QUESTION 1 For this part, do make sure you have read and understood all of your core practicals

that fall under both AS and A2, *please refer to the reference book I passed down to you* Questions usually asked : Manipulated variable (MV), controlled variables and how to control them ,description of procedure of simple experiments that are usually within the limits of your specification * * do include what your MV and RV is, a range of values for your MV, what your RV is, how would you measure your RV, state two controlled variables and do not forget to state : REPEAT your procedure. This section would also usually include one theoretical question from your past units which would carry around 4-6 marks, but fear not. I'd suggest you this : when you revise your experiments, identify which part of the theory it relates to and read up those parts well :) QUESTION 2 Okay now, bet you guys might be worried about learning all the different statistical tests, trying to calculate complicated figures, so on and so forth. Now let go of all that and just remember this, YOU DONT HAVE TO KNOW ALL, Just make life easy and try to understand what I present as follows ;) Part 1 : State the null hypothesis. For this part, answer as following: a) If the MV is discrete ( absent/ present ; blood groups ; sex etc) : There is no significant difference between ___MV___ and ___RV____ b) If the MV is continous ( time, concentrations etc ) : There is no significant correlation between ___MV___ and___RV____ Part 2 : This is the part where you'll be given the raw data and you will be asked to arrange them in a table in a suitable manner followed by representing them in a graphical form. This is easy. Always remember : a) When MV is discrete : - T-test would be used - Always draw a table, listing down all the MV and RV, then calculate the MEAN (must have). - Always draw a BAR GRAPH using the mean values and include error bar for each bar drawn. NB : Error bar : is in the shape of alphabet 'I' with the lower cut at the minimum value of your raw data and the upper cut at the maximum value of your raw data. Usually error bar is important is it shows how much your raw data varies from your calculated mean value, If the error bar is too large (ie: standard deviation is too large) hence, the experiment may not be so reliable. We shall discuss reliability later on. b) When MV is continous :

- Spearman correlation test would be used - When drawing the table , just neatly make a column for MV and another for RV. - Draw a scatter diagram, plot the points but you do not have to join them. *include error bar IF AND ONLY IF demanded* Part 3: Making conclusions You will usually given a calculated r value and a table filled with significance levels and corresponding c values : Now, just concentrate on the 0.05 / 5% significance level and its corresponding c value. IF T-TEST a) If your r value is smaller than the value of c, then answer as follows : At 95% level of significance, there is no significant difference between MV and RV. b) If your r value is larger than the value of c, answer as follows : The calculated value of r is greater than c (state the value). Therefore, at 95% level of significance, there is a significantly higher RV for MV1 than MV2. (Look at the table, the one with higher mean value is MV1 and lower mean value is MV2) IF SPEARMAN a) If r > c : At ____ level significance, there is a positive/ negative correlation between MV and RV QUESTION 3 (BIG MARKS, BE EXTRA CAREFUL) *answers must be in PARAGRAPH form* Part One : Write safety and ethical issues (3 marks) - Just give three points, if no safety or ethical issues, just state that and reason why. Part Two : Preliminary work (3 marks) Template requirements, just mention THIS : - Ensured that all abiotic factors are controlled - Suitable manipulated variable and responding variable identified - Variables to be controlled are identified - Practice proposed method *siap, you get your marks there :D* Part Three : Describe and explain method of execution (10 marks) *dont worry, very easy* Just make sure you follow this pattern, that you have included the following within your answer. Mind you, what I give you for this part is a template ONLY, so adjust it based on the context of the question. * State Independent variable (1 mark) * State Dependent variable (1 mark)

* State two abiotic factors to be controlled (2 marks) * How to controlled the stated controlled variables (2 marks) * What would happen if one of those abiotic factors weren't controlled ? (1 mark) * Method of experiment : How you carry it out, how measure and maintain MV, how you measure/ observe RV, length of time of observation, brief explanation of set-up (3 marks) * Mention of repeats and tabulation (1 mark) _ (2 marks) would be awarded for proper use of language _ (max= 10 marks) There you go, easier now, isn't it . ;) Part Four : How to present data, analyse and conclude: Template answer : step 1 : identify if the MV is discrete or continuous, then your work becomes easy peasy lemon squeezy. step 2 : draw a table, following the same method i explained earlier, no need to cough up and mystical figures. just label the MV , RV and of course, mean if MV is discrete. step 3 : Draw graph : Label the x-axis and y-axis, just sketch a rough graph you would expect to see, precision not necessary. step 4 : Write this : A table is constructed based on MV and RV. The mean is calculated by adding T1....Tn and divided by n number of trials. A bar chart/ line graph of MV versus RV is drawn. the null hypothesis states that there is no significant difference/ correlation between MV and RV. The statistical test used is t-test/ Spearman. If the calculated r value is greater than the c value, then there is a significant difference / correlation between MV and RV. Part Five : Limitations of your method. - Include answers such as : *Difficulty to control abiotic factors such as _________* * Method used to measure RV is not a conclusive method.* *Other difficulties involved in the nature of the organism, or due to genetic factors, etc*