Chapter3 Properties

Thermodynamics I (EMM2503) Chapter 3 Properties of Pure Substances
Duty, Honor and Integrity
Chapter 3 Properties of Pure Substances

(Sifat Bahan Tulin)
oleh Lt Kol Prof Madya Ir Khalid bin Abd Jalil TUDM Jabatan Kejuruteraan Mekanikal Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malsysia.
012-2094234

Objectives
Introduce the concept of pure substance. Discuss the physics of phase-change of processes. Illustrate the P-V-T property diagram. Determine the thermodynamics properties. Describe ideal gas and its behavior.

The Pure Substance
Definition
Pure Substance has a homogeneous and invariable chemical composition and may be exist in more than one phase with the same chemical composition. Water (solid, liquid and vapor phases) Mixture of liquid water and water vapor Carbon dioxide, CO2 Nitrogen, N2 Mixture of gases, such as air, as long as there is no change of phase.
Homogeneous Substance a substance that has uniform thermodynamic properties throughout is said to homogeneous. Simple Substance a substance whose changes in properties is dominated by the effect of a volume change as opposed to surface, magnetic, electrical changes.

Phases of Pure Substance

Substance exit in different phases and its depend on temperature and pressure. In principles, substance have 3 phases:- solid (pepejal) ~ molecules are relatively fixed positions in solid. - liquid (cecair) ~not much different from that of the solid phase, except the molecules are no longer at fixed positions relative to each other and they can rotate and translate freely. - vapor (wap) ~ molecules are far apart from each other and move about a random

Relationships between Pressure (P), Temperature (T) and Specific Volume (v)
P, T and v 3 important properties in the

thermodynamic and also a pure substances due to:v and T is a independent variable While P, is the function of both P = P(T,v) Relationships between P, T and v can be demonstrated in P v T Surface for a real substance diagram as shown next slide.

The P v T Surface for a Real Substance that expand upon freezing example; water

The P v T Surface for a Real Substance that contracts upon freezing. Example: Nitrogen, CO2

The P v T Surface for a Real Substance

From the Surface diagram, the 3 phases region where substance like water may exist as a solid, liquid or gas (vapor) can be easily defined. a. Single phase region (Satu fasa) area where P, T and v are independent properties, although one of the property can changed without changing of the other property. b. 2 phase region (Dua fasa) two properties are in equilibrium, where pressure and temperature are depends to one another without changing the other. Example : boiling water. c. 3 phase region (3 fasa) all properties, solid, liquid and vapor, were in equilibrium.

The P v T Surface for a Real Substancecont

d. Saturated condition (keadaan tepu) line for liquid and vapor meet at critical point and forming a dome. All compressed liquid are located in the region to the left of saturated liquid line, called the compressed liquid region. All superheated vapor states are located to the right of saturated vapor line, called superheated vapor region. e. Critical Point (titik genting) defined as the point at which the saturated liquid and saturated vapor states are identical and in equilibrium state. At this point, P =22.06 MPa and T = 373.95C .

Phase-Change Processes of Pure Substances

Consider piston-cylinder device containing water at 20C and 1 atm pressure. At this state, water exits in liquid phase and it is called a compressed liquid or a subcooled liquid. Process 1-2: T and v will increase from the compressed liquid or sub cooled liquid (cecair sub dingin) , state 1, to saturated liquid (cecair tepu) state 2. In the compressed liquid region (cecair termampat) , the properties of the liquid are approximately equal to the properties of saturated liquid state at the temperature. Process 2-3: At state 2, the liquid reached the boiling temperature, called the saturation temperature (suhu tepu) and is said to exist as a saturated liquid (cecair tepu). During the phase change, both temperature and pressure remain constant ( water boil at 100 C and P=1atm or 101.325 kPa)

Phase-Change Processes of Pure Substancesconts.
Process 3: Once the boiling starts, the temperature will stop raising until the liquid is completely vaporized. At this state, liquid and vapor are in equilibrium. This phase called saturated liquid (cecair tepu) and saturated vapor (wap tepu) and also called saturated liquid vapor mixture (campuran cecair-wap tepu). Process 4: At state 4, a saturated vapor exists and vaporization is completed. Any heat loss from this vapor will cause some vapor to condense (phase change from vapor to liquid). The vapor that about to condense is called a saturated vapor (wap tepu). A substance at state between 2 and 4 is often referred to as a saturated liquid vapor mixture (campuran cecair-wap tepu).

Phase-Change Processes of Pure Substancesconts.
Process 4-5:
If the constant pressure heating is continued, the temperature will begin increase above the saturated temperature (suhu tepu) and the volume also increases. State 5, is called a superheated (wap panas lampau) state because T 5 is greater that saturation temperature (above 100C) for the pressure and the vapor is not about to condenser.

Phase-Change Processes of Pure Substances cont

Water boils at 100C at 1 atm pressure
T-v diagram for heating process of water at constant pressure.

Pc=22.09MPa Tc=374.14C
vc= 0.003155m/kg
T v diagram of constant pressure phase-change processes of a pure substance at various pressure

The T- v Diagram
The 2 lines (saturated liquid lines and saturated vapor lines) intersect at critical point and form is called the steam dome. The region between saturated liquid line and saturated vapor lines is called saturated liquid-vapor mixture region . At given pressure, temperature at which a pure change phase is called Saturation Temp., Tsat At given temperature, pressure at which a pure substance change phase is called saturation pressure Psat. Table A-1 page 910, Critical point properties.

Superheated vapor region Compressed liquid region
The region to the left of the saturated liquid line and below the critical temp is called the compressed liquid region. The region to the right of the saturated vapor line and above critical temp is called superheated region. At temp & pressure above the critical point, the phase transition from liquid to vapor is no longer discrete.

Relationship between solid, liquid and vapor
P=22.06 MPa
T=373.95 C
P=0.6113kPa T=0.01 C
Figure shows the P-T diagram, often called the phase diagram, for pure substances that contract and expand during freezing.

Property Table
For most substances, the relationships among thermodynamic properties are too complex to be expressed by simple equations. Therefore, properties are frequently presented in the form of tables. Table A-2 & A-3 (page 914/915) Properties of common liquids, solids & foods. Table A-4 (page 916) Saturated water Temperature table Table A-5 (page 918) saturated water Pressure table Table A-6 (page 920-923) superheated water Table A-7 (page 924) Compressed liquid water Table A-8 (page 925) saturated ice-vapor

FIGURE 2-40 A partial listing of Table A6.

Enthalpy is the thermodynamic property of fluid (combination property) and It can be

used to calculate the heat transfer during a quasistatic process taking place in a closed thermodynamic system under constant pressure. The enthalpy is a convenient grouping of the internal energy, pressure, and volume:-
h is useful to calculating the energy of mass streams flowing into and out of
control volumes. (kJ/kg)
Note: Is called the enthaply of vaporization (or latent heat of vaporization). It decreases as temp. or px increase and becomes zero at the critical point.
hf specific enthaply of saturated liquid hg specific enthaply of saturated gas

Using saturated water Table A4 and A-5, find temperature/pressure, specific volume of saturated liquid, Vf , internal energy of saturated vapor, Ug and enthalpy of evaporation hfg , if the:a. pressure is 50kPa. b. Temperature 120C

Saturated Liquid-Vapor Mixture

(campuran Cecair-wap Tepu)
-During a vaporization process, a substance exists as part liquid and part vapor, also called a mixture of saturated liquid and saturated vapor. - at this point liquid and vapor are in equilibrium.
- To analyze this mixture properly, we need to know the proportions of the liquid and vapor phase in the mixture.
- The ratio of the mass of vapor to the total mass of the mixture is called the quality, x
X = m vapor m vapor + m liquid
mg mg + m f
(1)

Saturated Liquid-Vapor Mixturecont

-The quality is zero (0) for the saturated liquid and one (1) for the saturated vapor, (0 < x < 1). - the bigger x values, showed the total of saturated vapor are increased, and we can write as follow:-
( 1- x) =
mf m g+mf
(2)


- Consider a tank that contains a saturated liquid-vapor mixture. The volume occupied by saturated liquid is Vf and the volume occupied by saturated vapor Vg,. The total volume V is sum of the two:
V = Vf + Vg
If, V = mv
(3)
mvav = mfvf + mgvg

(mg+ m f ) v = m g v g +
mfvf
Specific Volume
v=
mf . vf + mg . vg m g+ m f m g+ m f
x v g = vf + x (v g - v f )
Replace (1) and (2)

By replacing
v = (1 - x ) v f +
v fg = v g - v f
v = vf +
x v gf
m/kg
(4)


- The analysis given can be repeated for internal energy, u and enthalpy, h with the following results: Specific enthalpy
h = (1 - x ) h f + x h g = hf + x (h g - h f ) = h fg + x h g f
(kJ/kg) (5)
In thermodynamics and molecular chemistry, the enthalpy or heat content (denoted as H, h, or rarely as ) is a quotient or description of thermodynamic potential of a system, which can be used to calculate the "useful" work obtainable from a closed thermodynamic system under constant pressure and entropy.
Specific internal energy
u = (1 - x ) u f + x u g = uf + x (u g - u f ) = u fg + x u g f
(kJ/kg) (6)
Note: Persamaan (4), (5) dan (6) digunakan untuk mendapatkan sifat-sifat termodinamik bahan pada fasa cecair dan wap tepu sahaja


Compressed Liquid (Cecair termampat)

It happen when the temperature is below from saturated temperature under certain pressure. Different between saturated temperature and compressed liquid temperature under same pressure is called sub cooled degree (darjah sub dingin)
Tsub=Ts T

Compressed Liquid (Cecair Termampat)
A substance is said to be compressed liquid when the pressure is greater than the saturation pressure for the given temperature. Compressed Liquid properties depends on temperature much more than pressure. For analysis, the value for saturated liquid properties is used as a reference at the given temperature, such as:
V = Vf at given temperature or V= Vf (T) U= Uf at given temperature or U = Uf (T) h = h f at given temperature or h = h f (T) In general, the compressed liquid is characterized by: Higher Pressure (P>Ps at given T) lower Temperature (T<Ts at given P) Lower specific Volume (V < V f at given P or T) Lower specific internal energy (U < U f at given P or T) Lower enthalpies (h< h f at given P or T)

Superheat Vapor
(Wap panas lampau)
In the region to the right of the saturated vapor line and temperature above the critical point, a substance exists as superheated vapor. Since the superheated region is a single-phase region, temperature and pressure are no longer dependent properties and there can conveniently be used in as the two properties in the tables.
Tpl = T Ts

Superheat Vapor
(Wap panas lampau)
A substance is said to be superheated if the given temperature is greater than the saturation temperature for the given pressure. In the region to the right of the saturated vapor line and temperature above the critical point, a substance exists as superheated vapor. Since the superheated region is a single-phase region, temperature and pressure are no longer dependent properties and there can conveniently be used in as the two properties in the tables. Superheated vapor can be characterized by : Low Pressure (P<Ps at given T) Higher Temperature (T>Ts at given P) Higher specific Volume (V > V g at given P and T) Higher specific internal energies (U > Ug at given P or T) Lower Specific enthalpies (h > h g at given P or T)

Interpolation Method
(kaedah tentu dalaman)
if required data is in between 2 given data. Using linear function y=f(x) Properties 1 Example: x1
(yt y1)
Properties 2
y1 yt
(y2 y1)
(xt x1)
(x2 x1) (xt x1)
xt
x2
y2
yt
(x2 x1)
(y2 y1)
+ y1
Link to excel file to calculate

Property Table (Jadual Sifat)
For most substance, the relationships among the thermodynamic properties are too complex to be express by simple equation, therefore, properties value are frequently presented in the form of table.
3 types of Table
(Compress liquid table A-7 ) (Saturated liquid table A-4 and A-5) (Superheated table A-6)
(Saturated water table)

(Saturated liquid table A-4) (Saturated liquid table A-5)


Table selection If U < U f - compressed liquid U f < U < Ufg - saturated mixture U > Ug superherated If P>Ps - compressed liquid P = Ps saturated mixture P<Ps superheated If T<Ts compressed liquid T=Ts - saturated mixture T>Ts super heated If V < V f - compressed liquid Vf <V < Vfg - saturated mixture V> Vg superheated.


(kJ)
entropy is a measure of the unavailability of a systems energy to do work. that energy which cannot be used for external work

Example : 1. Determine saturated temperature Ts of water if the pressure is 5.3 bar.
2. Determine specific volume and specific enthalpy of water at pressure 14bar and temperature 420C.
3. Determine the enthalpy of 1.5 kg of water contained in volume of 1.2 m at pressure 200kPa. 4. 1kg of water vapor at 200kPa fills the 1.1989m left chamber of a partitioned system shown in figure below. The right chamber has twice the volume of the left and is initially evacuated. Determine the final state of volume and pressure of the water after the partition has been removed and enough heat has been transferred so that the temp. of the water is 3 C.

Chapter3 Properties

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Thermodynamics I (EMM2503) Chapter 3 Properties of Pure Substances

Duty, Honor and Integrity