Problem Formulation

n, o& or !h? i fic* is io lndcBhd rh. nar!& ot deddclopmDlo|lLcprobhnr

ial chalkns.srh. .nstner

robllm 6n pbvid. ro iqdidio' ot th. inrjBic frcbB rh.r aE invorvrdin ganitrs .h. problcmrnd ii sEblhhiis irs *oD.; rb$ rn $ludon ot rh. lrobl.o nd als coisidd rh6r tadd6, Th. h:r anEinq B.ncBt.s, or sunauDds rh. arc jldjariy. or rhl say .ha. .h. lrobl.f 9rc:t'16, Th. aqw thmntu rr4 rnd ir dnonh.d vill 6po.d ro sm. dis.wbiDssrinulus.This *ihrlus 6uld b. r nddjfitio! rhal is brouehribolr 6 ln? &sulr ot rb? inroluclion ro ln.5pd'hcp'obl.h rh4br.!'is. Irth.4si@risro! .@k.andi.hi.randoi.llrD@cnb&sorulion of oE probl.n, n ir imFnriE rh.r rhisd.finition a.d und.sunding sdc qrt ly rprcsr ih. probl.r jD jb roul cdnrir, Thd. nun bc a rdgbjnon or thc ompi.rily ol th. roGl probtn .nvnoim.nr and acommo&{ioi of rhe n*urrl a wdl c !h. soc,opolitical roc ln !R involY.n.C.dinly, rhcr u. liridioE on rh. eoF af rhc pi. rh. rroblcn G ri inFtunt consid.Erion lnd n dis.Nscdlunh* in lakr s-

lrobh

rulation

6i fuway, bur arsor snovbarlitrs mdoftenPrclons.dimpadon'h.ci .m.nr .ould aFer $. apiciiy rnd iFtn. Frfodane of rh. .n.n. bi5podrioi 2. Fairurcr; .xpedic md Eeiv! {ar.riar $a1 is r.quircd on a oNfld'on iriry,nd soh ii,dr.p in 6.rd prG dtrcriyityaid $. empdriry uichploy hent of onnrudion *ork!c. ni.gi!&|yRdk.do.noeFd. dn. pid of . hlildiie! found"on c'! harc wid.spRd impricrtiom on rh I. rll cs, rh. .tre! of rhe inr.mdion. r6pon*, o. faltuncion mry ultiro&ly b. t&!d to l]r. poinrwhcE si.I, poliiiel, or.odonrc 16+ t&t thd . disrutbiis ninu16 prod&6 u .tr{! on th. .nyironm.Dt. ftk .trd is ihpoent and inr.Gting b rh. dsiR* ii tm eays. Fint, rh. di rtins {imtrlB d.fii6 the 6u& of a probhn; thusih. identihlion *h.n a fssible rot br ro a plobkn h ts*d, th. mginer mu* considd ll,q ho h. rn;.otrRn,,.,h. p,opo'.d$iL p.of6sioral don n iflplm.nEd. Pd of rh. chrllen!. 6 rhe.ngin6r is de rd $d .h. d,ly* ,nd d6isr nu$ ior odly cocid. h. imfrlninc pobl.n but lh..nsjndnBtoal'hcprcb|.m3nd rh. dviotrdFr 6 a ehol. bdr. of {]1* incncliv. ap(E hthd rhd d.it A facihy*nh whichai cigineris invorvld is in Earnypan ola hcd n6r b. incsat d b fulftlla pu.poFor ruic.io'. ln.sne, rh..nsinc.k dli4withl3yscdo.as}slemofsy'cfu.andlhcapploachlhalh.orshe uili6 nu$ Eo3niz ud dal wn Eiou typs of inlfttions o, inr.ftlatonships whichcolldtivdy 6potd b a s.inulu. or dcnrod d ru6l ron. .pi6c pumo$ or runc'ion.ri i synem, rhcldualnimularionil rciys and ib subsou.nr $rualb?havior k 6ndi ilgly, th. io ls o. d.mnds prcd on a 3yrcm ell into pl.y .h. i ividoil b.luvio. .r th? syd.d @dpoDlnc, fts q&u pr@. &ar r6olc rrcn th.

4Tn4eai.mislfuintthd'grid

Ii.lTh .'.|hli'li$ li( { p|J b.

:1..|11:]]]1..':4'19.: |-1
_!_ _ Ir a sysrn w-c b.iis cmsa.,ed in which ihl ompon.ft ;qc sraly Lsird e,r,.,., ??. Fnar.rins

:l:il:Tfl:.*"*,"**b''!.'.ddm|'.'';$d"bgha' h,rh"' *--::i"tit:l '"9br*) "li" ' rLeonrcn.ir otrrch4h h\o!_!h -'.pic i,I s
6nrc ci,n hr lokorcdaa.b,,(.:

To arrowrhc od.rty fio* of kmc ar rh. ibrd-

syrr.n @trr,irb

TE6c votunq humm lrdia$,

rdc

esh

i:ff:":T,irfl;'*,t:;":fl*

h:Fi, 4 oh!'ds.d $+ brc{v.inc

i"dt id Ems ol dE intdion disosal pl@*r of ?@(s

ciarddi4 or d.nn.3 sydln

ingfad.upo|@I|dlidn,lRh.nl'aod Th. sL.tion 8nd dsistr of r pqfriolar r.chioldg, for a

ind d6igr or. dif.ent klnolosy lor rh. rr-, pro6 vill lad ro ! dnpreely dir.nd st ofphysial conpondt. for.pmplq k dhpl.tlly ditr*.nt fron the !c*ag. r.'rmenr works ,'sq p6.s, ror .nmsyibms d.finnion al$ hc hicRrchil lryel!. Th. @hdt fuy hiv. scR'ins epanrion, s!.lins, dicstion, in .ity l.wn& iFem DL, ' pro*6, pm6s, .arhe hiv. 6mp.n.ni dd incinmrion aid trt dryiig, diviri.s or would conrisr of 9t?' .dio.r rh,i wouldbcftquftd b uomplhh ion. pbj.d or 6sk. For.xampl., rhaditn6 of &ki.s p!rchrsing: prcurem.nt, sih hrdling, ard isbll_ io. or .h. ph'sicd onpor.nts of a p@3 bblilh i .onidction suPpoE o.s"Dizrimal sFrd. Ako, rn. olgrdiu tioftl dsisn snd hardliiE or &. onsdion suppo. oBrdizrionrl sysEm is jt?r .n ors,ni-tionel sysefr. Fin lly, ih. orFnianional daisn, .dtins up, 8nd natros of.n orsniarion s 6D sbo be rh. orsdidri.nilsys .h:r *ill (Gig.i impLmmr, lnd manasc .onsid.r.d an oqaiariorai 3yn n. In 6.h cc it h posibl. ro dchn. the lundion l pu.p@ or rh. organianonal $t6h 6 ftll a @bpocdb, $Ie B61E of .h. sjstft uhE of ensin4nng Probkds, rhc dsbcr nqs! d.Elop RLvant s$rm romuh.ion fo. th. pbblm. ftc problen roeula' rion pt6s includ6 the inirial d.c pbblm rr<t idenriie.ion ol t\. tLv,nr stsds md th.n contb. c.*mr. sbF6 bward d?niirying rh. oiturc a F .nE snd hi.enid '.Gsry viln th. d.niition of thc plobld ndud6

T c ed' tut.M is ar dprcsion or a unadlfill.d r.qriEm.Dt. 11pr.vidd fms.d a nEns lor abd6dns r'oh ! .ohpl.: .nvironh.at . sri66lly quird.nt rh{ an b. rddca.d s a uy ol pdidint , .oltrtioh. Tlk.sdirl t..rua or ncds sbcm.nt i: lh3r n podry, di:Fd(y ' is :vdlabl.. fi. Golu.ion or a ned inpli.3 b.(@ whd n mntd sd whal a rullsrion of tsurc* * th't *hit js w rcd k nldc rosibL. ,/rcr is por.ntially ovlo6l. is in indidrion or th. tMu'c ih{ arc du ly 'nd .nillble lor rh. rrcbl.m.: solution, sr"r 6 M'rel i. ,n unconst nd 3brc n. otlnultim&36t oliheprcbls\$lurion.Thcdi$6ntybinindierion

rha!a rinGd r6a'e

ofr|.l.o n^d{ ' ehil' , . b$t d'

Fobtcn dis( rhrr on b. 5oDed *nh rh. sjd o! a /?.i.

,n lho 'rd.

nd

&.s,ishd

,, prdd.d

h hsur

/ | 1nilrr,,,..!(

sq, L

qdkd' i d$h:l ' ' d" i ' !o| e1' md' ekd' I n. m d * k tro (J b f..' | u rd

::':]:]'11']o]i..d.rond!T1:., II:':] F ds c ' 9

'I

i*"- .';r.. *;,"** u+ ;;;.,:inl,,Jr#::l';*"'"-ii*ti

hhddcc^ rh. ..gin.-is 'nto

dd

ffi[$Nm$*
*'i1ff *. 1;T1,^,,, ",.,.
o.dq b d.Elop t!dh.( 3}3&n conepu' fta inril E\k ii $. ds:sn ud

ru*+llill**1**+1ir:rHil#"r
,.l*i*ii.' .i * '-ur; u rdddd rn 't's r'p i n "*qd b

i:i**5iq"+:,H****,:ti:#v#,

m*:i,,mil*ll*:.;gilr***i***

ln nMy ers

rhe dcfinnionor5yr yicms_ori.ikd probrcm ddisunfiniiai v&itsbhmlr.riat oi rh.rroqt.dc rchkd o,hdr . rhro { 14) &;,vry b

rcq 6,

rhorculh undecbndiis orho{

uirene a.d Borc or an inrrldion.

strh

, ,"..,.,.d.fi n* rhrsrsem aid infr u.nesiB b

_"p.".",.

""d,".

".;

,\.J

. probt@ may jnvolv. or h. rttard ilh v h ic h md g j' c rra y b . d n e d } o D.

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.'

iii,i",;r. "*'r' " -*.*-* or 'n. r.t'.o'po* .ioo"*r"ri'

IiB'-,.L A. *'-'is''o

p.""' ". ,r'", -;p.* "r

of.rh

Edr 'omPordr

rd

{ Fa

*"ift:i1,,",',,,,,"^.,.,"krcs,b.d.Gmin.dd'1tsmitsld'y"is **'. t *t' t a ,r'.,i.;.. " " " i;.ii-,*."r'

;.i; ^n drs.rd' a a'h o.n."or qoid inrr' nn ii,i",i".i ..i'. r,ii".u,.."h."" rnnd rb'a 4.'.a An* npr.or ;r^" .ri. ".i*** -icn'chidr -* n Fi8uft:5 ohsdltn.mtrlhod ; ;i ;;'

-x"*-,v" r^ Fi'de

L4 d.p"'

\''d\tat

atud

'' ri. r'."*-r'.'r *,'"";" " .v""n uddcrconsid'Brio! bd ie h i!ft: or *, *tv ii ,*". "t,r'. ",.. i,"""i. r""-,.*tr'"" '"a -,i *. r, s"trirg ,-....* -"'.r *,-r,'i-.a.",.in".*'**o ....-.ii"*,r,. "t' ""a*-a,"' h dL 6pr' th' svsri {aduE in th. cou6. ot rh. troblem ldmuladon
D{oit senniniion

li*".*.

$Ge@nmn.n6 thrr.(n{n.

rr'.. ',,"t t. p, I

b tnv nodiFdtianor orrh. rcspons

dr! p!f,

'!rnF

k*,h. r. i' midr d . * "' ,d no'or thrl' parhnsltutrrlv *p^" ' ) u. .r*"'a *" tr'r "n itrdtis_ ho*t''rhoroush *-ir'--'r.".'*'"*'o-prcbtsm!m: '

, ;., j.du*n,'t'i-"t q"-"" 0,r." .,i pl;^;r"' "i "i; rid lnilvsis -J mod.ling trse ditrrftnr or '' uo",*r,i.r"o*-r"g-.t

ralonrrd' *n:jdcrcd* b$ic @mpoffitofih' h4h'

=i
-T

,-jrt

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;:TH.:j:. i;r:#:n J;::::"::.:i;;.;:;:" r..l:,l,llj l"iff;lf ::i;. *ff ;,:"":.rr{#;,ffi:;1.t"i::,,;:,l:fi ir"*:1T.,:ii*ii,,ilT lii#i :il}"ti:::r:_*:,,-:;;: ll: .",;,'il:' :ili,i,";;ff;.iJ"l"l; l,':,:i,"T.Xj,:lll;:li,n:q ; ;;'".:i;".f.fi1ffi ,[.f* m:;l;::::":1, ,"m.^."a._a.* i:.","i;: ;;1;,;':x: -.p",j.". -,".;;f b.dd,h..,h::^r*;, il"Ll;# *:";::::::r.;:iE;ffi *. ;i;;;; jil?,T:i*l:":l; "."'",. "",." #:;::1,::::f

:,ixl.il:i. r", t,:*;l-,,m,ru;:l::| f .i,;H: **pr.,.*,"r," ;ri.iiyi:;i#:r":r :l l;y1..i,,*.r":::: "n-;

jlii*-t li;:'*'i ii,biift l*i;-,*'[ ;l,tiiti..':,.:::il'il.":.:,f.:": ",.J',+T ::,li;,:t:i;::,lJ.J;;

; efl1jt1fl,n"j';*j*:.t.

"P1tfli:;"iil:J;':,ffi,-

' :,*ll"j:i,*:?J :|.Jfl..j::..j ' :,i:]*"-'" ".*",-"

*-*,.e"ii1*llsff'*

;y hc !d.d dirrrd 'hd DjnsaPPrMh6. r.chriqu6j ard mo

d6ien and phF

cnrrensdG ol .h. 3ubnobil? r udya rn. ,ctnal layouror spac6.At r& nexrl.y.l, dl hl'nd ofsupply wjih or aqun d sprcd EEn om. r.d o *lsis enaquenes ot providingor tut p would b. dnEtn b hd..oils md

vi.h 6Ft to th. provito D6isions impljdtions bn dc i..d ro oadu ! h . h jg h wa y s y n mmu |d b . a t d c lc d ld . us. F&n afrh. r@dvry icrwork rcultl .volv.. on thc oih.r hand,tailu.. b of rh. v.hicrc lnd rh. roadvar In 6 Th. highvay srkn i5 a Fd or in onpnsd of duliipl. fahs of nod6 ot hov.m.ntj thusa s@nd-t.Elsy$.n denrify .h. spEific modd .bat *ould b. iircLv.d. rhis rcn ii4:{rry.r qn.d is dcpictcd*h.n i6rry in Figuc 2.7. For rh. 5ikc of sidFlicirv, rhc orb.. nodd or roms of nanspoirton have hn er.Elized- In ddirion,frnsF mobihy ror $cied &'rvii6 d..bj norsoo"bllysbm'Tniselpinsionoflh. syskd to thc i*lhish.r l.v.l k !G lll. full syskm .nvnoDn.n. in vhich thc ?n3;icd dn .nb.d .hc probr.i rnd shouldb. consid.r.d. Cdiinly, thehish.. lftl sys@6 ilprelt an incros. i vould br tssibr.bqe thr hi.rrrchy by furthd subdiakioi orrl]r hieh*av comp.ncn6i rnoush n *6 not in.ludd in this psnicdlir sanplc. sr:kn d.n hiel sy$n Povid6 rh. rdhcwork hierarchr of sys.nr. For .nmple. arum! rhar 1 cny couocil is 6n idcd'g th.'dop{iondllnd|jqlhrtlinitl 6n*qu.n4of .heinP6ition oasu ir Fisurc2.7, rhe6mron.ib&r rh. v'rioussyn.ns l.vds.in b. d.fincdfor

1l
i;

it

li

it lf
ll

i1

$ffitrffi*tH*

a basicel,rioDsbjp sisb bd*en rh. n..n sbtn.nr s pr*d.d i' s_d"' 2.2and lhc fomnlltion ora prcbl.r in Gms of. btdrcnid 3vs&hdrcoft Rdllins .brt r sorl is a d6iEd md s6r. th* ir to bc ehi.*d, aDdrh. lerl b) b prob rr to b. r' rfirtsd ' 'h.olu1or bv d.frnins th. olc or rcrdls rhd d. purs or fudion en b. .@in.n 3e ih. comNn nG indiet d. por.ndal 3Piic modifiarioG rbd rdv b bkln b inrrov. rh. lundioning or a pniculd rvsth. Ba!.d ot th& conePt ! hid.enjel El.riofthip cm4.s ihit is oneprurlv d.pid.d i' lisut 13. rn odlr ro f'ji6in soh. d.sr.. ofsinDlicirv, rh. figurcis shom *irh ' si4lr :tund or gorls and obj.div6. or onBq th. runbd or objdiv6 i aiv rd.r

ll

ti

!!

vaitlbrt. \rh.n anphd ro .h" hnnrhiql

rh.ou6liondfry h a t n a la il' b |e i :FGm. Altho0sh rhcconFldtsa ducitrs tfi. d.nrnd or pdibly sll rhc hidffihiol sy*.h, goals,.nd objetiv6 is shownii Figm.le. r d6isn and rlandq pro6s ti6 in .b6in. hd b Drovid. aor. d.nrrd, blt *o .o @nridd rh. in.hrtiv6 ror Fducing or .v.n .rinji,riis th. d.m For !rinpl., in th. higr$y slstcn lne gpal misbr bccoirid.ad jn l.ms dr r sp{iic nobiliry rhat k tqu rcrdwy, 3.d p.rlins cor improving nobilityia.mh.dd.d in tha y.hicle, tsncnG- Thc objd vB, rhd.for., would b! s$ciit n wilh ihproviq rhc sdicc or.(d bv rh6. rhrc. on@nrnb. o! rh. oths trnd, rhc dr.n'iiv6 ror.ll*iiti4 th. nobilityEqun ' povid.d by hprov. .r nodify thc $d6 .d *otrid b. to rslrc rh. dir.EEs u my b. d.vcroF.dth indidcrh. d.initio. oi rultipk gor5. For. surr tha. n cily whh6 6 d.vdo

in th. $hcnt.i Fi$c a l0 illuinr4 howrhiscouldb. dcpid.d.tmDlicn lnc problcn i5 rhc risl ot ! t'n!p. ndgd.ry|'nn.s G t d n . . d s ' h s r oio y wnh cpKt .o tir etirf&tion or rh. B@k iid rh Bolution or rhc $lu.io.. rh. oroblln srouldlko b ciaqs in lh. l@tion .r housin& .. rh. urb8D ryncn l4d. For aramorc, busiEs. rnd indunryfty cprcsnr r bdtd iolld.in l'l,n or. ori.oedb riBFturionA comprch.i$vs probkd romuhtion should incld. su.h

jfu'erdtr$-0obl.hdem'io

e |ry n e mi5 d c t lo p . i. a n ! f rb . lo| Pill probably bcom. uP limnaridns

lics h4ond rh. iifr uqn..or 6ntol o dslins wnhih. probkn. Thistypcollimit wouldnonallv b..ndunicrcd'5 thq bedth or $oE of the p.obbfr incta$sro bolh d. bsdth nndd.pth olr

I I
F\

,;bk. r;.d.ri. ' . ' h . . -, " *l' thaE-d." ;-d*. 'd"r'" in lhc Prcblem a bc iivolY.d sibirhy n Ehkd to th. tndd of tehniel knd*l.dg. Fufth{dot. Echnicrl .xpciis. concdiing spei FiFlry, lhc tin. FquiEmcn6 ror !h incc*.oisid..abrv. Nomallx rhe.nsind. frcs son. ri6c.onsairr rhat in d.rinirgrh.$op. orth.invs erEitrly nus b. ognizd rnd mdsidced Thus.in .dtli.iotrlo ddclhing l ciakd with rh. ploblcn. ftc limi6 rh. inctusionor

c nakn?n6 d d.6nnio.6 rumu* b. Ecosliz.drhrt Yrious Problcn inrolnc.ngin*rs vis ofrhc prcbhn Fdr.Khpr. Figurc rrc in@rpomrcd y No difld, ,.,r dai;borc.poi in ir hd. b.includcd .r . ic @nponc . Th. idlu.n..orrcomnoncntmav, wnh inns inrd.d on th"nudy, r

Oo

=\

s U Io n l n o d .Il d' [,Il l h.i a| !1;5a.cd5i

'*q

o" ' . p . , -" , h .

p . b |. . * a " F " a iy

n.nE, 8nd (h. b.havior or rhis irrcmtion rEr b. .xrlicitry d.fin d, Ir thh a dgiftJkumblcbslrclh.p6b For ut! Frking d.(pla Fisurc2.I $rt would Gul! rbm onsidmne viriarg d.c'6 ofprcblcn $oF, h shaull b. not d rhat fo. @n rrcbl.m sEr.n.n. tn d*iei t6bl.n chrnsE du. !o mud or etr bc orsid!&d. Figtrt 2l2a $. fr.r rhsr ditr r.nt FnFo.nt

riFEaI!odi*d |nrl)Bdbbo'.mf4l!Bonh.g.."*.F.td

1d.h, ona , np..Lon orh.rIoIh-or

r ddp p*ing anallsis appbr 6rimrta. A

b.insndq or ro5a Fpu4ietr

D
z/
\

vid tripdhnibdon, ft ffic ssisin not onryi id .Yalurionof parking e:d6 r bcsis tor.x.niiinc rh. inp Fai,lly, Fisurc!.12cdlPicGa Prc indictly link.d virh queridB cl.t d to urban aormand dfldur. of th. pbbl.n addrcsc rh. hro

Tnh view

i5 tunction or a @nnrdf,t rhat exnB. Ftq&.dy, tb. co*taint is of a ' jrtisdi.tioml mrurc- rhe inm.diai. r...pbne or a iunsdiciiona' m*rmhr c.oacuftnt$oal.nd politicalwlu.slnd Flici6. Oftcn,horeEr, dcsion i $rninb and ofuh. n..d ror r brdder vjq pbr6sjoial cponsibility ro .nsurc rhat jurkdicliour d-klon mrkeG .* v.ll i*rc ol th. nnifialions or ctn

TL ompbrny old6isn ind plaining pr.blemsr.qlird rhrr d dcinidY. ft,n. *o* b. d.v.lop.d ror asninins thc kf,. ln rsr, rh! us. of a multil.vd$tem rm.vo.k rcsulhir a nutbd or ifpliqrions rnar itret thc cnsire. in ih. cdrduct or a daisi and plinnin,! or th. .rgin6r in lchnving ,n lcpbbl. d.sign. Th. fiBt implidrion lhrt mishr br tsIiry. cctuinly, rh. uidc66ndi.s or th. hur{il4.l hied(hidl syn.n 9eF hi6lh.oei.dbqrc{iollham. nL d.:isn. F!nh.mor., il prmiB nim to ldvis. rh. poliqmilcB or rh. tmrlidions or . rldic0lrr policy. Sdnd, th..nsinsr hry u* thdhi ion old6isn and pbnnidsdccnio

h.h!riv6.

Ars. rh. hi.mEhiol mod.r of

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,,,-.".;i ^ll'rdinp|jdoin*$ci

rr' f lil:,Jn".*,,;1, o. r,...bn..q".c,h", .c.;;;J;;;r; "Tt;:;,:;,"

I:1.".?J.,i:n::: d*t..",-.F ri._,."".;:.:;;,.1i':l;fft .," ::1-,,:; j|l;]l$' "",".

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j":i.."i:I ?.. itl;:j;:..,;i:,. :{:,11.",:j.,i;:?T,::

;"+n-s$ffi #l,iit-l{r$li!$,ffi
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4i 'nd e,&|14 eEq5lG sdlo;

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