18.

100A PS13
Author: Eric Emer April 5, 2013

Reading 11 and 12 of Mattuck Collaborators: None.

Exercise 11.4 #1
lim f (x) = f (0)

If we can show that

x0

then by the Limit Form of Continuity we will have shown that f (x) is continuous at 0. We observe lim f (x) = lim x cos 1 1 = ( lim x)( lim cos ) x 0 x0 x x

x0

x0

1 1 is undened, but we recognize that cos x [1, 1] for all x. Also, We see that limx0 cos x limx0 x = 0. Therefore, the zero term dominates, and we get:

x0

lim f (x) = 0 = f (0)

So f (x) is continuous at 0 by the Limit Form of Continuity.

2
2.1

Exercise 11.5 #1
a

Theorem 11.5 states that: If xn a, xn = a, and lim f (x) = L, then lim f (xn ) = L
xa x

We know that every real number is the limit of a Cauchy sequence of rational numbers which become arbitrarily close to each other as the sequence progresses. Dening each real number by a sequence, then for f continuous, Theorem 11.5 implies that f (x) = 0 for all x.

2.2

We have that f (x) g (x) for x Q. Once again, we know that every real number is the limit of a Cauchy sequence of rational numbers which become arbitrarily close to each other as the sequence progresses. Dening each real, non-rational number by a sequence, we can dene x as x = limn xn , where xn is a sequence of rationals. Therefore f (x) g (x) for all real x.

 We now show that we cannot use strict inequality. Consider f (x) = 0 and g (x) = (x 2)2 . Here we have that f (x) = g (x) only occurs when x is an irrational number, namely, x = 2. Although, at all other points f (x) < g (x), w see that we cannot use strict inequality.

Exercise 11.5 #2

Suppose for the sake of contradiction that limx sin x = L exists. Then, by Limit Form of Sequential Continuity, for any sequence xn such that limn xn = , we recognize that it must hold that limn sin xn = L. The limit exists and is the same for all sequences xn tending to . However, consider an = 2n and bn = 2 + 2n.
n n

lim sin an = sin 2 = 0

lim sin bn = sin /2 = 1

These do not have the same limit as required by the Limit Form of Sequential Continuity, and so we have a contradiction. Therefore, we conclude that, in fact, limx sin x does not exist.

4
4.1

Problem 11-1
a

We observe that for any f (x), because f (a + b) = f (a) + f (b), f (x) = f (1 + 1 + . . . + 1) = f (1) + f (1) + . . . + f (1)
x times x times

So f (x) can be expressed as of f (1) added with itself x times. From the problem statement, we dened C = f (1). So, we have: f (x) = f (1 + 1 + . . . + 1) = f (1) + f (1) + . . . + f (1) = C + C + . . . + C = Cx
x times x times x times

Case 1 (x = n). f (n) = f (1 + 1 + . . . + 1) = f (1) + f (1) + . . . + f (1) = C + C + . . . + C = Cn

n times 1 Case 2 (x = n ). n times n times

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 f ( ) = f (1 . . . ) = f (1) f ( ) f ( ) . . . f ( ) = C (n 1)f ( ) n n n n n n n
n1 times n1 times

1 1 f ( ) = C (n 1)f ( ) n n 1 1 f ( ) + (n 1)f ( ) = C n n 2

1 nf ( ) = C n 1 1 f( ) = C n n Case 3 (x =
m n ).

f(

1 1 m ) = f( + . . . + ) n n n
m times

f(

m 1 1 ) = f ( ) + . . . + f ( )) n n n
m times

f(

1 m ) = mf ( ) n n

1 1 From the previous part, we know that f ( n ) = Cn . Therefore:

f(

m 1 m ) = mC = C n n n

4.2

We know that f is continuous. Therefore, x can occupy all real numbers on its domain. We know that any real number can be expressed as a sum of rational numbers. We showed in part (a) that f (x) = Cx holds for all x {Z, Q}. Now, we just need to show that it holds for all x I, and we will have shown that it holds for all real numbers. We know that any number can be composed by a sum of rational numbers, because of our denition of a number as an innite decimal approximation. Therefore, every irrational number can be composed by a sum of the cases shown in part (a), and we see that the therefore on the continuous function f , f (x) = Cx holds for all x R.

Exercise 12.1 #3
f (x) = (x 1)2 (x 2)2 roots = {1, 2}

We consider the case of

Figure 1: Graph of y = (x 1)2 (x 2)2 This function has roots x = 1, x = 2, where both are double roots. The Bisection Method of Bolzanos Theorem requires that we have an interval [a, b] on which f (x) changes sign. In the case of the given f (x), f (x) 0 for all x, and so there is no interval for which it changes sign. Therefore, we cannot even begin to use the Bisection Method to nd a root.

Newtons Method would be able to nd a root. Newtons Method will only fail if we choose a starting point that is on an interval where f (x) does not converge to 0. Here, it will converge no matter what. We also note that the function is easily dierentiable, f (x) = 4x3 18x2 + 26x 12, f (xn ) meaning we can eectively evaluate xn+1 = xn f (xn ) . Newtons Method will be successful.