Paper 2013 Multiple Input Multiple Output System

252 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 55, No.
1, February 2013
Testing Ourselves
Levent Sevgi
Electrical & Computer Engineering Dept.
University of Massachusetts Lowell
Lowell, MA 01854 USA
Tel: +1 (978) 934-3572; +1 (978) 852-8043
E-mail: levent_sevgi@uml.edu
http://www3.dogus.edu.tr/lsevgi
Y
ou all remember Prof. Cem Goknar from his previous
tutorials in this column [1, 2]. I believe you enjoyed his
thoughts and discussions on fundamental terms and defni tions.
The next issues tutorial will again be prepared by Prof. Goknar,
together with his graduate students.
The Quiz for this Issue
A double-sideband (DSB) AM signal is defned as
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 cos
c c c
x t A mx t t = + (

, (1)
where ( ) x t is the message signal, and ( ) cos
c
t is the carrier
signal. Using a memristor, it is possible to implement a dou ble-
sideband AM modulator based on the basic behavior of the
memristor [1]. A proposed double-sideband AM modula tor
using a memristor is shown in Figure 1. The behavior of the
memristor is defned with the following relations (Equa tion (2)),
where all symbols other than
M
,
M
i are memristor parameters,
and w represents the width of the memristor obeying the simple
Equation (2b):

( )
( )
( ) ( )
M OFF ON OFF M
w t
t R R R i t
D
(
= +
(

, (2a)

( ) ( ), 0
0 , otherwise
ON
mes
R
dw t i t w D
D
dt

. (2b)
Show that ( )
out
t for ( ) ( ) sin
mes mes mes
i t I t = and
( ) ( ) cos
car car car
i t I t = , neglecting the effect of the high-
frequency carrier as
car mes
, is
( )
out
t =

( )
( )
0
cos
ON mes
v mes
mes
OFF ON OFF
R I
w t
D
R R R
D

(
(
+

( ) sin
car car
I t (

. (3)
Spice simulation results are shown in Figure 2, applying
0.1 mA, 1 Hz message and 1 mA, 100 Hz carrier signals with
0.71 m = . Is the circuit in Figure 1 an AM modulator? Why?
Take the necessary measures to make this circuit a true
modulator.
References
1. C. Goknar, Models and Modeling: Be Careful and Use Your
Imagination, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Maga zine, 50,
5, October 2008, pp. 215-221.
2. C. Goknar, Reciprocity and Anti-Reciprocity Revisited,
IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 52, 2, April 2010,
pp. 211-220.
Figure 1. A double-sideband AM modulator using a mem-
ristor.
Figure 2. (top)
mem
i ; (center)
mem
R ; (bottom)
out
v .
Multiple-Input Multiple-Output System
Capacity: Antenna and Propagation Aspects
Hakan nanolu
Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
90 Central Street, Boxborough, MA, 01719, USA
E-mail: hakani@qti.qualcomm.com
Abstract
This tutorial aims to review some of the system and measurement work done at Qualcomm related to multiple-input-
multiple-output (MIMO) systems around the 2000-2005 timeframe. During the same period, Qualcomm was actively
involved in the development of the MIMO technology adopted by IEEE 802.11n. In this tutorial, we show the spectral
efciency and physical-layer (PHY) data rates that can be reached with Qualcomms MIMO technology using practical
8 x 8 and 16 x 16 antenna arrays mounted on a laptop. The results are based on measurements performed in
Qualcomms New England ofces. We show that very high data rates can be achieved for an ofce deployment. The
results were compared with the simulated results obtained with IEEE802.11n MIMO channel models, and a good match
was observed with channel model E.
Keywords: Wireless communication systems; SISO; MIMO; IEEE 802.11n; system capacity; channel modeling; indoor
channel modeling; correlation; cross-correlation; OFDM; WLAN; modulation; fading; signal; noise; SNR; slot antennas
1. Introduction
T
he paper published in 1998 by G. J. Foschini and M. J.
Gans [1] showed the potential for a signifcant increase in
wireless channel capacity when multiple-input multiple-output
(MIMO) techniques are employed in a radio propagation envi-
ronment rich with scatter. The theoretical results indicated that
the channel capacity increases proportionally with the number
of transmitting and receiving antennas. The theoretical
boundaries of a wireless communication system using MIMO
techniques published in [1] showed that one can achieve n
times more bits/cycle throughput than Shannons classical
formula for each 3 dB increase in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR),
where n is the number of antenna elements at both the trans-
mitter and the receiver. Although the theoretical capacity lim its
of MIMO systems were studied in [1] for Rayleigh-fading
channels, the paper did not elaborate on the possible losses due
to channel and antenna correlation.
In [2], Espax and Boutros simulated capacity and outage
probability in a fat-fading channel with antenna correlation.
In their study, they concluded that the presence of signifcant
antenna correlation can result in substantial capacity reduc tions
when compared to the independent and identically dis tributed
(iid) case. They also explained that decreased capacity resulted
from a reduced set of viable spatial modes, and they suggested
new power-allocation techniques to recover some of the losses.
Similar studies can be found in [3-11].
Many measurements were performed to understand the
propagation channel and capacity that can be achieved in
realistic deployments. Spatial-correlation properties of a pico-
cell environment were measured in [12]. The spatial correla tion
matrix and Doppler power spectrum were derived from the
measurements for a 4 4 antenna array. The measure ments
concluded that 0.4 separation between the elements of the
antenna array was suffcient to minimize correlation. A
stochastic MIMO radio-channel model and its experimental
validation were also presented in [13] for a 4 4 antenna array.
The measurement results presented in [13] were utilized in
IEEE 802.11n channel modeling that is covered in this tuto rial.
The MIMO capacity for an indoor offce environment was
measured in [14], with 4 4 antenna arrays of 2 and 4
antenna spacings at both transmitter and receiver. The
measurement results in [14] showed that the 2 case had a
slightly higher capacity than the 4 case. The impact of the
antenna correlation on the MIMO channel capacity was also
analyzed in [15-17].
MIMO has also been an interesting topic for the IEEE
Antennas and Propagation Magazine. The propagation and
antenna aspects of MIMO systems were covered in [18-24].
AP_Mag_Feb_2013_Final.indd 252 2/18/2013 12:15:39 PM
IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 55, No. 1, February 2013 253
Testing Ourselves
Levent Sevgi
Electrical & Computer Engineering Dept.
University of Massachusetts Lowell
Lowell, MA 01854 USA
Tel: +1 (978) 934-3572; +1 (978) 852-8043
E-mail: levent_sevgi@uml.edu
http://www3.dogus.edu.tr/lsevgi
Y
ou all remember Prof. Cem Goknar from his previous
tutorials in this column [1, 2]. I believe you enjoyed his
thoughts and discussions on fundamental terms and defni tions.
The next issues tutorial will again be prepared by Prof. Goknar,
together with his graduate students.
The Quiz for this Issue
A double-sideband (DSB) AM signal is defned as
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 cos
c c c
x t A mx t t = + (

, (1)
where ( ) x t is the message signal, and ( ) cos
c
t is the carrier
signal. Using a memristor, it is possible to implement a dou ble-
sideband AM modulator based on the basic behavior of the
memristor [1]. A proposed double-sideband AM modula tor
using a memristor is shown in Figure 1. The behavior of the
memristor is defned with the following relations (Equa tion (2)),
where all symbols other than
M
,
M
i are memristor parameters,
and w represents the width of the memristor obeying the simple
Equation (2b):

( )
( )
( ) ( )
M OFF ON OFF M
w t
t R R R i t
D
(
= +
(

, (2a)

( ) ( ), 0
0 , otherwise
ON
mes
R
dw t i t w D
D
dt

. (2b)
Show that ( )
out
t for ( ) ( ) sin
mes mes mes
i t I t = and
( ) ( ) cos
car car car
i t I t = , neglecting the effect of the high-
frequency carrier as
car mes
, is
( )
out
t =

( )
( )
0
cos
ON mes
v mes
mes
OFF ON OFF
R I
w t
D
R R R
D

(
(
+

( ) sin
car car
I t (

. (3)
Spice simulation results are shown in Figure 2, applying
0.1 mA, 1 Hz message and 1 mA, 100 Hz carrier signals with
0.71 m = . Is the circuit in Figure 1 an AM modulator? Why?
Take the necessary measures to make this circuit a true
modulator.
References
1. C. Goknar, Models and Modeling: Be Careful and Use Your
Imagination, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Maga zine, 50,
5, October 2008, pp. 215-221.
2. C. Goknar, Reciprocity and Anti-Reciprocity Revisited,
IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 52, 2, April 2010,
pp. 211-220.
Figure 1. A double-sideband AM modulator using a mem-
ristor.
Figure 2. (top)
mem
i ; (center)
mem
R ; (bottom)
out
v .
Multiple-Input Multiple-Output System
Capacity: Antenna and Propagation Aspects
Hakan nanolu
Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
90 Central Street, Boxborough, MA, 01719, USA
E-mail: hakani@qti.qualcomm.com
Abstract
This tutorial aims to review some of the system and measurement work done at Qualcomm related to multiple-input-
multiple-output (MIMO) systems around the 2000-2005 timeframe. During the same period, Qualcomm was actively
involved in the development of the MIMO technology adopted by IEEE 802.11n. In this tutorial, we show the spectral
efciency and physical-layer (PHY) data rates that can be reached with Qualcomms MIMO technology using practical
8 x 8 and 16 x 16 antenna arrays mounted on a laptop. The results are based on measurements performed in
Qualcomms New England ofces. We show that very high data rates can be achieved for an ofce deployment. The
results were compared with the simulated results obtained with IEEE802.11n MIMO channel models, and a good match
was observed with channel model E.
Keywords: Wireless communication systems; SISO; MIMO; IEEE 802.11n; system capacity; channel modeling; indoor
channel modeling; correlation; cross-correlation; OFDM; WLAN; modulation; fading; signal; noise; SNR; slot antennas
1. Introduction
T
he paper published in 1998 by G. J. Foschini and M. J.
Gans [1] showed the potential for a signifcant increase in
wireless channel capacity when multiple-input multiple-output
(MIMO) techniques are employed in a radio propagation envi-
ronment rich with scatter. The theoretical results indicated that
the channel capacity increases proportionally with the number
of transmitting and receiving antennas. The theoretical
boundaries of a wireless communication system using MIMO
techniques published in [1] showed that one can achieve n
times more bits/cycle throughput than Shannons classical
formula for each 3 dB increase in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR),
where n is the number of antenna elements at both the trans-
mitter and the receiver. Although the theoretical capacity lim its
of MIMO systems were studied in [1] for Rayleigh-fading
channels, the paper did not elaborate on the possible losses due
to channel and antenna correlation.
In [2], Espax and Boutros simulated capacity and outage
probability in a fat-fading channel with antenna correlation.
In their study, they concluded that the presence of signifcant
antenna correlation can result in substantial capacity reduc tions
when compared to the independent and identically dis tributed
(iid) case. They also explained that decreased capacity resulted
from a reduced set of viable spatial modes, and they suggested
new power-allocation techniques to recover some of the losses.
Similar studies can be found in [3-11].
Many measurements were performed to understand the
propagation channel and capacity that can be achieved in
realistic deployments. Spatial-correlation properties of a pico-
cell environment were measured in [12]. The spatial correla tion
matrix and Doppler power spectrum were derived from the
measurements for a 4 4 antenna array. The measure ments
concluded that 0.4 separation between the elements of the
antenna array was suffcient to minimize correlation. A
stochastic MIMO radio-channel model and its experimental
validation were also presented in [13] for a 4 4 antenna array.
The measurement results presented in [13] were utilized in
IEEE 802.11n channel modeling that is covered in this tuto rial.
The MIMO capacity for an indoor offce environment was
measured in [14], with 4 4 antenna arrays of 2 and 4
antenna spacings at both transmitter and receiver. The
measurement results in [14] showed that the 2 case had a
slightly higher capacity than the 4 case. The impact of the
antenna correlation on the MIMO channel capacity was also
analyzed in [15-17].
MIMO has also been an interesting topic for the IEEE
Antennas and Propagation Magazine. The propagation and
antenna aspects of MIMO systems were covered in [18-24].
254 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 55, No. 1, February 2013
The promising theoretical and measured capacity gains
afforded using MIMO were the main motivations for the work
started in Qualcomms New England offce (QNE) in 2001.
The initial focus was to understand the capacity offered by
MIMO systems for wide-area networks (WANs). The focus
eventually shifted to small-cell indoor deployments, specif-
cally targeting those outlined by the IEEE 802.11n standard
effort. The team performed indoor channel measurements using
an in-house-developed channel sounder that we will describe
in detail here. The channel sounder was utilized to measure
the MIMO channel, and to provide data to enable the channel
capacity to be estimated for several deployment sce narios using
practical antenna arrays. Qualcomm submitted a proposal for an
OFDM-based MIMO transmitter/receiver spa tial-multiplexing
technique to the 802.11n standards body. An end-to-end
communication-system prototype, using FPGAs and discrete
RF components, was developed based on the proposal. The
MIMO spatial-processing techniques, array-calibration, and
rate-adaptation algorithms were all validated using the real-
time prototype. In parallel with the prototype development,
simulations were also performed to benchmark the performance
of the proposed techniques for the 802.11n MIMO channel
models. Details of these channel models are summarized in this
tutorial, and a comparison of system throughput achieved on
the measured channels is provided. In addition, the capacity of
8 8 and 16 16 antenna arrays was measured for an offce
deployment, with printed slot-antenna arrays mounted on the
back of a laptop screen. Different polarization elements were
combined to explore the impact of polarization diversity on
system performance.
2. MIMO System Capacity
If the signal and noise are independent, and the received
signal is the sum of the transmitted signal and the noise, then
the rate of transmission, R , was given in [25] as
( ) ( ) R H y H n = , (1)
i.e., the entropy of the received signal, ( ) H y , less the entropy
of the noise, ( ) H n . The channel capacity is
( ) ( )
( )
max
P x
C H y H n = (

. (2)
In wireless communication systems, the channel noise is treated
as an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) process. The
transmitted signals are limited to an average power, P . The
received signals then have an average power of P N + , where
N is the average noise power. The maximum entropy for the
received signals occurs when they also form a white-noise
ensemble, since this is the greatest possible entropy for a power
P N + , and can be obtained by a suitable choice of the ensemble
of transmitted signals, namely if they form a white-noise
ensemble of power P .

The entropy of the received ensemble is then
( ) ( )
2
log 2 H y W e P N = + (

, (3)
where W is the information bandwidth, and the noise entropy is
( ) | |
2
log 2 H n W eN = . (4)
The channel capacity is
( ) ( )
2
log
P N
C H y H n W
N
+
= = (
`

)
(5)

2
log 1
P
W
N

= +
`
)
.
The channel SNR, P N in Equation (5), can also be written as

2 P
H
N
= , (6)
where the normalized channel power-transfer characteristic is
2
H , and is the average SNR. Using Equations (5) and (6),
the well-known standard formula for the Shannon capac ity as
given in [26] is expressed in bits per second (bps):

( )
2
2
[bps] log 1 C W H = + . (7)
The capacity formula given in Equation (7) is for a single-input
single-output (SISO) channel. In a fat-fading SISO channel,
H is one-dimensional, and is expressed as a com plex scalar.
The channel capacity can also be normalized to the infor-
mation bandwidth, W , and rewritten as

| |
( )
2
2
bps Hz log 1
N
C H = + . (8)
The bandwidth-normalized channel capacity is equivalent to
frequency spectral effciency.
It is evident from Equation (7) that the capacity of a com-
munication channel with additive white noise can be increased
either by adding more information bandwidth, or by improving
the average SNR, . The achievable capacity in wireless
communication systems is typically limited by practi cal limits
imposed on the usable bandwidth and transmitting power
levels. Given these constraints, it is still possible to increase
capacity by exploiting the spatial structure of the communication
link through the use of antenna arrays at both the transmitter
and/or receiver. Additional spatial channels will increase the
dimensionality of the channel response, H , given in
Equation (8), from one-dimensional SISO to ( ) min n m
-dimensional MIMO.

The capacity limits of wireless communication systems in
a fading environment when using multiple antennas (MIMO)
were studied by G. J. Foschini and M. J. Gans in [1]. In
Foschinis paper, receiving diversity and transmitting diversity,
which are special cases of MIMO antenna systems, were also
presented. In this tutorial, we will also cover the special
diversity cases of MIMO antenna systems when the matrix
channel elements of H are Rayleigh. The Rayleigh channel
model for an
R T
n n channel matrix, H , has normal
independent and identically distributed, complex, zero-mean,
and unit variance entries x :

( )
, ,
1 2
ij I ij Q ij
H x jx = + . (9)
The SISO channel can be obtained by substituting 1 i j = = in
Equation (9). The normalized channel power-transfer charac-
teristic for the SISO channel is then

( )
2
2 2
1
2
ij I Q
H x x = + . (10)
Here,
I
x and
Q
x are independent, standard normal random
variables. It can be shown that the sum of squares of k nor mal
random variables is distributed according to the chi-squared
distribution with k degrees of freedom, which is usu ally denoted
as
2
k
. The SISO channel spectral effciency is therefore

2
_ 2 2
log 1
N SISO
C
(
= +

. (11)
The spectral effciency for receiving diversity is obtained for
R
n n = and 1
T
n = as

2
_ 2 2
log 1
N RxDiv n
C
(
= +

. (12)
The spectral effciency for transmitting diversity is obtained for
1
R
n = and
T
n n = as
( )
2
_ 2 2
log 1
N TxDiv n
C n
(
= +

. (13)
The Rayleigh fading channel spectral effciency is shown in
Figure 1 for 4 4, 8 8, and 16 16 MIMO antenna systems
for 21 dB average received SNR. We also show the spectral
effciency of the 1 1 (SISO), 1 8 (transmit diversity), 8 1
(receive diversity) for the same average SNR on the same fg-
ure, for comparison. The spectral effciencies of 4 4, 8 8,
and 16 16 antenna systems are approximately 7, 14, and 29
times more than for a 1 1 antenna system for 21 dB average
receive SNR at the 95th percentile.
The same fgure shows a small spectral-effciency gain for
1 8 transmitting and 8 1 receiving diversity confgura tions,
compared to the 1 1, no-diversity case. It is obvious that the
high effciency can only be achieved with increased antennas
on both the transmitter and receiver.
2.1 Qualcomm MIMO/OFDM System Design
for IEEE 802.11n
The promising capacity fgures outlined above were the
main motivation behind the MIMO work initiated at Qualcomm.
Based on the high theoretical MIMO capacity in a
Rayleigh channel, we proposed an orthogonal frequency-divi-
sion-multiplexing- (OFDM) based MIMO system designed to
802.11n standards. The discussion here assumes perfect
knowledge of the channel at both the access point (AP) and user
terminal (UT). The measurements taken in the QNE offces
showed that the uplink and downlink channels were reciprocal
in a time-division-duplex (TDD) 20 MHz deploy ment. The
technique that assumes perfect knowledge of the channel at the
transmitter will be referred to as full channel-state information
(FCSI) in the remainder of the tutorial. The spatial multiplexing
modes are based on eigenvalue decompo sition of the channel.
For the 802.11 OFDM waveform, this decomposition is
performed for each of the 48 data transmis sion subbands out of
64 total OFDM tones, where four tones are dedicated to pilot
transmission, and the remaining 12 tones serve as frequency
guard bands, such that the set L of OFDM tone indices is
{ } 1,...., 6, 8,...., 20, 22,...., 26 L = . Let ( ) H be the MIMO
channel matrix that gives the coupling between the four
transmitting and four receiving antennas for subband index :

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4
2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4
3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4
4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4
h h h h
h h h h
h h h h
h h h h
(
(
(
(
(
(

H = ( ) , (14)
Figure 1. The cumulative distribution of Rayleigh-faded
channel spectral efciency for an average received SNR of
21 dB: blue dashed, 1 1; red dashed, 1 8; green dashed,
8 1; blue solid, 4 4; red solid, 8 8; green solid, 16 16
(number of receiving antennas number of transmitting
antennas).
The promising theoretical and measured capacity gains
afforded using MIMO were the main motivations for the work
started in Qualcomms New England offce (QNE) in 2001.
The initial focus was to understand the capacity offered by
MIMO systems for wide-area networks (WANs). The focus
eventually shifted to small-cell indoor deployments, specif-
cally targeting those outlined by the IEEE 802.11n standard
effort. The team performed indoor channel measurements using
an in-house-developed channel sounder that we will describe
in detail here. The channel sounder was utilized to measure
the MIMO channel, and to provide data to enable the channel
capacity to be estimated for several deployment sce narios using
practical antenna arrays. Qualcomm submitted a proposal for an
OFDM-based MIMO transmitter/receiver spa tial-multiplexing
technique to the 802.11n standards body. An end-to-end
communication-system prototype, using FPGAs and discrete
RF components, was developed based on the proposal. The
MIMO spatial-processing techniques, array-calibration, and
rate-adaptation algorithms were all validated using the real-
time prototype. In parallel with the prototype development,
simulations were also performed to benchmark the performance
of the proposed techniques for the 802.11n MIMO channel
models. Details of these channel models are summarized in this
tutorial, and a comparison of system throughput achieved on
the measured channels is provided. In addition, the capacity of
8 8 and 16 16 antenna arrays was measured for an offce
deployment, with printed slot-antenna arrays mounted on the
back of a laptop screen. Different polarization elements were
combined to explore the impact of polarization diversity on
system performance.
2. MIMO System Capacity
If the signal and noise are independent, and the received
signal is the sum of the transmitted signal and the noise, then
the rate of transmission, R , was given in [25] as
( ) ( ) R H y H n = , (1)
i.e., the entropy of the received signal, ( ) H y , less the entropy
of the noise, ( ) H n . The channel capacity is
( ) ( )
( )
max
P x
C H y H n = (

. (2)
In wireless communication systems, the channel noise is treated
as an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) process. The
transmitted signals are limited to an average power, P . The
received signals then have an average power of P N + , where
N is the average noise power. The maximum entropy for the
received signals occurs when they also form a white-noise
ensemble, since this is the greatest possible entropy for a power
P N + , and can be obtained by a suitable choice of the ensemble
of transmitted signals, namely if they form a white-noise
ensemble of power P .

The entropy of the received ensemble is then
( ) ( )
2
log 2 H y W e P N = + (

, (3)
where W is the information bandwidth, and the noise entropy is
( ) | |
2
log 2 H n W eN = . (4)
The channel capacity is
( ) ( )
2
log
P N
C H y H n W
N
+
= = (
`

)
(5)

2
log 1
P
W
N

= +
`
)
.
The channel SNR, P N in Equation (5), can also be written as

2 P
H
N
= , (6)
where the normalized channel power-transfer characteristic is
2
H , and is the average SNR. Using Equations (5) and (6),
the well-known standard formula for the Shannon capac ity as
given in [26] is expressed in bits per second (bps):

( )
2
2
[bps] log 1 C W H = + . (7)
The capacity formula given in Equation (7) is for a single-input
single-output (SISO) channel. In a fat-fading SISO channel,
H is one-dimensional, and is expressed as a com plex scalar.
The channel capacity can also be normalized to the infor-
mation bandwidth, W , and rewritten as

| |
( )
2
2
bps Hz log 1
N
C H = + . (8)
The bandwidth-normalized channel capacity is equivalent to
frequency spectral effciency.
It is evident from Equation (7) that the capacity of a com-
munication channel with additive white noise can be increased
either by adding more information bandwidth, or by improving
the average SNR, . The achievable capacity in wireless
communication systems is typically limited by practi cal limits
imposed on the usable bandwidth and transmitting power
levels. Given these constraints, it is still possible to increase
capacity by exploiting the spatial structure of the communication
link through the use of antenna arrays at both the transmitter
and/or receiver. Additional spatial channels will increase the
dimensionality of the channel response, H , given in
Equation (8), from one-dimensional SISO to ( ) min n m
-dimensional MIMO.

The capacity limits of wireless communication systems in
a fading environment when using multiple antennas (MIMO)
were studied by G. J. Foschini and M. J. Gans in [1]. In
Foschinis paper, receiving diversity and transmitting diversity,
which are special cases of MIMO antenna systems, were also
presented. In this tutorial, we will also cover the special
diversity cases of MIMO antenna systems when the matrix
channel elements of H are Rayleigh. The Rayleigh channel
model for an
R T
n n channel matrix, H , has normal
independent and identically distributed, complex, zero-mean,
and unit variance entries x :

( )
, ,
1 2
ij I ij Q ij
H x jx = + . (9)
The SISO channel can be obtained by substituting 1 i j = = in
Equation (9). The normalized channel power-transfer charac-
teristic for the SISO channel is then

( )
2
2 2
1
2
ij I Q
H x x = + . (10)
Here,
I
x and
Q
x are independent, standard normal random
variables. It can be shown that the sum of squares of k nor mal
random variables is distributed according to the chi-squared
distribution with k degrees of freedom, which is usu ally denoted
as
2
k
. The SISO channel spectral effciency is therefore

2
_ 2 2
log 1
N SISO
C
(
= +

. (11)
The spectral effciency for receiving diversity is obtained for
R
n n = and 1
T
n = as

2
_ 2 2
log 1
N RxDiv n
C
(
= +

. (12)
The spectral effciency for transmitting diversity is obtained for
1
R
n = and
T
n n = as
( )
2
_ 2 2
log 1
N TxDiv n
C n
(
= +

. (13)
The Rayleigh fading channel spectral effciency is shown in
Figure 1 for 4 4, 8 8, and 16 16 MIMO antenna systems
for 21 dB average received SNR. We also show the spectral
effciency of the 1 1 (SISO), 1 8 (transmit diversity), 8 1
(receive diversity) for the same average SNR on the same fg-
ure, for comparison. The spectral effciencies of 4 4, 8 8,
and 16 16 antenna systems are approximately 7, 14, and 29
times more than for a 1 1 antenna system for 21 dB average
receive SNR at the 95th percentile.
The same fgure shows a small spectral-effciency gain for
1 8 transmitting and 8 1 receiving diversity confgura tions,
compared to the 1 1, no-diversity case. It is obvious that the
high effciency can only be achieved with increased antennas
on both the transmitter and receiver.
2.1 Qualcomm MIMO/OFDM System Design
for IEEE 802.11n
The promising capacity fgures outlined above were the
main motivation behind the MIMO work initiated at Qualcomm.
Based on the high theoretical MIMO capacity in a
Rayleigh channel, we proposed an orthogonal frequency-divi-
sion-multiplexing- (OFDM) based MIMO system designed to
802.11n standards. The discussion here assumes perfect
knowledge of the channel at both the access point (AP) and user
terminal (UT). The measurements taken in the QNE offces
showed that the uplink and downlink channels were reciprocal
in a time-division-duplex (TDD) 20 MHz deploy ment. The
technique that assumes perfect knowledge of the channel at the
transmitter will be referred to as full channel-state information
(FCSI) in the remainder of the tutorial. The spatial multiplexing
modes are based on eigenvalue decompo sition of the channel.
For the 802.11 OFDM waveform, this decomposition is
performed for each of the 48 data transmis sion subbands out of
64 total OFDM tones, where four tones are dedicated to pilot
transmission, and the remaining 12 tones serve as frequency
guard bands, such that the set L of OFDM tone indices is
{ } 1,...., 6, 8,...., 20, 22,...., 26 L = . Let ( ) H be the MIMO
channel matrix that gives the coupling between the four
transmitting and four receiving antennas for subband index :

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4
2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4
3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4
4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4
h h h h
h h h h
h h h h
h h h h
(
(
(
(
(
(

H = ( ) , (14)
Figure 1. The cumulative distribution of Rayleigh-faded
channel spectral efciency for an average received SNR of
21 dB: blue dashed, 1 1; red dashed, 1 8; green dashed,
8 1; blue solid, 4 4; red solid, 8 8; green solid, 16 16
(number of receiving antennas number of transmitting
antennas).
where ( )
, i j
h is the coupling between the jth transmitting and
the ith receiving antenna at subband , L .
One can compute the eigenvalue decomposition of the
channel correlation matrix, ( ) ( )
H
H H , as follows:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) =
H H
H H V V , (15)
where ( ) V is the matrix the columns of which are eigenvec-
tors of ( ) ( )
H
H H ; ( ) is a diagonal matrix of the eigen-
values of ( ) ( )
H
H H for subband , the diagonal elements
of which are ( )
i
, 0 3 i ; and
H
A denotes the conjugate
transpose of matrix A. ( ) V is also a matrix of right
eigenvectors in the singular-value decomposition of ( ) H ,
given by ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) =
H
H U V , where ( ) is a diagonal
matrix containing the singular values of ( ) H , which are the
square roots of the diagonal elements of ( ) , the eigenvalues
of ( ) ( )
H
H H . The columns of ( ) U are left eigenvectors
of ( ) H , and are also eigenvectors of ( ) ( )
H
H H .
The eigenvalues are then ranked in order for each sub-
band, so that ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 1 2 3
. Let
n
denote
the vector containing the nth ranked eigenvalues for all 48
subbands, L ( 0 3 n ):
( ) ( ) ( ) 26 ,..., ( 22),..., 22 ,..., 26
n
n n n n
= (

. (16)
Assume the receiver noise variance,
2
, is constant across the
operating band, and is known by the transmitter and receiver.
Dividing the eigenvalues by
2
yields the effective SNR asso-
ciated with each eigenmode.

A narrowband fat-fading MIMO system is modeled as
y = Hx + n , (17)
where y and x are the receiving and transmitting vectors,
respectively, and H and n are the channel matrix and the
noise vector, respectively. The transmitting vector, x , for a
4 4 MIMO system is
= x Vx . (18)
Here, x is a 41 vector of four independent baseband com plex
data streams. Equation (18) can be expanded as

11 12 13 14 1 1
21 22 23 24 2 2
31 32 33 34 3 3
41 42 43 44 4 4
v v v v x x
v v v v x x
v v v v x x
v v v v x x
( ( (
( ( (
( ( (
=
( ( (
( ( (

. (19)
In Equation (19),
1
x ,
2
x ,
3
x , and
4
x are the symbols trans-
mitted from the frst, second, third, and fourth antennas,
respectively. Substituting Equation (18) into Equation (17), one
can observe the received vector as follows:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
= +
H
y U V V x n . (20)
Since the eigenvector steering matrix is orthonormal, the
received vector per subband is
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
= + y U x n . (21)
The transmitted data
1
x ,
2
x ,
3
x , and
4
x , are recovered on the
receiving end by multiplying the received vector by ( )
H
U :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
= +
H H H
U y U U x U n
(22)
( ) ( ) ( )
= +
H
x U n .
If the channel estimates at the receiver do not match the chan nel
estimate used to compute the eigenvector steering matrix, V , at
the transmitter, there will be crosstalk (i.e., inter-stream
interference) between the eigenmodes, which degrades the
received SNR on each of the modes. In time-division duplex
systems, this mismatch is caused when the uplink and downlink
channels are not reciprocal, i.e.,
H
UpLink DownLink
H H . In
practice, factors that impact channel reciprocity include
differences in the amplitudes and phases of the RF transmitter
and receiver chains over the information bandwidth. We
developed a calibration algorithm that effec tively removes
these imbalances and restores the channel capacity.
The details of the spatial processing technique described
above can be found in [27-29].
In the next section, we will summarize the MIMO/OFDM
system architecture based on transmitting and receiving spatial
processing, and provide details about the array-calibration
procedure.
2.2 QNE MIMO/OFDM System Architecture
Qualcomm proposed the OFDM-based MIMO WLAN
modem architecture shown in Figure 2 to the IEEE 802.11n
standards body. The key attributes of Qualcomms approach
can be summarized as follows:
Fully backward compatible with IEEE 802.11a,g
20 MHz bandwidth
Enhanced throughput and range for legacy stations
Scalable MIMO architecture supporting up to four Tx/Rx
antennas
Extended modulation and coding data rates.

The modulation schemes employed are backward
compati ble with 802.11b,a,g. Additional code rates are intro-
duced to provide additional spectral effciency, including the
use of 256 QAM. All modulation formats are coupled to spe-
cifc code rates, as indicated in Table 1. The SNR ranges given
in the table are to maintain 1% or better frame error rate (FER).
The proposed spatial-processing technique relies on the
eigenmode computations at both the access point and user
terminal to derive spatial-multiplexing processing vectors
used on the forward and reverse links. However, in order to
minimize spatial-mode crosstalk, the access point (AP) and
user terminal (UT) transmitting- and receiving-chain gain/
phase differences must be measured and compensated for in
a calibration procedure, so that the channel on the forward
link can be translated to reverse-link steering vectors with an
assumption of reciprocal channels in the forward and reverse
links [30].
The user terminal and access point make channel esti-
mates on the transmitted 48 tones during the eight-symbols-
long MIMO portion of the frame, as shown in Figure 3. The
user terminal transmits the calibration tones and saves the cur-
rent measured values of the forward-link channel matrices. The
access point uses the calibration tones to make an esti mate of
the reverse channel,
r
H , for each calibration tone. Once the
user terminal receives the reverse-channel
r
H matri ces, it
computes the access-point and user-terminal cor rection factors
using the saved forward-channel matrices. We assume that the
reverse- and forward-channel matrices are reciprocal, i.e.,
T
r f
H H = , so that we have

( )
T
r UT f AP
H K H K = , (23)
where
UT
K is a diagonal
UT UT
N N matrix the nonzero ele-
ments of which give the ratio of the transmitting and receiving
complex gains for each of the user-terminal ports, and
AP
K is
the similar diagonal matrix for the access point. Let
UT
and
AP
denote the vectors that are the diagonal elements of the
UT
K and
AP
K , respectively. The calibration technique deter-
mines these adjustment vectors given measurements of the
forward and reverse channels. The correction matrix, C , is
then given as follows:

11 12 13 14
21 22 23 24
31 32 33 34
41 42 43 44
T
r
f
c c c c
c c c c H
C
c c c c H
c c c c
(
(
(
= =
(
(

. (24)
Figure 2. A generic block diagram of Qualcomms 802.11n modem proposal.
Table 1. The modulation and co de rate SNR boundaries.
SNR Range
[dB]
| |
Code Rate Modulation
Spectral
Efciency
(bps/Hz)
0
1/2 BPSK 0.5
0 3.25 <
1/2 QPSK 1.0
3.25 6.0 <
3/4 QPSK 1.5
6.0 9.5 <
1/2 16QAM 2.0
9.5 11.2 <
5/8 16QAM 2.5
11.2 12.5 <
3/4 16QAM 3.0
12.5 16 <
7/12 64QAM 3.5
16 17 <
2/3 64QAM 4.0
17 18.5 <
3/4 64QAM 4.5
18.5 20 <
5/6 64QAM 5.0
20 24 <
3/4 256QAM 6.0
24 >
7/8 256QAM 7.0
where ( )
, i j
h is the coupling between the jth transmitting and
the ith receiving antenna at subband , L .
One can compute the eigenvalue decomposition of the
channel correlation matrix, ( ) ( )
H
H H , as follows:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) =
H H
H H V V , (15)
where ( ) V is the matrix the columns of which are eigenvec-
tors of ( ) ( )
H
H H ; ( ) is a diagonal matrix of the eigen-
values of ( ) ( )
H
H H for subband , the diagonal elements
of which are ( )
i
, 0 3 i ; and
H
A denotes the conjugate
transpose of matrix A. ( ) V is also a matrix of right
eigenvectors in the singular-value decomposition of ( ) H ,
given by ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) =
H
H U V , where ( ) is a diagonal
matrix containing the singular values of ( ) H , which are the
square roots of the diagonal elements of ( ) , the eigenvalues
of ( ) ( )
H
H H . The columns of ( ) U are left eigenvectors
of ( ) H , and are also eigenvectors of ( ) ( )
H
H H .
The eigenvalues are then ranked in order for each sub-
band, so that ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 1 2 3
. Let
n
denote
the vector containing the nth ranked eigenvalues for all 48
subbands, L ( 0 3 n ):
( ) ( ) ( ) 26 ,..., ( 22),..., 22 ,..., 26
n
n n n n
= (

. (16)
Assume the receiver noise variance,
2
, is constant across the
operating band, and is known by the transmitter and receiver.
Dividing the eigenvalues by
2
yields the effective SNR asso-
ciated with each eigenmode.

A narrowband fat-fading MIMO system is modeled as
y = Hx + n , (17)
where y and x are the receiving and transmitting vectors,
respectively, and H and n are the channel matrix and the
noise vector, respectively. The transmitting vector, x , for a
4 4 MIMO system is
= x Vx . (18)
Here, x is a 41 vector of four independent baseband com plex
data streams. Equation (18) can be expanded as

11 12 13 14 1 1
21 22 23 24 2 2
31 32 33 34 3 3
41 42 43 44 4 4
v v v v x x
v v v v x x
v v v v x x
v v v v x x
( ( (
( ( (
( ( (
=
( ( (
( ( (

. (19)
In Equation (19),
1
x ,
2
x ,
3
x , and
4
x are the symbols trans-
mitted from the frst, second, third, and fourth antennas,
respectively. Substituting Equation (18) into Equation (17), one
can observe the received vector as follows:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
= +
H
y U V V x n . (20)
Since the eigenvector steering matrix is orthonormal, the
received vector per subband is
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
= + y U x n . (21)
The transmitted data
1
x ,
2
x ,
3
x , and
4
x , are recovered on the
receiving end by multiplying the received vector by ( )
H
U :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
= +
H H H
U y U U x U n
(22)
( ) ( ) ( )
= +
H
x U n .
If the channel estimates at the receiver do not match the chan nel
estimate used to compute the eigenvector steering matrix, V , at
the transmitter, there will be crosstalk (i.e., inter-stream
interference) between the eigenmodes, which degrades the
received SNR on each of the modes. In time-division duplex
systems, this mismatch is caused when the uplink and downlink
channels are not reciprocal, i.e.,
H
UpLink DownLink
H H . In
practice, factors that impact channel reciprocity include
differences in the amplitudes and phases of the RF transmitter
and receiver chains over the information bandwidth. We
developed a calibration algorithm that effec tively removes
these imbalances and restores the channel capacity.
The details of the spatial processing technique described
above can be found in [27-29].
In the next section, we will summarize the MIMO/OFDM
system architecture based on transmitting and receiving spatial
processing, and provide details about the array-calibration
procedure.
2.2 QNE MIMO/OFDM System Architecture
Qualcomm proposed the OFDM-based MIMO WLAN
modem architecture shown in Figure 2 to the IEEE 802.11n
standards body. The key attributes of Qualcomms approach
can be summarized as follows:
Fully backward compatible with IEEE 802.11a,g
20 MHz bandwidth
Enhanced throughput and range for legacy stations
Scalable MIMO architecture supporting up to four Tx/Rx
antennas
Extended modulation and coding data rates.

The modulation schemes employed are backward
compati ble with 802.11b,a,g. Additional code rates are intro-
duced to provide additional spectral effciency, including the
use of 256 QAM. All modulation formats are coupled to spe-
cifc code rates, as indicated in Table 1. The SNR ranges given
in the table are to maintain 1% or better frame error rate (FER).
The proposed spatial-processing technique relies on the
eigenmode computations at both the access point and user
terminal to derive spatial-multiplexing processing vectors
used on the forward and reverse links. However, in order to
minimize spatial-mode crosstalk, the access point (AP) and
user terminal (UT) transmitting- and receiving-chain gain/
phase differences must be measured and compensated for in
a calibration procedure, so that the channel on the forward
link can be translated to reverse-link steering vectors with an
assumption of reciprocal channels in the forward and reverse
links [30].
The user terminal and access point make channel esti-
mates on the transmitted 48 tones during the eight-symbols-
long MIMO portion of the frame, as shown in Figure 3. The
user terminal transmits the calibration tones and saves the cur-
rent measured values of the forward-link channel matrices. The
access point uses the calibration tones to make an esti mate of
the reverse channel,
r
H , for each calibration tone. Once the
user terminal receives the reverse-channel
r
H matri ces, it
computes the access-point and user-terminal cor rection factors
using the saved forward-channel matrices. We assume that the
reverse- and forward-channel matrices are reciprocal, i.e.,
T
r f
H H = , so that we have

( )
T
r UT f AP
H K H K = , (23)
where
UT
K is a diagonal
UT UT
N N matrix the nonzero ele-
ments of which give the ratio of the transmitting and receiving
complex gains for each of the user-terminal ports, and
AP
K is
the similar diagonal matrix for the access point. Let
UT
and
AP
denote the vectors that are the diagonal elements of the
UT
K and
AP
K , respectively. The calibration technique deter-
mines these adjustment vectors given measurements of the
forward and reverse channels. The correction matrix, C , is
then given as follows:

11 12 13 14
21 22 23 24
31 32 33 34
41 42 43 44
T
r
f
c c c c
c c c c H
C
c c c c H
c c c c
(
(
(
= =
(
(

. (24)
Figure 2. A generic block diagram of Qualcomms 802.11n modem proposal.
Table 1. The modulation and co de rate SNR boundaries.
SNR Range
[dB]
| |
Code Rate Modulation
Spectral
Efciency
(bps/Hz)
0
1/2 BPSK 0.5
0 3.25 <
1/2 QPSK 1.0
3.25 6.0 <
3/4 QPSK 1.5
6.0 9.5 <
1/2 16QAM 2.0
9.5 11.2 <
5/8 16QAM 2.5
11.2 12.5 <
3/4 16QAM 3.0
12.5 16 <
7/12 64QAM 3.5
16 17 <
2/3 64QAM 4.0
17 18.5 <
3/4 64QAM 4.5
18.5 20 <
5/6 64QAM 5.0
20 24 <
3/4 256QAM 6.0
24 >
7/8 256QAM 7.0
Figure 3. The frame structure for 8 8 channel sounding.
Figure 4. The cluster geometry of the IEEE 802.11TGn
channel model.
The access-point adjustment vector is the mean of the nor-
malized rows of C , where the normalization consists of scal ing
each row such that the frst element is unity. The normal ized
row is therefore
{ }
1
, 1,...,
i ij i AP
b c c j N = = , and the mean,
AP
, is the sum of the rows
i
b divided by
UT
N . The user-
terminal adjustment factors are then the means of the normalized
columns of C , where the jth column is normal ized by the ith
element of
AP
is the sum of these columns
i
b divided by
AP
N .
An alternative calibration technique can also be found in
[31].
3. IEEE 802.11 Indoor Channel Model
A set of indoor MIMO WLAN channel models were
proposed by the IEEE 802.11 TGn channel-model task group
[32]. The developed models are based on the cluster model
of Saleh and Valenzuela, given in [33]. The proposed channel
models in the standards aim to cover the propagation envi-
ronment from benign to challenging deployment scenarios,
such that the performance of MIMO spatial-processing tech-
niques and algorithms could be benchmarked. Although the
models do not address each individual deployment, in prac tice,
a given deployment environment is expected to fall into one
of the channel-model categories that is covered by the channel
models in the standard. The cluster-model geometry is shown in
Figure 4. Figure 5. The two-antenna correlation model.
The channel response between the mth transmitting and
nth receiving antennas is
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
1 1
, ,
m n
kl kl
j r r
K L
nm kl kl
m n
k l
kl kl
e
h t a t
r r

+
= =
=
+

( ) ( )
mn mn
Tx kl Rx kl
G G . (25)
Here, the
kl
a is the complex amplitude of the ray departing the
mth transmitting antenna with angle
kl
, refected by the lth
object of the kth cluster and reaching the nth receiving antenna
with arrival angle
kl
; is the wavelength; and is the path-
loss factor. The
( )
mn
Tx kl
G and
( )
mn
Rx kl
G are the transmitting
and receiving antenna gains at the given angles. The channel
response given in Equation (25) can be written as
( ) ( ) ( ) , , , h t h t h = , (26)
where t is time, and and are angle dependencies.
We will derive the correlation between two receiving
antennas separated far enough from a transmitter, as depicted in
Figure 5, assuming that the channel doesnt vary in time, i.e.,
kl
a is not a function of time.
Let ( )
1
s t and ( )
2
s t be the time-domain signals at two
receiving antennas in Figure 5. If the two signals are coming
from the same transmitter, the received signals can be written as
follows:
( ) ( )
1
jkr
e
s t a t
r
= ,
(27)
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
jk r r
e
s t b t
r r

+
=
+
.
If ( ) p
, the power azimuth spectrum (PAS) is the probabil ity

distribution function of the angle of arrival, , at the receiver,
then the correlation between the two receiving antennas is
( ) ( ) ( )
{ }
( )
*
1 2
d s t s t p d
. (28)
If the transmitting and receiving antennas are separated, i.e.,
r r , this can be simplifed as
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 sin
*
d
j
d a t b t e p d
=

. (29)
If ( ) p
is uniformly distributed, then the above simplifes

further to
( )
0
J 2
d
d
| |
=
|
\ .
. (30)
If ( ) p
is a truncated distribution for multiple clusters, the

correlation in Equation (28) can be written as
( ) ( ) ( )
{ }
( )
0,
0,
*
1 2
1
k k
k k
K
k
d E s t s t P d

+
=

=

. (31)
Equation (31) shows the cross correlation between the waves
impinging on two antenna elements. It has been shown that
the correlation coeffcient, which is a function of the distance
between the antenna elements, depends on the power azimuth
spectrum and on the radiation patterns of the antenna ele-
ments. In the following study, we will assume an omnidirec-
tional radiation pattern. This was shown in [34] to be the
best ft to measured results in urban and rural areas. The
truncated Laplacian power azimuth spectrum confned within
(
0 0 0 0
, + ) is given as
( )
0, ,
, 1 ,
2
exp
2
c
N
k L k
L
L k k L k
Q
P

=
(
( =
(

( ) ( ) { } 0, 0, k k k k

( (
+

(32)
where ( ) is the step function,
L
is the standard devia tion,
and
c
N is the number of clusters. The constant
, L k
Q are
derived such that ( )
L
P

fulflls the requirement of a probabil-
ity distribution function, that is,
( )
,
, 1
2
1 exp 1
c
N
k
L L k
L k k
P d Q
( | |
= = ( |
|
(
\ .
.
(33)
After calculating
, L k
Q satisfying the condition given in Equa-
tion (33), the complex-feld cross-correlation function defned
in Equation (31) for a generic angular distribution function,
( ) P
, for the Laplacian distribution, is given by

( ) ( )
xx XY
R D jR D = + , (34)
where 2 D d = . The real and imaginary parts of the com-
plex-feld cross-correlation functions are
( ) ( )
( )
, 2
, 0
2
1 , 1
2
,
J
J 4
2
2
(2 )
c
N
L k m
xx L
k L k m
L k
Q D
R D D
m
= =
= +
| |
+ |
|
\ .

( ) ( )
0, ,
cos 2 ,
k m L k k
m T , (35)

( )
,
, ,
2 2
, exp
k
m L k k
L k L k
T

| |
= + |
|
\ .
( ) ( )
,
2
2 sin 2 cos 2
k k
L k
m m m
(

(
(

(36)
( )
( )
, 2 1
,
2
1 , 0
2
,
J
4
2
2
(2 1)
c
N
L k m
xy L
k L k m
L k
Q D
R D
m
+
= =
=
| |
+ + |
|
\ .

( ) ( )
0, ,
cos 2 1 ,
k m L k k
m E ( +

, (37)

( )
,
, ,
2 2
, exp
k
m L k k
L k L k
E

| |
= |
|
\ .
( ) ( ) ( )
,
2
2 1 sin 2 1 cos 2 1
k k
L k
m m m
| |
+ + + + ( ( |

|
\ .
.
(38)
Figure 3. The frame structure for 8 8 channel sounding.
Figure 4. The cluster geometry of the IEEE 802.11TGn
channel model.
The access-point adjustment vector is the mean of the nor-
malized rows of C , where the normalization consists of scal ing
each row such that the frst element is unity. The normal ized
row is therefore
{ }
1
, 1,...,
i ij i AP
b c c j N = = , and the mean,
AP
, is the sum of the rows
i
b divided by
UT
N . The user-
terminal adjustment factors are then the means of the normalized
columns of C , where the jth column is normal ized by the ith
element of
AP
is the sum of these columns
i
b divided by
AP
N .
An alternative calibration technique can also be found in
[31].
3. IEEE 802.11 Indoor Channel Model
A set of indoor MIMO WLAN channel models were
proposed by the IEEE 802.11 TGn channel-model task group
[32]. The developed models are based on the cluster model
of Saleh and Valenzuela, given in [33]. The proposed channel
models in the standards aim to cover the propagation envi-
ronment from benign to challenging deployment scenarios,
such that the performance of MIMO spatial-processing tech-
niques and algorithms could be benchmarked. Although the
models do not address each individual deployment, in prac tice,
a given deployment environment is expected to fall into one
of the channel-model categories that is covered by the channel
models in the standard. The cluster-model geometry is shown in
Figure 4. Figure 5. The two-antenna correlation model.
The channel response between the mth transmitting and
nth receiving antennas is
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
1 1
, ,
m n
kl kl
j r r
K L
nm kl kl
m n
k l
kl kl
e
h t a t
r r

+
= =
=
+

( ) ( )
mn mn
Tx kl Rx kl
G G . (25)
Here, the
kl
a is the complex amplitude of the ray departing the
mth transmitting antenna with angle
kl
, refected by the lth
object of the kth cluster and reaching the nth receiving antenna
with arrival angle
kl
; is the wavelength; and is the path-
loss factor. The
( )
mn
Tx kl
G and
( )
mn
Rx kl
G are the transmitting
and receiving antenna gains at the given angles. The channel
response given in Equation (25) can be written as
( ) ( ) ( ) , , , h t h t h = , (26)
where t is time, and and are angle dependencies.
We will derive the correlation between two receiving
antennas separated far enough from a transmitter, as depicted in
Figure 5, assuming that the channel doesnt vary in time, i.e.,
kl
a is not a function of time.
Let ( )
1
s t and ( )
2
s t be the time-domain signals at two
receiving antennas in Figure 5. If the two signals are coming
from the same transmitter, the received signals can be written as
follows:
( ) ( )
1
jkr
e
s t a t
r
= ,
(27)
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
jk r r
e
s t b t
r r

+
=
+
.
If ( ) p
, the power azimuth spectrum (PAS) is the probabil ity

distribution function of the angle of arrival, , at the receiver,
then the correlation between the two receiving antennas is
( ) ( ) ( )
{ }
( )
*
1 2
d s t s t p d
. (28)
If the transmitting and receiving antennas are separated, i.e.,
r r , this can be simplifed as
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 sin
*
d
j
d a t b t e p d
=

. (29)
If ( ) p
is uniformly distributed, then the above simplifes

further to
( )
0
J 2
d
d
| |
=
|
\ .
. (30)
If ( ) p
is a truncated distribution for multiple clusters, the

correlation in Equation (28) can be written as
( ) ( ) ( )
{ }
( )
0,
0,
*
1 2
1
k k
k k
K
k
d E s t s t P d

+
=

=

. (31)
Equation (31) shows the cross correlation between the waves
impinging on two antenna elements. It has been shown that
the correlation coeffcient, which is a function of the distance
between the antenna elements, depends on the power azimuth
spectrum and on the radiation patterns of the antenna ele-
ments. In the following study, we will assume an omnidirec-
tional radiation pattern. This was shown in [34] to be the
best ft to measured results in urban and rural areas. The
truncated Laplacian power azimuth spectrum confned within
(
0 0 0 0
, + ) is given as
( )
0, ,
, 1 ,
2
exp
2
c
N
k L k
L
L k k L k
Q
P

=
(
( =
(

( ) ( ) { } 0, 0, k k k k

( (
+

(32)
where ( ) is the step function,
L
is the standard devia tion,
and
c
N is the number of clusters. The constant
, L k
Q are
derived such that ( )
L
P

fulflls the requirement of a probabil-
ity distribution function, that is,
( )
,
, 1
2
1 exp 1
c
N
k
L L k
L k k
P d Q
( | |
= = ( |
|
(
\ .
.
(33)
After calculating
, L k
Q satisfying the condition given in Equa-
tion (33), the complex-feld cross-correlation function defned
in Equation (31) for a generic angular distribution function,
( ) P
, for the Laplacian distribution, is given by

( ) ( )
xx XY
R D jR D = + , (34)
where 2 D d = . The real and imaginary parts of the com-
plex-feld cross-correlation functions are
( ) ( )
( )
, 2
, 0
2
1 , 1
2
,
J
J 4
2
2
(2 )
c
N
L k m
xx L
k L k m
L k
Q D
R D D
m
= =
= +
| |
+ |
|
\ .

( ) ( )
0, ,
cos 2 ,
k m L k k
m T , (35)

( )
,
, ,
2 2
, exp
k
m L k k
L k L k
T

| |
= + |
|
\ .
( ) ( )
,
2
2 sin 2 cos 2
k k
L k
m m m
(

(
(

(36)
( )
( )
, 2 1
,
2
1 , 0
2
,
J
4
2
2
(2 1)
c
N
L k m
xy L
k L k m
L k
Q D
R D
m
+
= =
=
| |
+ + |
|
\ .

( ) ( )
0, ,
cos 2 1 ,
k m L k k
m E ( +

, (37)

( )
,
, ,
2 2
, exp
k
m L k k
L k L k
E

| |
= |
|
\ .
( ) ( ) ( )
,
2
2 1 sin 2 1 cos 2 1
k k
L k
m m m
| |
+ + + + ( ( |

|
\ .
.
(38)
The combined correlation matrix can be generated from
. . i i d
H
1
Rx Tx
N N matrix where its entries are independent and
identically distributed random variables:
{ }
1/ 2
1/ 2
. . . . Combined Tx Rx i i d TxRx i i d
H R R H R H = = . (39)
Here, is the Kronecker product of the transmitter and
receiver correlation matrices. The MIMO channel transmitting
and receiving correlation matrices and the Kronecker product
are given by the following for 2 2 antenna arrays:

12
21
1
1
Tx
Tx
Tx
R

(
= (
(

,
(40)

12
21
1
1
Rx
Rx
Rx
R

(
= (
(

,

12 12 12 12
21 12 21 12
21 21 12 12
21 21 21 21
1
1
1
1
Rx Tx Tx Rx
Rx Tx Rx Tx
TxRx
Tx Tx Rx Rx
Tx Rx Tx Rx
H

(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(

. (41)
The possible channel confgurations and cross correlations
between two transmitting and two receiving antennas are shown
in Figure 6. In this fgure,
ij
h are the channel responses for
1, 2 i = , and 1, 2 j = counts for the transmitting and receiving
antennas. The cross correlations between the transmitting and
receiving antennas are depicted in the fgure with
Tx
ij
and
Rx
ij
, which can be calculated from Equa tion (31).

The combined channel responses can be formulated in
terms of independent and identically distributed variables and
the cross correlation between the antennas as

12 12 12 12
11 1
12 21 12 21 12 2
21 3
21 21 12 12
22 4
21 21 21 21
1
1
1
1
Rx Tx Tx Rx
Rx Tx Rx Tx
Tx Tx Rx Rx
Tx Rx Tx Rx
h x
h x
h x
h x

(
( (
(
( (
(
( (
=
(
( (
(
( (
(

(

.
(42)
An example of an 802.11 TGn indoor MIMO channel model is
shown in Table 2. The details of the other channel models, A,
B, C, D, and F, are given in [32]. The correlation and channel
matrices given from Equations (31) to (40) were cal culated for
each tap defned in the table. The table also defnes the number
of clusters, the taps in each cluster, and their angle of arrival
(AoA), angle of departure (AoD), transmitting angle spread
(TxAS), and receiving angle spread (RxAS).
The properties of the other TGn channel models are sum-
marized in Table 3.
Figure 6. The 2 2 cross-correlation and channel model.
The fading characteristics of the indoor channels are very
different from the outdoor mobile channels. In indoor wireless
systems, the transmitter and receiver are stationary, and peo ple
are moving in between them. In outdoor mobile systems, the
user terminal is often moving, which generates much higher
Doppler frequency shifts. As a result, a new function, ( ) S f ,
has to be defned for indoor environments in order to ft the
Doppler power-spectrum measurements. The ( ) S f can be
expressed as

( )
2
1
1
d
S f
f
A
f
=
| |
+
|
\ .
. (43)
Here, A is a constant used to defne ( ) 0.1S f at a given fre-
quency,
d
f , being the Doppler spread. The Doppler spread,
d
f
, is defned as

0
d
f

= , (44)
where
0
is the environmental speed, and is the wave length,
defned by

c
c
f
= . (45)
Here, c is the speed of light, and
c
f is the carrier frequency.
Doppler frequency shifts in indoor environments have been
observed in the range up to approximately 6 Hz at a 5.25 GHz
center frequency, and up to approximately 3 Hz at a 2.4 GHz
center frequency. The measured Doppler power spectrum for a
single-delay tap, together with the bell shaped ftting function
as defned in Equation (41), are shown in Figure 7.
Alternative channel models, based on ray-tracing and
hybrid techniques, can be found in [35] and [36].
T
a
b
l
e

2
.

I
E
E
E

8
0
2
.
1
1

T
G
n

C
h
a
n
n
e
l

m
o
d
e
l

E
.
T
a
p

I
n
d
e
x
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
E
x
c
e
s
s

D
e
l
a
y

[
n
s
]
0
1
0
2
0
3
0
5
0
8
0
1
1
0
1
4
0
1
8
0
2
3
0
2
8
0
3
3
0
3
8
0
4
3
0
4
9
0
5
6
0
6
4
0
7
3
0
P
o
w
e
r

[
d
B
]
2
.
6
3
.
0
3
.
5
3
.
9
4
.
5
5
.
6
6
.
9
8
.
2
9
.
8
1
1
.
7
1
3
.
9
1
6
.
1
1
8
.
3
2
0
.
5
2
2
.
9
A
o
A

[
]
1
6
3
.
7
1
6
3
.
7
1
6
3
.
7
1
6
3
.
7
1
6
3
.
7
1
6
3
.
7
1
6
3
.
7
1
6
3
.
7
1
6
3
.
7
1
6
3
.
7
1
6
3
.
7
1
6
3
.
7
1
6
3
.
7
1
6
3
.
7
1
6
3
.
7
A
S
[
]
3
5
.
8
3
5
.
8
3
5
.
8
3
5
.
8
3
5
.
8
3
5
.
8
3
5
.
8
3
5
.
8
3
5
.
8
3
5
.
8
3
5
.
8
3
5
.
8
3
5
.
8
3
5
.
8
3
5
.
8
A
o
D
[
]
1
0
5
.
6
1
0
5
.
6
1
0
5
.
6
1
0
5
.
6
1
0
5
.
6
1
0
5
.
6
1
0
5
.
6
1
0
5
.
6
1
0
5
.
6
1
0
5
.
6
1
0
5
.
6
1
0
5
.
6
1
0
5
.
6
1
0
5
.
6
1
0
5
.
6
A
S
[
]
3
6
.
1
3
6
.
1
3
6
.
1
3
6
.
1
3
6
.
1
3
6
.
1
3
6
.
1
3
6
.
1
3
6
.
1
3
6
.
1
3
6
.
1
3
6
.
1
3
6
.
1
3
6
.
1
3
6
.
1
P
o
w
e
r

[
d
B
]
1
.
8
3
.
2
4
.
5
5
.
8
7
.
1
9
.
9
1
0
.
3
1
4
.
3
1
4
.
7
1
8
.
7
1
9
.
9
2
2
.
4
A
o
A

[
]
2
5
1
.
8
2
5
1
.
8
2
5
1
.
8
2
5
1
.
8
2
5
1
.
8
2
5
1
.
8
2
5
1
.
8
2
5
1
.
8
2
5
1
.
8
2
5
1
.
8
2
5
1
.
8
2
5
1
.
8
A
S
[
]
4
1
.
6
4
1
.
6
4
1
.
6
4
1
.
6
4
1
.
6
4
1
.
6
4
1
.
6
4
1
.
6
4
1
.
6
4
1
.
6
4
1
.
6
4
1
.
6
A
o
D
[
]
2
9
3
.
1
2
9
3
.
1
2
9
3
.
1
2
9
3
.
1
2
9
3
.
1
2
9
3
.
1
2
9
3
.
1
2
9
3
.
1
2
9
3
.
1
2
9
3
.
1
2
9
3
.
1
2
9
3
.
1
A
S
[
]
4
2
.
5
4
2
.
5
4
2
.
5
4
2
.
5
4
2
.
5
4
2
.
5
4
2
.
5
4
2
.
5
4
2
.
5
4
2
.
5
4
2
.
5
4
2
.
5
P
o
w
e
r

[
d
B
]
7
.
9
9
.
6
1
4
.
2
1
3
.
8
1
8
.
6
1
8
.
1
2
2
.
8
A
o
A

[
]
8
0
.
0
8
0
.
0
8
0
.
0
8
0
.
0
8
0
.
0
8
0
.
0
8
0
.
0
A
S
[
]
3
7
.
4
3
7
.
4
3
7
.
4
3
7
.
4
3
7
.
4
3
7
.
4
3
7
.
4
A
o
D
[
]
6
1
.
9
6
1
.
9
6
1
.
9
6
1
.
9
6
1
.
9
6
1
.
9
6
1
.
9
A
S
[
]
3
8
.
0
3
8
.
0
3
8
.
0
3
8
.
0
3
8
.
0
3
8
.
0
3
8
.
0
P
o
w
e
r

[
d
B
]
2
0
.
6
2
0
.
5
2
0
.
7
2
4
.
6
2
0
.
6
A
o
A

[
]
1
8
2
.
0
1
8
2
.
0
1
8
2
.
0
1
8
2
.
0
1
8
2
.
0
A
S
[
]
4
0
.
3
4
0
.
3
4
0
.
3
4
0
.
3
4
0
.
3
A
o
D
[
]
2
7
5
.
7
2
7
5
.
7
2
7
5
.
7
2
7
5
.
7
2
7
5
.
7
A
S
[
]
3
8
.
7
3
8
.
7
3
8
.
7
3
8
.
7
3
8
.
7
The combined correlation matrix can be generated from
. . i i d
H
1
Rx Tx
N N matrix where its entries are independent and
identically distributed random variables:
{ }
1/ 2
1/ 2
. . . . Combined Tx Rx i i d TxRx i i d
H R R H R H = = . (39)
Here, is the Kronecker product of the transmitter and
receiver correlation matrices. The MIMO channel transmitting
and receiving correlation matrices and the Kronecker product
are given by the following for 2 2 antenna arrays:

12
21
1
1
Tx
Tx
Tx
R

(
= (
(

,
(40)

12
21
1
1
Rx
Rx
Rx
R

(
= (
(

,

12 12 12 12
21 12 21 12
21 21 12 12
21 21 21 21
1
1
1
1
Rx Tx Tx Rx
Rx Tx Rx Tx
TxRx
Tx Tx Rx Rx
Tx Rx Tx Rx
H

(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(

. (41)
The possible channel confgurations and cross correlations
between two transmitting and two receiving antennas are shown
in Figure 6. In this fgure,
ij
h are the channel responses for
1, 2 i = , and 1, 2 j = counts for the transmitting and receiving
antennas. The cross correlations between the transmitting and
receiving antennas are depicted in the fgure with
Tx
ij
and
Rx
ij
, which can be calculated from Equa tion (31).

The combined channel responses can be formulated in
terms of independent and identically distributed variables and
the cross correlation between the antennas as

12 12 12 12
11 1
12 21 12 21 12 2
21 3
21 21 12 12
22 4
21 21 21 21
1
1
1
1
Rx Tx Tx Rx
Rx Tx Rx Tx
Tx Tx Rx Rx
Tx Rx Tx Rx
h x
h x
h x
h x

(
( (
(
( (
(
( (
=
(
( (
(
( (
(

(

.
(42)
An example of an 802.11 TGn indoor MIMO channel model is
shown in Table 2. The details of the other channel models, A,
B, C, D, and F, are given in [32]. The correlation and channel
matrices given from Equations (31) to (40) were cal culated for
each tap defned in the table. The table also defnes the number
of clusters, the taps in each cluster, and their angle of arrival
(AoA), angle of departure (AoD), transmitting angle spread
(TxAS), and receiving angle spread (RxAS).
The properties of the other TGn channel models are sum-
marized in Table 3.
Figure 6. The 2 2 cross-correlation and channel model.
The fading characteristics of the indoor channels are very
different from the outdoor mobile channels. In indoor wireless
systems, the transmitter and receiver are stationary, and peo ple
are moving in between them. In outdoor mobile systems, the
user terminal is often moving, which generates much higher
Doppler frequency shifts. As a result, a new function, ( ) S f ,
has to be defned for indoor environments in order to ft the
Doppler power-spectrum measurements. The ( ) S f can be
expressed as

( )
2
1
1
d
S f
f
A
f
=
| |
+
|
\ .
. (43)
Here, A is a constant used to defne ( ) 0.1S f at a given fre-
quency,
d
f , being the Doppler spread. The Doppler spread,
d
f
, is defned as

0
d
f

= , (44)
where
0
is the environmental speed, and is the wave length,
defned by

c
c
f
= . (45)
Here, c is the speed of light, and
c
f is the carrier frequency.
Doppler frequency shifts in indoor environments have been
observed in the range up to approximately 6 Hz at a 5.25 GHz
center frequency, and up to approximately 3 Hz at a 2.4 GHz
center frequency. The measured Doppler power spectrum for a
single-delay tap, together with the bell shaped ftting function
as defned in Equation (41), are shown in Figure 7.
Alternative channel models, based on ray-tracing and
hybrid techniques, can be found in [35] and [36].
T
a
b
l
e

2
.

I
E
E
E

8
0
2
.
1
1

T
G
n

C
h
a
n
n
e
l

m
o
d
e
l

E
.
T
a
p

I
n
d
e
x
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
E
x
c
e
s
s

D
e
l
a
y

[
n
s
]
0
1
0
2
0
3
0
5
0
8
0
1
1
0
1
4
0
1
8
0
2
3
0
2
8
0
3
3
0
3
8
0
4
3
0
4
9
0
5
6
0
6
4
0
7
3
0
P
o
w
e
r

[
d
B
]
2
.
6
3
.
0
3
.
5
3
.
9
4
.
5
5
.
6
6
.
9
8
.
2
9
.
8
1
1
.
7
1
3
.
9
1
6
.
1
1
8
.
3
2
0
.
5
2
2
.
9
A
o
A

[
]
1
6
3
.
7
1
6
3
.
7
1
6
3
.
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Table 3. A summary of the TGn channel models.
Channel A B C D E F
rms Delay Spread [nsec] Single Tap 15 30 50 100 150
Number of Taps 1 9 14 18 18 18
Power Delay Profle Window [nsec] Single Tap 80 200 390 730 1050
Number of Clusters 1 2 2 3 4 6
Figure 7. The measured Doppler power spectrum of a sin gle
delay tap, together with the bell- shaped tting func tion.
4. Antenna and Propagation Measurements
The main goal of the measurement campaign was to
evalu ate the achievable data rates in an offce deployment with
practical antenna arrays, using the spatial processing described
in Section 2.1. We also aimed to understand the capacity
increase with the larger antenna array and mixed-polarized slot
radiators.
The antenna measurement platform (AMP) was a chan nel
sounder that was built by Qualcomm to measure the MIMO
channel for up to 16 16 antenna confgurations in two
dimensions. The two tables on which the measurement antennas
were installed as they are shown in Figure 8 were controlled
by two stepping motors. The stepping motors could move them
perpendicularly to each other. The antenna meas urement
platform was used to collect statistical data samples of the
MIMO channel over approximately 7 at 5.17 GHz. The
platform could operate in both the 5 GHz and 2 GHz bands.
The antenna measurement unit (AMU) of the channel
sounder was connected with an RS-232 cable to the xed-
location channel-sounding chassis. This was comprised of an
RF chassis with four transceivers, an FPGA board, and a lap top
that ran software that controlled the measurement plat form. The
setup is depicted in Figure 9.
The mobile channel-sounder chassis was comprised of
the same RF chassis and FPGA board, and is referred to below
Figure 8. The antenna measurement unit (AMU) of the
MIMO channel sounder.
Figure 9. A block diagram of the antenna measurement
platform.
as the mobile unit (MU). This was the channel-sounder chas-
sis that was moved to different locations during the channel-
measurement campaign. The antenna measurement unit and
mobile unit communicated over the air (OTA) during each
channel measurement to control the mobility platform, initiate
channel sounding, etc.
Initiation of the channel sounder and control of the
antenna measurement unit was performed from the mobile-
unit terminal via an over-the-air (OTA) time-division duplex
link. The time-division duplex OFDM packets transmitted
periodically between the antenna measurement unit and the
mobile unit ware 1 ms in duration, and consist of 222 OFDM
symbols, each containing 64 tones in 20 MHz with 312.5 kHz
subcarrier spacing. The operational frequency of the channel
sounder was set to 5.17 GHz.
The antenna arrays were located on the top of the mov-
able platform for the antenna measurement units side of the
link, and on top of the RF chassis for the mobile units side of
the link. Figures 8 and 10 show the antenna measurement unit
and mobile unit terminals as confgured for this measurement
campaign.
In order to obtain accurate channel measurements, the
antenna measurement unit and mobile unit terminals had to be
locked to each other in time and frequency. In this setup, the
mobile unit acquired the antenna measurement units sounding
signal at the beginning of each measurement run (i.e., at each
location), and a phase-locked loop kept the two ends of the link
locked. The frequency stability was maintained by an OCXO
with 0.01 ppm stability, installed as a reference clock at both
ends of the link. Although timing between the mobile unit and
the antenna measurement unit was locked, the sam pling time
from frame to frame moved less than a sample period, as the
channel changed at a slow pace. The variation in sampling time
of the frames caused phase-slope differences between channel
estimates derived from adjacent frames. During processing of
the channel measurements, a very small phase-slope difference
from frame to frame was observed, and corrected with respect
to the frst frame at each location.
The channel-sounder chassis utilized here was capable of
simultaneous measurement of a 4 4 MIMO channel. An RF
switch box, shown in Figures 11 and 12, was used to extend
the measurements to cover 8 8 and 16 16 antenna-array
confgurations through time multiplexing of the four trans-
ceivers. The 8 8 channel measurements interpolated from
multiple 4 4 channel measurements shared in time with RF
switching can be expressed as

4 4 4 4
8 8
4 4 4 4
A B
x x
x
C D
x x
H H
H
H H
(
( =
(

, (46)
where
4 4
A D
x
H

are 4 4 channel matrices derived from sequen-
tial 4 4 channel measurements taken at different closely
spaced time slots. The 4-to-8 and 4-to-16 switch box built for
the higher-dimension MIMO channel measurements is shown
in Figure 12. The number of antenna ports was selected to
enable 16 16 channel measurements; the 8 8 channel
measurement covered here utilized only half of the 16 ports of
the switch box.
The switch box used four Chelton Control Systems SI-14-
03028 RF switches, which had 3.8 dB loss, 70 dB isola tion, and
a 100 ns switching speed. The operational frequency range was
2-18 GHz. The control signals for the RF switches come from
the FPGA board.
Figure 10. The mobile unit (MU) of the MIMO channel
sounder.
Fig ure 12. The hardware of the RF switch box.
Figure 11. The 16 16 RF switch box, with 16 slot-radiat ing
antennas.
Table 3. A summary of the TGn channel models.
Channel A B C D E F
rms Delay Spread [nsec] Single Tap 15 30 50 100 150
Number of Taps 1 9 14 18 18 18
Power Delay Profle Window [nsec] Single Tap 80 200 390 730 1050
Number of Clusters 1 2 2 3 4 6
Figure 7. The measured Doppler power spectrum of a sin gle
delay tap, together with the bell- shaped tting func tion.
4. Antenna and Propagation Measurements
The main goal of the measurement campaign was to
evalu ate the achievable data rates in an offce deployment with
practical antenna arrays, using the spatial processing described
in Section 2.1. We also aimed to understand the capacity
increase with the larger antenna array and mixed-polarized slot
radiators.
The antenna measurement platform (AMP) was a chan nel
sounder that was built by Qualcomm to measure the MIMO
channel for up to 16 16 antenna confgurations in two
dimensions. The two tables on which the measurement antennas
were installed as they are shown in Figure 8 were controlled
by two stepping motors. The stepping motors could move them
perpendicularly to each other. The antenna meas urement
platform was used to collect statistical data samples of the
MIMO channel over approximately 7 at 5.17 GHz. The
platform could operate in both the 5 GHz and 2 GHz bands.
The antenna measurement unit (AMU) of the channel
sounder was connected with an RS-232 cable to the xed-
location channel-sounding chassis. This was comprised of an
RF chassis with four transceivers, an FPGA board, and a lap top
that ran software that controlled the measurement plat form. The
setup is depicted in Figure 9.
The mobile channel-sounder chassis was comprised of
the same RF chassis and FPGA board, and is referred to below
Figure 8. The antenna measurement unit (AMU) of the
MIMO channel sounder.
Figure 9. A block diagram of the antenna measurement
platform.
as the mobile unit (MU). This was the channel-sounder chas-
sis that was moved to different locations during the channel-
measurement campaign. The antenna measurement unit and
mobile unit communicated over the air (OTA) during each
channel measurement to control the mobility platform, initiate
channel sounding, etc.
Initiation of the channel sounder and control of the
antenna measurement unit was performed from the mobile-
unit terminal via an over-the-air (OTA) time-division duplex
link. The time-division duplex OFDM packets transmitted
periodically between the antenna measurement unit and the
mobile unit ware 1 ms in duration, and consist of 222 OFDM
symbols, each containing 64 tones in 20 MHz with 312.5 kHz
subcarrier spacing. The operational frequency of the channel
sounder was set to 5.17 GHz.
The antenna arrays were located on the top of the mov-
able platform for the antenna measurement units side of the
link, and on top of the RF chassis for the mobile units side of
the link. Figures 8 and 10 show the antenna measurement unit
and mobile unit terminals as confgured for this measurement
campaign.
In order to obtain accurate channel measurements, the
antenna measurement unit and mobile unit terminals had to be
locked to each other in time and frequency. In this setup, the
mobile unit acquired the antenna measurement units sounding
signal at the beginning of each measurement run (i.e., at each
location), and a phase-locked loop kept the two ends of the link
locked. The frequency stability was maintained by an OCXO
with 0.01 ppm stability, installed as a reference clock at both
ends of the link. Although timing between the mobile unit and
the antenna measurement unit was locked, the sam pling time
from frame to frame moved less than a sample period, as the
channel changed at a slow pace. The variation in sampling time
of the frames caused phase-slope differences between channel
estimates derived from adjacent frames. During processing of
the channel measurements, a very small phase-slope difference
from frame to frame was observed, and corrected with respect
to the frst frame at each location.
The channel-sounder chassis utilized here was capable of
simultaneous measurement of a 4 4 MIMO channel. An RF
switch box, shown in Figures 11 and 12, was used to extend
the measurements to cover 8 8 and 16 16 antenna-array
confgurations through time multiplexing of the four trans-
ceivers. The 8 8 channel measurements interpolated from
multiple 4 4 channel measurements shared in time with RF
switching can be expressed as

4 4 4 4
8 8
4 4 4 4
A B
x x
x
C D
x x
H H
H
H H
(
( =
(

, (46)
where
4 4
A D
x
H

are 4 4 channel matrices derived from sequen-
tial 4 4 channel measurements taken at different closely
spaced time slots. The 4-to-8 and 4-to-16 switch box built for
the higher-dimension MIMO channel measurements is shown
in Figure 12. The number of antenna ports was selected to
enable 16 16 channel measurements; the 8 8 channel
measurement covered here utilized only half of the 16 ports of
the switch box.
The switch box used four Chelton Control Systems SI-14-
03028 RF switches, which had 3.8 dB loss, 70 dB isola tion, and
a 100 ns switching speed. The operational frequency range was
2-18 GHz. The control signals for the RF switches come from
the FPGA board.
Figure 10. The mobile unit (MU) of the MIMO channel
sounder.
Fig ure 12. The hardware of the RF switch box.
Figure 11. The 16 16 RF switch box, with 16 slot-radiat ing
antennas.
As part of the measurement campaign, two eight-element
dual-polarized slot-radiated antenna array confgurations, tuned
at 5.18 GHz, were designed. The operational frequen cies that
were selected fell into the operational bands of the antenna
measurement platform (AMP) that was used for channel
measurements. We designed two different array con fgurations:
in one confguration, we used all cross-polarized () antennas as
depicted in Figure 13 (left side); in the other confguration, we
mixed cross-polarized with 45-rotated crosses (+), as depicted
in Figure 13 (right side). These antenna arrays were named the
8-array and 8-array, respec tively.
The different array confgurations enabled us to access
the impact their design had on channel capacity. The confgu-
ration given in Figure 13 (right) had more gain than the con-
fguration with all crosses, which would have been expected to
result in greater capacity. The higher capacity for the 8-array
confguration may have been due to the use of mixed cross-
polarized () and rotated-cross (+) elements.
In both array confgurations, the co-located element pairs
were separated by 2 from each other in the x and y direc-
tions. The 8-array board size was 2-7/8 in in the x direction,
and 2-5/16 in in the y direction. The 8-array board size was
3-3/4 in in the x direction and 2-5/16 in in the y direction. How-
ever, these arrays could possibly have been made smaller by
moving the elements slightly closer together, and/or by
removing additional board material.
The antennas were printed on 32 mil thick Rogers-4003
material ( 3.55
r
= ). We designed the antennas with Zelands
IE3D Method of Moments (MoM) simulation tool. The design
fles were exported to the Power PCB layout tool, and the
remaining layout work such as connectors, transmission lines,
etc. were fnished using this layout software package.
Figures 14 and 15 show the fabricated antenna arrays (8 and
8-arrays) after modifcation.
Figures 16 and 17 show the measured (and simulated)
return losses of the 8 and 8-arrays, respectively. It could be
seen that the resonance frequency of the 8-antenna array
closely matched the predicted resonance from the simulations.
The differences between the measured and simulated reso nance
frequencies of the 8-antenna array may have been due to the
proximity of the slot radiators to the board edge, which caused
a fringing effect.
The channel measurement campaign was comprised of
moving the mobile unit chassis to various locations, while
having the antenna measurement unit fxed at a single loca tion.
At each location, 500 samples of the forward ( AMU MU )
and reverse ( MU AMU ) channels were consecutively
captured. Additionally, samples of the forward and reverse
noise foors were captured, making sure that all transmitted
signals were disabled to prevent transmitter sig nals from
contaminating the noise-foor measurement at the receiver.
Each sample, which was a time-division duplex frame,
consisted of 222 OFDM symbols, 10 symbols of which were
Fig ure 13. Dual-Polarized slot-radiating antennas: 8-array
(left), 8-array (right).
Figu re 14. The fabricated 8 slot-radiating antenna array.
Figur e 15. The fabricated 8-slot-radiating antenna array.
the SISO preamble, eight symbols were the MIMO preamble
(for channel sounding), 12 symbols were control channels, and
the remaining 192 symbols were the data feld, as depicted in
Figure 3. Within the 192-symbol data feld, each symbol had 48
data subcarriers spaced 312.5 kHz apart, which were used for
channel sounding.
Because of the large amount of data collected at each
location and for each frame, and given the limited speed of the
USB interface between the laptop running the channel-sounder
program, the frame period (i.e., the channel sample period) was
~40 ms. This large frame period implied that Doppler shifts
above ~12.5 Hz could not be unambiguously resolved. To
Figur e 16. The measured and simulated return losses of the 8 slot-radiating antenna array (solid: simulated, dashed:
measured).
As part of the measurement campaign, two eight-element
dual-polarized slot-radiated antenna array confgurations, tuned
at 5.18 GHz, were designed. The operational frequen cies that
were selected fell into the operational bands of the antenna
measurement platform (AMP) that was used for channel
measurements. We designed two different array con fgurations:
in one confguration, we used all cross-polarized () antennas as
depicted in Figure 13 (left side); in the other confguration, we
mixed cross-polarized with 45-rotated crosses (+), as depicted
in Figure 13 (right side). These antenna arrays were named the
8-array and 8-array, respec tively.
The different array confgurations enabled us to access
the impact their design had on channel capacity. The confgu-
ration given in Figure 13 (right) had more gain than the con-
fguration with all crosses, which would have been expected to
result in greater capacity. The higher capacity for the 8-array
confguration may have been due to the use of mixed cross-
polarized () and rotated-cross (+) elements.
In both array confgurations, the co-located element pairs
were separated by 2 from each other in the x and y direc-
tions. The 8-array board size was 2-7/8 in in the x direction,
and 2-5/16 in in the y direction. The 8-array board size was
3-3/4 in in the x direction and 2-5/16 in in the y direction. How-
ever, these arrays could possibly have been made smaller by
moving the elements slightly closer together, and/or by
removing additional board material.
The antennas were printed on 32 mil thick Rogers-4003
material ( 3.55
r
= ). We designed the antennas with Zelands
IE3D Method of Moments (MoM) simulation tool. The design
fles were exported to the Power PCB layout tool, and the
remaining layout work such as connectors, transmission lines,
etc. were fnished using this layout software package.
Figures 14 and 15 show the fabricated antenna arrays (8 and
8-arrays) after modifcation.
Figures 16 and 17 show the measured (and simulated)
return losses of the 8 and 8-arrays, respectively. It could be
seen that the resonance frequency of the 8-antenna array
closely matched the predicted resonance from the simulations.
The differences between the measured and simulated reso nance
frequencies of the 8-antenna array may have been due to the
proximity of the slot radiators to the board edge, which caused
a fringing effect.
The channel measurement campaign was comprised of
moving the mobile unit chassis to various locations, while
having the antenna measurement unit fxed at a single loca tion.
At each location, 500 samples of the forward ( AMU MU )
and reverse ( MU AMU ) channels were consecutively
captured. Additionally, samples of the forward and reverse
noise foors were captured, making sure that all transmitted
signals were disabled to prevent transmitter sig nals from
contaminating the noise-foor measurement at the receiver.
Each sample, which was a time-division duplex frame,
consisted of 222 OFDM symbols, 10 symbols of which were
Fig ure 13. Dual-Polarized slot-radiating antennas: 8-array
(left), 8-array (right).
Figu re 14. The fabricated 8 slot-radiating antenna array.
Figur e 15. The fabricated 8-slot-radiating antenna array.
the SISO preamble, eight symbols were the MIMO preamble
(for channel sounding), 12 symbols were control channels, and
the remaining 192 symbols were the data feld, as depicted in
Figure 3. Within the 192-symbol data feld, each symbol had 48
data subcarriers spaced 312.5 kHz apart, which were used for
channel sounding.
Because of the large amount of data collected at each
location and for each frame, and given the limited speed of the
USB interface between the laptop running the channel-sounder
program, the frame period (i.e., the channel sample period) was
~40 ms. This large frame period implied that Doppler shifts
above ~12.5 Hz could not be unambiguously resolved. To
Figur e 16. The measured and simulated return losses of the 8 slot-radiating antenna array (solid: simulated, dashed:
measured).
Figure 17. The measured and simulated return losses of the 8-slot-radiating antenna array (solid: simulated, dashed:
measured).
compensate for this, the velocity of the antenna-measurement
platform in the x and y directions was limited to 2 cm/s.
In order to facilitate 8 8 channel measurement, the data
feld of 1 ms long was used for channel sounding. The data
feld consisted of 192 OFDM symbols (each 4 s in duration),
which were partitioned into eight symbol sub-frames followed
by a one-symbol gap to allow for RF switching between the
various sets of antennas. Each sub-frame constituted a 4 4
channel estimate. Four sub-frames (i.e., one block), as shown in
Figure 3, yielded an 8 8 channel estimate. The frame structure
used for the measurements reported here yielded fve blocks,
which allowed us to collect more data samples for statistical
data analysis.
The 8 8 channel estimates derived from the time-multi-
plexed sets of four 4 4 channel estimates were processed
to fnd the spatial correlation, eigenvalues, channel capacity,
estimated PHY rate, and Tx-Rx pair impulse response.
The antenna measurement platform 4 4 channel
sounder utilized a space-time Hadamard matrix to code the
transmitted signals, thus enabling all 16 channel estimates to
be simultaneously extracted at the receiver, while yielding an
additional processing gain. As a result, each channel estimate
encompassed four symbol periods.
The average noise power utilized in the computation of
the SNRs was derived from the noise measurement by aver-
aging the noise power over all the receivers, all 48 info-tones,
all 192 symbols (per frame), and fve noise measurement
frames, to get one average noise power per location. The
complex spatial correlation was calculated per tone across the
frames (time samples) for each location. For receiver correla-
tion, the samples for each reference transmitter port were
appended to generate a larger sample pool; the same was
done for transmitter correlation with the reference receiver
ports. The magnitude squared of the complex correlation was
then averaged across the tones and locations to generate the
8 8 receiver and transmitter correlation matrices for both the
antenna measurement unit and mobile unit. The resulting cor-
relation matrices were representative of the correlation in the
offce. The measurement locations within the offce are shown
in Figure 18. A range of locations for the mobile unit was
arbitrarily selected far and near from the antenna measurement
unit to provide a larger sampling of possible channels (LOS,
NLOS, high SNR, low SNR). Additionally, the orientation
of the mobile unit antenna array was varied relative to the
antenna measurement unit array for different locations. At each
location, the VGA/AGC were manually adjusted to achieve the
best SNR.
The 8 8 antenna array used in the measurement was
installed at the back left corner of a mockup laptop screen, as
is shown in Figure 19a. In 16 16 cases, another eight-ele ment
array was mounted on the right corner of the back of the screen,
as shown in Figure 19b.
Figure 18. The ofce measurement locations.
Figure 19a. An 8 8 antenna installation on a laptop.
Figure 19b. A 16 16 antenna installation on a laptop.
Figure 17. The measured and simulated return losses of the 8-slot-radiating antenna array (solid: simulated, dashed:
measured).
compensate for this, the velocity of the antenna-measurement
platform in the x and y directions was limited to 2 cm/s.
In order to facilitate 8 8 channel measurement, the data
feld of 1 ms long was used for channel sounding. The data
feld consisted of 192 OFDM symbols (each 4 s in duration),
which were partitioned into eight symbol sub-frames followed
by a one-symbol gap to allow for RF switching between the
various sets of antennas. Each sub-frame constituted a 4 4
channel estimate. Four sub-frames (i.e., one block), as shown in
Figure 3, yielded an 8 8 channel estimate. The frame structure
used for the measurements reported here yielded fve blocks,
which allowed us to collect more data samples for statistical
data analysis.
The 8 8 channel estimates derived from the time-multi-
plexed sets of four 4 4 channel estimates were processed
to fnd the spatial correlation, eigenvalues, channel capacity,
estimated PHY rate, and Tx-Rx pair impulse response.
The antenna measurement platform 4 4 channel
sounder utilized a space-time Hadamard matrix to code the
transmitted signals, thus enabling all 16 channel estimates to
be simultaneously extracted at the receiver, while yielding an
additional processing gain. As a result, each channel estimate
encompassed four symbol periods.
The average noise power utilized in the computation of
the SNRs was derived from the noise measurement by aver-
aging the noise power over all the receivers, all 48 info-tones,
all 192 symbols (per frame), and fve noise measurement
frames, to get one average noise power per location. The
complex spatial correlation was calculated per tone across the
frames (time samples) for each location. For receiver correla-
tion, the samples for each reference transmitter port were
appended to generate a larger sample pool; the same was
done for transmitter correlation with the reference receiver
ports. The magnitude squared of the complex correlation was
then averaged across the tones and locations to generate the
8 8 receiver and transmitter correlation matrices for both the
antenna measurement unit and mobile unit. The resulting cor-
relation matrices were representative of the correlation in the
offce. The measurement locations within the offce are shown
in Figure 18. A range of locations for the mobile unit was
arbitrarily selected far and near from the antenna measurement
unit to provide a larger sampling of possible channels (LOS,
NLOS, high SNR, low SNR). Additionally, the orientation
of the mobile unit antenna array was varied relative to the
antenna measurement unit array for different locations. At each
location, the VGA/AGC were manually adjusted to achieve the
best SNR.
The 8 8 antenna array used in the measurement was
installed at the back left corner of a mockup laptop screen, as
is shown in Figure 19a. In 16 16 cases, another eight-ele ment
array was mounted on the right corner of the back of the screen,
as shown in Figure 19b.
Figure 18. The ofce measurement locations.
Figure 19a. An 8 8 antenna installation on a laptop.
Figure 19b. A 16 16 antenna installation on a laptop.
The eigenvalues of
H
H H were found using the MATLAB
eig() function per sample, per tone, and per block. The
resulting eight eigenvalues were sorted (largest to small est),
and scaled to normalize the total eigenvalue power, with the
scaling given by

1
i
i
N
k
k
N

=
=
. (47)
Here, the
i
are the eigenvalues of
H
H H , the
i
are the
scaled eigenvalues, and N is the normalized power (number of
transmitters), which in this case was eight. The scaled
eigenvalues were subsequently scaled by the average linear
SNR over the 8 8 MIMO channel for the spectral effciency
calculation, as in Equation (48):

( )
mod
2
1
log 1
es
N
N i avg
i
C SNR
=
= +
. (48)
The spectral effciency was individually calculated for each
location, frame, and block, but also for all the locations grouped
together and using an assumed fxed SNR, which effectively
entailed removal of the path loss and examination of spectral
effciency with purely the channel variation. For the former,
the spectral effciency per tone for each sample was averaged
to get a single spectral-effciency value per sample, which was
then used to fnd the spectral effciency cumulative distribution
function (CDF). The latter calculation was done for different
assumed SNR values, allowing the spectral effciency as a
function of SNR curve to be com puted.
An estimate of the achievable MIMO PHY data rate was
calculated using a simple SNR-to-rate mapping, as shown
in Table 1, by use of the measured eigenvalue SNRs. The
achievable PHY data rate of the 8 8 MIMO channel was
found by summing up the attainable spectral effciency on each
individual eigenmode for each channel sample and aver aging
them across the sub-tones, and then multiplying the averaged
spectral effciency by the total information band width.
We found the PHY data rate for 20 MHz (using 48 data
tones from the 802.11n specifcation) and 40 MHz bandwidths
(using 108 data tones from the 802.11n specifcation). For
example, at measurement location 1 of the 8 8 measurement,
the spectral effciency for the 8 and 8 antenna arrays were
17.6 bps/Hz and 22.4 bps/Hz, from Table 4. For 20 MHz, the
total information bandwidth was 48312.5 KHz = 15 MHz. The
total PHY rate in 20 MHz bandwidth of the 8 antenna array
was therefore calculated as 1517.6 = 264 Mbps at 18.2 dB
average receiving SNR.
The eigenvalues of the 8 8 channel estimates were
cal culated for every frame and tone at each location. Subse-
quently, the eigenmode SNR cumulative distribution functions
at each location and the cumulative distribution functions of
the normalized eigenvalues across all the locations were found.
The former related directly to the channel capacity at a given
location, while the latter showed the channel variation across
all the locations where measurements were taken.
A sample fgure, showing the normalized ranked eigen-
value power in time (frame index) for all the modes and for a
single tone at location 22, is given in Figure 20. It could be seen
that the strongest (i.e., principal) eigenmode was very stable,
whereas the least-signifcant mode had large relative variation.
Figure 21 shows the cumulative distribution functions of
all the normalized eigenvalues over all the measurement loca-
tions when taken as one sample pool. This gave the distribu-
tion of the eigenvalues after removing the effects of path-loss
and transmitter/receiver frequency response due to the chan-
nel-sounder transceiver flters. The solid lines and dashed lines
in the fgure show the normalized eigenvalue distribution at
the antenna measurement unit and the mobile unit, respec-
tively. The measured distributions at the antenna measurement
unit and the mobile unit corresponded to the downlink and
uplink directions in a time-division duplex system. The meas-
urement results showed that the eigenvalue distribution in the
uplink and downlink directions was very close for the strong-
est eigenvalue, which implied channel reciprocity. However,
the difference between the uplink and downlink eigenvalue
increased for lower eigenvalues as the power and the SNR got
lower, as depicted in Figure 20.

A comparison of the measured and simulated 8 8 spec-
tral effciency using TGn channel models B, C, D, and E [32]
is given in Figure 22. It could be seen that the channel model
most closely matching the measured channel in terms of
capacity was channel model E. However, it must be noted that
the simulated results assumed a uniform linear array (ULA),
whereas the measurements were for a two-dimensional slotted
array, thus making the results not directly comparable. It could
be seen from Figure 18 that there was no line of sight (LOS)
between the antenna measurement unit and the mobile unit in
many measurement locations. The building had brick outer
walls, and inner walls of drywall hung on metal studs. The size
of the offce was 125 ft 50 ft, with 10.5 ft ceilings.
The spectral effciency given a fxed SNR was examined
by taking all the normalized eigenvalues from all the loca-
tions. This enabled the spectral effciency as a function of the
SNR to be plotted and compared with the 8 8 independent
and identically distributed and correlated (using the measured
spatial correlation magnitude, in this case from the antenna
measurement unit) independent and identically distributed
channel spectral effciencies, as shown in Figure 23. It could
be seen in Figure 23 that the spectral effciencies measured at
the antenna measurement unit and mobile unit were very close,
and that they fell below the 8 8 independent and identically
distributed spectral effciency curve by ~7 b/s/Hz at 25 dB SNR.
This was expected, as the measured eigenvalue distributions at
the antenna measurement unit and the mobile unit were also
very close, as depicted in Figure 21. The spec tral effciency
curve of the correlated independent and identi cally distributed
channel, using the antenna-measurement-unit measured spatial
T able 4. The measured SNR, spectral efciency, and PHY rate at each measurement location
for the 8 and 8-arrays.
Location
RSS 8 (8)
[dBm]
SNR 8 (8)
[dB]
N
C
Spectral
Efciency
8 (8)
[b/s/Hz]
PHY Rate
in 20 MHz
8 (8)
[Mbps]
PHY Rate
in 40 MHz
8 (8)
[Mbps]
1 69.34 (65.38) 18.20 (22.24) 17.6 (22.4) 264 (336) 594 (756)
2 74.54 (72.30) 18.53 (20.93) 18.0 (22.4) 270 (336) 608 (756)
3 76.17 (74.35) 16.83 (18.90) 15.2 (19.2) 228 (288) 513 (648)
4 63.77 (63.52) 23.79 (23.99) 23.6 (26.4) 354 (396) 796 (891)
5 60.57 (57.69) 26.87 (25.92) 27.2 (26.4) 408 (396) 918 (891)
6 70.96 (70.51) 22.06 (22.71) 23.6 (25.6) 354 (384) 796 (864)
7 71.40 (69.91) 21.73 (23.23) 22.4 (25.2) 336 (378) 756 (850)
8 77.65 (75.99) 15.57 (17.50) 14.0 (17.2) 210 (258) 472 (580)
9 64.71 (63.75) 23.06 (23.30) 24.0 (27.2) 360 (408) 810 (918)
10 64.39 (63.49) 26.91 (27.68) 24.4 (28.0) 366 (420) 823 (945)
11 50.60 (49.74) 25.21 (26.75) 23.2 (26.8) 348 (402) 783 (904)
12 79.22 (77.26) 14.66 (16.32) 13.2 (16.2) 198 (243) 445 (546)
13 68.10 (64.02) 25.59 (23.45) 24.0 (21.6) 360 (324) 810 (729)
14 80.21 (77.6) 13.46 (15.77) 12.4 (15.4) 186 (231) 418 (519)
15 63.45 (62.81) 27.83 (28.31) 28.0 (30.0) 420 (450) 945 (1012)
16 65.43 (64.34) 22.12 (26.78) 22.8 (30.8) 342 (462) 769 (1039)
17 75.43 (73.03) 18.15 (20.11) 17.2 (20.4) 258 (306) 580 (688)
18 76.84 (73.35) 15.08 (20.14) 13.6 (20.8) 204 (312) 459 (702)
19 69.34 (69.82) 22.28 (23.50) 16.8 (21.2)) 252 (318) 567 (715)
20 76.11 (76.32) 17.73 (16.90) 16.8 (16.8) 252 (252) 567 (567)
21 69.23 (67.57) 24.05 (23.53) 25.6 (24.8) 384 (372) 864 (837)
22 61.01 (60.50) 30.05 (27.30) 32.8 (29.2) 492 (438) 1107 (985)
23 66.60 (66.39) 26.60 (21.37) 28.8 (23.6) 432 (354) 972 (796)
24 57.58 (57.16) 26.15 (26.37) 27.6 (29.6) 414 (444) 931 (999)
25 72.18 (69.65) 21.13 (23.43) 22.0 (26.4) 330 (396) 742 (891)
Mean 62.19 (61.17) 23.84 (23.99) 21.39 (23.74) 321 (356) 722 (801)
Figure 21. T he normalized eigenvalue cumulative distribu-
tion functions across all the locations: solid, AMU (antenna
measurement unit); dashed, MU (mobile unit).
Figure 20. Some sample normalized eigenvalues in time
(frame index) for a single tone.
The eigenvalues of
H
H H were found using the MATLAB
eig() function per sample, per tone, and per block. The
resulting eight eigenvalues were sorted (largest to small est),
and scaled to normalize the total eigenvalue power, with the
scaling given by

1
i
i
N
k
k
N

=
=
. (47)
Here, the
i
are the eigenvalues of
H
H H , the
i
are the
scaled eigenvalues, and N is the normalized power (number of
transmitters), which in this case was eight. The scaled
eigenvalues were subsequently scaled by the average linear
SNR over the 8 8 MIMO channel for the spectral effciency
calculation, as in Equation (48):

( )
mod
2
1
log 1
es
N
N i avg
i
C SNR
=
= +
. (48)
The spectral effciency was individually calculated for each
location, frame, and block, but also for all the locations grouped
together and using an assumed fxed SNR, which effectively
entailed removal of the path loss and examination of spectral
effciency with purely the channel variation. For the former,
the spectral effciency per tone for each sample was averaged
to get a single spectral-effciency value per sample, which was
then used to fnd the spectral effciency cumulative distribution
function (CDF). The latter calculation was done for different
assumed SNR values, allowing the spectral effciency as a
function of SNR curve to be com puted.
An estimate of the achievable MIMO PHY data rate was
calculated using a simple SNR-to-rate mapping, as shown
in Table 1, by use of the measured eigenvalue SNRs. The
achievable PHY data rate of the 8 8 MIMO channel was
found by summing up the attainable spectral effciency on each
individual eigenmode for each channel sample and aver aging
them across the sub-tones, and then multiplying the averaged
spectral effciency by the total information band width.
We found the PHY data rate for 20 MHz (using 48 data
tones from the 802.11n specifcation) and 40 MHz bandwidths
(using 108 data tones from the 802.11n specifcation). For
example, at measurement location 1 of the 8 8 measurement,
the spectral effciency for the 8 and 8 antenna arrays were
17.6 bps/Hz and 22.4 bps/Hz, from Table 4. For 20 MHz, the
total information bandwidth was 48312.5 KHz = 15 MHz. The
total PHY rate in 20 MHz bandwidth of the 8 antenna array
was therefore calculated as 1517.6 = 264 Mbps at 18.2 dB
average receiving SNR.
The eigenvalues of the 8 8 channel estimates were
cal culated for every frame and tone at each location. Subse-
quently, the eigenmode SNR cumulative distribution functions
at each location and the cumulative distribution functions of
the normalized eigenvalues across all the locations were found.
The former related directly to the channel capacity at a given
location, while the latter showed the channel variation across
all the locations where measurements were taken.
A sample fgure, showing the normalized ranked eigen-
value power in time (frame index) for all the modes and for a
single tone at location 22, is given in Figure 20. It could be seen
that the strongest (i.e., principal) eigenmode was very stable,
whereas the least-signifcant mode had large relative variation.
Figure 21 shows the cumulative distribution functions of
all the normalized eigenvalues over all the measurement loca-
tions when taken as one sample pool. This gave the distribu-
tion of the eigenvalues after removing the effects of path-loss
and transmitter/receiver frequency response due to the chan-
nel-sounder transceiver flters. The solid lines and dashed lines
in the fgure show the normalized eigenvalue distribution at
the antenna measurement unit and the mobile unit, respec-
tively. The measured distributions at the antenna measurement
unit and the mobile unit corresponded to the downlink and
uplink directions in a time-division duplex system. The meas-
urement results showed that the eigenvalue distribution in the
uplink and downlink directions was very close for the strong-
est eigenvalue, which implied channel reciprocity. However,
the difference between the uplink and downlink eigenvalue
increased for lower eigenvalues as the power and the SNR got
lower, as depicted in Figure 20.

A comparison of the measured and simulated 8 8 spec-
tral effciency using TGn channel models B, C, D, and E [32]
is given in Figure 22. It could be seen that the channel model
most closely matching the measured channel in terms of
capacity was channel model E. However, it must be noted that
the simulated results assumed a uniform linear array (ULA),
whereas the measurements were for a two-dimensional slotted
array, thus making the results not directly comparable. It could
be seen from Figure 18 that there was no line of sight (LOS)
between the antenna measurement unit and the mobile unit in
many measurement locations. The building had brick outer
walls, and inner walls of drywall hung on metal studs. The size
of the offce was 125 ft 50 ft, with 10.5 ft ceilings.
The spectral effciency given a fxed SNR was examined
by taking all the normalized eigenvalues from all the loca-
tions. This enabled the spectral effciency as a function of the
SNR to be plotted and compared with the 8 8 independent
and identically distributed and correlated (using the measured
spatial correlation magnitude, in this case from the antenna
measurement unit) independent and identically distributed
channel spectral effciencies, as shown in Figure 23. It could
be seen in Figure 23 that the spectral effciencies measured at
the antenna measurement unit and mobile unit were very close,
and that they fell below the 8 8 independent and identically
distributed spectral effciency curve by ~7 b/s/Hz at 25 dB SNR.
This was expected, as the measured eigenvalue distributions at
the antenna measurement unit and the mobile unit were also
very close, as depicted in Figure 21. The spec tral effciency
curve of the correlated independent and identi cally distributed
channel, using the antenna-measurement-unit measured spatial
T able 4. The measured SNR, spectral efciency, and PHY rate at each measurement location
for the 8 and 8-arrays.
Location
RSS 8 (8)
[dBm]
SNR 8 (8)
[dB]
N
C
Spectral
Efciency
8 (8)
[b/s/Hz]
PHY Rate
in 20 MHz
8 (8)
[Mbps]
PHY Rate
in 40 MHz
8 (8)
[Mbps]
1 69.34 (65.38) 18.20 (22.24) 17.6 (22.4) 264 (336) 594 (756)
2 74.54 (72.30) 18.53 (20.93) 18.0 (22.4) 270 (336) 608 (756)
3 76.17 (74.35) 16.83 (18.90) 15.2 (19.2) 228 (288) 513 (648)
4 63.77 (63.52) 23.79 (23.99) 23.6 (26.4) 354 (396) 796 (891)
5 60.57 (57.69) 26.87 (25.92) 27.2 (26.4) 408 (396) 918 (891)
6 70.96 (70.51) 22.06 (22.71) 23.6 (25.6) 354 (384) 796 (864)
7 71.40 (69.91) 21.73 (23.23) 22.4 (25.2) 336 (378) 756 (850)
8 77.65 (75.99) 15.57 (17.50) 14.0 (17.2) 210 (258) 472 (580)
9 64.71 (63.75) 23.06 (23.30) 24.0 (27.2) 360 (408) 810 (918)
10 64.39 (63.49) 26.91 (27.68) 24.4 (28.0) 366 (420) 823 (945)
11 50.60 (49.74) 25.21 (26.75) 23.2 (26.8) 348 (402) 783 (904)
12 79.22 (77.26) 14.66 (16.32) 13.2 (16.2) 198 (243) 445 (546)
13 68.10 (64.02) 25.59 (23.45) 24.0 (21.6) 360 (324) 810 (729)
14 80.21 (77.6) 13.46 (15.77) 12.4 (15.4) 186 (231) 418 (519)
15 63.45 (62.81) 27.83 (28.31) 28.0 (30.0) 420 (450) 945 (1012)
16 65.43 (64.34) 22.12 (26.78) 22.8 (30.8) 342 (462) 769 (1039)
17 75.43 (73.03) 18.15 (20.11) 17.2 (20.4) 258 (306) 580 (688)
18 76.84 (73.35) 15.08 (20.14) 13.6 (20.8) 204 (312) 459 (702)
19 69.34 (69.82) 22.28 (23.50) 16.8 (21.2)) 252 (318) 567 (715)
20 76.11 (76.32) 17.73 (16.90) 16.8 (16.8) 252 (252) 567 (567)
21 69.23 (67.57) 24.05 (23.53) 25.6 (24.8) 384 (372) 864 (837)
22 61.01 (60.50) 30.05 (27.30) 32.8 (29.2) 492 (438) 1107 (985)
23 66.60 (66.39) 26.60 (21.37) 28.8 (23.6) 432 (354) 972 (796)
24 57.58 (57.16) 26.15 (26.37) 27.6 (29.6) 414 (444) 931 (999)
25 72.18 (69.65) 21.13 (23.43) 22.0 (26.4) 330 (396) 742 (891)
Mean 62.19 (61.17) 23.84 (23.99) 21.39 (23.74) 321 (356) 722 (801)
Figure 21. T he normalized eigenvalue cumulative distribu-
tion functions across all the locations: solid, AMU (antenna
measurement unit); dashed, MU (mobile unit).
Figure 20. Some sample normalized eigenvalues in time
(frame index) for a single tone.
T able 5. The measured SNR, spectral efciency, and PHY rate at each
measurement location for the 16-arrays.
Location
RSS
[dBm]
SNR
[dB]
N
C Spectral
Efciency
[b/s/Hz]
PHY Rate
in 20 MHz
[Mbps]
PHY Rate
in 40 MHz
[Gbps]
1 67.00 25.95 54.8 822 1.85
2 73.95 19.05 38.0 570 1.28
3 74.55 18.71 35.6 534 1.20
4 62.91 28.30 59.2 888 2.0
5 61.33 26.31 55.6 834 1.88
6 68.59 24.42 53.2 798 1.80
7 70.37 22.57 45.8 687 1.55
8 75.68 17.25 34.0 510 1.15
9 62.82 24.65 54.0 810 1.82
10 64.73 26.31 50.0 750 1.69
11 79.30 13.93 24.4 366 0.824
12 78.32 15.02 26.0 390 0.878
13 65.76 25.05 43.2 648 1.46
14 75.45 17.93 34.4 516 1.16
15 63.16 24.22 48.8 732 1.65
16 65.74 25.35 55.6 834 1.88
17 77.50 15.90 27.8 417 0.94
18 79.09 14.30 24.8 372 0.84
19 70.72 22.60 36.4 546 1.23
20 71.54 21.84 41.6 624 1.40
21 76.78 16.70 30.8 462 1.04
22 58.56 24.62 50.0 750 1.69
23 65.10 25.91 56.4 846 1.90
24 57.17 26.23 56.0 840 1.89
25 70.68 22.70 47.6 714 1.61
Mean 65.16 23.55 43.36 650.4 1.46
Figure 22. T he measured and simulated (using the TGn
channel models) 8 8 spectral efciency as a function of the
eigenvalue SNR.
Figure 23. The 8 8 spectral efciency as a function of the
eigenvalue SNR (the 4 4 independent and identically dis-
tributed spectral efciency is shown for reference).
correlation magnitude, was very close to the measured spectral
effciency. The 4 4 independent and identically distributed
spectral effciency curve is given as a reference.
The average received signal strength (RSS), SNRs, spec-
tral effciencies, and physical layer throughputs for 20 MHz
and 40 MHz bandwidths are given at each measurement loca-
tion in Table 4. The transmitted power levels of the antenna
measurement unit and the mobile unit were 11 dBm per
antenna. The numbers in parentheses show the measurement
results for the 8-element array with combined and +
radiators. The numbers without parentheses show the meas-
urement results for radiators only. One interesting obser-
vation from the table was that although the received SNRs for
8 and 8-element arrays were very close at the locations 4, 6, 9,
and 24, the measured spectral effciencies at the same loca tions
with the 8-element array were at least 2 b/s/Hz larger than the
8-element array spectral effciency. We can con clude from this
observation that the 8-element array had lower correlation than
the 8-element array.
The same measurement results are summarized in Table 5
for 16 slot radiators.
The measured spectral effciency at each location is com-
pared between 8 8 and 16 16 antenna arrays in Figure 24.
The fgure showed that the spectral effciency of the 16 16
antenna array was twice the spectral effciency of the 8 8
antenna array at high SNRs. The effciency difference between
the two antenna arrays decreased with SNR. At 0 dB SNR,
the capacities achieved using the two arrays were very close.
The beneft of increased antenna array size was there fore more
apparent at high SNRs. It is important to note that the PHY
rates given in the 20 MHz column of Table 4 and Table 5 were
measured effciency numbers, as the antenna measurement
platform measurement bandwidth (BW) was 20 MHz. However,
the rates given in 40 MHz were calculated by multiplying
the average spectral effciency numbers by the information
bandwidth of 108 tones.
5. Conclusions and Future Trends
The 8 8 and 16 16 measurements performed with
cross-polarized slot radiators showed that very high data rates
can be achieved for an indoor offce deployment with propa-
gation characteristics that are close to 802.11n TGn channel
model E, when a full channel-state-information spatial-proc-
essing technique and the modulation, coding, and SNR map-
ping given in Table 1 are employed. The antenna arrays util ized
in the measurements could be incorporated into the back of a
laptop or a tablet computer.
MIMO technologies are commercially deployed today
as wireless communication systems, such as with the Wi-Fi
(WLAN), UMTS (3G), and LTE (4G) standards. In 802.11n
products, MIMO architectures increased the data rate from
54 Mbit/s (802.11a/g) to 600 Mbit/s with the use of four spa tial
streams. In UMTS, the peak data rates with 2 2 MIMO were
28 Mbps, 42 Mbps, 84 Mbps, and 168 Mbps, respec tively. In
LTE, MIMO-enabled data rates reached 300 Mbps with a 4 4
confguration.
In todays wireless networks, small-cell deployment is
needed for additional capacity, which is being driven by the
increasing demand placed on networks by smart phones. It is
expected that the demand for mobile data services will grow
1000 times by year 2016. The high demand for mobile data
can be met with small-cell deployment and interference-man-
agement techniques. Clearly, MIMO will play an important
role in the small-cell high-capacity deployments. The increased
interference level in small-cell deployments can be better
managed by the use of MIMO and beamforming tech niques.
Massive MIMO is another important technique for
high-capacity deployments. Massive MIMO deployment will
require a signifcantly increased number of antennas in two-
dimensional spaces. Antenna correlation and mutual interfer-
ence will be critical to successful massive MIMO deploy ments.
MIMO techniques will continue to deliver increased
throughput with advanced developments in silicon technology
and nano technologies. Carbon-nanotube antennas (CNA)
look very promising for future MIMO systems. Although car-
bon-nanotube antennas have low effciency today, research
is being undertaken to improve the effciency. In the future,
car bon-nanotube antennas can be embedded on the back of
mobile devices to form MIMO antenna arrays. Antenna spac-
ing, correlation, and capacity aspects of MIMO systems are
very critical in delivering the peak throughputs, especially for
increased antenna-array sizes. The improvements to antenna-
array size and form factors are critical to the success of future
broadband wireless systems using MIMO techniques.
Figure 24. A comparis on of the spectral efciencies as a
function of the eigenvalue SNR for the 8 8 and 16 16
arrays.
T able 5. The measured SNR, spectral efciency, and PHY rate at each
measurement location for the 16-arrays.
Location
RSS
[dBm]
SNR
[dB]
N
C Spectral
Efciency
[b/s/Hz]
PHY Rate
in 20 MHz
[Mbps]
PHY Rate
in 40 MHz
[Gbps]
1 67.00 25.95 54.8 822 1.85
2 73.95 19.05 38.0 570 1.28
3 74.55 18.71 35.6 534 1.20
4 62.91 28.30 59.2 888 2.0
5 61.33 26.31 55.6 834 1.88
6 68.59 24.42 53.2 798 1.80
7 70.37 22.57 45.8 687 1.55
8 75.68 17.25 34.0 510 1.15
9 62.82 24.65 54.0 810 1.82
10 64.73 26.31 50.0 750 1.69
11 79.30 13.93 24.4 366 0.824
12 78.32 15.02 26.0 390 0.878
13 65.76 25.05 43.2 648 1.46
14 75.45 17.93 34.4 516 1.16
15 63.16 24.22 48.8 732 1.65
16 65.74 25.35 55.6 834 1.88
17 77.50 15.90 27.8 417 0.94
18 79.09 14.30 24.8 372 0.84
19 70.72 22.60 36.4 546 1.23
20 71.54 21.84 41.6 624 1.40
21 76.78 16.70 30.8 462 1.04
22 58.56 24.62 50.0 750 1.69
23 65.10 25.91 56.4 846 1.90
24 57.17 26.23 56.0 840 1.89
25 70.68 22.70 47.6 714 1.61
Mean 65.16 23.55 43.36 650.4 1.46
Figure 22. T he measured and simulated (using the TGn
channel models) 8 8 spectral efciency as a function of the
eigenvalue SNR.
Figure 23. The 8 8 spectral efciency as a function of the
eigenvalue SNR (the 4 4 independent and identically dis-
tributed spectral efciency is shown for reference).
correlation magnitude, was very close to the measured spectral
effciency. The 4 4 independent and identically distributed
spectral effciency curve is given as a reference.
The average received signal strength (RSS), SNRs, spec-
tral effciencies, and physical layer throughputs for 20 MHz
and 40 MHz bandwidths are given at each measurement loca-
tion in Table 4. The transmitted power levels of the antenna
measurement unit and the mobile unit were 11 dBm per
antenna. The numbers in parentheses show the measurement
results for the 8-element array with combined and +
radiators. The numbers without parentheses show the meas-
urement results for radiators only. One interesting obser-
vation from the table was that although the received SNRs for
8 and 8-element arrays were very close at the locations 4, 6, 9,
and 24, the measured spectral effciencies at the same loca tions
with the 8-element array were at least 2 b/s/Hz larger than the
8-element array spectral effciency. We can con clude from this
observation that the 8-element array had lower correlation than
the 8-element array.
The same measurement results are summarized in Table 5
for 16 slot radiators.
The measured spectral effciency at each location is com-
pared between 8 8 and 16 16 antenna arrays in Figure 24.
The fgure showed that the spectral effciency of the 16 16
antenna array was twice the spectral effciency of the 8 8
antenna array at high SNRs. The effciency difference between
the two antenna arrays decreased with SNR. At 0 dB SNR,
the capacities achieved using the two arrays were very close.
The beneft of increased antenna array size was there fore more
apparent at high SNRs. It is important to note that the PHY
rates given in the 20 MHz column of Table 4 and Table 5 were
measured effciency numbers, as the antenna measurement
platform measurement bandwidth (BW) was 20 MHz. However,
the rates given in 40 MHz were calculated by multiplying
the average spectral effciency numbers by the information
bandwidth of 108 tones.
5. Conclusions and Future Trends
The 8 8 and 16 16 measurements performed with
cross-polarized slot radiators showed that very high data rates
can be achieved for an indoor offce deployment with propa-
gation characteristics that are close to 802.11n TGn channel
model E, when a full channel-state-information spatial-proc-
essing technique and the modulation, coding, and SNR map-
ping given in Table 1 are employed. The antenna arrays util ized
in the measurements could be incorporated into the back of a
laptop or a tablet computer.
MIMO technologies are commercially deployed today
as wireless communication systems, such as with the Wi-Fi
(WLAN), UMTS (3G), and LTE (4G) standards. In 802.11n
products, MIMO architectures increased the data rate from
54 Mbit/s (802.11a/g) to 600 Mbit/s with the use of four spa tial
streams. In UMTS, the peak data rates with 2 2 MIMO were
28 Mbps, 42 Mbps, 84 Mbps, and 168 Mbps, respec tively. In
LTE, MIMO-enabled data rates reached 300 Mbps with a 4 4
confguration.
In todays wireless networks, small-cell deployment is
needed for additional capacity, which is being driven by the
increasing demand placed on networks by smart phones. It is
expected that the demand for mobile data services will grow
1000 times by year 2016. The high demand for mobile data
can be met with small-cell deployment and interference-man-
agement techniques. Clearly, MIMO will play an important
role in the small-cell high-capacity deployments. The increased
interference level in small-cell deployments can be better
managed by the use of MIMO and beamforming tech niques.
Massive MIMO is another important technique for
high-capacity deployments. Massive MIMO deployment will
require a signifcantly increased number of antennas in two-
dimensional spaces. Antenna correlation and mutual interfer-
ence will be critical to successful massive MIMO deploy ments.
MIMO techniques will continue to deliver increased
throughput with advanced developments in silicon technology
and nano technologies. Carbon-nanotube antennas (CNA)
look very promising for future MIMO systems. Although car-
bon-nanotube antennas have low effciency today, research
is being undertaken to improve the effciency. In the future,
car bon-nanotube antennas can be embedded on the back of
mobile devices to form MIMO antenna arrays. Antenna spac-
ing, correlation, and capacity aspects of MIMO systems are
very critical in delivering the peak throughputs, especially for
increased antenna-array sizes. The improvements to antenna-
array size and form factors are critical to the success of future
broadband wireless systems using MIMO techniques.
Figure 24. A comparis on of the spectral efciencies as a
function of the eigenvalue SNR for the 8 8 and 16 16
arrays.
6. Acknowledgements
The author greatly appreciates the very extensive and
thoughtful review of the manuscript that was done by J. Rod
Walton, John Ketchum, and Steve Howard in QNE. He would
also like to thank to Leon Metraud, whose help with the
measurements was very valuable.
7. References
1. G. J. Foschini and M. J. Gans, On Limit of Wireless
Communications in a Fading Environment when Using Multi-
ple Antennas, Wireless Personal Communications, 1998, pp.
311-335.
2. F. B. Espax and J. J. Boutros, Capacity Considerations
for Wireless MIMO Channels, Workshop on MultiAccess,
Mobility and TeleTraffc for Wireless Communication, Ven ice,
Italy, October 6-8, 1999, pp. 1-10.
3. M. Chiani, M. Z. Win and A. Zanella, On the Capacity of
Spatially Correlated MIMO Rayleigh-Fading Channels, IEEE
Transactions on Information Theory, 49, October 2003, pp.
2363-2371.
4. L. Tze-Ping, F. Chin, and B. Kannan, Performance Analy-
sis of Multi-Element Antenna Array Systems Under Different
Processing Techniques and Fading Correlation, Proc. of ICCS,
2002, pp. 421-425.
5. J. B. Andersen, Array Gain and Capacity for Known Ran-
dom Channels with Multiple Element Arrays at Both Ends,
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 18,
November 2000, pp. 2172-2178.
6. D. Shiu, G. J. Foschini, M. J. Gans, and J. M. Kahn, Fad-
ing Correlation and its Effect on the Capacity of Multi-Ele ment
Antenna Systems, IEEE Transactions on Communica tions,
48, March 2000, pp. 502-513.
7. J. Salz and J. H. Winters, Effect of Fading Correlation on
Adaptive Arrays in Digital Mobile Radio, IEEE Transactions
on Vehicular Technology, 43, November 1994, pp. 1049-1057.
8. P. J. Sartori, K. L. Baum, and F. W. Vook, Impact of Spa-
tial Correlation on the Spectral Effciency of Wireless OFDM
Systems Using Multiple Antenna Techniques, Proc. of VTC,
Spring 2002, pp. 1150-1154.
9. A. Intarapanich, P. L. Kafe, R. J. Davies, and A. B. Sesay,
Effect of Tap Gain Correlation on Capacity of OFDM MIMO
Systems, IET Electronics Letters, 40, January 2004, pp. 86-88.
10. T. Abe, H. Fuji, and S. Tomisato, A Hybrid MIMO Sys tem
Using Spatial Correlation, Proc. of WPMC, October 2002, pp.
1346-1350.
11. C. Waldschmidt, J. V. Hagen, and W. Wiesbeck, Infu ence
and Modeling of Mutual Coupling in MIMO and Diver sity
Systems, IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and
Propagation, June 2002, pp. 190-193.
12. J. P. Kermoal, L. Schumacher, P. E. Mogensen, and K. I.
Pedersen, Experimental Investigation of Correlation Proper-
ties of MIMO Radio Channels for Indoor Picocell Scenarios,
Proc. of IEEE VTS-Fall VTC, Fall 2002, pp. 14-21.
13. J. P. Kermoal, L. Schumacher, K. I. Pedersen, P. E.
Mogensen, and F. Frederiksen, A Stochastic Channel Model
With Experimental Validation, IEEE Transactions on Com-
munications, 20, August 2002, pp. 1211-1226.
14. P. Goud Jr., C. Schlegel, R. Hang, W. A. Krzymien, Z.
Bagley, S. Messerly, P. Watkins, and V. Rajamani, MIMO
Channel Measurements for an Indoor Offce Environment,
Proceedings of the Wireless Conference, Calgary, Canada, July
2003, pp. 423-427.
15. T. Svantesson, On the Potential of Multimode Antenna
Diversity, Proc. of IEEE VTS-Fall VTC, Fall 2000, pp. 2368-
2372.
16. T. Svantesson and A. Ranheim, Mutual Coupling Effects
on the Capacity of Multielement Antenna Systems, Proc.
ICASSP01, 2001, pp. 2485-2488.
17. C. Waldschmidt, T. Fugen, and W. Wiesbeck, Spiral and
Dipole Antennas for Indoor MIMO-Systems, IEEE Antennas
and Wireless Propagation Letters, 1, 2002, pp. 176-178.
18. M. Uthansakul and P. Uthansakul, Experiments with a
Low-Profle Beamforming MIMO System for WLAN Appli-
cations, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 53, 6,
December 2011, pp. 56-69.
19. O. Fernandez, M. Domingo, R. P. Torres, Empirical
Analysis of Broadband 22 MIMO Channels in Indoor Sce-
narios, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 52, 6,
20. J. R. Nagel, A. M. Richards, S. Ananthanarayanan, and C.
M. Furse, Measured Multi-User MIMO Capacity in Air craft,
IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 52, 4, August
2010, pp. 179-184.
21. C. A. Tunc, U. Olgun, V. B. Erturk, and A. Altintas, On the
Capacity of Printed Planar Rectangular Patch Antenna Arrays
in the MIMO Channel: Analysis and Measurements, IEEE
Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 52, 6, December 2010,
pp. 181-193.
22. C. A. Tunc, D. Aktas, V. B. Erturk, and A. Altintas,
Capacity of Printed Dipole Arrays in the MIMO Channel,
IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 50, 5, October
2008, pp. 190-198.
23. N. Herscovici, C. Christodouou, E. Rajo-Iglesias, O.
Quevedo-Teruel, and M. Sanchez-Fernandez, Compact
Mul timode Patch Antennas for MIMO Applications, IEEE
Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 50, 2, April 2010, pp.
197-205.
24. F. Broyde and E. Clavelier, Taking Advantage of Mutual
Coupling in Radio-Communication Systems Using a Multi-
Port Antenna Array, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Maga-
zine, 49, 4, August 2007, pp. 208-220.
25. T. M. Cover and J. A. Thomas, Elements of Information
Theory, New York, Wiley, 1991.
26. C. E. Shannon, The Mathematical Theory of Communica-
tion, Chicago, University of Illinois Press, 1963.
27. (J.) Rod Walton, Mark Wallace, John Ketchum and Steven
Howard, Method and Apparatus for Processing Data in Mul-
tiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) Communication System
Utilizing Channel State Information, US Patent 6,785,341,
August 31, 2004.
28. John Ketchum, Mark Wallace, (J.) Rod Walton and Steven
Howard, Channel estimation and spatial processing for TDD
MIMO Systems, US Patent 7,151,809, December 12, 2006.
29. (J.) Rod Walton, John Ketchum, Mark Wallace and Irina
Medvedev, Resource Allocation for MIMO-OFDM Communi-
cation Systems, US Patent 7,020,110, March 03, 2006.
30. Mark Wallace, John Ketchum, (J.) Rod Walton, and Steven
Howard, Channel Calibration for a Time Division Duplexed
Communication System, US Patent 8,134,976, March 13, 2012.
31. Hakan Inanoglu, Calibration of Transmit and Receive
Chains in a MIMO Communication System, US Patent
7,486,740, February 03, 2009.
32. V. Erceg et al., IEEE P802.11 Wireless LANs: TGn
Channel Models, IEEE p802.11WLANS TGn Channel Mod-
els, May 10, 2004.
33. A. A. M. Saleh and R. A. Valenzuela, A Statistical Model
for Indoor Multipath Propagation, IEEE Journal of Selected
Areas of Communications, 5, 1987, pp. 128-137.
34. K. I. Pedersen, P. E. Mogensen, and B. H. Feury, Spatial
Channel Characteristics in Outdoor Environments and their
Impact on BS Antenna System Performance, Proceedings of
IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference VTC 1998, Ottawa,
Canada, 1998, 2, pp. 719-723.
35. H. Inanoglu and E. Topuz, Hybrid Ray-Mode Modeling
of Indoor Propagation for Wireless Applications, Proceed ings
of IEEE Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communi cations
1995, Toronto, Canada, 1995, 3, pp. 1186-1189.
36. H. Inanoglu, M. Mennon, P. Monsen and S. Howard, Ray
Based Modeling of Indoor Channels for Capacity Evaluation,
Proceedings of IEEE Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio
Communications 2002, Lisboa, Portugal, 2, pp. 906-910.
Introducing the Author
Hakan Inanoglu is a Principal Engineer in Qualcomm
Inc., USA. He received his BS (1987) and PhD (1998) from
Istanbul Technical University, and his MS (1991) from Mid dle
East Technical University of Ankara. He has been with Aselsan
(1987-1991), NortelNetas (1992-1996) in Turkey, and with
Omnipoint (1996-1999) and Siemens-Opuswave (1999-2001)
in the USA. Since 2001, he has been with Qual comm in the
New England offce (QNE).
He has 25 years of experience in the communications
and wireless industry, from system design to standardization.
He has worked on GSM, DECT, IS-661, CDMA, WCDMA,
LTE, Wi-Fi, and 60 GHz wireless systems. He has hands-on
experience on various felds of wireless communication sys-
tems, such as radio propagation, cell planning, RF design,
antenna design, communication system design, radio systems,
digital signal processing, and network protocols. Dr. Inanoglu
has published several papers and contributed to a book chap ter.
He has several patents (fve granted, nine US active). He was an
Adjunct Professor at the University of Massachusetts Lowell,
and taught the graduate-level Antenna Theory and Design
course in the Fall 2011 semester.
6. Acknowledgements
The author greatly appreciates the very extensive and
thoughtful review of the manuscript that was done by J. Rod
Walton, John Ketchum, and Steve Howard in QNE. He would
also like to thank to Leon Metraud, whose help with the
measurements was very valuable.
7. References
1. G. J. Foschini and M. J. Gans, On Limit of Wireless
Communications in a Fading Environment when Using Multi-
ple Antennas, Wireless Personal Communications, 1998, pp.
311-335.
2. F. B. Espax and J. J. Boutros, Capacity Considerations
for Wireless MIMO Channels, Workshop on MultiAccess,
Mobility and TeleTraffc for Wireless Communication, Ven ice,
Italy, October 6-8, 1999, pp. 1-10.
3. M. Chiani, M. Z. Win and A. Zanella, On the Capacity of
Spatially Correlated MIMO Rayleigh-Fading Channels, IEEE
Transactions on Information Theory, 49, October 2003, pp.
2363-2371.
4. L. Tze-Ping, F. Chin, and B. Kannan, Performance Analy-
sis of Multi-Element Antenna Array Systems Under Different
Processing Techniques and Fading Correlation, Proc. of ICCS,
2002, pp. 421-425.
5. J. B. Andersen, Array Gain and Capacity for Known Ran-
dom Channels with Multiple Element Arrays at Both Ends,
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 18,
November 2000, pp. 2172-2178.
6. D. Shiu, G. J. Foschini, M. J. Gans, and J. M. Kahn, Fad-
ing Correlation and its Effect on the Capacity of Multi-Ele ment
Antenna Systems, IEEE Transactions on Communica tions,
48, March 2000, pp. 502-513.
7. J. Salz and J. H. Winters, Effect of Fading Correlation on
Adaptive Arrays in Digital Mobile Radio, IEEE Transactions
on Vehicular Technology, 43, November 1994, pp. 1049-1057.
8. P. J. Sartori, K. L. Baum, and F. W. Vook, Impact of Spa-
tial Correlation on the Spectral Effciency of Wireless OFDM
Systems Using Multiple Antenna Techniques, Proc. of VTC,
Spring 2002, pp. 1150-1154.
9. A. Intarapanich, P. L. Kafe, R. J. Davies, and A. B. Sesay,
Effect of Tap Gain Correlation on Capacity of OFDM MIMO
Systems, IET Electronics Letters, 40, January 2004, pp. 86-88.
10. T. Abe, H. Fuji, and S. Tomisato, A Hybrid MIMO Sys tem
Using Spatial Correlation, Proc. of WPMC, October 2002, pp.
1346-1350.
11. C. Waldschmidt, J. V. Hagen, and W. Wiesbeck, Infu ence
and Modeling of Mutual Coupling in MIMO and Diver sity
Systems, IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and
Propagation, June 2002, pp. 190-193.
12. J. P. Kermoal, L. Schumacher, P. E. Mogensen, and K. I.
Pedersen, Experimental Investigation of Correlation Proper-
ties of MIMO Radio Channels for Indoor Picocell Scenarios,
Proc. of IEEE VTS-Fall VTC, Fall 2002, pp. 14-21.
13. J. P. Kermoal, L. Schumacher, K. I. Pedersen, P. E.
Mogensen, and F. Frederiksen, A Stochastic Channel Model
With Experimental Validation, IEEE Transactions on Com-
munications, 20, August 2002, pp. 1211-1226.
14. P. Goud Jr., C. Schlegel, R. Hang, W. A. Krzymien, Z.
Bagley, S. Messerly, P. Watkins, and V. Rajamani, MIMO
Channel Measurements for an Indoor Offce Environment,
Proceedings of the Wireless Conference, Calgary, Canada, July
2003, pp. 423-427.
15. T. Svantesson, On the Potential of Multimode Antenna
Diversity, Proc. of IEEE VTS-Fall VTC, Fall 2000, pp. 2368-
2372.
16. T. Svantesson and A. Ranheim, Mutual Coupling Effects
on the Capacity of Multielement Antenna Systems, Proc.
ICASSP01, 2001, pp. 2485-2488.
17. C. Waldschmidt, T. Fugen, and W. Wiesbeck, Spiral and
Dipole Antennas for Indoor MIMO-Systems, IEEE Antennas
and Wireless Propagation Letters, 1, 2002, pp. 176-178.
18. M. Uthansakul and P. Uthansakul, Experiments with a
Low-Profle Beamforming MIMO System for WLAN Appli-
cations, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 53, 6,
19. O. Fernandez, M. Domingo, R. P. Torres, Empirical
Analysis of Broadband 22 MIMO Channels in Indoor Sce-
narios, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 52, 6,
20. J. R. Nagel, A. M. Richards, S. Ananthanarayanan, and C.
M. Furse, Measured Multi-User MIMO Capacity in Air craft,
IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 52, 4, August
2010, pp. 179-184.
21. C. A. Tunc, U. Olgun, V. B. Erturk, and A. Altintas, On the
Capacity of Printed Planar Rectangular Patch Antenna Arrays
in the MIMO Channel: Analysis and Measurements, IEEE
Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 52, 6, December 2010,
pp. 181-193.
22. C. A. Tunc, D. Aktas, V. B. Erturk, and A. Altintas,
Capacity of Printed Dipole Arrays in the MIMO Channel,
IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 50, 5, October
2008, pp. 190-198.
23. N. Herscovici, C. Christodouou, E. Rajo-Iglesias, O.
Quevedo-Teruel, and M. Sanchez-Fernandez, Compact
Mul timode Patch Antennas for MIMO Applications, IEEE
Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 50, 2, April 2010, pp.
197-205.
24. F. Broyde and E. Clavelier, Taking Advantage of Mutual
Coupling in Radio-Communication Systems Using a Multi-
Port Antenna Array, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Maga-
zine, 49, 4, August 2007, pp. 208-220.
25. T. M. Cover and J. A. Thomas, Elements of Information
Theory, New York, Wiley, 1991.
26. C. E. Shannon, The Mathematical Theory of Communica-
tion, Chicago, University of Illinois Press, 1963.
27. (J.) Rod Walton, Mark Wallace, John Ketchum and Steven
Howard, Method and Apparatus for Processing Data in Mul-
tiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) Communication System
Utilizing Channel State Information, US Patent 6,785,341,
August 31, 2004.
28. John Ketchum, Mark Wallace, (J.) Rod Walton and Steven
Howard, Channel estimation and spatial processing for TDD
MIMO Systems, US Patent 7,151,809, December 12, 2006.
29. (J.) Rod Walton, John Ketchum, Mark Wallace and Irina
Medvedev, Resource Allocation for MIMO-OFDM Communi-
cation Systems, US Patent 7,020,110, March 03, 2006.
30. Mark Wallace, John Ketchum, (J.) Rod Walton, and Steven
Howard, Channel Calibration for a Time Division Duplexed
Communication System, US Patent 8,134,976, March 13, 2012.
31. Hakan Inanoglu, Calibration of Transmit and Receive
Chains in a MIMO Communication System, US Patent
7,486,740, February 03, 2009.
32. V. Erceg et al., IEEE P802.11 Wireless LANs: TGn
Channel Models, IEEE p802.11WLANS TGn Channel Mod-
els, May 10, 2004.
33. A. A. M. Saleh and R. A. Valenzuela, A Statistical Model
for Indoor Multipath Propagation, IEEE Journal of Selected
Areas of Communications, 5, 1987, pp. 128-137.
34. K. I. Pedersen, P. E. Mogensen, and B. H. Feury, Spatial
Channel Characteristics in Outdoor Environments and their
Impact on BS Antenna System Performance, Proceedings of
IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference VTC 1998, Ottawa,
Canada, 1998, 2, pp. 719-723.
35. H. Inanoglu and E. Topuz, Hybrid Ray-Mode Modeling
of Indoor Propagation for Wireless Applications, Proceed ings
of IEEE Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communi cations
1995, Toronto, Canada, 1995, 3, pp. 1186-1189.
36. H. Inanoglu, M. Mennon, P. Monsen and S. Howard, Ray
Based Modeling of Indoor Channels for Capacity Evaluation,
Proceedings of IEEE Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio
Communications 2002, Lisboa, Portugal, 2, pp. 906-910.
Introducing the Author
Hakan Inanoglu is a Principal Engineer in Qualcomm
Inc., USA. He received his BS (1987) and PhD (1998) from
Istanbul Technical University, and his MS (1991) from Mid dle
East Technical University of Ankara. He has been with Aselsan
(1987-1991), NortelNetas (1992-1996) in Turkey, and with
Omnipoint (1996-1999) and Siemens-Opuswave (1999-2001)
in the USA. Since 2001, he has been with Qual comm in the
New England offce (QNE).
He has 25 years of experience in the communications
and wireless industry, from system design to standardization.
He has worked on GSM, DECT, IS-661, CDMA, WCDMA,
LTE, Wi-Fi, and 60 GHz wireless systems. He has hands-on
experience on various felds of wireless communication sys-
tems, such as radio propagation, cell planning, RF design,
antenna design, communication system design, radio systems,
digital signal processing, and network protocols. Dr. Inanoglu
has published several papers and contributed to a book chap ter.
He has several patents (fve granted, nine US active). He was an
Adjunct Professor at the University of Massachusetts Lowell,
and taught the graduate-level Antenna Theory and Design
course in the Fall 2011 semester.

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252 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 55, No.

, the power azimuth spectrum (PAS) is the probabil ity

is uniformly distributed, then the above simplifes

is a truncated distribution for multiple clusters, the

, for the Laplacian distribution, is given by

, the power azimuth spectrum (PAS) is the probabil ity

is uniformly distributed, then the above simplifes

is a truncated distribution for multiple clusters, the

, for the Laplacian distribution, is given by

, which can be calculated from Equa tion (31).

, which can be calculated from Equa tion (31).

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