b
2b c c 3a 2a 3b
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +

=
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
a b c 0 2 1
a b c 3 0 1
a b c 2 3 0

= 10 [ 2( 2) + 1 (9 0)]
= 10 (4 + 9) = 130
Q.19. The value of
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 a b c d ab cd
a b c d 2 a b c d ab c d cd a b
ab cd ab c d cd a b 2abcd
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + +
+ + + +
is

(a) (a + b + c + d)
4
(b) (ab + ac + bc + ad = bd + bc)
2

(c) 4 (a + b)
2
(c + d)
2
(d) none of these.
Sol.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 a b c d ab cd
a b c d 2 a b c d ab c d cd a b
ab cd ab c d cd a b 2abcd
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + +
+ + + +

Splitting it as a product of det. by Row Row Rule
1 1 0 1 1 0
a b c d 0 c d a b 0
ab cd 0 cd ab 0
= + + + +
= 0.0 = 0
Q.20. If
( ) ( )
cos sin 1
sin cos 1 ,
cos sin 1
o o
A = o o
o + u o + u

then the range of A is
(a) 2, 2
(

(b) 2, 2 (


(c) 2 1, 2 1
(
+

(d) 1 2, 1 2
(
+


Sol.
( ) ( )
cos sin 1
sin cos 1
cos sin 1
o o
A = o o
o + u o + u

operate
3 3 1 2
R R cos R sin R , we get u + u

cos sin 1
sin cos 1
0 0 1 cos cos
o o
A = o o
u + u

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
1 sin cos cos sin 1 sin cos = + u u o + u = + u u
1 1
1 2 sin cos
2 2
(
A = + u u
(


1 2 sin
4
t | |
+ u
|
\ .

1 sin 1
4
t | |
s u s
|
\ .

2 2 sin 2
4
t | |
s u s
|
\ .

1 2 1 2 sin 1 2
4
t | |
s + u s +
|
\ .

1 2 1 2 s A s +
Range 1 2, 1 2
(
+


Q.21. If
1 2 3 4 5
t , t , t , t , t be in A.P., with common difference 'd' then
2 3 2 1
4
3 4 3 2
4 5 4 3
t t t t
t t t t d , where is equal
t t t t
=
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

Sol. We know
1 2 3 4 5
t , t , t , t , t are in A.P.
2 1 3 2
t t t t d = = .=
3 1 4 2
t t t t 2d = = .=
Now
2 3 2 1
3 4 3 2
4 5 4 3
t t t t
t t t t
t t t t

operate
2 2 1 3 3 2
R R R , R R R
( )
( )
2 3 2 1
3
3
t t t t
t 2d d d
t 2d d d
=
again operate
3 3 2
R R R
=
( )
2 3 2 1
3
t t t t
t 2d d d
2d d 0 0

expanding with the help of R
3
=
2
2 1
2d . t d t d (


=
( )
2
2 1
2d .d t t
=
4
2d
Hence = 2
option (b) is correct.

Adjoint of a Square Matrix
Set A =
11 12 13
21 22 23
31 32 33
a a a
a a a
a a a
| |
|
|
|
\ .

then we define C = matrix of cofactors. i.e. matrix format by the cofactors of the
elements of A .
=
11 12 13
21 22 23
31 32 33
c c c
c c c
c c c
| |
|
|
|
\ .

where is = cofactors of adj in A .
Adjoint of square matrix A is now defined as the transpose of A and is denoted by
adj (A) = C'.
A similar definition is stated for 2 2 matrix or any other square matrix of higher
order.
Theorem : If A is a square matrix, then
A. adj (A) = adj (A). A = A . I.
Proof : Let A =
11 12 13
21 22 23
31 32 33
a a a
a a a
a a a
| |
|
|
|
\ .

Set c is represent the cofactor of adj in A .

adj (A) =
'
11 12 13 11 21 31
21 22 23 12 22 32
31 32 33 13 23 33
c c c c c c
c c c c c c
c c c c c c
| | | |
| |
=
| |
| |
\ . \ .

11 12 13
21 22 23
31 32 33
a a a
A.adj(A) a a a
a a a
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .

11 21 31
12 22 32
13 23 33
c c c
c c c
c c c
| |
|
|
|
\ .

=
11 11 12 12 13 13 11 21 12 22 13 23
21 11 22 12 23 13 21 21 22 22 23 23
31 11 32 12 33 13 31 21 32 22 33 23
a c a c a c a c a c a c
a c a c a c a c a c a c
a c a c a c a c a c a c
+ + + +

+ + + +

+ + + +

11 31 12 32 13 33
21 31 22 32 23 33
31 31 32 32 33 33
a c a c a c
a c a c a c
a c a c a c
+ + (
(
+ +
(
(
+ +


=
A 0 0
0 A 0 A .I
0 0 A
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .

Similarly we can prove that adj (A). A = A .I.
Note : (1) The above result can similarly
be established for 2 2 matrix.

From the above result we have
A. adj (A)=adj(A). A =A I
In case A 0, = we deduce
( ) ( )
A.adj A adj A .A
I
A A
= =
or
( ) ( )
1 1
A. adj A adj A .A I
A A
| | | |
= =
| |
| |
\ . \ .

A.B B.A I, = =
where
( )
1
B adj A
A
=
Hence by definition of immerse of a square matrix B = A
-1
.
If A 0, = the square matrix 'A' is called a SINGULAR matrix
If A 0, = the square matrix 'A' is called a NONSINGULAR matrix
Thus the inverse matrix of a square matrix A exists only if A is no angular i.e.
( )
-1
1
A 0 and A adj A .
A
= =
clearly
1 1
A . A A . A I.

= =
Note (a) In this case matrix a is also said to an invertible matrix.
Uniqueness of immerse :

Every invertible matrix has a unique inverse
Proof. If possible let 'A' has two inverses B and C then
AB = BA = I and AC = CA = I
But matrix multiplication is associations.
( ) ( )
BA C B AC =
IC BI =
C B. =
Which shows, B and C are no two different matrix.
Th. A square matrix A is invertible if and only if it is non angular.
Proof. Let A be invertible
There exists a matrix B s.t.
AB = BA = I
AB I =
A B I =
Thus A 0 = A is non angular.
Conversely is A is non angular,
A 0 =
and
( )
1
B adj A
A
=

so that A . B =
( )
1
A. adj A
A

=
( )
1
. A.adj A
A

=
1
. A . I I
A
=
snarly B. A = I
Thus AB = BA = I
Hence A is invertible.
Cancellation laws. If A, B, C are square matrix of the same order and A is
nonsingular then
(i) AB AC B C = =
(ii) BA CA B C. = =
Proof (i)
( ) ( )
1 1
AB AC A AB A AC

= =
( ) ( )
1 1
A A B A A C I.B IC B C.

= = =
similarly the proof of other follows.
Properties of inverse of matrices
(1) Inverse of a square matrix A exists if only if A is nonsingular
(2)
( )
1
A A

=

(3) If A and B are nonsingular matrices of the same order then
( )
1
1 1
AB B A

=
Extension
( )
1
1 1 1
1 2 n n 2 1
A A ...A A ...A A

=
(4)
( ) ( )
1
1
A' A '

=
(5)
( )
2
adj A C A , = = in case of 0 (A) = 3 3
In general
( )
B 1
adj A A ,

=
( ) ( )
B 1
adj A A , where o A n n

= =
(6)
1
1
A .
A

=
(7) If AB AC BA=CA and =
B = C if A, B, C are square matrices
of the same order and A is nonsingular
Solution of linear Equations with the help of Matrices
(1) Two equations and two Variables
1 1 1
2 2 2
a x b y d
a x b y d
+ =
`
+ =
)

1 1 1
2 2 2
a b d x
,
a b d y
| | | | | |
=
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

the equations have been converted into a matrix equation

A X B =
where
1 1 1
2 2 2
a b d x
A , X ,B
a b d y
| | | | | |
= = =
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

If A 0 = i.e. A is nonsingular and hence A
-1
exists.
AX B =
1 1
A AX A B

=
1
IX A B

=
1
X A B,

=
which gives the solution of the set of equations.
(2) Solution of three linear equations in three variables :
Let the three equations be
1
1 1 1
a x b y c z d + + =
2 2 2 2
a x b y c z d + + =
3 3 3 3
a x b y c z d + + =
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
a b c x d
a b c y d
a b c z d
| | | | | |
| | |
=
| | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

AX B = (1)
where

A =
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
a b c
a b c ,
a b c
| |
|
|
|
\ .

A is called Coefficient matrix
X =
x
y ,
z
| |
|
|
|
\ .
Variable (unknown) matrix
B =
1
2
3
d
d
d
| |
|
|
|
\ .
Constant matrix
Let A 0 =
1
A is nonsingular and A exists.

Since AX = B
Pre-multiply both sides by
1
A ,

( )
1 1
A AX A B

=
( )
1 1
A A X A B

=
1
IX A B

=
1
x A B

=

1
x
y A B
z

| |
|
=
|
|
\ .
give, the solution
But if A is singular then the equation may or may not have a solutions.
Following is this Flow Chart to verify whether a given set of equations are
consistent (if they admit a solution)
( )
AX B
B 0 B=0
A 0
Unique solution
(consistent)
A 0 A 0 A 0
adj A .B 0 adj(A).B 0 Infinite number Only
=
=
=
= = =
= =
( )
( )
zero
Infinite No solution solutions solutions
solution (Inconsistent) (Consistent) Consistent
Trivial
Consistent
s

olation
(
(


Q.1. The set of equations
x y z 0 + =
x 2y z 0 + =
3x 6y 5z 0 + =
(a) Inconsistent with no solution

(b) Consistent with only (0, 0, 0) as solution
(c) Consistent with infinite.
number of solution (K, 2k, -3k), k R e
(d) Consistent with infinite number of solution (k, 2k, 3k), k R e
Coefficient matrix A =
1 1 1
1 2 1
3 6 5
| |
|

|
|

\ .

1 1 1
A 1 2 1
3 6 5
| |
|
=
|
|

\ .

( ) ( ) ( )
1 10 6 1 5 3 1 6 6 4 8 12 0 = + = + =
Infinite number of solutions
Now x y z 0 + =
x 2y z 0 + =
x y z
1 2 1 1 2 1
= =


x y z
1 2 3
= =


x y z
k R
1 2 3
= = = e
( )
k,2k,3k

option (d)
Q.2. The following set of equations
x y z 3 + =
2x y z 2 + =
x 2y 2z 1 + =
(a) are inconsistent (b) consistent are unique solution
(c) consistent are infinite number of solution
(d) none of these
Sol. For the equations
x y z 3 + =
2x y z 2 + =
x 2y 2z 1 + =
1 1 1
A 2 1 1 ,
1 2 2
| |
|
=
|
|

\ .

x 3
x y ,B 2
z 1
| | | |
| |
= =
| |
| |
\ . \ .

1 1 1
A 2 1 1
1 2 2
| |
|
=
|
|

\ .


operate
2 2 3
C C C +
1 0 1
2 0 1 0
1 0 2
| |
|
= =
|
|

\ .

C = matrix of cofactors
=
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 4 1 4 1
2 2 2 1 2 1
1 1 1 2 1 2
| | + + +
|
+ + +
|
|
+ + +
\ .

=
0 3 3
0 3 3
0 3 3
| |
|
|
|
\ .

adj (A) =
1
0 0 0
c 3 3 3
3 3 3
| |
|
=
|
|

\ .

adj (A) B =
0 0 0 3 0
3 3 3 2 0
3 3 3 1 0
| | | | | |
| | |
=
| | |
| | |

\ . \ . \ .

The system of equations are constant and has infinitely many solution. Let z =
k.
x y 3 k =
2x y 2 k + = +

5
3x 5 x ,
3
= =
5 4
y 2 k 2 k
3 3
| |
= + =
|
\ .

Hence the solution
5 4
x , y k ,z k, k R
3 3
= = = e
Q.3. If A is a 3 3 nonsingular matrix, then
( ) ( )
det adj adj A
(
=


(a) A (b)
2
A (c)
3
A (d)
4
A .
Sol. We know
( )
B 1 3 1 2
det adj A A A A

( = = =


( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
det adj adj A det adj A
(
=


( )
2
2 4
A A . =
option (d) is correct
If B, C are both 3 3 matrices and A = B + C
such that BC = CB and C
2
= 0 then
n p p 1
A B q. B C, where

= +
(a) p = n, q = n - 1 (b) p = n, q = n + 1
(c) p = n + 1, q = n (d) p = n, q = n

A = B + C
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
A B C B C B C = + = + +
=
2 2 2
B BC CB C B 2BC 0 + + + = + +
=
2
B 2 BC.......... p q 2 + = =
( ) ( )
3 2 2
A A .A B 2BC B C = = + +
=
3 2 2
B 2 BCB B C 2BC + + +
=
3 2 2
B 2 B C B C 2B.0 + + +
=
3 2
B 3B C...... Here p=q=3 +
Q.4. In general of
A
m
= B
m
+ m B
m-1
C. (2)
then A
m+1
=
( ) ( )
m m 1
B mB C B C

+ +
=
m 1 m 1 m m 1 2
B mB CB B C mB C
+
+ + +
=
m 1 m 1 m m 1
B mB BC B C mB 0
+
+ + +
=
m 1 m m
B mB C B C
+
+ +
=
( )
m 1 m
B m 1 B C
+
+ +
which shows that (2) is true for n = m + 1 also.
Hence In general
A
n
= B
n
+ nBC
n1

From (1) and (2)
adj (A').A' = (adj (A))' A'
since A is nonsingular, A' is also nonsingular.
By cancellation law
adj (A') = (adj (A))',
Hence it is correct (b).
(c) A.A
1
= I (A A
1
)' = I'
(A
1
)' . A' = I
Hence (A
1
)' = (A')'
(c) is also correct.
(d) We know A.adj (A) = |A|
n
.I
|A.adj (A)| = |A|
n
.|I)
|A| . |adj A| = |A|
n
.1
Thus |adj A| = |A|
n1

(d) is also correct.
Hence only (a) is incorrect.
Q.5. If A is invertible matrix of order n n, then which of the following is not
correct.
(a) |A
1
| = |A| (b) adj (A') = (adj (A))'
(b) (A')
1
= (A
1
)' (d) |adj (A)| = |A||
n1


We check these options one by one
(a) |AA
1
| = |I| |A| |A
1
| = 1 |A
1
| =
1
A

(a) is false.
(b) adj (A').A' A'adj (A') = |A'|I = |A|I (i)
Now A.adj(A) = |A|.I
[A.adj(A)'] = (|A|I)' = |A|I' = |A|.I
(adj A)'.A' = |A|.I (2)
Q.6. If A is a nonsingular matrix of order 'n', hen
adj (adj A) is equal to
(a) |A|
n2
A (b) |A|
n1
A (c) |A|
n
A (d) |A|
n+1
.A.
If X is any sq. matrix of order 'n'
X adj (X) = |X| I (1)
where I is n n, unit matrix
let X = adj (A)
adj (A).adj (adj (A)) = |adj (A)| I
also |adj (A)| = |A|
n1

adj (A).adj (adj (A)) = |A|
n1
.I.
Pre-multiply both side by A.
A adj (A).adj (adj (A)) = |A|
n1
.AI

using (1)
|A|I adj (adj (A)) = |A|
n1
.A
|A|.I adj (adj A) = |A|
n1
A
adj (adj A) =
n 1
A
A
A

= |A|
n2
A.
Hence option (a) is correct.
Q.7. If P =
cos sin 1 1
, A =
sin cos 0 1
u u | | | |
| |
u u
\ . \ .
and Q = PAP' then P'Q
n
P =
(a)
1 n
0 1
(
(

(b)
1 n
n 0
(
(

(c)
1 0
n 1
(
(

(d)
1 0
0 1
(
(


Sol. We find PP' =
cos sin cos sin
sin cos sin cos
u u u u ( (
( (
u u u u


=
2 2
2 2
1 0 cos sin sin cos sin cos
0 1 sin cos sin cos sin cos
( ( u + u u u + u u
=
( (
u u + u u u + u


similarly P'P = I
Also A
2
=
1 1 1 1
0 1 0 1
( (
( (


=
1 1 1 1 2
0 1 0 1
+ ( (
=
( (



A
3
=
1 2 1 1
0 1 0 1
( (
( (


=
1 3
0 1
(
(


A
n
=
1 n
0 1
(
(


Now P'Q
n
P
= P' Q Q QQ.P]
=P'(PAP') (PAP') (PAP')(PAP')P
= (P'P)A(P'P)A(P'P)A(P'P)A(P'P)
= I A I A I AIAI
A
n
=
1 n
0 1
(
(


Q.8. If A =
1 0 2
2 2 2 ,
3 4 1
(
(

(
(

A
1
= A
2
+ bA + CI
then (b, c) is equal to
(a) (1, 3) (b) (1, 3) (c) (1, 3) (d) (1, 3)
A
2
=
1 0 2 1 0 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 4 1 3 4 1
( (
( (

( (
( (



=
1 6 8 2 0 2
2 2 6 1 8 4 2 2
3 8 3 0 4 4 6 8 1
+ (
(
+ + + +
(
(
+ + + +


=
5 8 4
6 9 4
2 0 3
(
(
(
(

A
3
= A
2
.A =
5 8 4 1 0 2
6 9 4 2 1 2
2 0 3 3 4 1
( (
( (

( (
( (

=
5 16 12 8 16 10 16 4
6 18 12 9 16 12 18 4
2 9 12 4 3
+ (
(
+ + + +
(
(
+ +


=
1 8 10
0 7 10
7 12 7
(
(
(
(


A
1
= A
2
+ bA + cI
Pre-multiplying b/s by A
I = A
3
+ bA
2
+ c.A
0 0 0 1 8 10 5 8 4 1 0 2
0 1 0 0 7 10 b 6 9 4 c 2 1 2
0 0 1 7 12 7 2 0 3 3 4 1
( ( ( (
( ( ( (
= + +
( ( ( (
( ( ( (

Equating

1 = 1 5b + c (i)
1 = 7 + 9b c (ii)
etc.
45b + c = 2 (i)
9b c = b (ii)
adding we get 4b = 4
b = 1
5 + c = 2
c = 3
Hence option (c) is correct.
Q.9. If A =
1 1 1
2 1 0
1 0 0
(
(

(
(

then the value such that
A
2
=
1
.A

is given by
(a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) none of these.
A =
1 1 1
2 1 0 ,
1 0 0
(
(

(
(


( )
1 1 1
A 2 1 0 1 0 1 1
1 0 0
(
(
= = + =
(
(



Hence A is nonsingular and A
1
exists.
2
1 1 1 1 1 1
A
2 1 0 2 1 0
1 0 0 1 0 0

( (
= +
( (

( (
( (


=
1 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
2 2 0 2 1 2 0 1 2
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
+ + + ( (
( (
+ + =
( (
( (
+ + +


Now A
3
= A
2
.A
=
0 0 1 1 1 1
0 1 2 2 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 0
( (
( (

( (
( (

=
0 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 2 2 0 1 0 0 1 0
1 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
+ ( (
( (
+ + =
( (
( (
+ + +


A
3
= I
since A
1
exists, Pre-multiplying b/s by A
1
1 2 1
A A A A I

=
2 1
IA A

=
2 1
A A

=
1 =

option (a) is correct.
Q.10. If A =
1 2 2
2 1 2
2 2 1
(
(
(
(

and A
2
= A I +
then
( )
, is equal to
(a) (4, 5) (b) (5, 4) (c) (5, 4) (d) (4, 5)
A
2
=
1 2 2 1 2 2
2 1 2 2 1 2
2 2 1 2 2 1
( (
( (
( (
( (


=
1 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 9 8 8
2 2 4 4 1 4 4 2 2 8 9 8
2 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 1 8 8 9
+ + + + + + ( (
( (
+ + + + + + =
( (
( (
+ + + + + +


Now A
2
= A I +
9 8 8 1 2 2 1 0 0
8 9 8 2 1 2 0 1 0
8 8 9 2 2 1 0 0 1
( ( (
( ( (
= +
( ( (
( ( (


equating the corresponding entries, we get
9 + =
2 8 4, 5 = = =
( ) ( )
, 4, 5 =

option (d) is correct.
Q.11. If A and B are square matrices of the same order and A is nonsingular, then
(ABA
1
)
n
equals
(a) (A
1
)
n
B
n
(A)
n
(b) A
n
B
n
A
n
(c) AB
n
A
1
(d) none of these.
Sol. (ABA
1
)
n

= (ABA
1
)

(ABA
1
)

(ABA
1
) (ABA
1
)

(ABA
1
)
= AB(A
1
A) B(A
1
A) B(A
1
A) B(A
1
A) BA
1

= A B I B I B I B I BA
1
= A B B B BA
1

= AB
n
A
1
option (c) is correct.

Q.1. If f(x) is a polynomial of the second degree,
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )

=

f a f b f c
x a x b x c
f x
1
a b c
x a x b x c
1 1 1

where =
(a) (a b)(b c) (c a) (b) (a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
(c) (a + b + c)
2
(d) none of these.
Sol. Let
put x = a

f(a) = A(a b)(a c) = A(a b)(c a)
A =
( )
( ) ( )

f a
a b c a

x = b
f(b) = B(b c)(b a) = B(a b)(b c)
B =
( )
( ) ( )

f b
a b b c

x = c
f(c) = C(c a)(c b) = C(b c)(c a)
C =
( )
( ) ( )

f c
b c c a

f(x) = A(x b)(x c) + B(x b)(x a) + C(x a) (x b)
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
= + +

f x
A B C
x a x b x c x a x b x c

=
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )

+

f a f b
a b c a x a x b a b b c

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )

+

f c
x c b c c a

=
( ) ( ) ( )

1
a b b c c a


( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
(


+ +
(

(

f b c a f c a b
f a b c
x a x b x c

=
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )


f a f b f c
x a x b x c
1
a b c
a b b c c a
1 1 1

Hence
( ) ( ) ( )
= a b b c c a
Q.2. If A, B, C are the angles of a triangle, then
tan A 1 1
1 tan B a
1 1 tan C
is equal to
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) none of these.
Sol.
( )
=
tan A 1 1
1 tan B a tan A tan B tan C 1
1 1 tan C

( ) ( )
+ 1 tan C 1 1 1 tan B
= + tanA tanB tanC tanA tanC tanB 2
= 0 + 2 = 2
option (b) correct.
In a A A, B, C
A + B = C

tan (A + B) = tan (180 C)
+
=

tanA tanB
tanC
1 tanAtanB

+ + = tanA tanB tanA tanA tanB tanC
Q.3. If o is not a root of the quadratic
2
ax 2bx c 0, + + =
and
a b a b
b c b c 0,
a b b c 0
o +
o + =
o + o +
then a, b, c are in
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) none of these.

Given
a b a b
b c b c 0
a b b c 0
o +
o + =
o + o +

operate
3 3 1 2
C C C C , o we get
( )
2
a b 0
b c 0 0
a b b c a 2b c
=
o + o + o + o +

( ) ( )
2 2
a 2b c ac b 0 o + o + =
But
2
a 2b c 0 as o + o + = o is not a root of
2
ax 2bx c 0 + + =
2
ac b 0 =

a, b,c are in G.P.
option (b) is correct.
Q.4. If A =
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
1 a a
cos n 1 x cosnx cos n 1 x , then
sin n 1 sinnx sin n 1 x
+ A
+

is independent of
(a) x (b) n (c) a (d) none of these.
Sol. A =
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
1 a a
cos n 1 x cosnx cos n 1 x
sin n 1 sinnx sin n 1 x
+
+

operate
1 1 3 2
C C C 2cosx C +
=
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
1 a 2acosx a a
cos n 1 x cos n 1 x 2cosnx coxx cosnx cos n 1 x
sin n 1 sin n 1 x 2sinnxcosx sinnx sin n 1 x
+
+ + +
+ + +

=
( )
( )
( )
2 2
1 a 2acosx a a
0 cosnx cos n 1 x
0 sinnx sin n 1 x
+
+
+

=
( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 a 2acosx sin n 1 xcosnx cos n 1 xsinnx ( + + +


=
( ) ( )
2
1 a 2a cosx sin nx x nx ( + +



=
( )
2
1 a 2acosx sinx +
which is clearly independent of 'n'.
option (b) is correct.
Q.5. If f, g, h are differentiable functions of x and
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
f g h
xf ' xg ' xh ' ,
x f " x g " x h "
A = then A' is equal to
(a)
f g h
f ' g' h'
f " g" h"
(b)
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
f g h
f ' g' h'
x f " x g" x h"

(c)
( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 3
f g h
f ' g' h'
x f " ' x g" ' x h" '
(d) none of these.
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
f g h
xf ' xg ' xh '
x f " x g " x h "
A =
=
2 2 2
f g h
xf ' f xg' g xh' h
x f " 4xf ' 2f x g" 4xg' 2g x h" 4xg' 2g
+ + +
+ + + + + +

( ) ( )
d
xf ' xf xf ' f
dx
= = +

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
d d
x f " x f ' x f ' 2xf
dx dx
(
= = +


=
2
x f " f '2x 2f ' 2f + + +
=
2
x f " 4xf ' 2f + +
operate
2 2 1 3 3 2 1
R R R , R R 4R 2R +
2 2 2 2 2 2
f g h f g h
xf ' xg' xh' x f ' g' h'
x f " x g" x h' x f " x g" x h"
A = =
=
3 3 3
f g h
f ' g' h'
x f " x g" x h"

1 1
1
2 2 2
3
3 3
d
R R
R
dx
d d
R R R
dx dx
R d
R R
dx
(
(
(
A
= + +
(
(
(


3 3 3 3 3 3
f ' g' h' f g h
d
' f ' g' h' f " g" h"
dx
x f " x g" x h" x f " x g" x h"
A = A = +
( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 3
f g h
f ' g' h'
x f " ' x g" ' x h" '
+

=
( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 3
f g h
0 0 f ' g' h'
x f " ' x g" ' x h" '
+ +
Q.6. Find the general solution of
sin3 1 1
cos2 4 3 0
2 7 7
u
u =
(a) n , n Z u = t e (b)
( )
2n 1
, n Z
2
+ t
u = e
(c)
( )
n
n 1 n Z
6
t
u = t + e (d) none of these.
Sol.
sin3 1 1
cos2 4 3 0
2 7 7
u
u =
( ) ( ) ( )
sin3 28 21 cos2 7 7 2 3 4 0 u u + =
7sin3 14cos2 14 0 u + u =
sin3 2 2cos2 0 u + u =
3 2
3sin 4sin 2 2sin 0
(
u u u =


2 3
3sin 4sin 4sin 0 u u u =
2
sin 3 4sin 4sin 0
(
u u u =


Either sin 0 u =

sin 0 u =
n , u = t
n u = t
or
2
3 6sin 2sin 4sin 0 u + u u =
( ) ( )
3 1 2sin 2sin 1 2sin 0 u + u u =
1 3
sin or
2 2
u =
1
sin ,
2
u =
3
sin
2

u = is not possible
sin sin
6
t
u =
( )
2
n 1
6
t
u = t +
Q.7. The value of
13 3 2 5 5
15 26 5 10
3 65 15 5
+
+
+

(a) 5 3 6 5
(

(b) 5 3 6 5
(

(c) 5 3 6 3
(

(d) none of these.

Sol.
13 3 2 5 5
15 26 5 10
3 65 15 5
+
+
+

=
13 3 2 1
5. 5 15 26 5 2
3 65 3 5
+
+
+

Operate
1
2 2 1 3 3
R R 1 R , R R 5 R
=
13 13 2 1
5 15 6 5 2 2 0
3 15 3 2 5 0
+



=
( )
( )
( ) ( )
5 5 6 3 2 6 3 15 5 2 2
(

(


=
{ }
5 3 15 10 6 2 10 15 2 6 5 2 10 + + + +
5 3 6 5
(
=


option (a)
Q.8. If x + y + z = 0, then
ax by cz a b c
yc za xb c a b
zb xc ya b c a
=
where =

(a) 3xyz (b) 2xyz (c) xyz (d) none of these.
Sol. Consider
ax by cz
yc za xb
zb xc ya

Multiply R
1
by yz, R
2
by zx, R
3
by xy
=
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
axyz by z cyz
1
cxyz az x bx z
x y z
bxyz cx y axy

=
2 2
2 2
2 2
a by z cyz
1
c az x bx z
xyz
b cx y axy

=
( ) ( )
( )
2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 4
a x y k a x yzbc c xy zab x y z c
1
xyz
b x y z b xyz ac
(

(
(
+


=
( ) ( )
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3
1
x y z a b c xyz abc x y z
xyz
(
+ + + +


=
( )
3 3 3 3 3 3
xyz a b c abc x y z
(
+ + + +


But x + y + z = 0
x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
= 3xyz
=
( ) ( )
3 3 3
xyz a b c 3abc 3xyz + +
=
3 3 3
xyz a b c 3abc
(
+ +



=
a b c
xyz c a b
b c a

xyz =
Q.9. If a.b.c = 0 and the system of equations
(1 + a) x + y + z = 0
(1 + b) x + (1 + 2b)y + z= 0
(1 + c)x + (1 + c) y + (1 + 3c) z = 0
have a nonzero solution
then
1 1 1
a b c
+ + is equal
(a) 3 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 2
Sol. The set of equations
( )
1 a x y z 0 + + + =
( ) ( )
1 b x 1 2b y z 0 + + + + =
( ) ( ) ( )
1 c x 1 c y 1 3c z 0 + + + + + =
have a nonzero solution
if
1 a 1 1
1 b 1 2b 1 0
1 c 1 c 1 3c
+
+ + =
+ + +


operate
1 1 2 2 2 3
C C C , C C C
a 0 1
b 2b 1 0
0 2c 1 3c
=
+

( ) ( )
a 2b 6bc 2c b 2c 0 + + + =
ab 3abc ac bc 0 + + + =
1 1 1
3 0
c b a
+ + + =
=
1 1 1
3
a b c
+ + =
option (b) is correct.
Q.10. If f(x) represents the polynomial (m, n e N)
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
m n
m n
n m
1 x 2 x 1
1 1 x 2 x
2 x 1 1 x
+ +
+ +
+ +

then the constant term in the expansion is
(a)
3n n
2 3.2 1 + (b)
3n n
2 3.2 2 +
(c)
3n n 1
z 3.2 2
+
+ (d) none of these.

Sol. Given f(x) =
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
m n
m n
n m
1 x 2 x 1
1 1 x 2 x
2 x 1 1 x
+ +
+ +
+ +

constant term is obtained by f(0)
constant term = f(0) =
n
n
n
1 2 1
1 1 2
2 1 1

Operate
1 1 2 3
C C C C + +
=
n n
n n
n
2 2 2 1
2 2 1 2
2 2 1 1
+
+
+

=
( )
n
n n
1 2 1
2 2 1 1 2
1 1 1
+
Operate
1 1 3 2 2 3
R R R , R R R
=
( )
n
n n
0 2 1 0
2 2 0 0 2 1
1 1 1

+
=
( ) ( )
2
n n
2 2 2 1 +
=
( ) ( )
n 2n n 1
2 2 2 2 1
+
+ +

=
3n n 2 n
2 2 2 2
+
+ +
=
3n n n
2 4.2 2 2 + +
=
3n n
2 3.2 2 +
option (b)
Q.11. The value of for which the equatinos
x y z = 0,
( )
2 1 x 2y 11z 0 and + =
( )
2x 2 3 y 8z + + have a nonzero solution is
(a) 2 (b)
5
2
(c)
5
2
(d) 2
Sol. The given set of equations
x y z 0 =
( )
2 1 x 2y 11z 0 + =
( )
2x 2 3 y 8z 0 + + =
have a nonzero solution, if
( )
1 1 1
2 1 2 11 0
2 2 3 8

+ =
+

Operate
1 1 3 2 2 3
C C C , C C C +

0 0 1
2 10 9 11 0
10 2 11 8

=


( ) ( )
2 10 2 11 90 0 =
2
4 20 22 110 90 0 + + =
2
4 2 20 0 + =
2
2 10 0 + =
5
2,
2
=
option (a) and (c) are correct.
Q.12. If
a b c
b c a
c a b
A = , then A is divisible by
(a) a + b + c (b) a + bw + cw
2

(c) a + bw
2
+ cw (d) none of these
Sol.
a b c
b c a
c a b
A =
=
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
a bc a b b ca c ab c +
=
3 3 3
a b c 3abc
(
= +



=
2 2 2
a b c a b c ab bc ca
(
+ + + + (



=
( )
a b c + =
( ) ( ) ( )
2 3 2 3 2 2 2 2
a w b w c w w ab w w bc w w ca
(
+ + + + + + + +


( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
a b c a wb w c a w b wc A = + + + + + +
Thus A is divisible by a + b + c, a + wb + w
2
c and a + w
2
b + wc
Thus (a), (b) and (c) are all correct.
Q.13. If x + y = z = 5
x y + z = 3
x + 2y + mz = n, then the system
(a) independent if m = 1, n e R
(b) dependent if m = 1, n = 5
(c) inconsistent if m = 1, n = 5
(d) none of these.
For equations
x + y = z = 5
x y + z = 3
x + 2y + mz = n

D =
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 2 m

=
1 1 0
1 1 0
1 2 m 1

D = (m 1) ( 1 1)
= 2(m 1)
D
3
=
1 1 5
1 1 3
1 2 n

=
1 1 5
1 2 2
0 1 n 5

= (n 5) ( 2)
1
D 0, = they are independent i.e. m 1 =
option (a) is correct.
They are dependent it
1 3
D 0, D 0 = = i.e. m = 1 and n = 5
option (b) is correct.
They are inconsistently

if D = 0, D
3
= 0
m 1 and n 5 = =
option (c) is correct.
Q.14. If , o | are the roots of the equation
2
ax bx c 0 = + =
Let
n n
n
S ; for n 1 = o + | >
and
1 2
1 2 3
2 3 4
3 1 S 1 S
1 S 1 S 1 S , then
1 S 1 S 1 S
+ +
A = + + + A =
+ + +

(a)
( ) ( )
2
2
a b c b 4ac
a
+ +
(b)
( ) ( )
2
2
2
a b c b 4ac
a
+ +

(c)
( ) ( )
2
2
3
a b c b 4ac
a
+ +
(d)
( ) ( )
2
2
4
a b c b 4ac
a
+ +

Sol. , o | are the roots of
2
ax bx c 0 = + =
b c
,
a a

o + | = o| = (1)
1 2
1 2 3
2 3 4
3 1 S 1 S
1 S 1 S 1 S
1 S 1 S 1 S
+ +
A = + + +
+ + +


=
2 2
2 2 3 3
2 2 3 3 4 4
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
+ + + o + | + o + |
+ o + | + o + | + o + |
+ o + | + o + | + o + |

=
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
o | o | = o |
o | o | o |

=
( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 1 ( o o | |


=
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
1 1
(
( o | o |



=
( ) ( )
2
2
1 4
(
( o + | + o| o + | + o|



=
2
2
2
b c b 4c
1
a a a a
(
(
+ +
(
(



=
( ) ( )
2
2
4
a b c b 4ac
a
+ +

option (d) is correct.
Q.15. If
1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 3
a , b , c , a , b , c , a , b , c 1 >
f(x) =
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 2 1 4
2 1 2 2 2 3
3 1 3 2 3 3
a b a b a b
a b a b a b
a b a b a b
1 x 1 x 1 x
1 x 1 x 1 x
1 x 1 x 1 x
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +

2
0 1 2
A A x A x = + + +.
then

(a)
0 1
A A > (b)
1 0
A A > (c)
1 0
A A = (d) none of these.
Sol. f(x) =
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 2 1 4
2 1 2 2 2 3
3 1 3 2 3 3
a b a b a b
a b a b a b
a b a b a b
1 x 1 x 1 x
1 x 1 x 1 x
1 x 1 x 1 x
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +

2
0 1 2
A A x A x = + + +.
then
( )
0
1 1 1
A f 0 1 1 1 0
1 1 1
= = =
Now, in order to find A
1
we differentiate f(x) and then find f'(0) = A
1

f'(x) =
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 2 1 4
2 1 2 2 2 3
3 1 3 2 3 3
a b 1 a b a b
a b 1 a b a b
a b 1 a b a b
1 x 1 x 1 x
1 x 1 x 1 x
1 x 1 x 1 x

+ + +
+ + +
+ + +

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 2 1 4
2 1 2 2 2 3
3 1 3 2 3 3
a b a b 1 a b
a b a b 1 a b
a b a b 1 a b
1 x 1 x 1 x
1 x 1 x 1 x
1 x 1 x 1 x

+ + +
+ + + +
+ + +

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 2 1 4
2 1 2 2 2 3
3 1 3 2 3 3
a b a b a b 1
a b a b a b 1
a b a b a b 1
1 x 1 x 1 x
1 x 1 x 1 x
1 x 1 x 1 x

+ + +
+ + + +
+ + +


A
1
= f'(0) =
1 1 1 2 1 3
2 1 2 2 2 3
3 1 3 2 3 3
a b 1 1 1 a b 1 1 1 a b
a b 1 1 1 a b 1 1 1 a b
a b 1 1 1 a b 1 1 1 a b
+ +
= 0 + 0 + 0 = 0
0 1
A A =
option (c) is correct.
Q.16. If
2a a b c a
b a 2b b c
c a c b 2c
+ +
A = + +
+ +

then A is divisible by
(a) a + b (b) b + c (c) c + a (d) a + b + c
Sol. Let A =
2a a b c a
b a 2b b c
c a c b 2c
+ +
+ +
+ +

If a + b divides, then by putting b = a, A should becomes zero
We (A)
b = a
=
2a 0 c a
0 2a a c
c a c a 2c
+
+ +
+

=
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2a 4ac c a c a 2a c a
(
( + + +



=
( ) ( )
2 2
2a 4ac c a c a
(
+ +



=
( ) ( )
2 2
2a 4ac c a c a
(
+ +


(A)
b = a
= 0
Thus a + b is a factor of A
By symmetry b + c and c + a are also factors of A
Thus (a), (b), (c) are all correct.
But of a + b+ c = 0, the value of A does not become zero
as A
(a+b+c=0)
=
2a c b
c 2b a 0
b a 2c

=



Q.17. The positive integral solutions of
3 2 2
2 3 2
2 2 3
x 1 x y x z
xy y 1 zy 11, are
xz yz z 1
+
+ =
+

(a) (2, 1, 1) (b) (1, 2, 1) (c) (1, 1, 2) (d) (2, 2, 2)
Sol. We have
3 2 2
2 3 2
2 2 3
x 1 x y x z
xy y 1 zy 11
xz yz z 1
+
+ =
+

Multiply R
1
by x, R
2
by y, R
3
by z

4 3 3
3 4 3
3 3 4
x x x y x z
1
xy y 4 y z 11
xyz
z x z y z z
+
+ =
+

Now pull out common x from C
1
, from C
2
, z from C
3

we get,
3 3 3
3 3 3
3 3 3
x 1 x x
y 1 y y 11
z z 1 z
+
+ =
+

operate
1 1 2 3
R R R R + +
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3
3 3 3
1 x y z 1 x y z 1 x y z
y 1 y y 11
z z 1 z
+ + + + + + + + +
+ =
+

( )
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3
1 1 1
1 x y z y 1 y y 11
z y 1 z
+ + + + =
+

operate
2 2 1 3 3 1
C C C and C C C
( )
3 3 3 3
3
1 0 0
1 x y z y 1 0 11
z 0 1
+ + + =
3 3 3
x y z 10 + + =
which admits (1, 1, 2), (1, 2, 1) and (2, 1, 1) as the integral solutions.

Hence (a) (b), (c) are all correct.
Q.1. The value of and q are if the system of equations
2x + py + 6z = 8
x + 2y + qz = 5
x + y + 3z = 4
has
(a) no solutions of p = 2, q = 3
(b) a unique solutions of p = 2, q = 3
(c) infinites many solution of p = 2
(d) none of these.
For the system 2x + py + 6z = 8
x + 2y + qz = 5
x + y + 3z = 4
D =
2 p 6
1 2 q
1 1 3

= pq 3p 2q + 6
= (p 2) (q 3)
D
1
=
8 p 6
5 2 q
4 1 3


= 8(6 q) p (15 4q) + (5 8)
= 48 8q 15q + 4pq 18
= 30 15p 8q + 4pq
= 15 (p 2) + 4q (p 2)
= (p 2) (4q 15)
D
2
=
2 8 6
1 5 q
1 4 3

1 1 3
R R 2R
=
0 0 0
1 5 q 0
1 4 3
=
D
3
=
2 p 8
1 2 5
1 1 4

1 3
R 2R =
=
0 p 2 0
1 2 5 p 2
1 1 4

=
(a) no solution,
3
D 0, D 0 q 3, p 2 = = = = option (a)
(b) Unique solution D 0 p 2, q 3 = = = option (b)

(c) Infinitely many solutions D = 0, D
1
= D
2
= D
3
= 0
p = 2. option (c).
Q.2. If abc 0 and a b c 0, = A = + + + = then the of solution of
( )
a x ay ax a + + + =
( )
bx b y bz b + + + =
( )
cx cy c z c + + + =
(a)
( )
a , b , c A A A (b) , ,
a b c
A A A | |
|
\ .

(c)
( )
a, b, c (d)
a b c
, ,
| |
|
A A A
\ .

Sol. D =
a a a
b b b
c c c
+
+
+

operate
1 1 2 3
R R R R + +
=
a b c a b c a b c
b b b
c c c
+ + + + + + + + +
+
+

=
( )
1 1 1
a b c b b b
c c c
+ + + +
+


=
( )
1 0 0
a b c b 0
c 0
+ + +

operate
2 2 1
C C C
3 3 1
C C C
=
( )
2 2
a b c . + + + = A
D
1
=
a a a
b b b
c b c
+
+

=
2
a 0 0
b 0 a
c 0
=

2
1
2
D a a
x
D

= = =
A A

similarly y =
b c
, z =
A A

Hence option (d) is correct.
Q.3. If f(x) =
2
2 2 2
2 2
sec x cosx sec x cot x cosec x
cos x cos x cosec x
1 cos x cos x
+

then
( ) ( )
2
0
a b
f x dx where a, b is
4 15
t
t
= +
}


(a) (1, 8) (b) (1, 8) (c) (1, 8) (d) (1, 8)
Sol. f(x) =
2
2 2 2
2 2
sec x cosx sec x cot x cosec x
cos x cos x cosec x
1 cos x cos x
+

operate
1 1 3
R R secx R
=
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
1 cosx
0 0 cosx
cos x sin x
cos x cos x cosec x
1 cos x cos x
+

( ) ( ) ( )
2 4 2
2 2
1 cosx
f x 1 sin x cos x cos x
cos x sin x
(
= +
(


=
( ) ( ) ( )
2 4 2
2 2
1 cosx
f x 1 sin x cos x cos x
cos x sin x
(
= +
(


=
2 5
sin x cos x
Now
( ) ( )
2 2
2 5
0 0
f x dx sin x sin x dx
t t
=
} }

=
2 2
2 5
0 0
sin x dx sin x dx
t t
(
(

(

} }

=
1 4.2.1
.
2 2 5.3.1
t


=
8 a b
4 15 4 15
t t
= +
( ) ( )
a, b 1, 8 =
option (d) is correct.
Q.5. If f, g, h are three polynomial functions of degree 2.
then
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
f x g x h x
x f ' x g' x h' x
f " x g" x h" x
| = is a polynomial of degree
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0
Sol. Consider
( )
2
f x ax bx c = + +
( )
f ' x 2ax b, = +
( ) ( )
f " x 2a, f "' x 0 = =
similarly
( ) ( )
g"' x 0, h"' x 0 = =
Now
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
f x g x h x
x f ' x g' x h' x
f " x g" x h" x
| =
( )
1 1
1
2 2 2
3
3 3
d
R R
R
dx
d
' x R R R
dx
R d
R R
dx
| = + +

( )
f ' g' h' f g h f g h
' x f ' g' h' f " g" h" f ' g' h'
f " g" h" f " g" h" f "' g"' h"'
| = + +
=
f g h
0 0 f ' g' h'
0 0 0
+ +
= 0
Thus
( )
' x 0 | =
which shows that
( )
' x | is a constant and hence a polynomial of degree 0.
Q.5. If xcos ysin z 1 cos u u + = = |
xsin ycos z 1 sin u + u + = |
( ) ( )
xcos ysin z 2,
4
t
u + | u | + = | =
then
2 2 2
x y z + + is equal
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 4
D =
( ) ( )
cos sin 1
sin cos 1
cos sin 1
u u
u u
u + | u + |

operate
3 3 1 2
R R cos R sin R | + |

=
cos sin 1
sin cos 1
0 0 1 cos sin
u u
u u
| + |

=
( ) ( )
2 2
1 cos sin cos sin 1 cos sin | + | u + u = | + |
( )
1
1 cos sin 1
D 1 sin cos 1
2 sin 1
+ | u
= | u
u + |

operate
1 1 3
C C C
=
( )
cos sin 1
sin cos 1
1 sin 1
| u
| u
u + |

operate
3 3 1 2
R R cos R sin R | + |
=
( )
cos sin 1
sin cos 1
0 0 1 cos sin
| u
| u
| + |

=
( ) ( )
1 cos sin cos cos sin sin | + | u | u |
=
( ) ( )
1 cos sin cos | + | u + |
Similarly
D
2
=
( ) ( )
1 os sin sin | + | u + |
D
3
= 1 cos sin | + |

( )
1
D
x cos
D
= = u + |
( )
2
D
y sin
D
= = u + |
3
D
z 1
D
= =
2 2 2
x y z + +
=
( ) ( )
2 2
cos sin 1 u + | + u + | +
= 2
option (b) is correct.
Q.6. If
2
2
x 2x 1 2x 1 2
x x 2 1 0 xA B
3x 1 x 1
+ + +
+ + = +

then
(a)
2 1 2
A 1 1 0
3 0 1
= (b)
1 1 2
B 2 1 0
1 0 1
=

(c)
2 1 2
A 1 1 1
3 1 0
= (d)
1 1 2
B 2 1 1
1 1 0
=

2
2
x 2x 1 2x 1 2
x x 2 1 0
3x 1 x 1
+ + +
+ +

2 2 3
C C xC
=
2
2
x 2x 1 1 2
x x x 1 0
3x 1 0 1
+ +
+ +

operate
2
1 1 2
C C x C
=
2x 1 1 2
x 2 1 0
3x 1 0 1
+
+

2x 1 2 1 1 2
x 1 0 2 1 0
3x 0 1 1 0 1
+

=
2 1 2 1 1 2
x 1 1 0 2 1 0
3 0 1 1 0 1
+

where A =
2 1 2
1 1 0
3 0 1

option (a) is correct.

B =
1 1 2
2 1 0
1 0 1

option (b) is correct.
Q.7.
sin2A sinC sinB
sinC sin2B sinA
sinB sinA sin2C
A = is equal to
(a) 4 sin 2A sin 2B sin 2C
(b) sin 2A sin 2B sin 2C. cos A cos B cos C
(c) 0
(d) none o these.
Sol.
sin2A sinC sinB
sinC sin2B sinA
sinB sinA sin2C
A =
=
2sinAcos A sinC sinB
sinC 2sinBcosB sinA
sinB sinA 2sinCcosC

We know
a b c
k,
sinA sinB sinC
= = =
cos A =
2 2 2
b c a
etc.
2bc
+


( )
( )
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
3
2 2 2
2a b c a
c b
2bc
2b c a b
K c a
2ca
2c. a b c
b a
2ab
+
+
A =
+

=
( )
( )
( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
3
2 2 2
a b c a
c b
bc
b c a b
K c a
ca
c a b c
b a
ab
+
+
+

multiply R
1
by bc
R
2
by ca
R
3
by ab
=
( )
( )
( )
2 2 2 2 2
3
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
a b c a bc b c
K
ac b c a b a c
a b c
ab a b c a b c
+
+
+

=
2 2 2 2 2
3
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
b c a c b
K
c c a b a
abc
b a a b c
+
+
+

operate
2 2 1 3 3 1
C C C and C C C

=
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
b c a a b a c
K
c a b a c
abc
b a b a c
+



=
( ) ( )
2 2 2
3
2 2 2 2 2
2
b c a 1 1
K
a b a c c 1 1
abc
b 1 1
+

= 0
option (c)
Q.8. If
2 2
ax 2hxy by 2gx 2fy c + + + + + can be split into real linear factors
then
2 2 2
abc 2fgh
af bg ch
+
+ +
is equal to
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 2
Sol. Let
2 2
ax 2hxy by 2gx 2fy c + + + + +
=
( ) ( )
1 1 1 2 2 2
l x my n l x m y n + + + +
1 2
l l a =
1 2
mm b =
1 2
nn c =
1 2 2 1
l m l m 2h + =
1 2 2 1
l n l n 2g + =

1 2 2 1
mn mn 2f + =
0 =
1 2 2 1
1 2 2 1
1 2 2 1
l l 0 l l 0
m m 0 m m 0
n n 0 n n 0

=
1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2
l l l l l m l m l n l n
ml m l 2mm mn m n
n l n l n m n n 2n n
+ + +
+ +
+ +

0 =
2a 2h 2g
2h 2b 2f
2g 2f 2c

a h g
h b f 0
g f c
=
2 2 2
abc 2fgh af bg cb 0 + =
2 2 2
abc 2fgh af bg ch + = + +
2 2 2
abc 2fgh
1
af bg ch
+
=
+ +

option (1) is correct.

MATCHING GRID-I
Q.9. If

(a) ax 5y 7z 0 + + =
(b) bx 8y 11z 0 + + = (P) A.P.
(c) cx 11y 15x 0 + + =
have a nonzero solution
then a, b, c are in
If o is not a root of
2
ax 2bx c 0 + + = (Q) G.P.
(d) and
a b a b
b c b c 0
0 2 b b c
o +
o + =
+ o +
(R) H.P.
then a, b, c are in (S) the above none of these.
(A) If
bc 2 5
ca 3 10 0
ab 4 15
= (B)
a ib c i
0
c i a ib
+ +
=
+

then a, b, c are in
(a) (P) (Q) (R) (S) (b) (P) (Q) (R) (S)
(c) (P) (Q) (R) (S) (d) (P) (Q) (R) (S)
Solution :
(a)
bc 2 5
ca 3 10 0
ab 4 15
=
operate
1 1 3 2
R R R 2R +

bc ab zca 0 0
ca 3 10 10
ab 4 15
+
=
( )
5 bc ab 2ca 0 + =
( )
b c a 2ca + =
2ac
b
c a
=
+

b is HM between a and c
a, b, c are in HP
A R
(b)
a ib c i
0
c i a ib
+ +
=
+

2 2 2
a b c 1 0 + + + =
Thus a, b, c can not be in AP, GP or HP.
(c)
a 5 7
b 8 11 0
c 11 15
=
operate
1 1 3 2
R R R 2R +
a c 2b 0 0
b 8 11 0
c 11 15
+
=

( )
1 a c 2b 0 + = (


2b = a + c
a, b, c are in A.P.
C P
(d)
a b a b
b c b c 0
0 a b b c
o +
o + =
o + o +

operate
1 1 2 3
C C C C o
( )
2
0 a b
0 b c 0
a 2b c a b b c
=
o + o + o + o +

( ) ( )
2 2
a 2b c ac b 0 o + o + =
but
2
a 2b c 0 o + o + =
2
ac b 0 =
a, b, c are in GP
D Q

Matching the Statements (GRID)-II
(A) If A
2
= A, then (I + A)
n
= (P) B
n
A

(B) If A
2
= 2A I, then A
n
= (Q) A
n
B
n

(C) If A is nonsingular then A(A
1
BA)
n
= (R) nA (n 1) I
(D) If AB = BA, (AB)
n
= (T) 1 + (2
n
1) A
(U) AB
n

(A) (P) (C) (R) (S) (T) (B) (P) (Q) (R) (S) (T)
(C) (P) (Q) (R) (S) (T) (P) (Q) (R) (S) (T)
(A) A
2
= A,
2 3 4
A A A A = = = .=
( ) ( ) ( )
2
I A I A I A + = + +
=
2
I A A A + + +
= I 2A A I 3A + + = +
( )
n
n n 2 n n
1 2 n
I A I C A C A C A + = + + + .+
=
( )
n n n n
1 2 n
I C C C A + + + .+
( )
n
I 2 1 A T +
A T
(b)
2
A 2A I =
( ) ( )
3 2
A 2A I A 2A A 2A I A = = =
= 3A 2I

( ) ( )
4 2
A 3A 2I A 3A 2A 3 2A I 2A = = =
=
( )
4A 3I 4A 4 1 I =
( )
n
A nA n 1 I = (R)
B R
(c) A is nonsingular AA
1
= I
n
1
A. A BA

(


=
1 1 1 1
A A BA A BA A BA A BA

(
.


=
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1
AA B AA B AA B AA BA

.
= IB IB IB IBA .
=
n
BBB BA B A . = (P)
C P
(d) AB = BA
( ) ( )
2
2 2
AB AB.AB A BA B AA BB A B = = = =
( )
3
3 3
AB A B =
( )
n
n n
AB A B = (Q)
D Q
A T, B R, C P, D Q


PASSAGE FOLLOWED BY
FOUR QUESTIONS
Rank of a matrix :
Consider a matrix A =
2 3 5 1
1 1 2 4
0 0 0 0
(
(

(
(


It is a 3 4 matrix.
Minor of a matrix is the determinant of any square matrix of any matrix. In the
above matrix, we can have 4, 3 3 minors (obtained by deleting one columns in
turn). Each of those minors have zero value. But there is a nonzero minor of
order 2. i.e.
2 3
2 3 5
1 1
(
= + =
(

Its rank is 2 and we denoted it as
( )
A 2 =
The rank of a given matrix A is said to be 'r' if
(1) every minor of A of order r + 1 is zero
and (2) there is at least one minor of order 'r', which is not zero.
and we write P(A) = r.
Properties of Rank of a matrix :

(1) Rank of zero matrix is 0
(2) Rank of matrix does not alter by performing elementary operations
(3)
( ) ( ) ( )
A A' AA' = =
(4)
( ) ( ) ( )
A B m, AB m = = =
(5) If
( ) ( ) ( )
0 A m n, A M in m, n = s
Working Rule :
(1) Make the leading element a
11
= 1
(2) With the help of linear transformations try make it either lower triangular or
upper triangular.
(3) the number zeros and nonzero elements clearly define the nonzero minors
and hence the rank of the matrix.
Q.1. The rank of matrix
A =
1 2 3 5 1
0 1 2 1 4
1 3 5 4 5
(
(

(
(

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 36 (d) 4
Solution : A =
1 2 3 5 1
0 1 2 1 4
1 3 5 4 5
(
(

(
(

Operate
3 1 2
R R R


1 2 3 5 1
~ 0 1 2 1 4
0 0 0 0 0
(
(

(
(


( )
A 2 =
Q.2. The rank of matrix
0 1 2 3 4
1 1 3 1 1
B
2 2 6 2 2
1 0 1 4 3
(
(

(
=
(

(


is
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1
Sol.
0 1 2 3 4
1 1 3 1 1
B
2 2 6 2 2
1 0 1 4 3
(
(

(
=
(

(



operate
3 3 2
R R 2R
4 1 1 2
R R R R +
0 1 2 3 4
1 1 3 1 1
~
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
(
(

(
(
(


minor
0 1
1 0
1 1
= =

( )
B 2 =

Q.3. Rank of matrix
1 3 6
3 9 18
C
1 0 2
0 3 8
(
(
(
=
(

(


(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 d) none of these.
Sol.
1 3 6
3 9 18
C
1 0 2
0 3 8
(
(
(
=
(

(


operate
2 2 1
R R 3R ,
4 4 1 3
R R R R
1 3 6 1 3 6
0 0 0 1 0 2
~ ~
1 0 2 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
( (
( (

( (
( (

( (


( )
C 2 =
because
1 3
3 0
1 0
= =

Q. Rank of
1 2 1 3
2 3 5 1
A
3 1 4 6
3 5 4 4
(
(
(
=
(

(

is

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
Sol.
1 2 1 3
2 3 5 1
A
3 1 4 6
3 5 4 4
(
(
(
=
(

(


2 2 1
R R 2R
3 3 1
R R 3R
4 4 1 2
R R R R
1 2 1 3
0 1 7 5
~
0 5 7 3
0 0 0 0
(
(

(
(

(


operate
3 3 2
R R 5R
1 2 1 3
0 1 7 5
~
0 0 28 22
0 0 0 0
(
(

(
(

(


( )
A 3 =
because
1 2 1
0 1 7 0
0 0 28