UNIT - 5

FUNCTIONS AND POINTERS

FUNCTION
Functions is a sub-program that contains one or more statements and it performs some task when called.

Types
Functions

Pre-Defined Functions

User-Defined Functions

Pre-Defined Functions
The pre-defined functions or library functions are built-in functions. The user can use the functions, but cannot modify the function. Example: sqrt()

User-Defined Functions
The functions defined by the user for their requirement are called user-defined functions. Whenever it is needed, The user can modify the function. Example: sum(a,b)

Advantage of User-Defined Functions

The length of the source program can be reduced. It is easy to locate error. It avoid coding of repeated instructions.

Elements of User-Defined Function

Function declaration Function definition Function call

Function
Syntax datatype function_name (parameters list) { local variable declaration; body of the function; return(expression); }

How Function Works

Once a function is called the control passes to the called function. The working of calling function is temporarily stopped. When the execution of called function is completed then the control return back to the calling function and execute the next statement.

Parameters
Actual Parameter These are the parameters transferred from the calling function to the called function. Formal Parameter These are the parameters which is used in the called function.

return Statement
The return statement may or may not send some values to the calling function. Syntax: return; (or) return(expression);

Function Prototypes
Function with no arguments and no return values. Function with arguments and no return values. Function with arguments and return values. Function with no arguments and with return values.

Function with no arguments and no return values

Here no data transfer take place between the calling function and the called function. These functions act independently, i.e. they get input and display output in the same block.

Example
#include <stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() //calling function { void add(void); add(); } void add()//called function { int a,b,c; printf("\nEnter two number:"); scanf("%d%d",&a,&b); c=a+b; printf("\nSum is:%d",c); }

Output
Enter two number:3 4 Sum is:7

Function with arguments and no return values

Here data transfer take place between the calling function and the called function. It is a one way data communication, i.e. the called program receives data from calling program but it does not return any value to the calling program.

#include <stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int a,b; void add(int,int); printf("\nEnter two number:");

Example

scanf("%d%d",&a,&b); add(a,b); } void add(int x,int y) //function with arguments { int z; z=x+y; printf("\nSum is:%d",z); }

Output
Enter two number:2 4 Sum is:6

#include <stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int a,b; void add(int a,int b); printf("\nEnter two number:");

Example

scanf("%d%d",&a,&b); add(a,b); } void add(int x,int y) //function with arguments { int z; z=x+y; printf("\nSum is:%d",z); }

Output
Enter two number:2 4 Sum is:6

Function with arguments and return values

Here data transfer take place between the calling function and the called function as well as between called function and calling function . It is a two way data communication, i.e. the called program receives data from calling program and it return some value to the calling program.

Example
#include <stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int a,b,c; int add(int,int); printf("\nEnter two number:"); scanf("%d%d",&a,&b); c=add(a,b); printf("\nSum is:%d",c); } int add(int x,int y) { int z; z=x+y; return(z); }

Output
Enter two number:6 7 Sum is:13

Function with no arguments and with return values

Here data transfer take place between the called function and the calling function. It is a one way data communication, i.e. the called program does not receives data from calling program but it return some value to the calling program.

#include <stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int add(),d; d=add(); printf("\nSum is:%d",d); } int add() //function wit no argument { int a,b,c; printf("\nEnter two number:"); scanf("%d%d",&a,&b); c=a+b; return(c); }

Output
Enter two number:5 8

Sum is:13

Parameter Passing Methods

Call by value Call by reference

Call by value
Actual argument passed to the formal argument. Any changes to the formal argument does not affect the actual argument.

Example
#include <stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int x,y,change(int,int); printf("\nEnter value of x:"); scanf("%d",&x); printf("\nEnter value of y:"); scanf("%d",&y);

change(x,y); printf("\n\nValues in the Main()-->x=%d,y=%d",x,y); } int change(int a,int b) { int c; c=a; a=b; b=c; printf("\nValues in the Fuction -->x=%d,y=%d",a,b); }

Output
Enter value of x:5 Enter value of y:6 Values in the Fuction -->x=6,y=5 Values in the Main()-->x=5,y=6

Call by reference
Instead of passing value, the address of the argument will be passed. Any changes to the formal argument will affect the actual argument.

Example
#include <stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int x,y,change(int*,int*); printf("\nEnter value of x:"); scanf("%d",&x); printf("\nEnter value of y:"); scanf("%d",&y);

change(&x,&y); printf("\n\nValues in the Main()-->x=%d,y=%d",x,y); } int change(int *a,int *b) { int c; c=*a; *a=*b; *b=c; printf("\nValues in the Function -->x=%d,y=%d",*a,*b); }

Output
Enter value of x:5 Enter value of y:6 Values in the Function -->x=6,y=5 Values in the Main()-->x=6,y=5

Recursion
It is a process of calling the same function itself again and again until some condition is satisfied. Syntax: func1() { .. func1(); }

Example
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int a; int rec(int); printf("\nEnter the number:"); scanf("%d",&a); printf("The factorial of %d! is %d",a,rec(a)); }

int rec(int x) { int f; if(x==1) return(1); else f=x*rec(x-1); return(f); }

Output: Enter the number:5 The factorial of 5! is 120

Example: Working of 3!

Tower of Honoi

3 2 31

3 2

3 2 31

Tower of Honoi

3 2 31

3 2

3 2 31

Library Function
It is pre-defined function. The library function provides functions like mathematical, string manipulation etc,.

Example
sqrt(x): It is used to find the square root of x Example: sqrt(36) is 6 abs(x): It is used to find the absolute value of x Example: abs(-36) is 36 pow(x,y): It is used to find the value of xy Example: pow(5,2) is 25 ceil(x): It is used to find the smallest integer greater than or equal to x Example: ceil(7.7) is 8

rand(): It is used to generate a random number. sin(x): It is used to find the sine value of x Example: sin(30) is 0.5 cos(x): It is used to find the cosine value of x Example: cos(30) is 0.86 tan(x): It is used to find the tan value of x Example: tan(30) is 0.577

toascii(x): It is used to find the ASCII value of x Example: toascii(a) is 97 toupper(x): It is used to convert lowercase character to uppercase. Example: toupper(a) is A toupper(97) is A tolower(x): It is used to convert uppercase character to lowercase. Example: tolower(A) is a

Example:
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<math.h> #include<ctype.h> void main() { int x,y=2; printf("\nEnter the number:"); scanf("%d",&x); printf("\nThe squareroot of %d is %f",x,sqrt(x)); printf("\nThe value of %d power%dis%f ",x,y,pow(6,2));

printf("\nThe ceiling of 6.7 is %f",ceil(6.7)); printf("\nThe floor of 6.7 is %f",floor(6.7)); printf("\nThe absolute value of -6 is %d",abs(-6)); printf("\nThe value of sin 45 is %f",sin(45)); printf("\nThe uppercase of 'a' is %c",toupper('a')); printf("\nThe uppercase of 97 is %c",toupper(97)); getch(); }

Output:
Enter the number:6 The squareroot of 6 is 2.449490 The value of 6 power 2 is 36.000000 The ceiling of 6.7 is 7.000000 The floor of 6.7 is 6.000000 The absolute value of -6 is 6 The value of sin 45 is 0.850904 The uppercase of 'a' is A The uppercase of 97 is A

Array
An Array is a collection of similar data items, that are stored under a common name. Types
One-Dimensional array Two-Dimensional array Multi-Dimensional array

One-Dimensional array Array Declaration

Syntax: data_type array_name[size]; Example: int x[3];

x
X[0] X[1] X[2]

Array initialization
At compile time At run time

At compile time
Syntax: data_type array_name[size]={variables}; Example: int x[3]={5,3,7};

x
5 3 7

X[0] X[1] X[2]

At Run time
Array can also initialize at the run time. Example: while(i<10) { if(i<5) sum[i]=0; else sum[i]=sum[i]+i; }

 Example: scanf(%d%d,&a*0+,&a*1+);

Example
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int x[2],i; printf("\nEnter the inputs:"); for(i=0;i<2;i++) scanf("%d",&x[i]); for(i=0;i<2;i++) printf("\nThe value in x[%d] is %d",i,x[i]); getch(); }

Output
Enter the inputs:3 6 The value in x[0] is 3 The value in x[1] is 6

Example
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int i; char x[5]={'a','b','c','d','e'}; clrscr(); for(i=0;i<5;i++) printf("\nThe value in x[%d] is %c",i,x[i]); getch(); }

Output
The value in x[0] is a The value in x[1] is b The value in x[2] is c The value in x[3] is d The value in x[4] is e

Two-Dimensional array Array Declaration

Syntax: data_type array_name[row_size] [col_size]; Example: int x[3][2];

Col 0 row 0 row 1 row 2 X[0][0] X[1][0] X[2][0]

Col 1 X[0][1] X[1][1] X[2][1]

Array Initialization
Syntax:
data_type array_name[row_size] [col_size];={variables};

Example: int x[2][2]={1,50,2,75};

int x[2][2]={ }; (or) int x[ ][2]={ };

{1,50}, {2,75}

{1,50}, {2,75}

Col 0 row 0 row 1 1 2

Col 1 50 75

#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int i,j; int x[2][2]={{1,50}, {2,75} }; clrscr(); for(i=0;i<2;i++) for(j=0;j<2;j++) printf("\nThe value in x[%d][%d] is %d",i,j,x[i][j]); getch(); }

Example

Output
The value in x[0][0] is 1 The value in x[0][1] is 50 The value in x[1][0] is 2 The value in x[1][1] is 75

Example
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int i,j; int x[][2]={ {1,50},{2,75},{3,65}}; clrscr(); for(i=0;i<=2;i++) for(j=0;j<2;j++) printf("\nThe value in x[%d][%d] is %d",i,j,x[i][j]); getch(); }

Output
The value in x[0][0] is 1 The value in x[0][1] is 50 The value in x[1][0] is 2 The value in x[1][1] is 75 The value in x[2][0] is 3 The value in x[2][1] is 65

Matrix Addition
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int i,j,k,r1,r2,c1,c2; int a[5][5],b[5][5],c[5][5]; clrscr(); step1: printf("\n Enter the size of matrix A:"); scanf("%d%d",&r1,&c1); printf("\n Enter the size of matrix B: "); scanf("%d%d",&r2,&c2); if((c1==c2)&&(r1==r2)) goto step2; else goto step1;

step2: printf("\n Enter the elements of matrix A \n"); for(i=0;i<r1;i++) { for(j=0;j<c1;j++) { scanf("%d",&a[i][j]); } } printf("\n Enter the elements of matrix B \n"); for(i=0;i<r2;i++) { for(j=0;j<c2;j++) { scanf("\t%d",&b[i][j]); } }

for(i=0;i<r1;i++) { for(j=0;j<c1;j++) { c[i][j]=0; c[i][j]=c[i][j]+a[i][j]+b[i][j]; } } printf("\n The resultant matrix after addition of A & B is\n"); for(i=0;i<r1;i++) { for(j=0;j<c1;j++) printf("%d\t",c[i][j]); printf("\n"); } getch(); }

Output
Enter the size of matrix A: 2 2 Enter the size of matrix B: 2 2 Enter the elements of matrix A 2 2 2 2 Enter the elements of matrix B 3 3 3 3 The resultant matrix after addition of A&B is 55 55

Matrix Multiplication
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int i,j,k,r1,r2,c1,c2; int a[5][5],b[5][5],c[5][5]; clrscr(); step1: printf("\n Enter the size of matrix A \n"); scanf("%d%d",&r1,&c1); printf("\n Enter the size of matrix B \n"); scanf("%d%d",&r2,&c2); if(c1==r2) goto step2; else goto step1;

step2: printf("\n Enter the elements of matrix A \n"); for(i=0;i<r1;i++) { for(j=0;j<c1;j++) { scanf("%d",&a[i][j]); } } printf("\n Enter the elements of matrix B \n"); for(i=0;i<r2;i++) { for(j=0;j<c2;j++) { scanf("\t%d",&b[i][j]); } }

for(i=0;i<r1;i++) { for(j=0;j<c2;j++) { c[i][j]=0; for(k=0;k<c1;k++) { c[i][j]=c[i][j]+a[i][k]*b[k][j]; } } } for(i=0;i<r1;i++) { for(j=0;j<c2;j++) printf("%d\t",c[i][j]); printf("\n"); } getch(); }

Enter the size of matrix A:2 2 Enter the size of matrix B:2 2 Enter the elements of matrix A 4 4 4 4 Enter the elements of matrix B 4 4 4 4 The resultant matrix is 3232 3232

Output

Enter the size of matrix A:2 3 Enter the size of matrix B:3 2 Enter the elements of matrix A 1 2 3 4 5 6 Enter the elements of matrix B 2 4 6 8 2 4

20 50

32 80

Passing array to Function

Here an array is transferred as parameter to a function. void main()void fun(n,b[]) {{ void fun(int,int);int x,b[5]; int a[5],n;.. .. fun(n,a); } }

Example
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void add(int,int b[]); void main() { int a[5],i,n; clrscr(); printf("\n Enter the Number: "); scanf("%d",&n); printf("\n Enter the Values: "); for(i=0;i<n;i++) scanf("%d",&a[i]); add(n,a); }

void add(int x,int b[]) { int sum=0,i; for(i=0;i<x;i++) sum=sum+b[i]; printf("\nThe sum is: %d",sum); }

Output
Enter the Number: 5 Enter the Values: 1 2 3 4 5

The sum is: 15

Array of Characters
In array the characters are terminated by the null (\0) character. Example: char a[]={a,b,c};
a b c \0

Example
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int i=0; char a[]="abcd"; clrscr(); while(a[i]!='\0') { printf("\t%c",a[i]); i++; } }

Output
a b c d

Multi Dimensional Array

Syntax datatype array_name [size1][size2].[size n]

datatype- type of the data. array_name -name of the array. size-size of the array.

Example:
int a[3][3][3];
Col 0 row 0 row 1 row 2 X[0][0] X[1][0] X[2][0] Col 1 Col 2

X[0][1] X[0][2] X[1][1] X[1][2] X[2][1] X[2][2]

String Functions
strlen() It is used to find the length of the string. syntax: strlen(string) strcpy() It is used to copy one string to another. syntax: strcpy(string1,string2) strcat() It is used to combine two strings. syntax: strcat(string1,string2)

 strcmp() It is used to compare two strings. syntax: strcmp(string1,string2) Returns 0 if two strings are equal. Return value <0 if s1 is less than s2. Return value >0 if s1 is greater than s2. strrev() It used to reverse a string. syntax: strrev(string) strlwr(), strupr() It used to change the case of a string. syntax: strlwr(string) strupr(string)

 strncpy() It used to copy n characters of one string to another. strstr() It is used to determine the first occurrence of a given string in another string. strncat() It Appends source string to destination string upto specified length. strspn() It is used t find upto what length two strings are identical.

 strncmp()
It is used to compare n character of two strings.

strcmpi()
It is used to compare two strings without regarding the case.

strnicmp()
It is used to compare first n characters of two strings without regarding the case.

strchr()
It is used to determine the first occurrence of a given character in a string.

strrchr()
It is used to determine the last occurrence of a given character in a string.

#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<string.h> void main() { char a[]="college"; int b;

Example

clrscr(); b=strlen(a); printf("\nThe length of the string is %d",b); getch(); }

Output: The length of the string is 7

Example
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<string.h> void main() { char a[]="IT"; char b[]="Dept"; clrscr(); strcpy(a,b); printf("\nThe string is %s",a); getch(); }

Output: The string is Dept

Example
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<string.h> void main() { char a[]="IT"; char b[]="Dept"; clrscr(); strcat(a,b); printf("\nThe string is %s",a); getch(); }

Output: The string is ITDept

Example
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<string.h> void main() { char a[]="itdept"; char b[]="it"; int i; clrscr(); i=strcmp(a,b); if(i==0) printf("\nstrings are equal:%d",i); else if(i<0) printf("\nstring1 is less than string2:%d",i);

else printf("\nstring1 is greater than string2:%d",i); getch(); }

Output: string1 is greater than string2:100

Example
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<string.h> void main() { char a[]="itdept"; clrscr(); printf("\nThe string is :%s",a); strupr(a); printf("\nThe string after conversion to uppercase :%s",a); strlwr(a); printf("\nThe string after conversion to lowercase :%s",a); getch(); }

Output
The string is :itdept The string after conversion to uppercase :ITDEPT The string after conversion to lowercase :itdept

Example
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<string.h> void main() { char a[]="Dept"; clrscr(); printf("\nThe string is %s",strrev(a)); getch(); }

Output: The string is tpeD

Example
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<string.h> void main() { char a[]="itdept"; char b[15]; int i=0; clrscr(); strncpy(b,a,2); b[2]='\0'; printf("\nThe string is :%s",b); getch(); }

Output: The string is :it

String Palindrome
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<string.h> void main() { int len,i,j; char str[15]; clrscr(); printf("\n Enter the string:"); scanf("%s",str); len=strlen(str);

for(i=0,j=len-1;i<len/2;i++,j--) { if(str[i]!=str[j]) { printf("\nThe String is not a palindrome"); getch(); exit(0); } } printf("\nThe String is a palindrome"); getch(); }

Output: Enter the string:abcba The String is a palindrome

Enumerated Data Type

It is user defined data type. The user can create their own data type and define some values to the variables. Syntax: enum tag_name { enum1; enum2; . };

Example
#include <conio.h> #include <stdio.h> void main() { enum week {sun,mon,tue,wed,thr,fri,sat}; clrscr(); printf("\nMonday=%d",mon); printf("\nSaturday=%d",sat); getch(); }

Output: Monday=1 Saturday=6

Example
#include <conio.h> #include <stdio.h> void main() { enum week {sun=10,mon,tue,wed,thr,fri,sat}; clrscr(); printf("\nMonday=%d",mon); printf("\nsaturday=%d",sat); getch(); }

Output: Monday=11 saturday=16

Structure
A Structure is a collection of different data items, that are stored under a common name. Syntax: struct structure_name { structure element1; structure element2; . };

 Example: struct stud { int sno; char name[10]; int mark; };

struct stud s;

Example
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> struct stud { int regno; char name[10]; int m1; int m2; int m3; }; struct stud s; void main() { float tot,avg;

printf("\nEnter the student regno,name,m1,m2,m3:"); scanf("%d%s%d%d%d",&s.regno,&s.name,&s.m1,&s.m2, &s.m3); tot=s.m1+s.m2+s.m3; avg=tot/3; printf("\nThe student Details are:"); printf("\n%d\t%s\t%f\t%f",s.regno,s.name,tot,avg);

Output
Enter the student regno,name,m1,m2,m3:100 aaa 87 98 78

The student Details are: 100 aaa 263.000000

87.666664

Structure assignment
It is possible to assign one structure information to another structure of same type using simple assignment statement.

Example
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { struct { int a; }x,y; clrscr(); x.a=10; y=x; printf("The value of y.a is%d",y.a); getch(); }

Output
The value of y.a is10

Example
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> struct stud { int regno; char name[10],grade; int m1,m2,m3; float avg,tot; } s[10]; void main() { int i,n; printf("\nEnter the no.of students:"); scanf("%d",&n);

for(i=0;i<n;i++) { printf("\nEnter the student regno,name,m1,m2,m3:"); scanf("%d%s%d%d%d",&s[i].regno,&s[i].name,&s[i].m1, &s[i].m2,&s[i].m3); s[i].tot=s[i].m1+s[i].m2+s[i].m3; s[i].avg=s[i].tot/3; if(s[i].m1<35||s[i].m2<35||s[i].m3<35) s[i].grade='f'; else { if(s[i].avg>=75) s[i].grade='d'; else if(s[i].avg>=60)

s[i].grade='A'; else if(s[i].avg>=50) s[i].grade='B'; else if(s[i].avg>=35) s[i].grade='C'; } } printf("\nSTUDENT MARK LIST\n"); printf("\nREGNO\tNAME\tTOTAL\tAvg\tGRADE"); for(i=0;i<n;i++) printf("\n%d\t%s\t%f\t%f\t%c",s[i].regno,s[i].name,s[i].tot, s[i].avg,s[i].grade); getch(); }

Enter the no.of students:2 Enter the student regno,name,m1,m2,m3:101 aaa 89 98 78 Enter the student regno,name,m1,m2,m3:102 bbb 59 68 76 STUDENT MARK LIST

REGNO NAME TOTAL Avg GRADE 101 aaa 265.00000088.333336d 102 bbb 203.00000067.666664A

Union
An Union is a collection of different data items, that are stored under a common name. Here same memory is shared by its members. Syntax: union union _name { union element1; union element2; };

 Example: union result { int mark; float avg; char grade; }; union result s;

Example
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> union stud { int a; char b[2]; }; void main() { union stud c;

c.a=256; printf("\nc.a value is%d",c.a); printf("\nc.b[0] value is%d",c.b[0]); printf("\nc.b[1] value is%d",c.b[1]); }

Output: c.a value is256 c.b[0] value is0 c.b[1] value is1

c.a - 2 Byte

c.b[0] 1 Byte

c.b[0]

1 Byte

256 = 00000010 00000000

Higher bit 00000000 c.b[0] Lower bit 00000010 c.b[1]

#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> struct student { int a; int b; char c; }s; union student1 { int a; int b; char c; }s1;

Example

void main() { printf("\nThe size of struct is %d",sizeof(s)); printf("\nThe size of union is %d",sizeof(s1)); getch(); }

Output: The size of struct is 5 The size of union is 2

Structure & Union

2 Byte 2Byte 1Byte

int

int
structure

char

2 Byte

int ,int, char

union

Preprocessor
It is a program that processes the source program before compilation. It operates under the following directives
File Inclusion Macro substitution Conditional inclusion

File Inclusion
It is used to include some file that contains functions or some definitions. Syntax: #include<filename> (or) #includefilename Eg: #include<stdio.h> #include ex.c

Example
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include "addition.txt" void main() { int a,b; printf("\nEnter the numbers:"); scanf("%d%d",&a,&b); printf("The Value is %d",add(a,b)); getch(); }

addition.txt
int add(int a,int b) { return(a+b); }

Output
Enter the numbers:7 4 The Value is 11

Example
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include "fact.c" void main() { int a; printf("\nEnter the number:"); scanf("%d",&a); printf("The factorial of %d! is %d",a,rec(a)); getch(); }

fact.c
int rec(int x) { int f; if(x==1) return(1); else f=x*rec(x-1); return(f); }

Output
Enter the number:5 The factorial of 5! is 120

Macro Substitution
It is used to define and use integer, string, or identifier in the source program The three forms of macros are
Simple Macro Argumented Macro Nested Macro

Simple Macro
It is used to define some constants Syntax # define identifier string/integer Eg:
#define pi 3.14 #define CITY chennai

Example
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #define pi 3.14 #define CITY "chennai" void main() { printf("The Value is %f",2*pi); printf("\nThe Value CITY is %s",CITY); getch(); }

Output: The Value is 6.280000 The Value CITY is chennai

Argumented Macro
It is used to define some complex forms in the source program. Syntax: #define identifier (v1,v2,.) string/integer

Eg: #define cube(n) (n*n*n)

Example
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #define cube(n) (n*n*n) void main() { printf("The Value of 3 cube is %d",cube(3)); getch(); }

Output: The Value of 3 cube is 27

Nested Macro
Here one macro is used by another macro. Eg: #define a 3 #define sq a*a

Example
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #define a 3 #define sq a*a void main() { printf("The Value is %d",sq); getch(); }

Output: The Value is 9

Conditional Inclusion
It is used to include some conditional statements.

Example
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #define a 3 #ifdef a #define c a+5 #endif void main() { printf("\nThe value C is %d",c); getch(); }

Output: The value C is 8

Pointers
Pointer is a variable that contains the memory address of another variable.

Example: x=5

x
5

Variable Value Address

1002

Example
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int x=5; printf("\n The Address of x = %u",&x); printf("\n The Value of x = %d",x); }

Output The Address of x = 8714 The Value of x = 5

Pointer Declaration
Syntax data-type *pointer-name;

data-type - Type of the data to which the pointer points. pointer-name - Name of the pointer

Example:

int *a;

Accessing Variable through Pointer If a pointer is declared and assigned to a variable, then the variable can be accessed through the pointer. Example: int *a; x=5; a=&x;

 Example
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int x=5; int *a; a=&x; printf("\n The Value of x = %d",x); printf("\n The Address of x = %u",&x); printf("\n The Value of a = %d",a); printf("\n The Value of x = %d",*a); }

Output
The Value of x = 5 The Address of x = 8758 The Value of a = 8758 The Value of x = 5

Example:
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int y=10; int *a; a=&y; printf("\n The Value of y = %d",y); printf("\n The Address of y = %u",&y); printf("\n The Value of a = %d",a); printf("\n The Address of a = %u",&a); }

a 5001 8000

y 10 5001

Variable Value Address

Output
The Value of y = 10 The Address of y = 5001 The Value of a = 5001 The Address of a = 8000

Null Pointer
A pointer is said to be null pointer if zero is assigned to the pointer. Example int *a,*b; a=b=0;

Pointer to Pointer
Here one pointer stores the address of another pointer variable. Example: int x=10,*a,**b; a=&x; b=&a;

b 8000 9000

a 5001 8000

x 10 5001

Variable Value Address

Example #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int a=10; int *b,**c; b=&a; c=&b; printf("\n The Value of a = %d",a); printf("\n The Address of a = %u",&a); printf("\n The Value of b = %d",b); printf("\n The Address of b = %u",&b); printf("\n The Value of c = %d",c); printf("\n The Address of c = %u",&c); }

Output
The Value of a = 10 The Address of a = 5001 The Value of b = 5001 The Address of b = 8000 The Value of c = 8000 The Address of c = 9000

Pointers and Functions

Call by Value Call by Reference

Call by value
Actual argument passed to the formal argument. Any changes to the formal argument does not affect the actual argument.

Example
#include <stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int x,y,swap(int,int); printf("\nEnter value of x:"); scanf("%d",&x); printf("\nEnter value of y:"); scanf("%d",&y);

change(x,y); printf("\n\nValues in the Main()-->x=%d,y=%d",x,y); } int swap(int a,int b) { int c; c=a; a=b; b=c; printf("\nValues in the Function -->x=%d,y=%d",a,b); }

Output
Enter value of x:5 Enter value of y:6 Values in the Function -->x=6,y=5 Values in the Main()-->x=5,y=6

Call by reference
Instead of passing value, the address of the argument will be passed. Any changes to the formal argument will affect the actual argument.

Example
#include <stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int x,y,change(int*,int*); printf("\nEnter value of x:"); scanf("%d",&x); printf("\nEnter value of y:"); scanf("%d",&y);

change(&x,&y); printf("\n\nValues in the Main()-->x=%d,y=%d",x,y); } int change(int *a,int *b) { int c; c=*a; *a=*b; *b=c; printf("\nValues in the Function -->x=%d,y=%d",*a,*b); }

Output
Enter value of x:5 Enter value of y:6 Values in the Function -->x=6,y=5 Values in the Main()-->x=6,y=5

Pointer to Array
The elements of the array can also be accessed through a pointer. Example int a[3]={2,3,7}; int *b; b=a;

Example: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int a[3]={2,3,7}; int *b; b=a; printf("\n The Value of a[0] = %d",a[0]); printf("\n The Address of a[0] = %u",&a[0]); printf("\n The Value of b = %d",b); }

b 8744 9000

a[0] 2 8744

Variable Value Address

Output
The Value of a[0] = 2 The Address of a[0] = 8744 The Value of b = 8744

Example
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int a[5]={2,3,7,9,10}; int i; for(i=0;i<5;i++) { printf("\n The Value of a[%d] = %d",i,a[i]); printf("\n The Address of a[%d] = %u",i,&a[i]); } }

a[0]

a[1]

a[2]

a[3]

a[4]

Array Value
Address

2
8724

3
8726

7
8728

9
8730

10
8732

Output
The Value of a[0] = 2 The Address of a[0] = 8724 The Value of a[1] = 3 The Address of a[1] = 8726 The Value of a[2] = 7 The Address of a[2] = 8728 The Value of a[3] = 9 The Address of a[3] = 8730 The Value of a[4] = 10 The Address of a[4] = 8732

Example
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int a[5]={1,2,3,4,5}; int i,sum=0; int *b; b=a; for(i=0;i<5;i++) { sum=sum + *b; b++;//b=b+1 } printf("\n The Sum is %d",sum); }

Output
The Sum is 15

Pointer and Structures

Syntax: struct structure_name { structure element1; structure element2; . }variable,*ptr;

 Example: struct stud { int sno; char name[10]; int mark; };

struct stud *s;

Example
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> struct stud { int regno; char name[10]; int m1; int m2; int m3; }; struct stud s; struct stud *t;

void main() { float tot,avg; t=&s; printf("\nEnter the student regno,name,m1,m2,m3:"); scanf("%d%s%d%d%d",&s.regno,&s.name,&s.m1,&s.m2,& s.m3); tot=s.m1+s.m2+s.m3; avg=tot/3; printf("\nThe student Details are:"); printf("\n%d\t%s\t%f\t%f",s.regno,s.name,tot,avg); printf("\n%d\t%s\t%f\t%f",t->regno,t->name,tot,avg); }

Output
Enter the student regno,name,m1,m2,m3:1 aaa 76 89 76 The student Details are: 1aaa 241.000000 1aaa 241.000000

80.333336 80.333336

Command Line Argument

It allows the user to pass some information to the program while running the program.

Example
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main(int argc,char argv[]) { printf("\n The Argument is %s",argv[0]); getch(); }

Output
C:\tc>a The Argument is C:\TC\A.EXE

String Palindrome
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<string.h> void main() { char s1[15],s2[15]; printf("\nenter the string:"); scanf("%s",s1); strcpy(s2,s1); strrev(s1);

if(strcmp(s1,s2)==0) printf("\n The string is palindrome"); else printf("\n The string is not a palindrome"); getch(); }

Output:

enter the string: aba The string is palindrome

Developing a C Program
The Program development life cycle is considered as a sequence of events by the programmer to develop the program. The Program development life cycle contains the following phase
Program Design Program Coding Program Testing

Program Design
Analysing the problem Algorithm development Selection of conditional and control structure etc,.

Program Coding
Documentation Statement construction Input and output format etc,.

Program Testing
It is the process of executing the program with sample data

#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #define p 3.14 void main() { #ifdef p printf("\nPentium"); #else

Example

printf("\n Celeron"); #endif printf("\nthe value is %f",2*p); getch(); }

Output: Pentium the value is 6.280000

Example
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> struct stud { int regno; char name[10]; int m1; int m2; int m3; }; struct stud s; void main() { float tot,avg; int i;

printf("\nEnter the student regno,name,m1,m2,m3:"); for(i=0;i<2;i++) { scanf("%d%s%d%d%d",&s.regno,&s.name,&s.m1,&s.m 2,&s.m3); tot=s.m1+s.m2+s.m3; avg=tot/3; } for(i=0;i<2;i++) printf("%d\t%s\t%f\t%f",s.regno,s.name,tot,avg); }

Enter the student regno,name,m1,m2,m3:100 aaa 78 67 98 101 bbb 80 90 75 101bbb 245.00000081.666664 101bbb 245.00000081.666664

#include <string.h> #include <stdio.h> int main(void) { char string[15]; char *ptr, c = 'r'; strcpy(string, "This isa string"); ptr = strchr(string, c); if (ptr) printf("The character %c is at position: %d\n", c, ptrstring); else printf("The character was not found\n"); return 0; }

#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<string.h> void main() { char a[]="Dept"; int i=0; clrscr(); while(a[i]!='\0') { printf("\nThe character is %c",a[i]); i++; } getch(); }

Example

The character is The character is The character is The character is

D e p t

Structure

Lab Exercise
C Programs

Function-with arg & return

#include <stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int a,b,c; int add(int,int); printf("\nEnter two number:"); scanf("%d%d",&a,&b); c=add(a,b); printf("\nSum is:%d",c); } int add(int x,int y) { int z; z=x+y; return(z); }

Output
Enter two number:6 7 Sum is:13

Example
#include <stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int x,y,change(int*,int*); printf("\nEnter value of x:"); scanf("%d",&x); printf("\nEnter value of y:"); scanf("%d",&y);

change(&x,&y); printf("\n\nValues in the Main()-->x=%d,y=%d",x,y); } int change(int *a,int *b) { int c; c=*a; *a=*b; *b=c; printf("\nValues in the Function -->x=%d,y=%d",*a,*b); }

Output
Enter value of x:5 Enter value of y:6 Values in the Function -->x=6,y=5 Values in the Main()-->x=6,y=5

Factorial-Recursive Fn
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int a; int rec(int); printf("\nEnter the number:"); scanf("%d",&a); printf("The factorial of %d! is %d",a,rec(a)); }

int rec(int x) { int f; if(x==1) return(1); else f=x*rec(x-1); return(f); }

Output: Enter the number:5 The factorial of 5! is 120

Example: Working of 3!

Matrix Multiplication
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int i,j,k,r1,r2,c1,c2; int a[5][5],b[5][5],c[5][5]; clrscr(); step1: printf("\n Enter the size of matrix A \n"); scanf("%d%d",&r1,&c1); printf("\n Enter the size of matrix B \n"); scanf("%d%d",&r2,&c2); if(c1==r2) goto step2; else goto step1;

step2: printf("\n Enter the elements of matrix A \n"); for(i=0;i<r1;i++) { for(j=0;j<c1;j++) { scanf("%d",&a[i][j]); } } printf("\n Enter the elements of matrix B \n"); for(i=0;i<r2;i++) { for(j=0;j<c2;j++) { scanf("\t%d",&b[i][j]); } }

for(i=0;i<r1;i++) { for(j=0;j<c2;j++) { c[i][j]=0; for(k=0;k<c1;k++) { c[i][j]=c[i][j]+a[i][k]*b[k][j]; } } } for(i=0;i<r1;i++) { for(j=0;j<c2;j++) printf("%d\t",c[i][j]); printf("\n"); } getch(); }

Enter the size of matrix A:2 2 Enter the size of matrix B:2 2 Enter the elements of matrix A 4 4 4 4 Enter the elements of matrix B 4 4 4 4 The resultant matrix is 3232 3232

Output

Lab Ex:9,Finding area, circumference of circle

#include<stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main ( ) { int r; float area,c; clrscr( ); printf(" \nEnter the value of r:"); scanf("%d",&r);

area=3.14*r*r; c=2*3.14*r; printf(" \nThe area is :%f",area); printf(" \nThe circumference is :%f",c); getch( ); }

Output: Enter the value of r:7 The area is :153.860001 The circumference is :43.959999

Lab Ex:9,Conversion of Celsius to Fahrenheit

#include<stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main ( ) { float c,f; clrscr( ); printf(" \nEnter the value of c:"); scanf("%f",&c); f=(c*1.8)+32; printf(" \nThe Fahrenheit is :%f",f); getch( ); }

Enter the value of c:35 The fahrenheit is :95.000000

Lab Ex:11,Arithmetic operations

#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int a,b,c,d,e,f; clrscr(); printf("\nEnter the values of A and B:"); scanf("%d%d",&a,&b); c=a+b; d=a-b; e=a*b; f=a/b;

printf("\nThe values of A + B:%d",c); printf("\nThe values of A - B:%d",d); printf("\nThe values of A * B:%d",e); printf("\nThe values of A / B:%d",f); getch();

Output
Enter the values of A and B:6 3

The values of A + B:9 The values of A - B:3 The values of A * B:18 The values of A / B:2

Lab.Ex13,Largest among 3 nos

#include<stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main ( ) { int a,b,c; clrscr( ); printf(" \nEnter the value of a:"); scanf("%d",&a); printf(" \nEnter the value of b:"); scanf("%d",&b); printf(" \nEnter the value of c:"); scanf("%d",&c);

if((a>b)&&(a>c)) { printf(" \nA is Big"); } else { if(b>c) printf(" \nB is Big"); else printf(" \nC is Big"); } getch( ); }

Output
Enter the value of a:5 Enter the value of b:7 Enter the value of c:3 B is Big

String Palindrome
#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<string.h> void main() { int len,i,j; char str[15]; clrscr(); printf("\n Enter the string:"); scanf("%s",str); len=strlen(str);

for(i=0,j=len-1;i<len/2;i++,j--) { if(str[i]!=str[j]) { printf("\nThe String is not a palindrome"); getch(); exit(0); } } printf("\nThe String is a palindrome"); getch(); }

Output: Enter the string:abcba The String is a palindrome

Lab.Ex:14,Quadratic Equation
#include<stdio.h> #include <conio.h> #include<math.h> void main ( ) { int a,b,c,d,r1,r2; clrscr( ); printf(" \nEnter the value of a:"); scanf("%d",&a); printf(" \nEnter the value of b:"); scanf("%d",&b); printf(" \nEnter the value of c:"); scanf("%d",&c); d=b*b-4*a*c;

if(d>=0) { r1=(-b+sqrt(d))/(2*a); r2=(-b-sqrt(d))/(2*a); printf(" \nThe roots are %d,%d",r1,r2); } else { printf(" \nThe roots are imaginary"); } getch( ); }

Output
Enter the value of a:1 Enter the value of b:4 Enter the value of c:4 The roots are -2,-2