1 | P a g e

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction:
Differential equation is a mathematical tool, which has its applications in many branches
of knowledge of mankind. Numerous physical, mechanical, chemical, biological,
biochemical and many other relations appear mathematically in the form of differential
equations that are linear or non-linear, autonomous or non-autonomous. Generally, in
many physical phenomena, such as spring mass systems, resistor-capacitor-inductor
circuits, bending of beams, chemical reactions, pendulums, the motion of the rotating
mass around another body, etc, the differential equations occur. Also in ecology and
economics, the differential equations are vastly used. Basically, many differential
equations involving physical phenomena are non-linear. Differential equations, which are
linear are comparatively easy to solve and non-linear are laborious and in some cases, it
is impossible to solve them analytically. In such situations, mathematicians convert the
non-linear equations into linear equations by imposing some conditions. The method of
small oscillations is a well-known example of the linearization. But such a linearization is
not always possible and when it is not, then the original nonlinear equation itself must be
used. With the discovery of numerous phenomena of self-extraction of circuits containing
non-linear equations of electricity, like electron tubes gaseous discharge, etc, and in many
cases of non-linear mechanical vibrations of special types, the method of small
oscillations becomes inadequate for their analytical treatment. The knowledge of the non-
linear equations is generally confined to a variety of rather special cases. There exists an
important difference between the phenomena, which oscillate in steady state and the
phenomena governed by linear differential equations with constant coefficients. For
example, oscillations of a pendulum with amplitudes, the amplitude of the ultimate stable
seems to be entirely independent of the initial conditions, where as in oscillations
governed by a linear differential equation with constant coefficients, it depends upon the
initial conditions. Originally the Krylov-Bogoliubov-Mitropolskii (KBM) method was
2 | P a g e

developed for the systems only to obtain the periodic solutions of second order non-linear
differential equations. Now the method is used to obtain oscillatory as well as damped,
over damped, near critically damped, more critically damped oscillatory and non-
oscillatory solutions of second, third, fourth and higher order non-linear differential
equations by imposing some specific conditions to make the solutions uniform. To solve
non-linear differential equations there exist some methods. Among the methods, the
method of perturbations i.e. asymptotic expansions in terms of a small parameter is
foremost. Perturbation methods have recently received much attention as methods for
accurately and quickly computing numerical solutions of dynamic stochastic economic
equilibrium models, both single agent or rational-expectations models and multi-agent or
game-theoretic models. A perturbation method is based on the following aspects: the
equations to be solved are sufficiently smooth or sufficiently differentiable a number of
times in the required regions of variables and parameters. At first Van Der Pol paid
attention to the new oscillations i.e. self-excitations and indicated that their existence is
inherent in the in the non-linearity of the differential equations characterizing the process.
This non-linearity appears thus as the very essence of these phenomena and by
linearizing the differential equation in the sense of the method of small oscillations, one
simply eliminates the possibility of investigating such problems. Thus it is necessary to
deal with the non-linear problems directly instead of evading them by dropping the non-
linear terms. The method of Krylov and Bogoliubov is an asymptotic method in the sense
that 0. An asymptotic series itself may not be convergent, but for a fixed number of
terms, the approximate solution tends to be the exact solution as 0. It may be noted
that the term asymptotic is frequently used in the theory of oscillations in the sense that
. But in this case, the mathematical method is quite different. It is an important
approach to the study of such non-linear oscillations is the small parameter expansion.
Two widely used methods in this theory are mainly used in the literature; one is
averaging asymptotic method of KBM and the other is multi time scale method. Among
the methods used to study non-linear systems with a small non-linearity, the KBM
method is particularly convenient and is the extensively used technique to obtain the
approximate solutions. The method of KBM starts with the solution of linear equation
(sometimes called the general solution of the linear equation), assuming that in the non-
3 | P a g e

linear case, the amplitude and the phase in the solution of the linear differential equation
are time dependent functions rather than constants. This procedure introduces an
additional condition on the first derivative of the assumed solution for determining the
solution of a second order equation. It is customary in the KBM method that correction
terms (i.e., the terms with small parameter) in the solutions do not contain secular terms.
These assumptions are mainly valid for second and third order equations. But for the fifth
order differential equation, the correction terms sometimes contain secular terms,
although the solution is generated but the classical KBM asymptotic method.
Consequently, the traditional solutions failed to explain the proper solutions of the
systems. To remove the presence of secular terms and obtaining the desired results, we
need to impose some special conditions. The main target of this project is b to find out
these limitations and determine the proper solutions under some special conditions. The
method has its use mainly in engineering and technology, notably in mechanics, electrical
circuit theory, and also used in population dynamics, chemistry, control theory, plasma
physics, etc. it may be noted that most of the researchers have tried to find the solutions
of second, third, and fourth order non-linear systems. Although some investigators have
obtained the solutions of fifth order non-linear differential equations, which have not
been studied extensively.

In this work we have chosen a fifth order non-linear differential equation that describes
more critically damped systems with small non-linearities, to solve by the modified KBM
method and the quality of the solution is being tested.


4 | P a g e

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Damped Oscillatory Nonlinear Systems
Nonlinear differential equations show strange characters, but the mathematical
formulation of a number of physical problems results in differential equations which are
actually nonlinear. In many cases to convert such a nonlinear differential equation into a
related linear equation is possible, which approximates the actual nonlinear equation
closely enough to deliver useful results. This type of a linearization is not always
possible; and when it is not, the original nonlinear differential equation must be tried to
solve directly. While the general theory and methods of linear equations are highly
developed but very little of an ordinary character is known about nonlinear equations.
The study of nonlinear equations is generally confined to a variety of rather special cases
and one must resort to various methods of approximations. During last several decades in
the 20
th
century, some Russian scientists like Mandelstam and Papalexi [38], Krylov and
Bogoliubov [32], Bogoliubov and Mitropolskii [14] jointly worked on the nonlinear
dynamics. To solve nonlinear differential equations there exist some methods, among the
methods, the method of perturbations, i.e., an asymptotic expansion in terms of a small
parameter is the most advanced.
Krylov and Bogoliubov [32] developed a method of finding an approximate solution of
an equation of the form
|

\
|
= + , , ,
2
2
2
t
dt
dx
x f x
dt
x d
(2.1.1)
where is a sufficiently small positive parameter but not equal to zero, so that the
nonlinear term ( ) , , , t dt dx x f is relatively small and f is a power series in , whose
coefficients are polynomials in , cos and sin , , t t dt dx x and their proposed solution
procedure is known as Krylov-Bogoliubov (KB) solution. Generally, f does not contain
either or t. To depict the nature of nonlinear oscillations by the solutions obtained by
perturbation method, Gylden [29] and Liapounoff [35] discussed only periodic solutions,
5 | P a g e

transients were not considered. Around the year 1830, Poisson initiated nearly accurate
solutions of nonlinear differential equations and Liouville established his method. The
KBM method started with the solution of the linear equation, assuming that in the
nonlinear systems, the amplitude and phase in the solution of the linear equation are time
dependent functions rather than constants. This process introduced an additional
condition on the first derivative of the assumed solution for determining the solution of a
second order ordinary differential equation. Some outstanding works were done by
Stoker [33], McLachlan [39], Minorsky [42], Nayfeh [49], Bellman [12] and elaborative
uses have been made by them. Duffing [28] investigated many significant results on the
periodic solutions of the equation of the form:

3 2
2
2
2 x x
dt
dx
k
dt
x d
= + + (2.1.2)
Sometimes different kinds of nonlinear phenomena occur, if the amplitude of the
dependent variable of a dynamical system is less or greater than unity. The damping will
be negative if the amplitude is less than unity and the damping will be positive if the
amplitude is greater than unity. The governing equation of these phenomena is of the
form:
( ) 0 1
3
2
2
= + x
dt
dx
x
dt
x d
(2.1.3)
This equation is called Van der Pol [13] equation. Kruskal [31] has extended the KB
method for solving the completely nonlinear differential equation, which is of the form:

|

\
|
= , ,
2
2
dt
dx
x F
dt
x d
(2.1.4a)
Cap [27] has examined nonlinear systems of the form:
|

\
|
= +
dt
dx
x F x f
dt
x d
, ) (
2
2
2
(2.1.4b)
Since, f does not contain either or t in general, so the equation (2.1.1) becomes

|

\
|
= +
dt
dx
x f x
dt
x d
,
2
2
2
(2.1.5)
6 | P a g e

As pointed out previously that, in the behavior of nonlinear oscillations by perturbation
method, only periodic solutions were discussed, transients were not considered by
different researchers, where as Krylov and Bogoliubov first discussed transient response.
If , 0 = then the equation (2.1.5) reduces to a linear equation and its solution is
) cos( + = t a x (2.1.6)
where a and are arbitrary constants to be determined by using the initial conditions.
If , 0 but small enough, then Krylov and Bogoliubov considered that the solution of
(2.1.5) is still given by (2.1.6) together with the derivative of the form
) sin( + = t a
dt
dx
(2.1.7)
where a and are functions of t, rather than being constants.
Thus the solution of (2.1.5) is of the form
)) ( cos( ) ( t t t a x + = (2.1.8)
So the equation (2.1.7) becomes
)} ( sin{ ) ( t t t a
dt
dx
+ = (2.1.9)
Differentiating the assumed solution (2.1.8) with respect to t, we get

sin sin cos

dt
d
a a
dt
da
dt
dx
= (2.1.10)
where ) (t t + =
Using the equations (2.1.7) and (2.1.10), we obtain

sin cos
dt
d
a
dt
da
= (2.1.11)
Again differentiating (2.1.9) with respect to t, we have

cos cos sin

2
2
2
dt
d
a a
dt
da
dt
x d
= (2.1.12)
Substituting the value of
2
2
dt
x d
from (2.1.12) into the equation (2.1.5) and using equations
(2.1.8) and (2.1.9), we obtain
( )

sin , cos cos sin a a f

dt
d
a
dt
da
= + (2.1.13)
Solving (2.1.11) and (2.1.13), we get
7 | P a g e

( )

sin , cos sin a a f

dt
da
= (2.1.14)
( )

sin , cos cos a a f
a dt
d
= (2.1.15)
Thus, we observe that, a second order basic differential equation (2.1.5) in the unknown x
reduces to two first order differential equations (2.1.14) and (2.1.15) in the unknowns a
and . It is pointed out that these two first-order equations are written in terms of the
amplitude a and phase as dependent variables. From equations (2.1.14) and (2.1.15) it
is clear that
dt
da
and
dt
d
both are proportional to the small parameter . Hence, although
a and are functions of time t, they are slowly varying functions of t with a period of
.
2

= T That is, in a time interval of length ,

2

a and are almost constant, while

+ = t increases by approximately . 2 Therefore, the right sides of equations
(2.1.14) and (2.1.15) show that both
dt
da
and
dt
d
are periodic functions of time T. We
can convert the equations (2.1.14) and (2.1.15) into more convenient form. Now,
expanding ( ) sin , cos sin a a f and ( ) sin , cos cos a a f in Fourier series
in the total phase , the first approximate solution of (2.1.5), by averaging (2.1.14) and
(2.1.15) within the period of

2
= T is

( )
( )

=
=

2
0
2
0
sin , cos cos
2
sin , cos sin
2
d a a f
a dt
d
d a a f
dt
da
(2.1.16)
where a and are independent of time under the integrals.
Krylov and Bogoliubov [32] called their method asymptotic as . 0 An asymptotic
series itself may not be convergent, but for a fixed number of terms the approximate
solution tends to the exact solution as . 0 Later, the technique was verified
mathematically by Bogoliubov and Mitropolskii [14], and then extended to nonstationary
vibrations by Mitropolskii [43]. They sought a solution of the nonlinear differential
equation (2.1.5) in the form:
8 | P a g e

( )
1
2
2
1
) , ( ) , ( ) , ( cos
+
+ + + + + =
n
n
n
O a u a u a u a x (2.1.17)
where ) , , 2 , 1 ( , n k u
k
= are periodic functions of with a period of 2 and the
quantities a and which are functions of time t satisfy the first order differential
equations

( )
( )
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
+
+
+ + + + + =
+ + + + =
n
n
n
n
n
n
O a B a B a B
dt
d
O a A a A a A
dt
da

(2.1.18)
The functions ) , , 2 , 1 ( , and , n k B A u
k k k
= are to be chosen in such a way that the
equation (2.1.17), after replacing a and by the functions obtained from equation
(2.1.18); is a solution of the equation (2.1.5).
Since there are no restrictions in the choosing of functions , and
k k
B A therefore, there is
arbitrariness in the definition of the functions
k
u (Bogoliubov and Mitropolskii [14]). For
removing this arbitrariness, the following conditions are imposed

0 sin ) , (
0 cos ) , (
2
0
2
0
=
=

d a u
d b u
k
k
(2.1.19)
Absences of the secular terms in all successive approximations are guaranteed by these
conditions. Differentiating (2.1.17) two times with respect to t and using the relations
(2.1.18), then substituting the values of
2
2
and ,
dt
x d
dt
dx
x into the equation (2.1.5) and
finally equating the coefficients of ) , , 2 , 1 ( , n k
k
= we obtain
) sin cos ( 2 ) , (
) 1 (
2
2
2

k k
k
k
k
A aB a f u
u
+ + =
|
|

\
|
+

(2.1.20)
9 | P a g e

|
|

\
|

\
|
+
|

\
|
+
|
|

\
|

+ + =
=
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1 1 1
1
1
2
1
1
1 1 1
) 1 (
) 0 (
2 sin 2
cos ) sin , cos (
sin cos ) sin , cos ( ) , ( and
) sin , cos ( ) , ( where

u
B
a
u
A
da
dB
aA B A
da
dA
A aB a a f
u
aB A a a f u a f
a a f a f
dt
dx
x
(2.1.21)
Here
) 1 ( k
f is a periodic function of with period 2 which depends on the amplitude
a.
Now, expanding
) 1 ( k
f and
k
u in Fourier series, we obtain

{ }
{ }

=

+ + =
+ + =
1
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
0
1
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
0
) 1 (
sin ) ( cos ) ( ) ( ) , (
sin ) ( cos ) ( ) ( ) , (
n
k
n
k
n
k
k
n
k
n
k
n
k k
n a w n a v a v a u
n a h n a g a g a f


(2.1.22)

=
=
=

2
0
) 1 ( ) 1 (
2
0
) 1 ( ) 1 (
2
0
) 1 ( ) 1 (
0
sin ) sin , cos (
1
cos ) sin , cos (
1
) sin , cos (
2
1
where
d n a a f h
d n a a f g
d a a f g
k k
n
k k
n
k k
(2.1.23)

=
=
=

2
0
) 1 (
2
0
) 1 (
2
0
) 1 (
0
sin ) , (
1
cos ) , (
1
) , (
2
1
and
d n a u w
d n a u v
d a u v
k
k
n
k
k
n
k
k
(2.1.24)
Here, 0
) 1 (
1
) 1 (
1
= =
k k
w v for all values of k, as both integrals of (2.1.19) disappear.
Substituting the values of
) 1 ( k
f and
k
u into the equation (2.1.20), we obtain
10 | P a g e


( ){ }
{ } { }
{ }

=

+ +
+ + + + =
+ +
2
) 1 ( ) 1 (
) 1 (
1
) 1 (
1
) 1 (
0
2
) 1 ( ) 1 ( 2 2 ) 1 (
0
2
sin ) ( cos ) (
sin 2 ) ( cos 2 ) ( ) (
sin ) ( cos ) ( 1 ) (
n
k
n
k
n
k
k
k
k k
n
k
n
k
n
k
n a h n a g
n aA a h n aB a g a g
n a w n a v n a v



(2.1.24)
Now equating the coefficients of the harmonics of the same order, yield
( )
( )
( 1) ( 1)
1 1
( 1) ( 1)
( 1) ( 1) 0
0 2 2 2
( 1)
( 1)
2 2
( ) 2 0, ( ) 2 0,
( ) ( )
( ) , ( ) ,
1
( )
( ) , 2
1
k k
k k
k k
k k n
n
k
k n
n
g a aB g a aB
g a g a
v a v a
n
h a
w a n
n

+ = + =
= =

(2.1.25)
These are the sufficient conditions to obtain the desire order of approximation. For the
first order approximation, we have

( )
( )

= =
= =

2
0
) 0 (
1
1
2
0
) 0 (
1
1
cos sin , cos
2
1
2
) (
sin sin , cos
2
1
2
) (
d a a f
a
a g
B
d a a f
a h
A
(2.1.26)
Thus the variational equations in (2.1.18) become

( )
( )

=
=

2
0
2
0
cos sin , cos
2
sin sin , cos
2
d a a f
a dt
d
d a a f
dt
da
(2.1.27)
It is seen that, the equations of (2.1.27) are similar to the equations of (2.1.16). Hence, the
first order solution obtained by Bogoliubov and Mitropolskii [14] is the same as the
solution obtained by Krylov and Mitropolskii [32]. Higher order solutions can be found
easily. The correction term
1
u is obtained from (2.1.22) by using (2.1.25) as:

( )

=

+
+ =
2
2 2
) 0 ( ) 0 (
2
) 0 (
0
1
1
sin ) ( cos ) ( ) (
n
n n
n
n a h n a g a g
u

(2.1.28)
The solution (2.1.17) together with
1
u is known as the first order improved solution
where a and are obtained from (2.1.27). If the values of the functions
1
A and
1
B are
11 | P a g e

substituted from (2.1.26) into the second relation of (2.1.21), then the function
) 1 (
f will
be found and in this way, the functions
2 2
, B A and
2
u can be obtained. Therefore, the
determination of the higher order approximation will be completed. The KB method is
very much similar to the Van der Pols method and related to it. Van der Pol applied the
method of variation of constants to the basic solution t b t a x sin cos + = of
, 0
2
2
2
= + x
dt
x d
on the other hand Krylov-Bogoliubov applied the same method to the
basic solution ) cos( + = t a x of the same equation. Thus in the KB method the varied
constants are a and , while in the Van der Pols method the constants are a and b. The
method of Krylov-Bogoliubov is more exciting from the viewpoint of applications, since
it deals directly with the amplitude and phase of the quasi-harmonic oscillation.
Volosov [30] and Museenkov [48] also obtained higher order effects. The solution of the
equation (2.1.4a) is based on recurrent relations and is given as the power series of the
small parameter. Cap [27] solved the equation (2.1.4b) by using elliptical functions in the
sense of Krylov-Bogoliubov (KB) method. Popov [54] extended the KBM method to
damped nonlinear systems:

|

\
|
= + + x
dt
dx
f x
dt
dx
k
dt
x d
, 2
2
2
2
(2.1.29)
where
dt
dx
k 2 is the linear damping force and < < k 0 . It is notable that, the
importance of the Popovs method [54] in the physical systems with damping force,
Mendelson [40] and Bojadziev [23] retrieved Popovs results. In case of damped
nonlinear systems the first equation of (2.1.18) has been replaced by
( )
1
2
2
1
) ( ) ( ) (
+
+ + + + + =
n
n
n
O a A a A a A ka
dt
da
(2.1.18a)
A simple analytical method was presented by Murty and Deekshatulu [46] for obtaining
the time response of second order nonlinear over-damped systems with small nonlinearity
which is presented by the equation (2.1.29), based on the Krylov-Bogoliubov method of
variation of parameters. Shamsul [53] developed a method to find the solutions of over-
damped nonlinear systems, when one of the roots of the auxiliary equation is much
smaller than the other root. Murty et al. [45] found a hyperbolic type asymptotic solution
12 | P a g e

using the KBM method of an over-damped system presented by the nonlinear differential
equation (2.1.29), i.e., in the case > k . They used hyperbolic functions, cosh and
sinh instead of their circular counterpart, which was used by Krylov, Bogoliubov,
Mitropolskii, Popov and Mendelson. In case of oscillatory or damped oscillatory process
cosh may be used arbitrarily for every type of initial conditions. But in case of
nonoscillatory systems cosh or sinh should be used depending on the given set of
initial conditions (Bojadziev and Edwards [24], Murty et al. [45], Murty [46]). Murty
[46] extended a unified KBM method for obtaining the approximate solution of nonlinear
systems presented by the equation (2.1.29), which can face the under-damped, damped
and over-damped cases. Bojadziev and Edwards [24] investigated solutions of oscillatory
and nonoscillatory systems presented by (2.1.29) when k and are slowly varying
functions of time t. Arya and Bojadziev [10, 11] examined damped oscillatory systems
and time-dependent oscillating systems with slowly varying parameters and delay. Sattar
[62] investigated an asymptotic method for solving a second order critically damped
nonlinear system presented by (2.1.29). He has found the asymptotic solution of the
system (2.1.29) in the form:
( )
1
2
2
1
) , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) 1 (
+
+ + + + + + =
n
n
n
O a u a u a u a x (2.1.30)
where a is defined by the equation (2.1.18a) and is defined by
( )
1
2
2
1
) ( ) ( ) ( 1
+
+ + + + + =
n
n
n
O a C a C a C
dt
d

(2.1.18b)
Osiniskii [51] developed the KBM method to solve a third order nonlinear differential
equation of the form

|
|

\
|
= + + + x
dt
dx
dt
x d
f x c
dt
dx
c
dt
x d
c
dt
x d
, ,
2
2
3 2
2
2
1
3
3
(2.1.31)
where a small positive parameter and f is is a nonlinear function. He considered the
asymptotic solution of (2.1.31) in the form

( )
2
1 2
1
cos ( , , ) ( , , )
( , , )
n n
n
x a b u a b u a b
u a b O


+
= + + +
+ + +
(2.1.32)
13 | P a g e

where each ) , , 2 , 1 ( , n k u
k
= are periodic functions of with a period 2 and the
quantities a, b and are functions of time t, defined by

( )
( )
( )
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
+
+
+
+ + + + + =
+ + + + + =
+ + + + + =
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
O b C b C b C
dt
d
O b B b B b B b
dt
db
O a A a A a A a
dt
da

(2.1.33)
where , are the eigen-values of the equation (2.1.31) when . 0 =
Following the KBM method, Bojadziev [15] investigated solutions of nonlinear damped
oscillatory systems with small time lag. Bojadziev [20] has also found solutions of
damped forced nonlinear vibrations with small time delay. For solving the problems of
population dynamics, Bojadziev [21], Bojadziev and Chan [22] applied the KBM
method. Bojadziev [23] used the KBM method to investigate solutions of nonlinear
systems arised from biological and biochemical fields. Lin and Khan [36] have also used
the KBM method for some biological problems and Bojadziev et al. [16] have
investigated periodic solutions of nonlinear systems by the KBM and Poincare method
and compared the two solutions. Bojadziev and Lardner [17, 18] have investigated mono
frequent oscillations in mechanical systems including the case of internal resonance,
governed by hyperbolic differential equations with small nonlinearities. Bojadziev and
Lardner [19] have also investigated solution for a certain hyperbolic partial differential
equation with small nonlinearity and large time delay included into both unperturbed
parts of the equation. Bojadziev [25] and Bojadziev and Hung [26] developed a technique
by using the method of KBM to investigate a weakly nonlinear mechanical system with
strong damping. Osiniskii [51] has also extended the KBM method to a third order
nonlinear partial differential equation with initial friction and relaxation. Mulholland [44]
studied nonlinear oscillations governed by a third order differential equation. Lardner and
Bojadziev [34] investigated nonlinear damped oscillations governed by a third order
partial differential equation. They introduced the concept of couple amplitude where
the unknown functions
k k
B A , and
k
C depend on the both amplitudes a and b.
Bojadziev [25], and Bojadziev and Hung [26] used at least two trial solutions to
investigate time dependent differential systems one is for resonant case and the other is
14 | P a g e

for the nonresonant case. But Shamsul [47] used only one set of variational equations,
arbitrarily for both resonant and nonresonant cases. Shamsul et al. [37] presented a
general form of the KBM method for solving nonlinear partial differential equations.
Raymond and Cabak [57] examined the effects of internal resonance on impulsive forced
nonlinear systems with two-degree-of-freedom. Later, Shamsul [56, 58] has extended the
method to n-th order nonlinear systems. Shamsul [47, 55] has also extended the KBM
method for certain nonoscillatory nonlinear systems when the eigen values of the
unperturbed equation are real and non-positive. Shamsul [63] has presented a new
perturbation method based on the KBM method to find approximate solutions of second
order nonlinear systems with large damping. Sattar [64] has extended the KBM
asymptotic method for three-dimensional over-damped nonlinear systems. Shamsul et al.
[59] extended the KBM method to certain nonoscillatory nonlinear systems with varying
coefficients. Later, Shamsul [47] has unified the KBM method for solving n-th order
nonlinear differential equation with varying coefficients. Shamsul and Sattar [65] studied
time dependent third order oscillating systems with damping based on an extension of the
asymptotic method of Krylov-Bogoliubov-Mitropolskii. Alam [52, 53] has also
developed a method for obtaining nonoscillatory solution of third order nonlinear
systems. Alam and Sattar [61] presented a unified KBM method, which is not the formal
form of the original KBM method, for solving n-th order nonlinear systems. The solution
contains some unusual variables, yet this solution is very important. Shamsul [41] has
also presented a modified and compact form of the Krylov-Bogoliubov-Mitropolskii
unified method for solving an n-th order nonlinear differential equation. Shamsul [4]
proposed a general formula based on the extended KBM method for obtaining asymptotic
solution of an n-th order time dependent quasi linear differential equation with damping.
An asymptotic method was presented by Ali Akbar et al. [2] based on the KBM method
for solving the fourth order over-damped nonlinear systems. Later, Ali Akbar et al. [2]
extended the KBM method which present in [1] for the forth order damped oscillatory
systems. Ali Akbar et al. [3] also found a simple technique for obtaining certain over-
damped solution of an n-th order nonlinear differential equation. Ali Akbar et al. [4]
presented a unified KBM method for solving n-th order nonlinear systems under some
15 | P a g e

special conditions including the case of internal resonance. Ali Akbar et al. [6] also
extended the theory of perturbation for forth order nonlinear systems with large damping.





2.2 Near Critically Damped Nonlinear Systems

The Krylov-Bogoliubov-Mitropolskii (KBM) method [14, 31] was basically devised for
approximating periodic solutions of second order nonlinear differential systems with
small nonlinearities

|

\
|
= +
dt
dx
x f x
dt
x d
,
2
2
2
(2.2.1)
where is a very small positive parameter but not equal to zero.
The KBM [14, 31] method is particularly easy to understand and widely used tool to
obtain approximate solution of weakly nonlinear systems. For the physical importance,
Mendelson [40] reproduced Popovs solutions [54]. Murty et al. [46] and Shamsul [60]
developed the method to nonlinear over-damped systems. However, both over-damped
solutions [46, 60] are not up to the mark for certain damping effects, especially, close to
the critically damped. Shamsul [62] has extended a novel perturbation technique to find
approximate analytical solution of second order both over-damped and critically damped
nonlinear systems. First of all, Shamsul and Sattar [62] presented a method to solve third
order critically damped autonomous nonlinear systems. Again Shamsul developed the
method presented in [62] to find approximate solutions of critically damped nonlinear
systems in the presence of different damping forces by considering different sets of
variational equations. Afterward, he unified the KBM method for solving critically
damped nonlinear systems. Shamsul [55] researched a third order critically damped
nonlinear systems whose unequal eigen values are in integral multiple. Shamsul [55] has
also extended the method to a third order over-damped system when two of the eigen
values are almost equal (i.e., the system is near to the critically damped) and the result is
16 | P a g e

small. In recent times, Shamsul has presented an asymptotic method for certain third
order nonoscillatory nonlinear systems, which gives desired results when the damping
force is close to the critically damping force.
In this thesis, we desire to develop the KBM method to solve third and fourth order
damped oscillatory and near critically damped nonoscillatory nonlinear systems with
small nonlinearities.


17 | P a g e

CHAPTER THREE
Asymptotic Method of Krylov-Bogoliubov-Mitropolskii for
Fifth Order More Critically Damped Systems



3.1 The Method
We are going to propose a perturbation technique to solve a fifth order non-linear
differential equation of the form
1 2 3 4 5
( , , , , )
v iv iv
x k x k x k x k x k x f x x x x x + + + + + = (3.1.1)

where
( ) v
x and
( ) iv
x stand for the fifth and fourth derivatives respectively and over dots
are used for the first, second and third derivatives of x with respect to t;
1 2 3 4 5
, , , , k k k k k
are constants, is a sufficiently small parameter and
( )
( )
, , , ,
iv
f x x x x x is the given
nonlinear function. As the unperturbed equation of (4.2.1) has five real negative
eigenvalues, where the three eigen values and other two eigen values are assumed to be
the same. Suppose the eigenvalues are , , , and .

When = 0, the equation (3.1.1) becomes linear and the solution of the corresponding
linear equation is
2
0 0 0 0 0
( , ) ( ) ( )
t t
x t o a b t c t e d h t e

= + + + + (3.1.2)

where
0
a ,
0
b ,
0
c ,
0
d ,
0
h are constants of integration.
When 0 following Shamsul [16] an asymptotic solution of the equation (3.1.1) is
sought in the form
2
1
( , ) ( ) ( ) ( , , , , , ) ...
t t
x t a bt ct e d ht e u a b c d h t



= + + + + + + (3.1.3)
where a, b, c, d, h are the functions of t and they satisfy the first order differential
equations
18 | P a g e

1
( , , , , , ) ... a A a b c d h t = +
1
( , , , , , ) ... b B a b c d h t = +

1
( , , , , , ) ... c C a b c d h t = + (3.1.4)
1
( , , , , , ) ... d D a b c d h t = +

1
( , , , , , ) ... h H a b c d h t = +

Now differentiating (3.1.3) five times with respect to t, substituting the value of x and the
derivatives
v
x ,
iv
x , x , x , x in the original equation (3.1.1) utilizing the relations
presented in (3.1.4) and finally extracting the coefficients of , we obtain
2 2 2
2 2 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 2 2
3 3 2 0 1 1
1 1
( ) 3 6 6
( ) 2 ( ) ( ) ( , , , , , )
t
t
A B B C C
e D t t t C
t t t t t
D H
e D H t D D u f a b c d h t
t t

| |
+ + + + + + +
|

\
| |
+ + + + + + =
|

\
(3.1.5)
where
(0)
( , , , , , ) ( , , , , )
iv
f a b c d h t f x x x x x = and
2
0 0 0 0 0
( , ) ( ) ( )
t t
x t o a b t c t e d h t e

= + + + +
We have expanded the function
(0)
f in the Taylors series (Sattar, 1986; Shamsul, 2001,
2002b; Shamsul and Sattar, 1996) about the origin in power of t. Therefore, we obtain:

(0) ( )
0 , , 0
( , , , , )
q i j t
q i j k
f t a b c d h e


+
= =

=
`
)

(3.1.6)

Thus, using (3.1.6), the equation (3.1.5) becomes
2 2 2
2 2 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 2 2
3 3 2 1 1
1 1
( )
0 , , 0
( ) 3 6 6
( ) 2 ( ) ( )
( , , , , )
t
t
q i j t
q i j k
A B B C C
e D t t t C
t t t t t
D H
e D H t D D u
t t
t a b c d h e

+
= =
| |
+ + + + + + +
|

\
| |
+ + + + + +
|

\

=
`
)

(3.1.7)
Following the KBM method, Murty and Deekshatulu (1969b), Sattar (1986), Shamsul
(2002b), Shamsul and Sattar (1996, 1997) imposed the condition that u1 does not contain
the fundamental terms (the solution (3.1.2) is called the generating solution and its terms
19 | P a g e

are called the fundamental terms) of f (0). Therefore, Eq. (3.1.7) can be separated for
unknown functions A
1
, B
1
, C
1
, D
1
, H
1
and u
1
in the following way:
2 2 2
2 2 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 2 2
1
3 ( ) 1 1
1
0 , , 0
( ) 3 6 6
( ) 2 ( , , , , )
t
t q i j t
q i j k
A B B C C
e D t t t C
t t t t t
D H
e D H t t a b c d h e
t t

+
= =
| |
+ + + + + + +
|

\

| |
+ + + =
`
|

\
)

(3.1.8)

3 2 ( )
1
2 , , 0
( ) ( ) ( , , , , )
q i j t
q i j k
anb D D u t a b c d h e



+
= =

+ + =
`
)

(3.1.9)
Now equating the coefficients of
0 1 2
, , t t t from equation (3.1.8), we obtain
2
2 3 1 1 1
1 1 2
( )
0,
, , 0
( ) 3 6 ( ) 2
( , , , , )
t t
i j t
K
i j k
A B D
e D C e D H
t t t
F a b c d h e

+
=
| | | |
+ + + + + +
| |

\
\
=

(3.1.10)

2
2 3 1 1 1
2
( )
1,
, , 0
( ) 6 ( )
( , , , , )
t t
i j t
K
i j k
B C H
e D e D
t t t
F a b c d h e

+
=
| |
+ + + +
|

\
=

(3.1.11)

2
2 ( ) 1
1, 2
, , 0
( ) ( , , , , )
t i j t
K
i j k
C
e D F a b c d h e
t

+
=

+ =

(3.1.12)

Here, we have only three Eqs. (3.1.10) , (3.1.11) and(3.1.12) for determining the
unknown functions A
1
, B
1
, C
1
, D
1
and H
1
Thus, to obtain the unknown functions A
1
, B
1
,
C
1
, D
1
and H
1
we need to impose some conditions (Shamsul, 2002a, 2002b, 2002c,
2002d, 2003) between the eigen values. Different authors imposed different conditions
according to the behavior of the systems; such as in Shamsul (2002a) imposed the
condition

1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2
... ( ... )( ... )
n n n
i i i i i i + + + + + + + + + .
In this study, we have investigated solutions for the case >> . Therefore, we shall be
able to separate the Eq. (3.1.12) for unknown functions C
1
and solving them for B
1
and
20 | P a g e

H
1
substituting the values of C
1
into the Eq. (3.1.11) and applying the condition >> :
we can separate the Eq. (11) for two unknown functions B
1
and H
1
; and solving them for
A
1
and D
1
. Since , , , , a b c d h

are proportional to small parameter, they are slowly
varying functions of time t and for first approximate solution, we may consider them as
constants in the right side. This assumption was first made by Murty and Deekshatulu
(1969b). Thus the solutions of the Eq. (3.1.4) become
0 1
0
( , , , , , )
t
a a A a b c d h t dt = +

0 1
0
( , , , , , )
t
b b B a b c d h t dt = +

0 1
0
( , , , , , ) (3.1.13)
t
c c C a b c d h t dt = +

0 1
0
( , , , , , )
t
d d D a b c d h t dt = +

0 1
0
( , , , , , )
t
h h H a b c d h t dt = +

Equation (3.1.9) is a non-homogeneous linear ordinary differential equation; therefore, it
can be solved by the well-known operator method. Substituting the values of a, b, c, d, h
and u1 in the Eq. (3.1.3), we shall get the complete solution of (3.1.1). Therefore, the
determination of the first approximate solution is complete.

3.2 Example:
As an example of the above method, we have considered the Duffing type equation of
fifth order nonlinear differential system:

3
1 2 3 4 5
v iv
x k x k x k x k x k x x + + + + + = (3.2.14)

comparing (3.1.13) and (3.1.1), we obtain
3
( , , , , )
iv
f x x x x x x =
(0) 2 3
{( ) ( ) }
t t
f a bt ct e d ht e

= + + + + (3.2.15)
21 | P a g e

For example equation (3.2.14), the equations (3.1.9)-(3.1.12) respectively become
2
2 3 1 1 1
1 1 2
3 3 2 (2 ) 2 ( 2 ) 3 3
( ) 3 6 ( ) 2
3 3
t t
t t t t
A B D
e D C e D H
t t t
a e a de ad e d e




+ +
| | | |
+ + + + + +
| |

\
\
=
(3.2.16)

2
2 3 1 1 1
2
2 3 2 (2 ) 2 ( 2 ) 2 3
( ) 6 ( )
3 3(2 ) 3( 2 ) 3
t t
t t t t
B C H
e D e D
t t t
a be abd a h e bd adh e d he




+ +
| |
+ + + +
|

\
= + +
(3.2.17)

2
2 2 2 3 2 (2 ) 1
2
2 2 ( 2 ) 2 3
( ) 3( ) 3( 2 2 )
3( 2 ) 3
t t t
t t
C
e D ab a c e b d acd abh e
t
cd bdh ah e dh e



+
+

+ = + + +

+ +
(3.2.18)
(
) (
) (
3 2 3 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 2 4
1
2 4 2 5 3 6 3 2 2 2
2 3 2 4 2 2 2 3
3 4 2 5 (2 ) 2 2 2 2
2
and ( ) ( ) 3 3 3 6 3
3 3 3 2
2 2 2
2 2 3
2 2 2
t
t
D D u a a bt ab t b t a ct abct b ct
ac t bc t c t e a d abdt b dt
acdt bcdt c dt a ht abht b ht
acht bcht c ht e ad bd t cd t
adht bdht cd

+
+ + = + + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + +
)
( )
3 2 2 2 3 2 4 ( 2 )
3 2 2 2 3 3 3
3 3
t
t
ht ah t bh t ch t e
d d ht dh t h t e

+ + +
+ + + +
(3.2.19)
Solution of equation (3.2.18) is
( ) ( )
( )
2 2 2 2 ( )
1 1 2
2 2 2 2 (3 )
3 4
2 2
2
t t
t t
C l ab a c e l b d acd abh e
l cd bdh ah e l dh e


+

= + + + +
+ + + +
(3.2.20)
where
1 2 2
3
4 ( 3 )
l

=

,
2 2 2
3
4 ( )
l

=
+
,
3 2 2
3
4 ( )
l

=
+
,
4 2 2
3
4 (3 )
l

=

Now differentiating Eq.(3.2.20) with respect to t and putting the value of
1
C
t

in
Eq.(3.2.17) and solving B
1
and H
1
imposing the condition >> , we get
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 2
( )
t t
B r a be r ab a c e

= + + (3.2.21)
where
1 2 2
3
4 ( 3 )
r

=

,
2 3 2
9
4 ( 3 )
r

=

and
22 | P a g e

( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 2 2 ( )
1 1 2
2 2 2 2
3 4
2 2 ( ) 2 2
5 6
2 2
2 2
2
t t
t t
t t
H p abd a h e p bd adh e
p d he p b d acd abh e
p cd bdh ah e p dh e



+

+
= + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
(3.2.22)
where
1 3
3
2 ( )
p

=
+
,
2 3
3
8 ( )
p

=
+
,
3 3
3
2 (3 )
p

=

,
4 4
9
( )
p

=
+
,
5 4
9
8 ( )
p

=
+
,
6 4
9
(3 )
p

=

Again, putting the value
1
B
t

, C
1
and H
1
in Eq. (3.2.16) and solving A
1
and D
1
and
imposing the condition >> we get
3 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 3 4
( )( )
t t t
A q a e q a be q q a c ab e

= + + + + (3.2.23)
where
1 2 2
1
4 ( 3 )
q

=

,
2 3 2
9
8 ( 3 )
q

=

,

3 4 2
27
8 ( 3 )
q

=

,
4 4 2
9
8 ( 3 )
q

=

2 2 2 ( ) 3 2 2 2
1 1 2 3 4
2 2 ( ) 2 2 2 2
5 6 7
2 ( ) 2 2 2 2
8 9 10
2 2 ( )
11
( 2 2 )
( 2 ) (2 )
( 2 ) ( 2 2 )
( 2 )
t t t t
t t t
t t t
t
and D n a de n ad e n d e n b d acd abh e
n cd bdh ah e n dh e n abd a h e
n bd adh e n d he n b d acd abh e
n cd bdh ah e




+
+
+
+
= + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + +
2 2
12
t
n dh e

(3.2.24)

where
1 3
3
2 ( )
n

=
+
,
2 3
3
8 ( )
n

=
+
,
3 3
1
2 (3 )
n

=

,
4 5
9
( )
n

=
+
,
5 5
9
16 ( )
n

=
+
,
6 5
9
(3 )
n

=

,
7 2 3
3
2 ( )
n

=
+
,
8 3 2
3
8 ( )
n

=
+
,
9 2 3
3
2 (3 )
n

=

,
10 2 4
9
( )
n

=
+
,
11 4 2
9
4 ( )
n

=
+
,
12 2 4
9
(3 )
n

=

The solution of the Eq. (3.2.19) for u
1
is
23 | P a g e

{
} {
3 3 3 2 2 2 4 3
1 1 2 3 4 5 6
2 2 5 4 3 2 3 6
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
5 4 3 2 (2 ) 2
17 18 19 20 21 22
3 2 2
23 24 25 26
( 6 )( ) ( )(
) ( ) (
) (2 2 )
( ) (
t
t
u e b abc mt m t m t m b c ac m t m t
m t m t m bc m t m t m t m t m t m c m t
m t m t m t m t m t m e bch ach b h
m t m t m t m c

+
= + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + +
+ + + +
} {
}
4 3 2
27 28 29 30 31
2 5 4 3 2 ( 2 ) 2
32 33 34 35 36 37
3 2 2 4 3 2
38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46
3 3 3 2
47 48 49 50
2 )( )
( ) (2 )
( ) ( )
( )
t
t
d bch m t m t m t m t m
c h m t m t m t m t m t m e cdh bh
m t m t m t m ch m t m t m t m t m
e h m t m t m t m

+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + +
+ + + +
(3.2.25)

where
1 3 2
1
8 (3 )
m

=

,
2 3 2
3 3 2
8 (3 ) 2 3
m

| |
= +
|

\
,
3 3 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
4 (3 ) 2 (3 ) (3 )
m

| |
= + +
|

\
,
4 3 2 3 3 2 2
3 5 4 9 3
4 (3 ) 4 (3 ) 2 (3 ) (3 )
m

| |
= + + +
|

\
,
5 3 2
3
8 ( 3 )
m

=

,
6 3 2
12 3 2
8 ( 3 ) 2 3
m

| |
= +
|

\
,
7 3 2 2 2
9 3 3 3
2 ( 3 ) 2 (3 ) (3 )
m

| |
= + +
|

\
,
8 3 2 3 3 2 2
9 5 4 9 3
( 3 ) 4 (3 ) 2 (3 ) (3 )
m

| |
= + + +
|

\
,
9 3 2 4 4 3 3 2 2
9 15 5 5 6 9
( 3 ) 16 (3 ) 2 (3 ) (3 ) 2 (3 )
m

| |
= + + + +
|

\
,
10 3 2
3
8 ( 3 )
m

=

,
11 3 2
15 3 2
8 ( 3 ) 2 3
m

| |
= +
|

\
,
12 3 2 2 2
15 3 3 3
2 ( 3 ) 2 (3 ) (3 )
m

| |
= + +
|

\
,
13 3 2 3 3 2 2
45 5 4 9 3
2 ( 3 ) 4 (3 ) 2 (3 ) (3 )
m

| |
= + + +
|

\
,
24 | P a g e

14 3 2 4 4 3 3 2 2
45 15 5 5 6 9
( 3 ) 16 (3 ) 2 (3 ) (3 ) 2 (3 )
m

| |
= + + + +
|

\
,
15 3 2 5 5 4 4
3 2 2 3
45 21 6 15 15
( 3 ) 32 (3 ) 8 (3 ) 2 (3 )
15 6
4 (3 ) (3 )
m


|
= + + +

\
|
+ +
|



16 3 2
1
8 ( 3 )
m

=

,
17 3 2
3 3 2
4 ( 3 ) 2 3
m

| |
= +
|

\
,
18 3 2 2 2
15 3 3 3
4 ( 3 ) 2 (3 ) (3 )
m

| |
= + +
|

\
,
19 3 2 3 3 2 2
15 5 4 9 3
( 3 ) 4 (3 ) 2 (3 ) (3 )
m

| |
= + + +
|

\
,
20 3 2 4 4 2 2 3 3
45 15 5 9 6 5
( 3 ) 16 (3 ) 2 (3 ) (3 ) 2 (3 )
m

| |
= + + + +
|

\
,
21 3 2 5 5 3 2 2 3
4 4
90 21 6 15 6
( 3 ) 32 (3 ) 4 (3 ) (3 )
15 15
2 (3 ) 8 (3 )
m


|
= + + +

\
|
+ +
|



22 3 2 6 6 5 5 4 2
2 4 3 3
90 7 7 21 9 45
( 3 ) 16 (3 ) 16 (3 ) (3 ) 16 (3 )
15 5
2 (3 ) 4 (3 )
m


|
= + + + +

\
|
+ +
|



23 2 3
3
4 ( )
m

=
+
,
24 2 3
9 1 3
4 ( )
m

| |
= +
|
+ +
\
,
25 2 3 2 2
9 3 3 6
2 ( ) 4 ( ) ( )
m

| |
= + +
|
+ + +
\
,
26 2 3 3 2 3 2
9 1 6 10 9
2 ( ) 2 ( ) ( ) 4 ( )
m

| |
= + + +
|
+ + + +
\
,
27 2 3
3
4 ( )
m

=
+
,
28 2 3
3 1 3
( )
m

| |
= +
|
+ +
\
,
25 | P a g e

29 2 3 2 2
9 3 3 6
( ) 4 ( ) ( )
m

| |
= + +
|
+ + +
\
,
30 2 3 3 2 3 2
18 1 6 10 9
( ) 2 ( ) ( ) 4 ( )
m

| |
= + + +
|
+ + + +
\
,
31 2 3 4 3 4 3 2 2
18 15 10 15 3 9
( ) 16 ( ) ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( )
m

| |
= + + + +
|
+ + + + +
\

32 2 3
3
4 ( )
m

=
+
,
33 2 3
15 1 3
4 ( )
m

| |
= +
|
+ +
\

34 2 3 2 2
15 3 3 6
( ) 4 ( ) ( )
m

| |
= + +
|
+ + +
\

35 2 3 3 2 3 2
45 1 6 10 9
( ) 2 ( ) ( ) 4 ( )
m

| |
= + + +
|
+ + + +
\

36 2 3 4 3 4 3 2 2
90 5 10 15 3 9
( ) 16 ( ) ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( )
m

| |
= + + + +
|
+ + + + +
\

37 2 3 5 4 4 5
2 3 3 2
90 3 15 15 21
( ) 16 ( ) 16 ( ) ( )
15 3
2 ( ) ( )
m


|
= + + +

+ + + +
\
|
+ +
|
+ +


38 3 2
3
8 ( )
m

=
+
,
39 3 2
9 3 2
8 ( ) 2
m

| |
= +
|
+ +
\

40 3 2 2 2
9 3 3 3
4 ( ) 2 ( ) ( )
m

| |
= + +
|
+ + +
\

41 3 2 3 3 2 2
9 5 4 3 9
4 ( ) 4 ( ) ( ) 2 ( )
m

| |
= + + +
|
+ + + +
\


42 3 2
3
8 ( )
m

=
+


43 3 2
3 3 2
2 ( ) 2
m

| |
= +
|
+ +
\

26 | P a g e

44 3 2 2 2
9 3 3 3
2 ( ) 2 ( ) ( )
m

| |
= + +
|
+ + +
\

45 3 2 3 3 2 2
9 5 4 3 9
( ) 4 ( ) ( ) 2 ( )
m

| |
= + + +
|
+ + + +
\

46 3 2 4 4 3 3 2 2
9 15 5 5 6 9
( ) 16 ( ) 2 ( ) ( ) 2 ( )
m

| |
= + + + +
|
+ + + + +
\

47 2 3
1
4 (3 )
m

=

48 2 3
3 3 1
4 (3 ) 3
m

| |
= +
|

\

49 2 3 2 2
3 6 3 3
2 (3 ) (3 ) 4 (3 )
m

| |
= + +
|

\

50 2 3 3 3 2 2
3 10 1 9 6
2 (3 ) (3 ) 2 4 (3 ) (3 )
m

| |
= + + +
|

\

substituting the values of A
1
, B
1
, C
1
, D
1
and H
1
and from Eq. (3.2.23), (3.2.21), (3.2.20),
(3.2.24) and (3.2.22) into Eq. (3.1.4), we obtain:

{ }
3 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4
( )( )
t t t
a q a e q a be q q a c ab e

= + + + +
{ }
2 2 2 2 2
1 2
( )
t t
b r a be r ab a c e

= + +

{
}
2 2 2 2 ( )
1 2
2 2 2 2 (3 )
3 4
( ) ( 2 2 )
( 2 )
t t
t t
c l ab a c e l b d acd abh e
l cd bdh ah e l dh e

+

= + + + +
+ + + +

{
2 2 2 ( ) 3 2
1 2 3
2 2 2 2 ( )
4 5
2 2 2 2 2 ( )
6 7 8
2 2 2 2
9 10
2 2 ( )
11 1
( 2 2 ) ( 2 )
(2 ) ( 2 )
( 2 2 )
( 2 )
t t t
t t
t t t
t t
t
d n a de n ad e n d e
n b d acd abh e n cd bdh ah e
n dh e n abd a h e n bd adh e
n d he n b d acd abh e
n cd bdh ah e n

+
+
+

+
= + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +

}
2 2
2
t
dh e

(3.2.26)
27 | P a g e

{
}
2 2 2 ( )
1 2
2 2 2 2
3 4
2 2 ( ) 2 2
5 6
(2 ) ( 2 )
( 2 2 )
( 2 )
t t
t t
t t
h p abd a h e p bd adh e
p d he p b d acd abh e
p cd bdh ah e p dh e

+

+
= + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +

Here all of the Eqs. of (3.2.26) have no exact solutions, but since , , , , a b c d h

are
proportional to the small parameter , so they are slowly varying functions of time t.
Consequently, it is possible to replace a, b, c, d, h by their respective values obtained in
linear case (i.e., the values of a, b, c, d, h obtained when = 0) in the right hand side of
Eq. (3.2.26). This type of replacement was first introduced by Murty and Deekshatulu
(1969a, b) to solve similar type of nonlinear equations.

Therefore, the solution of (3.2.26) is:
2 2 2
3 2 2 2
0 1 0 2 0 0 3 4 0 0 0 0
1 1 1
( )( )
2 2 2
t t t
e e e
a a q a q a b q q a c a b

= + + + + +
`
)

2 2
2 2 2
0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0
1 1
( )
2 2
t t
e e
b b r a b r a b a c

= + + +
`
)

2 ( )
2 2 2
0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 (3 )
2 2 2
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0
1 1
( ) ( 2 2 )
2
1 1
( 2 )
2 3
t t
t t
e e
c c l a b a c l b d a c d a b h
e e
l c d b d h a h l d h

+


= + + + + +

+ + + +
`

)

(3.2.27)
2 ( ) 2
2 2 3
0 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0
2 ( )
2 2 2
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 2 (
2 2 2
6 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1
2 2
1 1
( 2 2 ) ( 2 )
2
1 1 1
(2 ) ( 2 )
2 2
t t t
t t
t t
e e e
d d n a d n a d n d
e e
n b d a c d a b h n c d b d h a h
e e e
n d h n a b d a h n b d a d h

+
+


= + + +

+ + + + + +
+

+ + + + +
)
2 2
2 2
9 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
( ) 2
2 2 2
11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0
1 1
( 2 2 )
2 2
1 1
( 2 )
2
t
t t
t t
e e
n d h n b d a c d a b h
e e
n c d b d h a h n d h






+

+
+

+ + + +

+ + + +
`
+
)

28 | P a g e

2 ( )
2 2
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0
2 2
2 2
3 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
( ) 2
2 2 2
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0
1 1
(2 ) ( 2 )
2
1 1
( 2 2 )
2 2
1 1
( 2 )
2
t t
t t
t t
e e
h h p a b d a h p b d a d h
e e
p d h p b d a c d a b h
e e
p c d b d h a h p d h

+

+

= + + + +

+ + + +

+ + + +
`
+
)

Hence, we obtain the first approximate solution of the Eq. (3.2.14) as:
2
1
( , ) ( ) ( )
t t
x t a bt ct e d ht e u



= + + + + + (3.2.28)
where a, b, c, d and h are given by the Eq. (3.2.27) and
1
u is given by (3.2.25).
29 | P a g e

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 Results and Discussion
In order to test the accuracy of an analytical approximate solution obtained by a certain
perturbation method, we compare the approximate solution to the numerical solution
(considered to be exact). With regard to such a comparison concerning the presented
technique of this article, we refer the work of Murty et al. [11]. In the present article, for
different sets of initial conditions as well as different sets of eigenvalues we have
compared the results obtained by perturbation solution (3.2.28) to those obtained by the
fourth order RungeKutta method. Beside this, we have computed the Pearson
correlation between the perturbation results and the corresponding numerical results.
From figures, we observed that the perturbation results from equation (3.2.28) show good
coincidence with the numerical results. First of all, for =0.97, = 3:1, = 0:01 and x(t,)
has been computed (3.2.28), in which a, b, c, d, h by the equations (3.2.27) with initial
conditions
0 0 0 0 0
0.005, 0.005, 0.03, 0.4 0.3 a b c d and h = = = = =
i.e,
( )
( )
x 0 0.00500, (0) 0.013683, (0) 0.01000,
(0) 0.039641, 0.04000
iv
x x
x x
= = =
= =

In these cases, the perturbation results obtained by the solution (3.2.28) and the
corresponding numerical results computed by a fourth order RungeKutta method with a
small time increment t = 0:05, are plotted in the Fig. 1. The correlation between these
two results has also been calculated: which is 0:999999956.
30 | P a g e


Fig. 1. Perturbation solution plotted by dot line and numerical solution plotted by
continuous line.
Secondly, we have considered = 0.98, = 3.2, and = 0.01 with initial
Conditions

0 0 0 0 0
0.05, 0.05, 0.02, 0.3 0.3 a b c d and h = = = = =
i.e,
( )
( )
x 0 0.541421, (0) 0.0683469, (0) 0.540695,
(0) 1.801215, 2.264117
iv
x x
x x
= = =
= =

In these cases, the perturbation results obtained by the solution (3.2.28), and the
corresponding numerical results computed by a fourth-order RungeKutta method with a
small time increment t = 0:05, are plotted in the Fig. 2. The correlation between these
two results has also been calculated which is 0.99992479.

31 | P a g e


Fig.2. Perturbation results are plotted by dotted line and numerical results are plotted by
continuous line.




32 | P a g e

Finally, it can readily be seen that for = 0.98, = 3.2, and = 0.01 with initial
conditions
0 0 0 0 0
0.5, 0.05, 0.0001, 0.3 0.003 a b c d and h = = = = =
( )
( )
x 0 0.55, (0) 0.22147, (0) 2.79745,
(0) 0.000866, 21.313951.
iv
x x
x x
= = =
= =

In these cases, the perturbation results obtained by the solution (25), and the
corresponding numerical results computed by a fourth-order RungeKutta method with a
small time increment t = 0:05 are plotted in Fig. 3. The correlation between these two
results has also been calculated which is 0:999879695.
33 | P a g e


Fig.3. Perturbation solution plotted by dot line and numerical solution plotted by
Continuous line.
34 | P a g e

5.1 Conclusion:
An analytical approximate solution based on the theory of KBM for fifth order more
critically damped nonlinear systems is investigated in this article. The correlation
between the results of the perturbation solution and the corresponding numerical solution
obtain by a fourth-order RungeKutta method have been calculated, which shows that
these two results are strongly-correlated. The result obtained for different sets of initial
conditions as well as different set of triply equal and a set of paired eigenvalues, show a
excellent coincidence with corresponding numerical results.
35 | P a g e

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