Analysis of Existing Gas Jetty Structures and Upgrade Loads

Date docume 24/06/08
Client
Author
DRAFT
MMU Author
06-09-08 Date Verified
06-09-08 Date
LGR Released DMC Date
Revision Status
Index
1 2
2.1
2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3
Introduction .............................................................................................. 5 3-D Modelling ........................................................................................... 6

TRESTLE ............................................................................................................ 6
Substructure ...................................................................................................................... 7 Superstructure .................................................................................................................. 9 Jacket @ Bent 35 ............................................................................................................ 10
2.2
2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4
LOADING PLATFORMS ................................................................................... 12

Substructure parking area platform A .......................................................................... 12 Substructure parking area platform B .......................................................................... 13 Substructure platforms .................................................................................................. 13 Superstructure ................................................................................................................ 16
3
3.1
3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.1.5 3.1.6 3.1.7 3.1.8 3.1.9 3.1.10 3.1.11 3.1.12 3.1.13 3.1.14 3.1.15 3.1.16
Loads ...................................................................................................... 17
TRESTLE LOADS ............................................................................................. 17
Self weight construction ................................................................................................ 17 Deadweight concrete roadway ...................................................................................... 17 Dead load existing piping............................................................................................... 18 Dead load new piping ..................................................................................................... 19 Horizontal pipe load (Anchor forces) ............................................................................ 20 Horizontal pipe loads (Friction forces .......................................................................... 21 Vertical truckload ............................................................................................................ 22 Wind load east west ........................................................................................................ 22 Wind load north south .................................................................................................... 23 Live load ........................................................................................................................... 24 Wave forces extreme condition ..................................................................................... 25 Wave forces normal condition ....................................................................................... 26 Temperature load ............................................................................................................ 27 Seismic load .................................................................................................................... 28 Dead weight concrete collar on piles ............................................................................ 28 Vehicle loading ................................................................................................................ 29
3.2
3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5
LOADING PLATFORMS ................................................................................... 31

Self weight construction ................................................................................................ 31 Deadweight concrete roadway ...................................................................................... 31 Dead load existing piping............................................................................................... 32 Dead load new piping ..................................................................................................... 33 Horizontal pipe load (Anchor forces) ............................................................................ 34
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3.2.6 3.2.7 3.2.8 3.2.9 3.2.10 3.2.11 3.2.12 3.2.13 3.2.14 3.2.15 3.2.16 3.2.17 3.2.18 3.2.19 3.2.20 3.2.21 3.2.22 3.2.23 3.2.24 3.2.25
Horizontal pipe loads (Friction forces .......................................................................... 34 Vertical truckload ............................................................................................................ 34 Wind load east west ........................................................................................................ 36 Wind load north south .................................................................................................... 37 Live load parking area 50 LBS per square foot ........................................................... 38 Wave forces extreme condition ..................................................................................... 39 Wave forces normal condition (Xdir) ............................................................................ 40 Loading arms dead weight ............................................................................................. 41 Loading arms wind force................................................................................................ 42 Gangway tower dead weight .......................................................................................... 43 Gangway tower wind force............................................................................................. 44 Uniform distributed load ................................................................................................ 45 Hawser pull ...................................................................................................................... 45 Breasting forces; ship impact load ............................................................................... 46 Temperature load ............................................................................................................ 47 Seismic load .................................................................................................................... 48 Self weight concrete collar ............................................................................................ 48 Self weight omitted concrete deck ................................................................................ 49 Seismic moment loading arms ...................................................................................... 50 Vehicle loading ................................................................................................................ 51
4 5
5.1
5.1.1 5.1.2 5.1.3
Load combinations ................................................................................ 53 Results .................................................................................................... 56

TRESTLE .......................................................................................................... 56
Design results ................................................................................................................. 56 Beam end forces summary ............................................................................................ 57 Maximum compression per pile .................................................................................... 59
5.2
5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3
LOADING PLATFORM A .................................................................................. 63

Beam end forces summary ............................................................................................ 63 Minimum compression/ tension per pile ...................................................................... 65 Design results ................................................................................................................. 66
5.3
5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 5.3.4
LOADING PLATFORM B .................................................................................. 67

Beam end forces summary ............................................................................................ 67 Maximum compression per pile .................................................................................... 68 Minimum compression/ tension per pile ...................................................................... 69 Design results ................................................................................................................. 70
6
6.1
References ............................................................................................. 71
Reports ............................................................................................................. 71
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6.2
Drawings .......................................................................................................... 71
Enclosures ................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
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Introduction
XXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX (XXX)was requested by XXXX to prepare a fit for purpose analysis of the existing gas jetty at XXXXX el XXXXX. The gas jetty in the port of XXXXX el XXXXX comprises two berths for the export of gas [LPG/LNG]. The objective of the project is to upgrade these jetties in line with a full rejuvenation scheme to enable an 3 increase in terminal throughput and the receipt of LNG-carriers up to 75,000 m as per 1 January 2009. This rejuvenation scheme is based on the following activities: temporary upgrading of a berth to meet the Jan-2009 milestone; define and implement modifications to the jetty to guarantee safe loading operations for LPG and 3 3 LNG carriers up to 7,000 m and 75,000 m capacity respectively. The objective of the overall study is to: Carry out a structural fit for purpose analysis of the existing jet ty component; Confirm design loads for the dolphins based on TERMSIM simulations and XXXX design philosophy; Structural analysis of new mooring and breasting dolphins. This report presents the structural fit for purpose analyses. For this study Scenario A is considered (the present situation). The layout of the two berths is outlined in Figure 1-1.
Berth A
Berth B
Figure 1-1 Berths locations Port XXXXX El XXXXX The fit for purpose analysis is carried out using the 3-D model STAAD. Separate models are made for the trestle, loading platform A and B and for all the dolphins. Secondly an analysis is done of the load factors of the construction determining the residual strength. In the following section first the setting up of the model is described in three parts: trestle, platform A, and platform B. The modelling of the dolphins is described in a different report [201].
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3-D Modelling
As stated above, in this section the set up of the 3-D STAAD models is discussed. STAAD.PRO is a state of the art software model for 3-D model generation, finite element analysis and multi material design. Each of the three models is discussed separately in the sub sections: TRESTLE, PLATFORM A and PLATFORM B. In these sections the 3-D schematisation of the construction is discussed. The schematisation of the loads and the determination of the residual strength of the construction are discussed in sections 3 and 4 respectively.
2.1
TRESTLE
The modelling of the trestle is split in two parts, the substructure consisting of steel tubular pipes and steel beam pile caps, and the superstructure consisting of steel beam stringers interconnected with steel beams bracing. A figure of the framing of the superstructure can be found in APPENDIX A. The superstructure is laid on the pile cap in the model by using new nodes (A, B, etc). These nodes have the same X and Z coordinate as the underlying nodes (A, B, C, etc.). The Y coordinate has been increased. To position the stringer directly on top of the pile cap the elevation has to be increased by half the pile cap height and half the stringer height. The pile cap typically has a height of 590 mm and the stringer 640 mm. The elevation is (590+640)/2 = 615 mm. In Figure 2-1 an example of the elevation between the substructure and the superstructure is shown. To ensure a connection between the substructure and the superstructure in the model, the new nodes (A, B, etc.) have been made slave nodes to the nodes of the pile cap (A, B, etc), rigid in all directions. STRINGER
BRACING A
Y PILE CAP X
ELEVATION
Figure 2-1 Elevation between substructure and superstructure
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2.1.1 Substructure
Bents The substructure is made of 45 bents at 14 m spacing. Each bent consists of a set of piles and a pile cap. Depending of the function of the bent (being anchor bent or expansion joint) the piles are placed at a 1:3 angle or vertical. 4 types of pile caps can be identified being: Type 1: HE 600 A beam; Type 2: Box beam, assumed 600 mm by 600 mm with 20 mm wall thickness; Type 3: IPE 550 beam; Type 4: At bent 35 a jacket is placed; the construction and modelling of the jacket is discussed separately in section 2.1.3. In the following table, Table 2-1, a summary is given of the specifics for every bent. All bents are schematized accordingly. The bent types can be found in Error! Reference source not found.. The cap type is described above and can also be found in Error! Reference source not found.. bent no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Type A S A Q Q A E Q Q Q A A L A A Q Q A A E A A M M A A G R B F F B K B JACK D No of vertical piles 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 3 2 2 2 2 1 2 3 2 No of batter piles 0 1 0 1 1 0 10 1 1 1 0 0 6 0 0 1 1 0 0 10 0 0 2 2 0 0 6 0 0 2 2 0 3 0 0 1 cap elevation 4120 4150 4180 4210 4210 4270 4300 4330 4360 4390 4420 4450 4450 4450 4530 4560 4590 4620 4650 4680 4710 4740 4770 4800 4830 4860 4832 4832 4800 4770 4740 4710 4680 4650 4620 4590 Seabed level 1200 0 -300 -450 -600 -800 -100 -1200 -1400 -1600 -1800 -3000 -4000 -5000 -6000 -6000 -6000 -6000 -6000 -6000 -6000 -6000 -6000 -6000 -6000 -6000 -6000 -6000 -6000 -6000 -6000 -6000 -6000 -6000 -6000 -6000 Cap type 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 3 2 3 4 1
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37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
B B J B B D D R G
2 2 0 2 2 2 2 3 0
0 0 8 0 0 1 1 0 6
4560 4530 4500 4470 4440 4410 4380 4322 4322
-6000 -6000 -6000 -6000 -6000 -6000 -6000 -6000 -6000
3 3 2 3 3 1 1 1 2
Table 2-1 summary of bents Virtual fixity Since the pile end depth is not known with any certainty the pile end is schematized as a fixed support at a virtual depth. This depth (point of fixity, zf) can be determined using a stiffness factor T according to [101]. The stiffness factor T is 1651 mm, and the point of fixity (Z f) is 3000 mm. [See APPENDIX B1]. Accordingly the piles are assumed to be fixed at a distance of 3.0 m below the seabed.
Piles All piles used are 16 steel piles with a 3/8 wall thickness. Expressed in millimetres this is an outside diameter of 406.4 mm and an inside diameter of 387.4 mm. Around the water level the piles are wrapped with a concrete layer with an outside diameter of 610 mm. The combined cross section of the concrete and steel pile is schematized as a steel pile with the same stiffness as the combined pile. In APPENDIX B2 the calculation is given which determines the outside diameter for the combined section. The dimensions of the collared pile are schematized as follows: Inside diameter (Di) = 387.9 mm Outside diameter (Do) = 456 mm. According to Error! Reference source not found. the collar is located between +2.5 m and -2.5 m around MSL (el. + 0.00m). In the model the combined cross section is applied on the piles between el 2.5 m and + 2.5 m. See Figure 2-2 for the schematisation of a bent. To account for the additional weight of the concrete collar a uniform distributed load is added on the section. The weight difference between the actual section and the model section is calculated in APPENDIX B4. In this calculation the different gravitational force above and below water is taken into account. The weight difference between the actual cross section and the modelled cross section is 3.08 kN. This difference acts on the total length of the pile, which is 5 m. The distributed load added in the model therefore is 3.08/5 = 0.61 kN/m.
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EL + 2.5 m
BATTER PILE
COLLAR
EL. 2.5 m VERTICAL PILE POINT OF FIXITY
Figure 2-2 Schematisation of steel piles 2.1.2 Superstructure
The trestle superstructure consists of a series of stringers and braces. The stringers span 14 meter between each bent and are all HE 650 A members. Connecting the stringers are 3 meter long IPE 400 beams at the location of the bents and IPE 330 beams at 3.5 meter intervals between the bents. The braces in diagonal direction are also IPE 330 beams. In the model the IPE 330 beams are replaced by full IPE 330s in order to correctly model the stiffness of the structure. The IPE 330 beams are connected to the stringers in such a way that they can not take moment forces and high compression loads. Part of the compression forces will be taken by the concrete deck. Since the deck is not part of the model this force should be taken by the braces. To make sure the braces are able to take the load full IPE beams in stead of IPE beams are assumed. All the braces are modelled with moment releases at each end indicating that they can take forces but no moments. Expansion joints The expansion joints in the superstructure are schematized as releases in the stringers. When the beams are released completely in X direction (normal to the beam) deflections can occur in the model that are larger than possible in reality. As can be seen from Figure 2-3 the expansion joint exists of a slot of 60 mm wide. This indicates that only 30 mm in each direction is possible. This effect is initially neglected in the model and the releases are released fully in x direction. In section 5 the result of this assumption is discussed in more detail. Reference is made to Error! Reference source not found. for an overview of the location of the expansion joints.
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Figure 2-3 Expansion joint detail Error! Reference source not found. Concrete walkway The concrete walkway on top of the stringers is schematized as a superimposed dead load and will be discussed in the loads section. All other constructional elements are considered negligible
2.1.3 Jacket @ Bent 35 At bent 35 a jacket is located. The jacket consists of three steel piles with 18 and 20 piles and 219 mm bracing. Around the water level the 18 piles are wrapped with a 660 mm concrete collar ranging from el -1.0 m to el. + 1.3 m. The 20 pile is also wrapped with a 660 mm concrete collar ranging from el 1.0 m to el. + 3.5 m. No wrapping is assumed round the bracing Error! Reference source not found.. The jacket is held in place by the same 18 steel pipes that support the trestle. These pipes are driven through the piles of the jacket and fixated with a filling of concrete. The combined cross-section of the jacket piles therefore consists of steel pile, concrete filling and outer steel pile. The combined cross section of the concrete and steel pile is schematized as a steel pile with the same stiffness as the combined pile. In APPENDIX B3 the calculation is given which determines the outside diameter for the combined section. The dimensions of the steel jacket piles are schematized as follows: 18 pile Inside diameter (Di) = 387.9 mm Outside diameter (Do) = 433.5 mm
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20 pile Inside diameter (Di) = 387.9 mm Outside diameter (Do) = 449.3 mm As described these piles are wrapped with a concrete collar around the waterline. The combined cross section of the concrete and steel pile is schematized as a steel pile with the same stiffness as the combined pile. In APPENDIX B.4 the calculation is given which determines the outside diameter for the combined section. The dimensions of the collared pile are schematized as follows: 18 pile Inside diameter (Di) = 387.9 mm Outside diameter (Do) = 487.2 mm 20 pile Inside diameter (Di) = 387.9 mm Outside diameter (Do) = 491.9 mm. The 219 mm bracing is assumed to have an inside diameter of 210 mm (wall thickness is 4.5 mm). For more detail on the dimensions of the jacket reference is made to drawing Error! Reference source not found.. In Figure 2-4 the model schematisation of the substructure of bent 35 is shown.
Figure 2-4 Model schematisation of Jacket @ bent 35
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2.2
LOADING PLATFORMS
Since an expansion joint is located at bent 46 as well as bent 49 [see APPENDIX A] the loading platforms can be schematized separately from the trestle. In this section loading platform A is discussed. In the schematisation of the platform the parking area is included in the model. The parking area is supported by three bents with similar construction as the trestle bents. The loading platform itself is supported by vertical and batter piles capped with steel beams (both standard and manufactured beams). The superstructure consists of a series of stringers and braces with a concrete surface on top. In the following subsections the sub- and superstructure are described in more detail. The superstructure is laid on the pile cap in the model by using new nodes (A, B, etc). These nodes have the same X and Z coordinate as the underlying nodes (A, B, C, etc.). The Y coordinate has been increased. To position the stringer directly on top of the pile cap the elevation has to be increased by half the pile cap height and half the stringer height. The pile cap has varying heights between 550 mm and 836 mm. The stringers typically have a height of 500 mm. The elevation is (836+500)/2 = 669 mm.
STRINGER
A ELEVATION PILE CAP
Figure 2-5 Elevation of superstructure above substructure In Figure 2-5 an example of the elevation between the substructure and the superstructure is shown. To ensure a connection between the substructure and the superstructure in the model, the new nodes (A, B, etc.) have been made slave nodes to the nodes of the pile cap (A, B, etc), rigid in all directions.
2.2.1 Substructure parking area platform A
As described above the substructure of the parking area and the platform differs slightly. The substructure
of the parking area consists of 3 bents with the following specifics, Table 2-2. bent no 46 47 48 bent type N T T No of vertical piles 3 3 3 No of batter piles 1 0 0 cap elevation 4286 3825 3364 Bottom elevation -6000 -7500 -8100 Cap type 1 1 1
Table 2-2 substructure parking area platform A The cap elevation of the loading platform is assumed to be at the same level as bent 48. The bottom level is assumed to be at el 9.00 m.
2.2.2 Substructure parking area platform B
Platform B is very similar to platform A. Differences can be found in the structure of the parking area. The supporting bents are of a different type and also the surface of the parking area is different. The loading platform itself however is exactly the same, although shifted slightly in the longitudinal direction. The substructure of the parking area consists of 3 bents with the following specifics, Table 2-3. bent no 49 50 51 Type P C U No of vertical piles 3 3 2 No of batter piles 1 0 0 cap elevation 4834 4869 4904 Bottom elevation -6000 -9000 -11400 Cap type 1 1 1
Table 2-3 Summary of bent characteristics The cap elevation of the loading platform is assumed to be at the same level as bent 51. The bottom level is assumed to be at el 11.40 m. 2.2.3 Substructure platforms
The substructure of the platform also consists of a series of vertical and batter piles but in a different scheme. The vertical piles are placed in rows of 5 piles with 4.6 and 6.0 m spacing [Figure 2-6]. The batter piles are placed in the centreline of the platform as shown in Figure 2-6. Capping the longitudinal series of batter piles is a combined member designated member B (highlighted in Figure 2-6 by the orange colour) and connecting with the vertical piles member C (highlighted by the yellow colour). The transverse batter piles and the four vertical piles in the transverse centreline are capped by a combined member designated member A, highlighted by the green colour.
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Figure 2-6 Framing plan Loading platform The pile cap of the remaining vertical piles consists of IPE 550 beams. The point of fixity of the piles is taken at the same depth as for the piles of the trestle (3.00 m below seabed) MEMBER A Member A is a combined member consisting of an IPE 550 beam supported by a welded I beam with a web of 1200 mm by 13 mm and flanges of 300 by 20 mm. In APPENDIX B5 figures as well as the combined beam characteristics are given. In STAAD the member is schematized as an IPE 550 beam with a rectangular bottom plate. The bottom plate is calculated to have the same stiffness in Y and Z direction as the I-beam which it replaces. In APPENDIX B5 the calculation of the stiffness of the bottom plate can be found. A bottom plate is used in the model with a width of 893.7 mm and a thickness of 106.55 mm. Since the area of the plate is 4 times larger than the I-beam it replaces, the stiffness of the beam is exaggerated. However, analysis with the IPE beam only (without bottom plate) indicated that the beam had sufficient strength; therefore the above described schematisation is assumed acceptable. In Figure 2-7 the modelled schematisation of member A is shown.
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Figure 2-7 Schematisation of Member A
MEMBER B Member B consists of a HE A 400 beam supported by a welded I beam with a web of 1200 mm by 13 mm and flanges of 300 mm by 18 mm. In APPENDIX B5 figures as well as the combined beam characteristics are given. Similar to Member A the welded I beam is replaced by a rectangular bottom plate in the model. Since the I-beam has the same dimensions as Member A the bottom plate also has the same dimensions. For this schematisation the same limitation holds as for Member A. In this case analysis also showed that the single HE 400 A beam had sufficient strength to bear the loads. Therefore the above described schematisation is used since it leads to a safe estimate of the forces on the piles. MEMBER C Member C is a welded I beam with a web of 800 mm by 13 mm and flanges of 210 mm by 18 mm. In APPENDIX B5 pictures as well as the beam characteristics are given. In STAAD the member is schematized as a wide flanged member with the following specifics, see Figure 2-8.
Figure 2-8 Input screen MEMBER C

2.2.4 Superstructure
The platforms superstructure consists of a series of stringers and braces. Stringers can be both HE A 500 or IPE 450 beams, whereas braces are HE B 220 beams. All braces are modelled as tension only members. The parking areas superstructure also consists of a series of stringers and braces. The stringers span 14 meter between each bent and are all HE 650 A members. Connecting the stringers are IPE 400 beams at the location of the bents and IPE 330 beams at 3.5 meter intervals between the bents. The braces in diagonal direction are also IPE 330 beams. The braces are schematized in the model as normal full IPE 330 members with moment releases at each end. In Figure 2-9 an aerial view of the structure of the parking area is shown. Indicated in red are the stringers. Between the stringers are braces and below the stringers are the pile caps. The braces in the parking area and platform area are modelled with releases. The members can only take axial and shear forces and are not loaded with moments.
Figure 2-9 Arial view of steel structure parking area Concrete walkway The concrete walkway on top of the parking area is schematized as a superimposed dead load and will be discussed in the loads section. The concrete roadway on top of the platform itself is schematized as a series of plates connected with the underlying beams. On top of the concrete planks an overlay of 65 mm is assumed. The concrete is modelled as a slab with a thickness of 165 mm + 65 mm = 230 mm. The concrete slab on the loading platform is 0.80 m smaller in transverse direction and 0.30 m shorter Load 101 in longitudinal direction in the model than in reality, see Figure 2-6 where platform extends 0.40m and 0.15 m on the front and side of the framing of the platform. To accommodate for the difference in dead weight of the omitted concrete an extra load is added on the platform models. Reference is made to 3.2.23 for a description of the load. All remaining superstructure is not modelled as construction element. The loading arms are schematized as forces, discussed in the forces section. All other construction elements are schematized as a superimposed uniform distributed load, also discussed in the loads section.
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Loads
3.1
TRESTLE LOADS
In this section the loads acting on the construction are discussed. These loads are implemented in the model in order to assess the residual strength of the structure. 3.1.1 Self weight construction
The self weight of the construction is calculated by the model itself based on the modelled elements. Elements that are not a part of the model will be added as a superimposed dead weight (3.1.2) or as a uniform distributed Load (3.2.17). 3.1.2 Deadweight concrete roadway
The deadweight of the concrete roadway on the trestle and parking areas can not be calculated by the model as it is not part of the model. Therefore an extra superimposed deadweight will be added. The concrete deck is assumed to be 3.60 m wide, with 250 mm curbs and a thickness of 165 mm (on the trestle and parking areas of the platforms, no overlay is assumed). The total concrete volume of the roadway (A c) 3 1 = 719,000 mm /mm. The corresponding load acting on each of the stringers is 8.8 kN/m (density concrete 3 is assumed to be 24.5 kN/m ). In Figure 3-1 a part of the trestle is shown with the load of the concrete roadway acting upon the stringers.
Figure 3-1 Schematisation of dead load concrete roadway
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3.1.3 Dead load existing piping
The deadweight of the gas and water pipes (including contents) located on the trestle and platforms is also added as a superimposed load. The existing piping is schematised as 3 pipes of different diameter: 1. 22 LNG pipe 2. 16 LNG return pipe 3. 6 LPG + 3 LPG return + 8 Firewater The pipes are assumed to be schedule 40 pipes [104] with the following characteristics, see Table 3-1. Diameter [inch] 3 6 8 16 22 Outside diameter [mm] 88.9 168.3 291 406.4 558.8 Wall thickness [mm] 4.78 7.11 8.18 12.70 15.88 Weight [kg/m] 9.91 28.26 42.53 123.29 212.52
Table 3-1 schedule 40 existing pipe characteristics The pipes are assumed to be either filled with LNG [5 kN/m ], LPG [6.5 kN/m ], water [10 kN/m ] or air/gas 3 [0 kN/m ]. The pipes are supported every 14 m by the bents. Every bent therefore carries 14 m of pipe. On every bent the following pipe loads are modelled as concentrated loads for the existing pipelines. The LNG and LPG pipes are assumed filled with liquid gas with the specific weights as given above. The return 3 pipes are assumed to be filled with gas and or air and the specific weight is assumed to be zero (0 kN/m ). 1. 22 LNG pipe, filled with liquid gas, F = 44.4 kN; 2. 16LNG gas return pipe filled with gas and air, F = 16.9 kN; 3. 6 LPG filled with liquid gas, 3 LPG filled with gas + 8 Firewater filled with water, F = 15. 2 kN. In Figure 3-3 the general position of the pipelines on the trestle is shown. The existing pipelines are all located on the landward side of the trestle. From bent 1 to bent 45 the position of the pipelines on the trestle is constant. At bent 28 and onward the pile cap is 200 mm smaller than before. Therefore the distance of the centreline of the pipe to the end of the pile cap is also smaller. In Table 3-2 and Table 3-3 summations of the locations of the pipelines on the pile caps are given. The starting location is at the most left part of the pile cap, so the first pipe is located at 1300 mm to the right of the leftmost end of the pile cap. In Figure 3-2 a part of the trestle is shown with the dead load of the existing piping acting on the model. These loads are acting on all the bents of the trestle.
3 3 3
Figure 3-2 Schematisation of dead load existing piping

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Figure 3-3 cross section of trestle with existing and new Pipelines [202] Pipe 1 2 3 Distance to start point 1300 mm 2600 mm 3700 mm Distance to previous pipe 1300 mm 1100 mm Distance to next pipe 1300 mm 1100 mm -
Table 3-2 location of existing pipelines on bents 1 to 27 Pipe 1 2 3 Distance to start point 1100 mm 2400 mm 3500 mm Distance to previous pipe 1300 mm 1100 mm Distance to next pipe 1300 mm 1100 mm -
Table 3-3 location of existing pipelines on bents 28 to 46 The above given positions are used in the model for the position of the concentrated loads schematizing the dead weight of the existing pipelines. 3.1.4 Dead load new piping
In APPENDIX C the position of the existing pipelines and the new pipelines is given. In the future situation the LNG pipelines at the trestle between platforms A and B will be removed and replaced by a much smaller series of LPG pipelines. Since the dead weight of the existing pipelines is normative for the strength calculation of the trestle, in the new situation the removal of the LNG pipelines is neglected. Between platform A and the shore however, a new series of LNG and LPG pipelines is added on the seaward side of the trestle. This load will be schematised as extra concentrated loads for the new situation. The new pipelines are schematized as follows 4. 20LNG pipe 5. 12 LPG pipe 6. 6 LPG return + 8 firewater
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The pipes are assumed to be schedule 40 pipes [202] with the following characteristics, see Table 3-4 Diameter [inch] 6 8 12 20 Outside diameter [mm] 168.3 291 323.8 508 Wall thickness [mm] 7.11 8.18 10.31 15.06
3 3
Weight [kN/m] 28.26 42.53 79.72 183.05

3
Table 3-4 schedule 40 new pipe characteristics The pipes are assumed to be either filled with LNG [5 kN/m ], LPG [6.5 kN/m ], water [10 kN/m ] or air/gas 3 [0 kN/m ]. The pipes are supported every 14 m by the bents. Every bent therefore carries 14 m of pipe. On every bent the following pipe loads are modelled as concentrated loads for the new pipelines 4. 20 LNG pipe, filled with liquid gas, F = 37.9 kN; 5. 12LPG pipe filled with liquid gas, F = 11.872 kN; 6. 6 LPG filled with gas and air + 8 Firewater filled with water, F = 15. 2 kN. In Figure 3-3 the general position of the pipelines on the trestle is shown. The new pipelines are located on the seaward side of the trestle. From bent 1 to bent 27 the position of the new pipelines on the trestle is constant. At bent 28 and onward the existing pipe load is assumed. In Table 3-5 a summation of the locations of the pipelines on the pile caps is given. Pipe 4 5 6 Distance to start point 1300 mm 2600 mm 3700 mm Distance to previous pipe 1300 mm 1100 mm Distance to next pipe 1300 mm 1100 mm -
Table 3-5 location of new pipelines on bents 1 to 27 In Figure 3-4 the dead load of the piping is shown acting on the model.
Figure 3-4Schematisation of dead load new piping 3.1.5 Horizontal pipe load (Anchor forces)
The piping can exert horizontal forces on the bents as a result of pressure built up inside the piping. The pipes are fixed at the anchor bents and are able to expand at the expansion loops, the bend in the trestle at bent 13 and the loop crossing the trestle at bent 27. Anchor bents are located at bents 7, 20 and 39. At the anchor bents the piping exerts a force at the bent. It is assumed that the force acts on the bents in one direction. This force is schematised as a concentrated load acting at the same place as the
deadweight of the 22 LNG pipeline working perpendicular to the bent as shown in Figure 3-5. The magnitude of the force is described in Error! Reference source not found. as 70 KIPS, which corresponds to 311 kN. It is assumed that this load includes temperature loads in the piping, since the piping is not a part of the model no further temperature load will be added.
Figure 3-5 Schematisation of pipeline anchor forces on trestle 3.1.6 Horizontal pipe loads (Friction forces
At the non anchor bents the pipeline exerts a friction force at the bents as the pipeline slides over the support. This force is assumed to act towards the anchor bents from both sides. This force is schematised as a concentrated load acting at the same place as the deadweight of the 22 LNG pipeline working perpendicular to the bent. In Figure 3-6 part of the trestle is shown with the pipeline friction forces indicated by the arrows.
Figure 3-6 Schematisation of friction forces on trestle The magnitude of this load is described in Error! Reference source not found. as 2.4 KIPS, which
corresponds with 10.7 kN. This force is applied on all bents except bents 7, 13, 20, 27 and 38. It is assumed that this load includes temperature loads in the piping, since the piping is not a part of the model no further temperature load will be added.
3.1.7 Vertical truckload
In Error! Reference source not found. it is indicated that the trestle is designed for a truckload: AASHO H20 S44. It is assumed that the truck load HS 20-44, according to AASHTO [102] is indicated here. This loading incorporates a 20 tons tractor truck with semitrailer. The axel loads are given according to APPENDIX E. This load acts on the concrete roadway on top of the trestle. Since the roadway is not incorporated into the model the load has to be transferred to the stringers which support the roadway. The roadway is made out of 1 m wide sections and it is tentatively assumed that the concrete spreads the axel loads over its full width, see Figure 3-7 The load acting on the stringers is therefore schematized as three distributed loads acting on 1 m sections of the beam. Over a 14 meter long section of the stringer (the span between two bents) the loads are applied as follows: F1 = 35.6 kN/m location 2000 mm to 3000 mm of beam starting point F2 = 142.4 kN/m location 7000 mm to 8000 mm of beam starting point F3 = 142.4 kN/m location 12000 mm to 13000 mm of beam starting point (1 LBS = 4.45 N)
Figure 3-7 Schematisation truck load on trestle 3.1.8 Wind load east west
In Error! Reference source not found. it is indicated that the design of the trestle should be able to 2 withstand a wind load of 12 LBS/ft in the east west direction. This load should be applied to the
superstructure of the trestle. The superstructure of the trestle consists of the stringers and the concrete roadway. On top of the roadway a handrail and piping are situated. Combined they have a height of 2255 mm (640 mm for the stringers, 1200 for the handrail and pipe rack and 165 + 250 mm for the roadway). It is assumed that the wind load acts perpendicular to the first part of the trestle (bent 1 to 13, which has a more or less north to south orientation) and has no effect on the second part (Bent 14 to 45), see Figure 3-8. The wind load is schematized as a uniform distributed load acting on the stringers. The magnitude of the load can be calculated as follows: 2 2 12 LBS/ft equals 574 N/m 2 Area equals 2255 mm /mm 2 2 1 Load equals 574 n/m * 2255 mm /mm = 1.29 N/mm
Figure 3-8 schematisation wind load east west on trestle
3.1.9 Wind load north south
In Error! Reference source not found. it is indicated that the design of the trestle should be able to 2 2 withstand a wind load of 50 LBS/ft in the north south direction acting on the superstructure and 40 LBS/ft in the north south direction acting on the substructure. The first load should be applied to the superstructure of the trestle. The superstructure of the trestle consists of the stringers and the concrete roadway. Combined they have a height of 1055 mm (640 mm for the stringers and 165 + 250 mm for the roadway). The second load should be applied to the substructure of the trestle, which consists of steel piles with a concrete collar. The piles have width of 610 mm at the concrete collar and a width of 406 mm above that. It 6 is assumed that both sections have a height of 2500 mm. The combined surface is therefore 2.54 * 10 2 mm . It is assumed that the wind load acts perpendicular to the second part of the trestle (bent 14 to 45, which has a more or less east to west orientation) and has no effect on the first part (Bent 1 to 13). The wind load on the superstructure is schematized as a uniform distributed load acting on the stringers (blue arrows in Figure 3-9) and the wind load on the substructure is schematized as concentrated forces acting on the node between the pile and the pile cap shown by the green arrows in Figure 3-9.
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The magnitude of the load on the superstructure can be calculated as follows: 2 2 50 LBS/ft equals 2394 N/m 2 Area equals 1055mm /mm 2 2 1 Load equals 2394 n/m * 1055 mm /mm = 2.42 N/mm The magnitude of the load acting on the substructure can be calculated as follows: 2 2 40 LBS/ft equals 1915 N/m 2 Area equals 2,541,000 mm 2 2 Load equals 1915 n/m * 2,541,000 mm = 4866 N .
Figure 3-9 Schematisation of wind load north south on trestle 3.1.10 Live load
According to Error! Reference source not found. a live load of 50 LBS per square feet should be applied on the trestle. This load is applied in the model at an arbitrary part of the trestle between two bents. A load 2 2 of 50 LBS/ft corresponds with a load of 2.39 kN/m . The area the load works on is the full with of the walkway (3.6 m) the walkway exerts the same load onto the underlying Stringers. Hence this load is 2 2 1 1 applied on the stringers as a uniform distributed load of 2.39 kN/m * 0.5 * 3.6 m /m = 4.3 kn/m as shown in Figure 3-10.
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Figure 3-10 Schematisation of live load on trestle 3.1.11 Wave forces extreme condition
The trestle is located more or less perpendicular to the harbour entrance. It is therefore assumed that waves encounter the trestle at a 90 (perpendicular) angle. This holds for the second part (bents 14 to 45) of the trestle. The first part (shore to bent 13) is assumed to be sheltered from waves by the second part and the platforms. Based on [203] an extreme wave height (Hs) just in front of the trestle of 1.84 m is to be expected. This is similar to the wave height indicated in Error! Reference source not found.. With a depth at the trestle of 6 m and a wave period of 10 s the wave load on the piles can be calculated. This is done using RFWAVE and RF force, APPENDIX F. RFWAVE uses the Hmax which is equal to 1.8 times the Hs. Since the piles have two dimensions, 406 mm for the first 3.5 m and 610 mm for the part above that (with collar) two different runs of RF Force have been done (APPENDIX F). The applied wave load on the piles is combined using the wave load on the 406 mm pile for the first 3.5 m and the wave load on the wider section on the upper part. This leads to the following load distribution on the pile, see Table 3-6: level mm -6000 -2500 -2500 2640 total Force kN/m 0.87 1.08 1.63 5.01
Table 3-6 Wave forces Trestle extreme condition, hmax = 3.31 m The same force is applied on all the trestle piles, including the batter piles. The batter piles have a longer shaft length but because the applied force acts over a specified length the force is equal in size as on the vertical piles. The only exception is bent 14, where the depth is only 5.5 m. Here the same load is applied only over a shorter length of the pile, compensating for its shorter length. In Figure 3-11 a typical part of the trestle is shown with the wave forces acting on the piles in the global X direction.
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Figure 3-11 Schematisation of wave forces Although wave crests can come in close proximity of the trestle underside no wave uplifting force is assumed on the superstructure. 3.1.12 Wave forces normal condition
In the normal case a wave height just in front of the trestle of 1.01 m (H S) is assumed, [203]. This is larger than the wave height indicated in Error! Reference source not found.. With a depth at the trestle of 6 m and a wave period of 10 s the wave load on the piles can be calculated. This is done using RFWAVE and RF force [APPENDIX F]. RFWAVE uses the Hmax which is equal to 1.8 times the Hs. Since the piles have two dimensions, 406 mm for the first 3.5 m and 610 mm for the part above that (with collar) two different runs of RF Force have been done (APPENDIX F). The applied wave load on the piles is combined using the wave load on the 406 mm pile for the first 3.5 m and the wave load on the wider section on the upper part. This leads to the following load distribution on the pile, see Table 3-7: level mm -6000 -2500 -2500 1220 total Force kN/m 0.36 0.43 0.71 1.22
Table 3-7 Wave forces Trestle normal condition, h max = 1.82 m The same force is applied on all the trestle piles, including the batter piles. The batter piles have a longer shaft length but because the applied force acts over a specified length the force is equal in size as on the vertical piles. The only exception is bent 14, where the depth is only 5.5 m. Here the same load is applied
only over a shorter length of the pile, compensating for its shorter length. 3.1.13 Temperature load
As a result of temperature variation loads can occur within the construction. To model this load a temperature load is added to the model. In Error! Reference source not found. temperature variations are stated to be between 35 F and 110 F. This corresponds to 274 K and 316 K. Since it is unclear whether the ambient temperature or the construction temperature is described here engineering practice is used to determine the temperature variations that can occur. The temperature load is added only to the upper part of the model (the piles are almost completely below water level where temperature fluctuations are significantly smaller). Assuming that the construction is build in winter (average temperature is 15C) and heats up in summer (60C) a positive temperature variation of 45 can occur Assuming that the construction is build in moderate temperatures (36C) and cools down in winter (15C) a negative temperature variation of 21 can occur. In Figure 3-12 part of the trestle is shown with the temperature load indicated by blue arrows. The temperature load is only added to the part of the structure that is expected to take part in the distribution of the load.
Figure 3-12 Schematisation of temperature load on trestle

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3.1.14 Seismic load
Since Libya is a seismically active area the model should include Seismic loads. Seismic load can be defined using the UBC 1997 [103]. UBC 1997 load definitions requires the following input parameter: 1. Seismic zone coefficient, Libya is in zone 2A, Zone is 0.15; 2. Importance factor, we are dealing with hazardous facilities, I = 1.25; 3. Numerical coefficient R for lateral load in X: jetty is a non building structure, R = 2.9; 4. Numerical coefficient R for lateral load in Z: jetty is a non building structure, R = 2.9; 5. Soil profile type: assumed is a stiff soil profile, type SD, STYP = 4; 6. Near source factor Na, Na = 1 7. Near source factor Nv, Nv = 1 The seismic calculation uses the weight loads to calculate the resulting seismic force on the structure. The weights used in this trestle model are: 1. self weight of trestle construction 2. self weight concrete roadway 3. self weight piping With these parameters entered into the model, STAAD calculates a seismic load in both the X and the Z direction. These loads are used in several load combinations to determine the residual strength of the Trestle. Besides horizontal seismic forces also a vertical seismic force should be taken into account. According to [103] the vertical component of the seismic load can be calculated as follows: EQ (Y) = 0.5 *Ca * I * D, where: - Ca (seismic coefficient of soil type and zone) = 0.22 - I (importance factor) = 1.25 - D = dead weight of construction in kN It follows that the horizontal component of the seismic force can be calculated by multiplying the dead load by 0.1375, see Table 3-8 for the input parameters for the vertical seismic component. Dead weight type: Concrete roadway Concrete collar Existing 22 LNG pipe Existing 16 LNG return pipe Existing smaller pipes New 20 LNG pipe New 12 LPG pipe Force (Y) 8.8 kN/m 0.61 kN/m 44.4 kN 16.93 kN 15.92 kN 37.89 kN 11.87 kN Seismic force (Y) 1.21 0.08 6.11 2.33 2.09 5.21 1.63
Table 3-8 Seismic forces related to dead weights
3.1.15 Dead weight concrete collar on piles
As is already explained in section 2.1.1 the modelled cross section of the piles, in combination with the concrete collar neglects the dead weight difference. This difference in dead load is remedied in the model by adding a uniform distributed load of 0.61 kN/m. This load is added to the piles as shown in Figure 3-13.
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Figure 3-13 Schematisation dead load of concrete collars on piles
3.1.16 Vehicle loading
Vehicle loading is assumed according to BS 5400. A nominal HB loading is analysed to be acting on different parts of the trestle. The shortest wheelbase is assumed to give the most severe effect. Analyses showed that the vehicle load had the greatest effect on pressure and tension in the platform piles as shown in the following figures. Figure 3-14 show the location of the vehicle load on the trestle for maximum tension in the piles, Figure 3-15 shows the position of the vehicle load for maximum pressure.
Tension
Figure 3-14 Vehicle load for maximum tension
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Pressure
Figure 3-15 vehicle load for maximum pressure
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3.2
LOADING PLATFORMS
In this section the loads on the loading platforms are discussed. These loads are implemented in the models in order to assess the residual strength of the structure. With respect to the trestle extra loads have been applied due to the loading arms and gangway tower. Most of the forces acting upon the model are similar for platform A and platform B. Wave forces however, have different magnitudes for either location. This will be discussed in section 3.1.11 and 3.2.12. the same goes for the loading arms. On platform A the existing loading arms will be taken into account. On platform B the loading arms will be replaced. This is discussed in 3.2.13 and 3.2.14.
3.2.1 Self weight construction
The self weight of the Platform construction is calculated by the model itself based on the modelled elements. Elements not in the model will be added as a superimposed dead weight (3.2.2) or as a uniform distributed Load (3.2.17).
3.2.2 Deadweight concrete roadway
The deadweight of the concrete roadway on the parking area can not be calculated by the model as it is not part of the model. Therefore an extra superimposed deadweight will be added. The concrete deck is assumed to be 3.00 m wide with 250 mm curbs and a thickness of 165 mm (on the trestle and parking areas of the platforms, no overlay is assumed). The corresponding load acting on each of the stringers is 1 7.3 kN/m , see 3.1.2. Since the parking area spans on two sides of the middle stringers, they bear double 1 the load; 14.6 kN/m . In Figure 3-16 the schematised load is shown added to the model of platform B. The green arrows represent the load on the middle stringers which is double.
Figure 3-16 Load due to dead weight of concrete roadway and parking area on platform B
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3.2.3 Dead load existing piping
The deadweight of the gas and water pipes (including contents) located on the trestle and platforms is also added as a superimposed load. The existing piping is schematised as 3 pipes of different diameter: 1. 22 LNG pipe 2. 16 LNG return pipe 3. 18RLPG pipe 4. 6 LPG + 3 LPG return + 8 Firewater The pipes are assumed to be schedule 40 pipes [104] with the following characteristics, see Table 3-1 Diameter [inch] 3 6 8 16 18 22 Outside diameter [mm] 88.9 168.3 291 406.4 457.2 558.8 Wall thickness [mm] 4.78 7.11 8.18 12.70 14.27 15.88 Weight [kg/m] 9.91 28.26 42.53 123.29 155.91 212.52
Table 3-9 schedule 40 existing pipe characteristics The pipes are assumed to be either filled with LNG [5 kN/m ], LPG [6.5 kN/m ], water [10 kN/m ] or air/gas 3 [0 kN/m ]. The pipes are supported every 14 m by the bents. Every bent therefore carries 14 m of pipe. On every bent the following pipe loads are modelled as concentrated loads for the existing pipelines 1. 22 LNG pipe, filled with liquid gas, F = 44.4 kN; 2. 16LNG gas return pipe filled with gas and air, F = 16.9 kN; 3. 18RLPG filled with liquid gas, F = 34.5 kN; 4. 6 LPG filled with liquid gas, 3 LPG filled with gas + 8 Firewater filled with water, F = 15.2 kN. In Figure 3-17 the general position of the pipelines on the trestle is shown. The existing pipelines are all located on the western side of the parking area. In Table 3-10 a summation of the locations of the pipelines on the pile caps are given. The 18RLNG pipeline is assumed at the same position of the smaller LPG and service pipes. Pipe 1 2 3&4 Distance to start point 1300 mm 2600 mm 3700 mm Distance to previous pipe 1300 mm 1100 mm Distance to next pipe 1300 mm 1100 mm 3 3 3
Table 3-10 Location of existing pipeline on parking area bents The above given positions are used in the model for the position of the concentrated loads schematizing the dead weight of the existing pipelines. In Figure 3-18 a schematisation is shown of the vertical pipe loads in the model.
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Figure 3-17 cross section of trestle with existing and new Pipelines [202]
Figure 3-18 Schematisation of pipe loads on the model of platform B 3.2.4 Dead load new piping
On the platforms no new piping is modelled since the current situation is normative.
3.2.5 Horizontal pipe load (Anchor forces)
The piping can exert horizontal forces on the bents as a result of pressure built up inside the piping. The pipes are fixed at the anchor bents and are able to expand at the expansion loops, the bend in the trestle at bent 13 and the loop crossing the trestle at bent 27. Anchor bents are located at bents 7, 20 and 39. Since the bents under the parking area as well as the platform are not anchor bents, no anchor force is modelled on the platform. 3.2.6 Horizontal pipe loads (Friction forces
At the non anchor bents the pipeline exerts a friction force at the bents as the pipeline slides over the support. This force is assumed to act towards the anchor bents from both sides. This force is schematised as a concentrated load acting at the same place as the deadweight of the 22 LNG pipeline working perpendicular to the bent. The magnitude of this load is described in Error! Reference source not found. as 2.4 KIPS, which corresponds with 10.7 kN. This force is applied on all bents underneath the parking area of both platforms. In Figure 3-19 a schematisation is shown of the horizontal pipe forces in the model of platform B.
Figure 3-19 schematisation of horizontal pipe forces on platform B 3.2.7 Vertical truckload
In Error! Reference source not found. it is indicated that the governing load for the loading platform should be determined between a truckload: AASHO H20 S44 and a 400 LBS per square foot live load. It is
assumed that the truck load HS 20-44, according to AASHTO [102] is indicated here. This loading incorporates a 20 tons tractor truck with semitrailer. The axel loads are given according to APPENDIX E. To determine the normative loads, the total load of the truck is determined as well as the total load of the live load acting the concrete deck between two bents. The truck load measures: 35.6 kN + 142.4 kN + 142.4 kN = 320.4 kN per side is 641 kN in total. 2 2 The live load acts on an area of 3.60 m by 14 m and has a load of 400 lbs/ft (19.152 kN/m . the total live load equals 965 kN The live load of 400 LBS is the governing load. It is assumed that this loads acts on the parking area of the platform, see Figure 3-20 for the schematisation of the load on platform B and Figure 3-21 for the schematisation on platform A.
Figure 3-20 Schematisation of truck/live load on parking area of platform B
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Figure 3-21 Schematisation of truck/live load on parking area of platform A 3.2.8 Wind load east west
In Error! Reference source not found. it is indicated that the design of the trestle should be able to 2 withstand a wind load of 12 LBS/ft in the east west direction. This load should be applied to the superstructure parking area of platform A. The superstructure of the parking area consists of the stringers, hand rail and pipe rack and the concrete roadway. Combined they have a height of 2255 mm (640 mm for the stringers, 1200 for the hand rail and pipe rack and 165 + 250 mm for the roadway). The platform superstructure consists of stringers, high members and a concrete roadway. On the outside they have a height of 1465 mm (550 mm + 500 mm + 165 mm + 250 mm. The middle part of the platform has a combined height of 1751 mm (836 mm +500 mm + 165 mm + 250 mm). It is assumed that the wind load acts perpendicular to parking area (bent 49 to 51), which has a more or less north to south orientation) and also on the loading platform itself. The wind load is schematized as a uniform distributed load acting on the stringers as shown in Figure 3-22. The magnitude of the load on the parking area can be calculated as follows: 2 2 12 LBS/ft equals 574 N/m 2 Area equals 2255 mm /mm 2 2 1 Load equals 574 n/m * 2255 mm /mm = 1.29 N/mm The magnitude of the load on the loading platform can be calculated as follows: 2 2 12 LBS/ft equals 574 N/m 2 Outer area equals 1465 mm /mm 2 2 1 Outer load equals 574 n/m * 1465 mm /mm = 0.841 N/mm 2 Middle area equals 1751 mm /mm 2 2 1 Middle load equals 574 n/m * 1751 mm /mm = 1.005 N/mm
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Figure 3-22 Schematisation of wind load east west 3.2.9 Wind load north south
In Error! Reference source not found. it is indicated that the entire structure should be able to withstand 2 2 a wind load of 50 LBS/ft in the north south direction acting on the superstructure and 40 LBS/ft in the north south direction acting on the substructure. The first load should be applied to the superstructure of the loading platform. The platform superstructure consists of stringers, combined members and a concrete roadway. On the outside they have a height of 915 mm (500 mm + 165 mm + 250 mm. The middle part of the platform has a combined height of 1715 mm (800 mm +500 mm + 165 mm + 250 mm). The second load should be applied to the substructure of the platform, which consists of steel piles with a concrete collar. The piles have width of 610 mm at the concrete collar and a width of 406 mm above that. It is assumed that the bottom section has a height of 2500 mm and the top section a height of 1400mm. The 6 2 combined surface is therefore 2.09 * 10 mm . It is assumed that the wind load acts perpendicular to the north side of the loading platform, which has a more or less north to south orientation) and has no effect on the parking area. The wind load on the superstructure is schematized as a uniform distributed load acting on the stringers and the wind load on the substructure is schematized as concentrated forces acting on the node between the pile and the pile cap, see Figure 3-23. In this figure the load on the piles is schematised by the blue arrows acting on the top of the piles. The magnitude of the load on the superstructure can be calculated as follows: 2 2 50 LBS/ft equals 2394 N/m 2 Middle area equals 915 mm /mm 2 2 1 Middle Load equals 2394 n/m * 915 mm /mm = 2.19 N/mm 2 Outer area equals 1715 mm /mm 2 2 1 Outer Load equals 2394 n/m * 1715 mm /mm = 4.11 N/mm
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The magnitude of the load acting on the substructure can be calculated as follows: 2 2 40 LBS/ft equals 1915 N/m 2 Area equals 2,090,000 mm 2 2 Load equals 1915 n/m * 2,090,000 mm = 4,009 N per pile It is tentatively assumed that no sheltering occurs due to the piles. Therefore the wind load on the substructure is assumed to act on all the piles of the platform as can be seen in Figure 3-23.
Figure 3-23 schematisation of wind load north south 3.2.10 Live load parking area 50 LBS per square foot
2
On the parking area of the platform an additional live load of 50 LBS/ft is projected similar to the live load 2 2 projected on the trestle. A load of 50 LBS/ft corresponds with a load of 2.39 kN/m . This load is added to the model as a uniform distributed load. Since the roadway of the parking area is not a part of the model, this load has to be added to the stringers supporting the roadway, as shown in Figure 3-24. The distance 2 1 between the stringers is 3.00 m. The load on the stringers is therefore 2.39 kN/m * 3m * 0.5 = 3.55 kN/m . In Figure 3-24 the load on the middle stringers is shown in green. Here a double loads acts on the stringers 1 since the concrete parking area extends on two sides of the stringer. The load in this case is 7.1 kN/m .
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Figure 3-24 schematisation of live load on parking area and roadway 3.2.11 Wave forces extreme condition
The platform is located more or less perpendicular to the harbour entrance. It is therefore assumed that waves encounter the trestle at a 90 (perpendicular) angle. This also holds for the platforms. Based on [202] an extreme wave height (Hs) just in front of platform A of 1.23 m is to be expected. This is smaller than the wave height indicated in Error! Reference source not found.. In front of platform B an extreme wave height (Hs) of 1.84 is to be expected. With a depth at the platform of 9 m and a wave period of 10 s the wave load on the piles can be calculated. This is done using RFWAVE and RF force. RFWAVE uses the Hmax which is equal to 1.8 times the Hs. Since the piles have two dimensions, 406 mm for the first 5.5 m and 610 mm for the part above that (with collar) two different runs of RF Force have been done (APPENDIX F). The applied wave load on the piles is combined using the wave load on the 406 mm pile for the first 5.5 m and the wave load on the wider section on the upper part. This leads to the following load distribution on the piles of platform A, see Table 3-11: Level Mm -9000 -2500 2500 460 Total Force KN/m 0.29 0.38 0.64 0.99
Table 3-11 Wave forces Platform A extreme condition, hmax = 2.21 m
And the load distribution as shown in Table 3-11 for the wave loads on the piles of platform B:
Level Mm -9000 -2500 2500 460
Total Force KN/m 0.60 0.86 1.38 2.51
Table 3-12 Wave forces Platform B extreme condition, hmax = 3.32 m The same force is applied on all the platform piles, including the batter piles. The batter piles have a longer shaft length but because the applied force acts over a specified length the force is equal in size as on the vertical piles. The piles of the parking area are assumed to be sheltered by the platform piles. In Figure 3-25 the schematisation of the wave load in the model is shown. The wave forces are acting in the negative X direction.
Figure 3-25 Schematisation of wave load on platform
3.2.12 Wave forces normal condition (Xdir)
In the normal case a wave height just in front of platform A of 0.67 m (H S) is assumed, [203]. This is similar to the wave height indicated in Error! Reference source not found.. In front of platform B a wave height of 1.01 m is obtained. With a depth at the platform of 9 m and a wave period of 10 s the wave load on the piles can be calculated. This is done using RFWAVE and RF force [APPENDIX F]. RFWAVE uses the H max which is equal to 1.8 times the Hs. Since the piles have two dimensions, 406 mm for the first 3.5 m and 610 mm for the part above that (with collar) two different runs of RF Force have been done (APPENDIX F). The applied wave load on the piles is combined using the wave load on the 406 mm pile for the first 3.5 m and the wave load on the wider section on the upper part. This leads to the following load distribution on the pile, see Table 3-13
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Level Mm -9000 -2500 2500 460
Total Force KN/m 0.11 0.14 0.27 0.33
Table 3-13 Wave forces Platform A normal condition, hmax = 1.21 m And the following load distribution for the piles of platform B, see Table 3-14 Level Mm -9000 -2500 2500 460 Total Force KN/m 0.21 0.27 0.48 0.67
Table 3-14 Wave forces Platform B normal condition, hmax = 1.82 m The same force is applied on all the platform piles, including the batter piles. The batter piles have a longer shaft length but because the applied force acts over a specified length the force is equal in size as on the vertical piles. The piles of the parking area are assumed to be sheltered by the platform piles. 3.2.13 Loading arms dead weight
The loading arms on the platforms are not part of the models and are therefore modelled as loads. the loading arms on platform A will remain intact, whereas the loading arms on platform B will be renewed. In the following sections the modelling of the loading arms for both platforms is discussed. Platform A The loading arms on platform A are placed upon a steel structure which is supported by the concrete deck. This structure is not in the model; therefore the forces of the loading arm acting upon the steel superstructure will have to be tranversed to the supports. This is done schematising the structure as portal frame with the loading arm on top of it, see APPENDIX D. The load of the wind force and the dead load are translated into support reactions that counteract the loads. These support loads will be entered in the model as the loading arm loads in the opposite reactions. This leads to the following loads, Table 3-15. In APPENDIX D the base load diagram is shown for the existing loading arms. LOAD Dead load (P) Wind load (Fv) FORCE [kN] -145 24 R1,V 75 kN -102.4 kN R1,H 0 -10 kN R2,V 70 kN 102.4 R2,H 0 -14
Table 3-15 Reaction loads loading arms platform A Platform B The loading arms for platform B are placed directly onto the concrete deck. They are also schematized as a dead weight load. The dead weight acts not in the centre line of the arm; therefore the dead weight exerts both a force on the underlying concrete plate as well as a moment. In APPENDIX D a schematisation of the loading arms can be found, the dead weight load is summarised in the table below, Table 3-16
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LOAD TYPE Dead weight (P) Torque force (T+) Torque force (T-)
FORCE - 389 kN - 175 kN +175 kN
ARM 900 mm 1000 mm 1000 mm
MOMENT 350 kNm 175 kNm 175 kNm
Table 3-16 Dead weight forces caused by loading arm The moment created by the dead weight will be schematised as two torque loads at the edges of the foot plate. The moment arm of the torque forces is therefore equal to half the width of the foot plate, which is 2.0 m (the arm is 1.0 m). The size of the torque forces can be calculated by dividing the dead weight moment in two and again dividing by the arm (350 knm/2/1.0 m = 175 kN). The torque forces will be added to the model creating a moment in the longitudinal axis of the platform. Three loading arms will be placed on top of the platform. APPENDIX D shows the location of the loading arms on the platforms, the schematisation of the dead load and torque forces is shown in Figure 3-26.
Figure 3-26 schematisation of dead load of loading arms 3.2.14 Loading arms wind force
The wind force acting on the loading arms of platform B is also schematised as a force combined with a moment. The force acts in the horizontal direction. In this case it is assumed that the wind encounters the platform at a perpendicular angle coming from the west side. The force is schematised at the centre point of the loading arm. The wind force on the loading arms for platform A is already described in the previous section. In APPENDIX D a schematisation of the loading arms can be found, the wind load is summarised in the table below, Table 3-17
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LOAD TYPE Wind force (Fv) Torque force (T+) Torque force (T-)
FORCE 98 kN - 512 kN +512 kN
ARM 10,450 mm 1000 mm 1000 mm
MOMENT 1024 kNm 512 kNm 512 kNm
Table 3-17 wind load forces caused by loading arm The moment created by the dead weight will be schematised as two torque loads at the edges of the foot plate. The moment arm of the torque forces is therefore equal to half the width of the foot plate, which is 2.0 m (the arm is 1.0 m). The size of the torque forces can be calculated by dividing the wind force moment in two and again dividing by the arm (1024 knm/2/1.0 m = 512 kN). The torque forces will be added to the model creating a moment in the longitudinal axis of the platform, see Figure 3-27 for the schematisation of the loads. The forces are acting in the same direction as the extreme wind forces.
Figure 3-27 Schematisation of wind forces loading arm
3.2.15 Gangway tower dead weight
The gangway tower on the platform is not part of the model and schematized as a dead weight load. The dead weight acts not in the centre line of the tower; therefore the dead weight exerts both a force on the underlying concrete plate as well as a moment. In APPENDIX D a schematisation of the gangway tower can be found, the dead weight load is summarised in the table below, Table 3-18. The dead weight of the tower is assumed to be 185 kN. For the wind loads the same forces as for the loading arms is assumed. LOAD TYPE Dead weight (P) Torque force (T+) Torque force (T-) FORCE - 185 kN - 84 kN +84 kN ARM 900 mm 1000 mm 1000 mm MOMENT 167 kNm 175 knm 175 knm
Table 3-18 Dead weight forces caused by gangway tower The moment created by the dead weight will be schematised as two torque loads at the edges of the foot
plate. It is assumed that the loading tower has the same foot plate as the loading arms. The moment arm of the torque forces is therefore equal to half the width of the foot plate, which is 2.0 m (the arm is 1.0 m). The size of the torque forces can be calculated by dividing the dead weight moment in two and again dividing by the arm (167 knm/2/1.0 m = 84 kN). The torque forces will be added to the model creating a moment in the longitudinal axis of the platform. One gangway tower will be placed on top of the platform. The location of the gangway tower is shown in APPENDIX D; see Figure 3-28 for the schematisation of the dead load.
Figure 3-28 schematisation of dead load gangway tower 3.2.16 Gangway tower wind force
The wind force acting on the gangway tower is also schematised as a force combined with a moment. The force acts in the horizontal direction. In this case it is assumed that the wind encounters the platform at a perpendicular angle coming from the west side. The force is schematised at the centre point of the gangway tower. In APPENDIX D a schematisation of the gangway tower can be found, the wind load is summarised in the table below, Table 3-19 LOAD TYPE Wind force (Fv) Torque force (T+) Torque force (T-) FORCE 98 kN - 512 kN +512 kN ARM 10,450 mm 1000 mm 1000 mm MOMENT 1024 kNm 512 kNm 512 kNm
Table 3-19 wind load forces caused by gangway tower The moment created by the wind load will be schematised as two torque loads at the edges of the foot plate. The moment arm of the torque forces is therefore equal to half the width of the foot plate, which is 2.0 m (the arm is 1.0 m). The size of the torque forces can be calculated by dividing the wind force moment in two and again dividing by the arm (1024 knm/2/1.0 m = 512 kN). The torque forces will be added to the model creating a moment in the longitudinal axis of the platform, see Figure 3-29.
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Figure 3-29 schematisation of wind load gangway tower
3.2.17 Uniform distributed load
To compensate for the absence in the model of the constructions on top of the concrete deck of the loading 2 platform a uniform distributed load will be taken acting upon this deck. A load of 4 kN/m is assumed. 3.2.18 Hawser pull
On top of the loading platform two bollards are situated. According to Error! Reference source not found. on these bollards a hawser pull of 50 kips should be applied. 50 kips corresponds with a force of 222.4 kN. This force acts at the bollard in a direction that is not specified. It is assumed here that the force acts on one bollard in the positive Z direction as shown in Figure 3-30. Since there is a vertical distance between the point at which the line exerts its force on the bollard and the beam that the bollard eventually passes this load onto, a moment needs to be added to the model. The elevation of the line bollard connection point above the substructure is estimated to be 500 mm. The forces acting in the Z-direction = 222.4 kN. The corresponding moment is 222.4 kN * 500 mm = 111.2 kNm The width of the footplate in the direction perpendicular to the berthing face is 500 mm, the torque arm is 500/2 = 250 mm. The corresponding torque force is 222.4 kN The torque forces will be added to the model at a distance of 250 mm on the berth side and the back side of the centre point of the bollard, see for the schematisation of the load.
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Figure 3-30 Schematisation of bollard load
3.2.19 Breasting forces; ship impact load
Ships mooring at the platform can exert a breasting force at the platform due to ship impact. In Error! Reference source not found. a ship impact force of 20 tons over a fender length of 10 foot is prescribed. This corresponds with a force of 196 kN over 3 m. In front of the loading platform a fender system is located. It is assumed that the indicated 196 kN ship impact force transverses through the fenders unto the platform as shown in APPENDIX G. The ship impact load is modelled on the platform as concentrated loads acting on the outer two pile caps of the platform as shown in Figure 3-31.
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Figure 3-31 schematisation of ship impact load 3.2.20 Temperature load
As a result of temperature variation loads can occur within the construction. To model this load a temperature load is added to the model. In Error! Reference source not found. temperature variations are stated to be between 35 F and 110 F. This corresponds to 274 K and 316 K. Since it is unclear whether the ambient temperature or the construction temperature is described here engineering practice is used to determine the temperature variations that can occur. The temperature load is added to the upper part of the model. The steel piles are mostly below water level and are therefore subjected to much smaller temperature fluctuations. Hence the temperature load is only added to the superstructure and pile caps of the platform model, see Figure 3-32. Assuming that the construction is build in winter (average temperature is 15C) and heats up in summer (60C) a positive temperature variation of 45 can occur Assuming that the construction is build in moderate temperatures (36C) and cools down in winter (15C) a negative temperature variation of 21 can occur.
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Figure 3-32 Schematisation of temperature load 3.2.21 Seismic load
Similar tot the trestle seismic load is added to the platforms acting in three main directions, (X,Y and Z). The seismic calculation uses the weight loads to calculate the resulting seismic force on the structure. The weights used in this platform model are: 1. self weight of platform and parking area construction 2. self weight concrete roadway 3. self weight piping 4. self weight loading arms 5. self weight gangway tower 6. self weight concrete collar 2 7. self weight represented by UDL = 4 kN/m With these parameters entered into the model, STAAD calculates a seismic load in both the X, Y and the Z direction. These loads are used in several load combinations to determine the residual strength of the Trestle.
3.2.22 Self weight concrete collar
As is already explained in section 2.1.1 the modelled cross section of the piles, in combination with the concrete collar neglects the dead weight difference. This difference in dead load is remedied in the model by acting a uniform distributed load of 0.61 kN/m. This load is added to the piles as shown in Figure 3-33.
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Figure 3-33 Schematisation of self weight concrete collar on piles
3.2.23 Self weight omitted concrete deck
In section 2.2.4 already reference is made about the size of the concrete deck on the loading platform that is smaller in the model than in reality. To accommodate for the accompanying weight difference a uniform distributed load is added to the sides of the platform as shown in Figure 3-34. The magnitude of the forces to be added to the platform is determined as follows. Volume of concrete is calculated by the overhang (0.15 and 0.40m) multiplied by the thickness of the concrete. Assumed is 250 mm + 165 since concrete curbs run along the edges of the platform. The concrete weight is assumed to be 24.5 kN/m In total this leads the following loads: - berth edge and backside: 0.40 * 0.415 * 24.5 = 4.07 kN/m - sides: 0.15 * 0.415 * 24.5 = 1.53 kN/m
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Figure 3-34 Schematisation of dead load omitted part of the concrete deck
3.2.24 Seismic moment loading arms
The loading arms are not part of the model but are schematised as loads acting on the concrete deck. Since the mass of the loading arms is concentrated at a certain height above the platform in case of seismic motion an additional moment has to be modelled. According to APPENDIX X, the force and arm of the seismic motion of the loading arms on platform B are as follows: - Fsh = 99.25 kN, arm As = 9650 mm - Fsv = 66.30 kN, arm B = 900mm From these forces and arms two moments can be derived: - Msh = 957.76 kNm - Msv = 59.67 kNm The horizontal moment is assumed to act in both X and Z direction occurring simultaneously with seismic forces in the corresponding direction. The vertical moment is assumed to act simultaneously with vertical seismic forces and has an orientation along the X axis. Figure 3-35 shows a schematisation of the seismic forces acting in the Z direction. For platform A no such values are obtained. Therefore this mechanism is ignored.
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Figure 3-35 schematisation of seismic forces loading arms on platform A
3.2.25 Vehicle loading
Vehicle loading is assumed according to BS 5400. A nominal HB loading is analysed to be acting on different parts of the trestle. The shortest wheelbase is assumed to give the most severe effect. Analyses showed that the vehicle load had the greatest effect on pressure and tension in the platform piles as shown in the following figures. Vehicle loading located as shown in Figure 3-36 leads to the highest tension forces in the piles of the platform whereas vehicle loading as shown in Figure 3-37 leads to the highest compression forces in the platform piles.
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Figure 3-36 Schematisation of vehicle loading for maximum tension
Figure 3-37 schematisation of vehicle loading for maximum pressure
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Load combinations
The STAAD models will be tested for 5 basic loading combinations. The loading cases are assembled according to [106], and consist of a normal case, extreme metocean case, extreme mooring case, extreme berthing case and a Seismic case. Since no mooring facilities exist in the vicinity of the trestle, in the mooring case only the anchor force can be applied to this model. The loading combinations are chosen in such a way as to maximise the pressure and tension in the piles. In directional cases, pressure is maximised by adding live loads and applying a load factor of 1.2 for dead loads and tension is maximised by omitting live loads and applying a load factor of 0.9 for dead loads. The seismic cases are determined according to UBC 1997 [103]. The UBC states that In the case of both horizontal and vertical components, the horizontal components should alternatively be multiplied by 0.3 while the other components are multiplied by 1. For the 105 cases the X direction is assumed normative and the Z component is multiplied by 0.3, whereas the 107 cases assume the Z direction normative and multiply the X direction by 0.3. Within these cases the directions are alternatively varied. The cases with a negative direction for the Z component are optimised for tension by multiplying the dead load factors by 0.9. Special attention is given to the piles of the loading platforms. The following cases were defined: 101 Load combination normal condition; 1011 1012 102 normal condition with positive temperature difference (+45K) Normal condition with negative temperature difference (-20)
Load combination extreme metocean 1021 1022 Extreme metocean with live loads applied Extreme metocean without live loads
103
Load combination extreme mooring 1031 1032 mooring with live loads applied mooring without live loads applied
1
104
Load combination extreme berthing 1041 1042 berthing with live loads applied
berthing without live loads applied
105
Load combination seismic 8 load combinations have been derived for the seismic loads, alternating positive and negative directions. X is the predominant direction.
107
Load combination seismic 8 load combinations have been derived for the seismic load, alternating positive and negative directions. Z is the predominant direction.
In Figure 4-1 and Figure 4-2 overviews are given of all the determined load cases.
Berthing load is only applied on the platform models

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Figure 4-1 Load combinations ULS

Figure 4-2 Load combinations SLS

Results
In this section the results of the STAAD models are discussed. For the loading platform focus of the discussion is on the normal forces in the piles. Tabulation of the results can be found in the appendices. All the steel members are checked according tot the British Standard 5950 [105]. The indicated steel grade 2 is A36 with a yield-strength of 248 kN/m .
5.1
TRESTLE
5.1.1 Design results
In APPENDIX O a table of the design results of the STAAD model can be found. STAAD checks the beams according to BS 5950. This table shows that for three members, the piles of bents 3 and 4, the loads exceed the capacity according to BS 5950. The cause of this failure can be found in the modelling of the expansion joints as releases. In Figure 5-1 can be seen that the section of the trestle of which the failed member is a part is placed between two releases and contains no transverse fortification in the form of batter piles. The section on itself is therefore not strong enough to take the load.
Figure 5-1 Deflection of trestle bents 3 and 4 In reality however, the surrounding structure will take part of the load once the deflection reaches the limit of the expansion joint (30 mm). To observe the effect of the divided load a separate STAAD model is constructed of the whole trestle where the releases on one end of the section are fixed in the X direction. The section no longer acts as an individual part and the construction is able to withstand the load according to BS 5950, see Figure 5-2:
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Figure 5-2 Deflection of trestle bents 3 and 4 with X fixed
5.1.2 Beam end forces summary
In Table 5-1 an example is given of a STAAD output table. The table shows the highest occurring forces in the piles belonging to the trestle. From this table three maximum load situations are obtained that are checked using a calculation sheet based on BS 5950. These three loadings correspond with the highest compression force, the highest combined bending moment (Y and Z) and the highest eccentricity (moment divided by force). In Table 5-1 the case of the highest compression force is 1125 kN, the highest bending moment (Mb) = 169 kNm and the highest eccentricity is 1.42 m. The members where these maximums occur are checked for the load case in which they occur using the calculation sheet. The shear and bending results of these beams can be found in appendix M and the calculation sheets in appendix N. The check proves that the strength of the beams is sufficient to bear the load. The maximum compression force occurs at beam 3312, This load exceeds the geotechnical limit for the piles (80 tons max). Since it is a seismic combination that leads to this load, the next occurring highest compression and tension loads are analysed for non seismic combinations. In APPENDIX L, forces summaries are shown for the different pile sets and the different load combinations under operational conditions. These tables show that, aside from the seismic load combinations, pressure and tension forces in the trestle piles remain within geotechnical limits, of 80 tons of compression and 40 tons of tension.
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Beam L/C Max Fx Min Fx Max Fy Min Fy Max Fz Min Fz Max Mx Min Mx Max My Min My Max Mz Min Mz 3312 1075 1319 1057 3501 1054 3501 1056 306 1071 301 1072 407 1074 204 1076 301 1076 301 1074 201 1054 106 1011
Node Fx kN 3327 1337 3501 3501 307 301 409 209 301 301 201 108 1125.03 -851.35 1036.50 -392.58 292.52 117.29 219.20 -271.42 117.56 359.21 447.88 209.00
Fy kN -2.98 -10.09 59.33 -54.35
Fz kN 1.35 -0.16 7.98 -8.27
My kNm Mz kNm 7.05 -0.07 -14.77 15.54 57.29 162.63 -72.68 96.91 165.48 -167.49 -37.31 -0.84 0.41 -5.83 71.64 -65.28 -22.34 37.51 -13.17 26.85 8.31 -26.48 83.49 -95.53
Mb kNm 7.06 5.83 73.15 67.10 61.49 166.90 73.87 100.56 165.68 169.57 91.45 95.53
Mb/FX m 0.01 -0.01 0.07 -0.17 0.21 1.42 0.34 -0.37 1.41 0.47 0.20 0.46
22.97 44.80 14.91 -39.37 -3.59 10.78
9.37 -23.60 9.60 -38.49 -14.74 19.49 20.33 43.01 9.47 7.70
Table 5-1 Beam end summary Trestle ULS
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5.1.3 Maximum compression per pile
In Table 5-2 the maximum forces acting on each individual pile are shown. The table shows both the maximum occurring force in each pile as well as the minimum occurring force. For both the load combination resulting in the force is given as well. In the first column of the table the actual pile number is given, the second column denotes the beam number in STAAD. All values are derived from SLS cases. Positive values indicate compression forces, negative values indicate tension. Pile # 1-A 1-B 2-A-2 2-A-1 2-B-1 2-B-2 3-A 3-B 4-A-2 4-B 4-A-1 5-A-2 5-B 5-A-1 6-A 6-B 7-A-2 7-B-1 7-A-1 7-B-3 7-A-5 7-A-6 7-A-3 7-A-4 7-B-2 7-B-4 8-A-2 8-B 8-A-1 9-A-2 9-B 9-A-1 10-A-2 10-B 10-A-1 11-A 11-B 12-A 12-B 13-C 13-A-1 13-B-2 13-B-3 13-B-1 13-A-3 Beam # 101 106 201 204 207 212 301 306 401 406 407 501 506 507 601 606 701 706 707 712 713 718 719 724 725 730 801 806 807 901 906 907 1001 1006 1007 1101 1106 1201 1206 1311 1314 1319 1320 1325 1326 Maximum force 275.74 228.331 707.572 459.027 1074.81 1062.492 323.991 268.862 600.061 282.048 376.266 693.057 505.466 444.887 296.031 248.146 374.103 385.686 253.808 222.357 316.669 352.474 390.752 410.027 611.412 551.355 468.523 247.445 296.738 657.759 266.747 365.3 694.032 200.681 504.236 335.313 294.291 298.507 249.141 433.057 951.503 963.71 822.349 747.373 922.591 Load combination for max force 1055 1071 1071 1078 1055 1054 1078 1071 1071 1011 1078 1071 1011 1078 1055 1075 1078 1071 1011 1071 1075 1054 1055 1054 1055 1054 1071 1054 1078 1071 1075 1078 1071 1071 1078 1078 1071 1055 1071 1011 1058 1051 1078 1055 1054 Minimum force 163.3 110.029 -176.673 -393.557 -792.83 30.731 117.286 70.081 -145.983 121.996 -338.168 -181.909 148.007 -401.608 179.697 132.397 -184.033 31.426 -137.584 -0.304 -231.919 17.589 -276.171 8.274 -471.008 33.866 -49.792 132.271 -190.772 -117.359 151.555 -351.281 -274.029 106.111 -457.798 195.277 153.157 176.891 111.443 219.759 -831.701 1.522 -710.753 2.441 -676.758 Load combination for min force 1052 1077 1077 1072 1053 1072 1072 1077 1077 1077 1072 1077 1057 1072 1053 1073 1072 1074 1072 1056 1073 1011 1053 1072 1053 1011 1077 1056 1072 1077 1073 1072 1077 1077 1072 1072 1077 1053 1077 1052 1052 1042 1072 1077 1056
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13-A-2 14-A 14-B 15-A 15-B 16-A-2 16-B 16-A-1 17-A-2 17-B 17-A-1 18-A 18-B 19-A 19-B 20-A-2 20-B-1 20-A-1 20-A-3 20-A-6 20-A-5 20-A-4 20-A-3 20-B-2 20-B-4 21-A 21-B 22-A 22-B 23-A-2 23-B-1 23-A-1 23-B-2 24-A-2 24-B-1 24-A-1 24-B-1 25-A 25-B 26-A 26-B 27-A-1 27-B-2 27-B-3 27-B-1 27-A-3 27-A-2 28-A 28-B-2 28-B-1 29-A 29-B 30-A-2 30-B-2 30-A-1 30-B-1 31-A-2
1331 1401 1406 1501 1506 1601 1606 1607 1701 1706 1707 1801 1806 1901 1906 2001 2006 2007 2012 2013 2018 2019 2024 2025 2030 2101 2106 2201 2206 2301 2306 2307 2312 2401 2406 2407 2412 2501 2506 2601 2606 2701 2706 2707 2712 2713 2718 2801 2806 2807 2901 2906 3001 3006 3007 3012 3101
900.574 303.275 247.706 334.361 291.245 759.395 199.834 548.613 913.682 265.205 647.697 305.776 257.466 312.747 261.328 652.745 560.113 401.828 369.335 505.192 509.191 547.658 548.43 758.109 751.208 306.92 253.404 328.272 284.236 500.547 439.096 405.287 382.923 578.53 522.608 447.36 427.838 308.721 258.34 296.682 244.785 749.714 703.477 909.662 884.024 875.768 859.615 240.376 88.326 284.4 229.001 357.971 356.699 482.042 413.075 399.477 360.973
1071 1078 1054 1058 1051 1054 1075 1055 1054 1074 1055 1058 1054 1075 1071 1021 1054 1021 1054 1074 1071 1074 1071 1078 1075 1078 1074 1055 1051 1051 1058 1058 1051 1051 1055 1058 1054 1058 1054 1075 1071 1021 1051 1078 1075 1074 1071 1058 1054 1078 1055 1051 1054 1022 1021 1054 1051
12.649 182.185 121.969 210.071 164.729 -311.387 114.544 -498.939 -370.431 158.034 -605.599 191.547 139.261 185.361 135.949 -394.139 5.549 -272.315 3.644 -393.377 12.733 -411.303 -2.733 -599.76 24.013 182.191 130.966 211.005 163.468 -159.835 3.719 -244.348 6.258 -163.679 25.061 -275.236 -4.332 195.972 145.488 172.365 114.83 -561.471 3.742 -719.971 6.331 -635.699 9.636 143.487 41.158 158.423 135.31 219.055 -229.476 26.165 -181.188 2.46 -219.461
1011 1072 1056 1052 1057 1056 1073 1053 1056 1076 1053 1052 1056 1073 1077 1053 1071 1053 1078 1076 1011 1076 1022 1072 1057 1072 1076 1053 1057 1057 1072 1052 1078 1057 1073 1052 1075 1052 1056 1073 1077 1052 1012 1072 1051 1076 1055 1052 1056 1072 1053 1057 1022 1073 1053 1076 1022
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31-B-1 31-A-1 31-B-2 32-A 32-B 33-A-1 33-A-2 33-B-1 33-B-2 34-A 34-B 35-B 36-A-2 36-B 36-A-1 37-A 37-B 38-A 37-B 39-A-1 39-B-2 39-A-5 39-A-4 39-A-3 39-A-2 39-B-3 39-B-1 40-A 40-B 41-A 41-B 42-A-2 42-B 42-A-1 43-A-2 43-B 43-A-1 44-A 44-B-2 44-B-1 45-A-1 45-B-1 45-B-3 45-B-2 45-A-3 45-A-2
3106 3107 3112 3201 3206 3301 3306 3307 3312 3401 3406 3501 3601 3606 3607 3701 3706 3801 3806 3901 3906 3907 3912 3913 3918 3919 3924 4001 4006 4101 4106 4201 4206 4207 4301 4306 4307 4401 4406 4407 4501 4506 4507 4512 4513 4518
532.315 422.261 434.504 212.275 321.186 733.891 810.263 1097.127 1095.787 215.495 323.276 997.156 711.774 251.045 608.054 230.771 368.229 218.85 314.556 827.207 668.058 424.005 420.977 453.58 451.637 757.377 731.975 219.601 314.102 232.803 368.384 659.927 253.01 553.845 664.397 344.433 549.82 236.157 84.018 283.794 382.548 296.978 346.029 395.16 360.017 432.337
1022 1021 1051 1055 1071 1021 1054 1074 1075 1058 1074 1054 1054 1074 1021 1055 1054 1055 1071 1021 1054 1074 1071 1074 1071 1078 1075 1058 1074 1058 1051 1051 1051 1021 1051 1054 1021 1075 1051 1075 1021 1054 1078 1075 1074 1071
5.934 -170.516 2.768 131.009 181.432 -614.348 10.805 -779.737 25.492 125.827 179.132 -392.582 -389.546 162.561 -521.212 132.427 216.684 124.728 185.635 -548.199 27.119 -328.459 12.266 -299.031 36.464 -504.066 19.364 123.97 185.952 130.998 216.438 -341.507 162.439 -466.701 -318.391 221.869 -448.549 149.548 47.727 168.558 -167.63 0.237 -231.221 18.784 -206.722 -4.557
1054 1052 1077 1053 1077 1053 1075 1076 1058 1052 1076 1056 1022 1076 1053 1053 1056 1053 1021 1053 1012 1076 1042 1076 1021 1072 1051 1052 1076 1052 1057 1022 1057 1052 1022 1056 1052 1073 1057 1073 1053 1077 1072 1011 1076 1055
Table 5-2 forces on trestle piles (SLS)
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5.1.4 Reduced pile wall thickness
Under water inspections showed that the pile wall thickness was reduced due to corrosion. The largest reduction in wall thickness occurred around the splash zone. it is indicated for the trestle piles that the reduction around the splash zone is 40%, above and below the splash zone the reduction is 5%. It is assumed that the splash zone corresponds with the concrete covered part of the piles. In the model, therefore this part of the pile is modelled with a 40 % reduced pile wall thickness. The rest of the pile is modelled with a 5% reduction. The corresponding outer pile diameters are as follows: around splash zone: outer diameter is 399 mm; above and below splash zone: outer pile diameter is 405 mm; The STAAD beam end forces table is shown in Appendix T as well as the unity checks for the members under highest compression, highest total moment and highest eccentricity (see section 5.1.2). The beam end forces table gives the highest occurring forces for all load combinations (including seismic). The unity checks show that the loads exceed the capacity of all checked piles. When only non-seismic cases are checked only the highest compression force leads to a unity check of more than one. The buckling results are computed assuming the reduced wall thickness over the total length of the pile instead of around the splash zone. This leads to a conservative assessment of buckling.
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5.2
LOADING PLATFORM A
In Table 5-3 an example is given of a STAAD output table. The table shows the highest occurring forces in the piles belonging to platform A including the parking area. From this table three maximum load situations are obtained that are checked using a calculation sheet based on BS 5950. These three loadings correspond with the highest compression force, the highest combined bending moment (Y and Z) and the highest eccentricity (moment divided by force). In the case of Table 5-3 the highest compression force is 1943 kN, the highest bending moment (Mb) = 72.29 kNm and the highest eccentricity is 0.21 m. The members where these maximums occur are checked for the load case in which they occur using the calculation sheet. The shear and bending results of these beams can be found in appendix M and the calculation sheets in appendix N. The check proves that the strength of the beams is sufficient to bear the load except for the maximum compression force. This force has a magnitude of 1943 kN, which is far beyond the geotechnical limit of 800 kN and also leads to failure in the pile.
The maximum compression force occurs at beam 4707, which is one of the parking area piles and is 2 mainly the result of the 500 LBS/ft truck/ live load. This load exceeds the geotechnical limit for the piles (80 tons max). It is therefore advised to check the occurrence of this live load and the geotechnical capacity of the piles. In APPENDIX L, forces summaries are shown for the different pile sets and the different load combinations under operational conditions. These tables show that, aside from the seismic load combinations, pressure and tension forces in the platform piles remain within geotechnical limits. Beam L/C Max Fx Min Fx Max Fy Min Fy Max Fz Min Fz Max Mx Min Mx Max My Min My Max Mz Min Mz 4707 1012 4607 1072 4607 1071 4607 1077 4601 1077 4601 1071 4607 1072 4607 1011 4601 1071 4601 1077 4607 1071 7419 1051 Node Fx kN 4725 4622 4621 4622 4601 4601 4621 4621 4601 4601 4621 7442 1943.29 -869.06 -852.45 898.67 -690.67 1066.09 -864.54 112.25 1066.09 -690.67 -852.45 -552.52 Fy kN 0.43 12.82 16.18 -9.35 Fz kN 2.72 1.00 0.94 -1.17 My kNm Mz kNm -12.86 -0.24 -6.54 0.73 -57.25 62.27 -7.09 23.36 62.27 -57.25 -6.54 -4.62 6.47 -26.87 72.00 12.92 -8.49 6.28 66.13 6.07 6.28 -8.49 72.00 -46.30 Mb kNm 14.39 26.87 72.29 12.94 57.87 62.58 66.50 24.13 62.58 57.87 72.29 46.53 Mb/FX m 0.01 -0.03 -0.08 0.01 -0.08 0.06 -0.08 0.21 0.06 -0.08 -0.08 -0.08
-1.06 11.81 0.86 -12.49 14.33 2.76 1.00 -1.77
0.86 -12.49 -1.06 16.18 8.22 11.81 0.94 -1.22
Table 5-3 Beam end summary platform A ULS
18 November 2008
revision A 63 / 71
In Table 5-4 the maximum forces acting on each individual pile are shown. In the final column of the table the load combination resulting in the pile force is shown. All values are derived from SLS cases. Positive values indicate compression forces, negative values indicate tension. The Table only shows platform piles Pile # C1 A1 E1 B1 C2 D1 A2 E2 B2 C3 D2 A5 E5 B5 C4 D5 A6 E6 B6 C7 D6 A3 A4 B3 B4 D3 D4 E3 E4 C5-1 C5-2 C6-1 C6-2 Beam # 741 7001 7006 7007 7010 7013 7101 7106 7107 7110 7113 7201 7206 7207 7210 7213 7301 7306 7307 7310 7313 7401 7404 7407 7410 7413 7416 7419 7422 7601 7606 7707 7712 Max force 596.649 100.091 183.275 479.145 478.998 198.746 126.887 304.358 331.526 332.963 228.891 164.988 391.921 360.129 215.044 221.389 147.23 329.924 328.318 192.669 613.82 613.82 649.812 649.812 636.027 675.771 492.165 661.929 452.896 986.767 975.719 975.664 966.892 Load combination 1058 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 58 1075 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 75 1051 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 51 1051 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 51 1054 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 54 1074 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 74 1074 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 74 1021 LOAD CASE EXTREME METOCEAN +LL SLS 1051 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 51 1054 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 54 1054 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 54 1058 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 58 1021 LOAD CASE EXTREME METOCEAN +LL SLS 1075 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 75 1054 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 54 1078 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 78 1054 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 54 1051 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 51 1071 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 71 1054 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 54 1055 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 55 1055 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 55 1055 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 55 1055 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 55 1058 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 58 1051 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 51 1055 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 55 1051 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 51 1071 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 71 1074 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 74 1075 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 75 1074 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 74 1075 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 75
Table 5-4 maximum force for each pile (SLS)
18 November 2008
revision A 64 / 71
5.2.3 Minimum compression/ tension per pile
In Table 5-5 the maximum forces acting on each individual pile are shown. In the final column of the table the load combination resulting in the pile force is shown. All values are derived from SLS cases. Positive values indicate compression forces, negative values indicate tension. The Table only shows platform piles. Pile # C1 A1 E1 B1 C2 D1 A2 E2 B2 C3 D2 A5 E5 B5 C4 D5 A6 E6 B6 C7 D6 A3 A4 B3 B4 D3 D4 E3 E4 C5-1 C5-2 C6-1 C6-2 Beam # 741 7001 7006 7007 7010 7013 7101 7106 7107 7110 7113 7201 7206 7207 7210 7213 7301 7306 7307 7310 7313 7401 7404 7407 7410 7413 7416 7419 7422 7601 7606 7707 7712 Max force -45.889 33.292 45.937 59.7 -169.631 76.307 58.864 46.921 136.547 49.028 88.9 45.872 49.899 130.41 103.909 -13.906 61.992 44.281 85.55 91.825 -524.972 -524.972 -487.609 -487.609 -522.46 -428.454 -556.241 -414.133 -532.181 -761.607 22.214 -751.709 12.149 Load combination 1073 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 73 1052 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 52 1076 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 76 1022 LOAD CASE EXTREME METOCEAN -LL SLS 1057 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 57 1052 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 52 1053 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 53 1077 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 77 1057 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 57 1056 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 56 1052 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 52 1053 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 53 1073 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 73 1052 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 52 1056 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 56 1022 LOAD CASE EXTREME METOCEAN -LL SLS 1053 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 53 1077 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 77 1053 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 53 1073 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 73 1053 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 53 1053 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 53 1053 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 53 1053 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 53 1052 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 52 1053 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 53 1052 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 52 1054 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 54 1057 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 57 1076 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 76 1042 LOAD CASE EXTREME BERTHING -LL SLS 1076 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 76 1042 LOAD CASE EXTREME BERTHING -LL SLS
Table 5-5 minimum force for each pile (SLS) The STAAD output for the model of loading platform A can be found in APPENDIX I. In this section the forces acting on the piles is discussed.
18 November 2008
revision A 65 / 71
According to the model all the members have sufficient capacity to bear the applied load except for beam 4707. The loading of this beam is already described in the previous section. The geotechnical limit of the piles is exceeded for seismic cases only.
Under water inspections showed that the pile wall thickness was reduced due to corrosion. The largest reduction in wall thickness occurred around the splash zone. it is indicated for the trestle piles that the reduction around the splash zone is 20%, above and below the splash zone the reduction is 10%. It is assumed that the splash zone corresponds with the concrete covered part of the piles. In the model, therefore this part of the pile is modelled with a 20 % reduced pile wall thickness. The rest of the pile is modelled with a 10% reduction. The corresponding outer pile diameters are as follows: around splash zone: outer diameter is 402 mm; above and below splash zone: outer pile diameter is 404 mm; The STAAD beam end forces table is shown in Appendix R as well as the unity checks for the members under highest compression, highest total moment and highest eccentricity (see section 5.2.1). The beam end forces table gives the highest occurring forces for all load combinations (including seismic). The unity checks show that the loads exceed the capacity of only the pile under highest compression. When only non-seismic cases are checked the highest compression force also leads to a unity check of more than one since it is a non seismic case that leads to this load. The buckling results are computed assuming the reduced wall thickness over the total length of the pile instead of around the splash zone. This leads to a conservative assessment of buckling.
18 November 2008
revision A 66 / 71
5.3
LOADING PLATFORM B
In Table 5-6 an example is given of a STAAD output table. The table shows the highest occurring forces in the piles belonging to platform B including the parking area. From this table three maximum load situations are obtained that are checked using a calculation sheet based on BS 5950. These three loadings correspond with the highest compression force, the highest combined bending moment (Y and Z) and the highest eccentricity (moment divided by force). In the case of Table 5-6 the highest compression force is 1182 kN, the highest bending moment (Mb) = 57.04 kNm and the highest eccentricity is 0.20. The members where these maximums occur are checked for the load case in which they occur using the calculation sheet. The shear and bending results of these beams can be found in appendix J and the calculation sheets in appendix K. The check proves that the strength of the beams is sufficient to bear the load. The maximum compression force occurs at beam 5007, which is one of the parking area piles and is 2 mainly the result of the 500 LBS/ft truck/ live load. This load exceeds the geotechnical limit for the piles (80 tons max). It is therefore advised to check the occurrence of this live load and the geotechnical capacity of the piles. In APPENDIX I, forces summaries are shown for the different pile sets and the different load combinations under operational conditions. These tables show that, aside from the seismic load combinations, pressure and tension forces in the platform piles remain within geotechnical limits.
Beam L/C Max Fx Min Fx Max Fy Min Fy Max Fz Min Fz Max Mx Min Mx Max My Min My Max Mz Min Mz 5007 9601 4907 9013 4901 4901 4907 4907 5006 5001 4907 9410 1012 1076 1075 1021 1074 1076 1071 1077 1071 1078 1075 1021
Node Fx kN 5025 9602 4921 9041 4901 4901 4921 4921 5008 5001 4921 9426 1182.41 -849.46 -651.98 329.76 -435.65 794.78 -645.50 690.99 283.92 225.33 -651.98 -194.55
Fy kN 2.33 1.87 12.68 -7.08 0.05 -0.84 12.61 -4.67 0.73 0.55 12.68 1.71
Fz kN -0.13 -0.66 -1.13 -0.01 8.77 -8.65 0.75 -1.88 8.44 7.47 -1.13 -0.43
My kNm Mz kNm -0.07 -3.59 4.89 0.00 -44.10 45.80 -7.09 13.51 51.87 -46.07 4.89 -2.79 15.87 -15.30 57.04 -36.98 -1.65 -3.45 56.67 -32.49 -4.65 -0.73 57.04 -39.87
Mb kNm 15.87 15.71 57.25 36.98 44.13 45.93 57.11 35.18 52.08 46.07 57.25 39.96
Mb/FX m 0.01 -0.02 -0.09 0.11 -0.10 0.06 -0.09 0.05 0.18 0.20 -0.09 -0.21
Table 5-6 Beam end summary platform B ULS
18 November 2008
revision A 67 / 71
In Table 5-7 the maximum forces acting on each individual pile are shown. In the final column of the table the load combination resulting in the pile force is shown. All values are derived from SLS cases. Positive values indicate compression forces, negative values indicate tension. The table shows only the platform piles.
Pile # C1 A1 E1 B1 C2 D1 A2 E2 B2 C3 D2 A5 E5 B5 C4 D5 A6 E6 B6 C7 D6 A3 A4 B3 B4 D3 D4 E3 E4 C5-1 C5-2 C6-1 C6-2
Beam # 941 9001 9006 9007 9010 9013 9101 9106 9107 9110 9113 9201 9206 9207 9210 9213 9301 9306 9307 9310 9313 9401 9404 9407 9410 9413 9416 9419 9422 9601 9606 9707 9712
Max force 634.328 147.102 188.737 451.446 331.988 326.763 249.174 241.909 393.704 586.222 635.791 241.156 271.186 344.62 568.373 515.781 187.904 217.494 242.818 372.086 633.082 633.082 660.166 660.166 750.752 843.089 619.76 788.745 523.202 1105.026 1029.206 1028.89 992.877
Load combination 1058 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 58 1055 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 55 1051 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 51 1051 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 51 1074 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 74 1058 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 58 1055 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 55 1075 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 75 1021 LOAD CASE EXTREME METOCEAN +LL SLS 1021 LOAD CASE EXTREME METOCEAN +LL SLS 1055 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 55 1051 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 51 1071 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 71 1054 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 54 1051 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 51 1071 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 71 1051 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 51 1054 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 54 1074 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 74 1051 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 51 1055 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 55 1055 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 55 1055 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 55 1055 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 55 1057 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 57 1051 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 51 1055 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 55 1051 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 51 1071 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 71 1074 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 74 1071 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 71 1074 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 74 1071 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 71
Table 5-7 maximum force for each pile (SLS)
18 November 2008
revision A 68 / 71
5.3.3 Minimum compression/ tension per pile
In Table 5-8 the maximum forces acting on each individual pile are shown. In the final column of the table the load combination resulting in the pile force is shown. All values are derived from SLS cases. Positive values indicate compression forces, negative values indicate tension. The table shows only the platform piles.
Pile # C1 A1 E1 B1 C2 D1 A2 E2 B2 C3 D2 A5 E5 B5 C4 D5 A6 E6 B6 C7 D6 A3 A4 B3 B4 D3 D4 E3 E4 C5-1 C5-2 C6-1 C6-2
Beam # 941 9001 9006 9007 9010 9013 9101 9106 9107 9110 9113 9201 9206 9207 9210 9213 9301 9306 9307 9310 9313 9401 9404 9407 9410 9413 9416 9419 9422 9601 9606 9707 9712
Max force -16.046 3.721 40.409 100.914 -51.485 58.924 19.119 26.385 114.452 135.477 109.571 78.867 10.883 98.164 76.849 9.94 9.905 -7.839 41.994 -48.797 -535.425 -535.425 -519.099 -519.099 -558.355 -558.355 -630.527 -505.378 -606.281 -841.186 52.25 -831.324 77.292
Load combination 1072 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 72 1052 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 52 1072 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 72 1057 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 57 1056 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 56 1053 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 53 1053 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 53 1073 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 73 1072 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 72 1053 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 53 1052 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 52 1022 LOAD CASE EXTREME METOCEAN -LL SLS 1077 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 77 1056 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 56 1076 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 76 1022 LOAD CASE EXTREME METOCEAN -LL SLS 1056 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 56 1077 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 77 1056 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 56 1057 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 57 1053 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 53 1053 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 53 1053 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 53 1053 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 53 1052 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 52 1052 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 52 1052 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 52 1054 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 54 1057 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 57 1076 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 76 1054 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 54 1076 LOAD CASE SEISMIC 76 1031 LOAD CASE EXTREME MOORING +LL SLS
Table 5-8 minimum force for each pile (SLS)
18 November 2008
revision A 69 / 71
According to the model all the members have sufficient capacity to bear the applied load. The geotechnical limit of the piles is exceeded for seismic cases only.
Under water inspections showed that the pile wall thickness was reduced due to corrosion. The largest reduction in wall thickness occurred around the splash zone. it is indicated for the trestle piles that the reduction around the splash zone is 40%, above and below the splash zone the reduction is 10%. It is assumed that the splash zone corresponds with the concrete covered part of the piles. In the model, therefore this part of the pile is modelled with a 40 % reduced pile wall thickness. The rest of the pile is modelled with a 10% reduction. The corresponding outer pile diameters are as follows: around splash zone: outer diameter is 399 mm; above and below splash zone: outer pile diameter is 404 mm; The STAAD beam end forces table is shown in Appendix S as well as the unity checks for the members under highest compression, highest total moment and highest eccentricity (see section 5.3.2). The beam end forces table gives the highest occurring forces for all load combinations (including seismic). The unity checks show that the loads exceed the capacity of only the pile under highest compression. When only non-seismic cases are checked the highest compression force also leads to a unity check of more than one since it is a non seismic case that leads to this load. The buckling results are computed assuming the reduced wall thickness over the total length of the pile instead of around the splash zone. This leads to a conservative assessment of buckling.
18 November 2008
revision A 70 / 71
References
6.1
Reports
General reports
[101] Pile design and construction practice, 4th edition, M.J.Tomlinson [102] AASHTO standard specifications for highway bridges, 1996 [103] UBC 1997 uniform building code, volume 2, structural engineering design provisions,
international conference of building officials
[104] Pipe sections [105] British Standard 5950-1:2000, structural use of steelwork in building, part 1: code of practice for
design- rolled and welded sections, 2000
[106] Design of jetty facilities, design and engineering practice, 35.00.10.10-Gen, XXXX global
solutions International B.V., February 2007 DMC reports
[201] 952200-rap-u-0017: structural analysis existing and future Dolphins, July 17 2008 [202] 952200-rap-u-0004, XXXXX Al XXXXX terminal - upgrading study; Overview required
structural provisions, revision B, 4 April 2007
[203] 952200-rap-u-0001, Determination of wind and wave climate at Port Entrance, revision B,
November 2005
6.2
Drawings
18 November 2008
revision A 71 / 71

Analysis of Existing Gas Jetty Structures and Upgrade Loads

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Analysis of Existing Gas Jetty Structures and Upgrade Loads

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Date docume 24/06/08

06-09-08 Date Verified

LGR Released DMC Date

Introduction .............................................................................................. 5 3-D Modelling ........................................................................................... 6

LOADING PLATFORMS ................................................................................... 12

LOADING PLATFORMS ................................................................................... 31

Load combinations ................................................................................ 53 Results .................................................................................................... 56

LOADING PLATFORM A .................................................................................. 63

LOADING PLATFORM B .................................................................................. 67

Enclosures ................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 2-1 Elevation between substructure and superstructure

4560 4530 4500 4470 4440 4410 4380 4322 4322

-6000 -6000 -6000 -6000 -6000 -6000 -6000 -6000 -6000

EL. 2.5 m VERTICAL PILE POINT OF FIXITY

Figure 2-2 Schematisation of steel piles 2.1.2 Superstructure

Figure 2-4 Model schematisation of Jacket @ bent 35

A ELEVATION PILE CAP

2.2.1 Substructure parking area platform A

2.2.2 Substructure parking area platform B

Figure 2-7 Schematisation of Member A

Figure 2-8 Input screen MEMBER C

Figure 3-1 Schematisation of dead load concrete roadway

3.1.3 Dead load existing piping

Figure 3-2 Schematisation of dead load existing piping

Weight [kN/m] 28.26 42.53 79.72 183.05

3.1.7 Vertical truckload

Figure 3-8 schematisation wind load east west on trestle

3.1.9 Wind load north south

Figure 3-12 Schematisation of temperature load on trestle

3.1.14 Seismic load

Table 3-8 Seismic forces related to dead weights

3.1.15 Dead weight concrete collar on piles

Figure 3-13 Schematisation dead load of concrete collars on piles

3.1.16 Vehicle loading

Figure 3-14 Vehicle load for maximum tension

Figure 3-15 vehicle load for maximum pressure

3.2.1 Self weight construction

3.2.2 Deadweight concrete roadway

3.2.3 Dead load existing piping

3.2.5 Horizontal pipe load (Anchor forces)

Figure 3-20 Schematisation of truck/live load on parking area of platform B

Table 3-11 Wave forces Platform A extreme condition, hmax = 2.21 m

Level Mm -9000 -2500 2500 460

Total Force KN/m 0.60 0.86 1.38 2.51

Figure 3-25 Schematisation of wave load on platform

3.2.12 Wave forces normal condition (Xdir)

Level Mm -9000 -2500 2500 460

Total Force KN/m 0.11 0.14 0.27 0.33

FORCE - 389 kN - 175 kN +175 kN

ARM 900 mm 1000 mm 1000 mm

MOMENT 350 kNm 175 kNm 175 kNm

FORCE 98 kN - 512 kN +512 kN

ARM 10,450 mm 1000 mm 1000 mm

MOMENT 1024 kNm 512 kNm 512 kNm

Figure 3-27 Schematisation of wind forces loading arm

3.2.15 Gangway tower dead weight

Figure 3-29 schematisation of wind load gangway tower

3.2.17 Uniform distributed load

Figure 3-30 Schematisation of bollard load

3.2.19 Breasting forces; ship impact load

Figure 3-31 schematisation of ship impact load 3.2.20 Temperature load

Figure 3-32 Schematisation of temperature load 3.2.21 Seismic load

3.2.22 Self weight concrete collar