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252 I CHAPTER 5 INTEGRATION
Since F

(x) > 0 for all real x, F increases on (, ); there are no critical points.
(b) To determine the concavity of the graph and to nd the points of inection, we use
the second derivative
F

(x) =
2x
(1 + x
2
)
2
.
The sign of F

and the behavior of the graph of F are as follows:

0
concave
up
point
of
inflection
concave
down
0
behavior of graph:
sign of F'':
+ + + + + +

(c) Since F(0) = 0 and F

(0) = 1, the graph passes through the origin with slope 1. A

sketch of the graph is shown in Figure 5.3.5. As youll see in Chapter 7, the graph
has two horizontal asymptotes: y =
1
2
and y =
1
2
. J
x
y
Figure 5.3.5
EXERCISES 5.3
1. Given that

1
0
f (x) dx = 6,

2
0
f (x) dx = 4,

5
2
f (x) dx = 1,
nd the following:
(a)

5
0
f (x) dx. (b)

2
1
f (x) dx. (c)

5
1
f (x) dx.
(d)

0
0
f (x) dx. (e)

0
2
f (x) dx. (f)

1
5
f (x) dx.
2. Given that

4
1
f (x) dx = 5,

4
3
f (x) dx = 7,

8
1
f (x) dx = 11,
nd the following:
(a)

8
4
f (x) dx. (b)

3
4
f (x) dx. (c)

3
1
f (x) dx.
(d)

8
3
f (x) dx. (e)

4
8
f (x) dx. (f)

4
4
f (x) dx.
3. Use upper and lower sums to show that
0.5 <

2
1
dx
x
< 1.
4. Use upper and lower sums to show that
0.6 <

1
0
dx
1 + x
2
< 1.
5. For x > 1, set F(x) =

x
0
t

t +1 dt.
(a) Find F(0). (b) Find F

(x). (c) Find F

(2).
(d) Express F(2) as an integral of t

t +1.
(e) Express F(x) as an integral of t

t +1.
6. Let F(x) =

t sin t dt.
(a) Find F(). (b) Find F

(x). (c) Find F

(
1
2
).
(d) Express F(2) as an integral of t sin t .
(e) Express F(x) as an integral of t sin t .
Exercises 712. Calculate the following for each F given below:
(a) F

(1). (b) F

(0). (c) F

(
1
2
). (d) F

(x).
7. F(x) =

x
0
dt
t
2
+9
. 8. F(x) =

0
x

t
2
+1 dt.
9. F(x) =

1
x
t

t
2
+1 dt. 10. F(x) =

x
1
sin t dt.
11. F(x) =

x
1
cos t dt. 12. F(x) =

x
2
(t +1)
3
dt.
13. Show that statements (a) and (b) are false.
(a) U
f
(P
1
) = 4 for the partition P
1
=

0, 1,
3
2
, 2

, and
U
f
(P
2
) = 5 for the partition P
2
=

0,
1
4
, 1,
3
2
, 2

.
(b) L
f
(P
1
) = 5 for the partition P
1
=

0, 1,
3
2
, 2

, and
L
f
(P
2
) = 4 for the partition P
2
=

0,
1
4
, 1,
3
2
, 2

.
14. (a) Which continuous functions f dened on [a, b], have
the property that L
f
(P) = U
f
(P) for some partition P?
(b) Which continuous functions f dened on [a, b] have
the property that L
f
(P) = U
f
(Q) for some partitions P
and Q?
15. Which continuous functions f dened on [a, b] have the
property that all lower sums L
f
(P) are equal?
16. Show that if f is continuous on an interval I, then

c
a
f (t ) dt +

b
c
f (t ) dt =

b
a
f (t ) dt
for every choice of a, b, c from I. HINT: Assume a < b and
consider the four cases: c = a, c = b, c < a, b < c. Then
consider what happens if a > b or a = b.
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JWDD023-05 JWDD023-Salas-v13 October 11, 2006 17:59
5.3 THE FUNCTION F(x) =

x
a
f (t ) dt I 253
Exercises 17 and 18. Find the critical points for F and, at each
critical point, determine whether F has a local maximum, a local
minimum, or neither.
17. F(x) =

x
0
t 1
1 +t
2
dt. 18. F(x) =

x
0
t 4
1 +t
2
dt.
19. For x > 0, set F(x) =

x
1
(1/t ) dt.
(a) Find the critical points for F, if any, and determine the
intervals on which F increases and the intervals on which
F decreases.
(b) Determine the concavity of the graph of F and nd the
points of inection, if any.
(c) Sketch the graph of F.
20. Let F(x) =

x
0
t (t 3)
2
dt .
(a) Find the critical points for F and determine the inter-
vals on which F increases and the intervals on which F
decreases.
(b) Determine the concavity of the graph of F and nd the
points of inection, if any.
(c) Sketch the graph of F.
21. Suppose that f is differentiable with f

(x) > 0 for all x, and

suppose that f (1) = 0. Set
F(x) =

x
0
f (t ) dt.
Justify each statement.
(a) F is continuous.
(b) F is twice differentiable.
(c) x = 1 is a critical point for F.
(d) F takes on a local minimum at x = 1.
(e) F(1) < 0.
Make a rough sketch of the graph of F.
22. Suppose that g is differentiable with g

(x) < 0 for all

x < 1, g

(1) = 0, and g

(x) > 0 for all x > 1, and suppose

that g(1) = 0. Set
G(x) =

x
0
g(t ) dt.
Justify each statement.
(a) G is continuous.
(b) G is twice differentiable.
(c) x = 1 is a critical point for G.
(d) The graph of G is concave down for x < 1 and concave
up for x > 1.
(e) G is an increasing function.
Make a rough sketch of the graph of G.
23. (a) Sketch the graph of the function
f (x) =

2 x, 1 x 0
2 + x, 0 < x 3.
(b) Calculate F(x) =

x
1
f (t ) dt, 1 x 3, and sketch
the graph of F.
(c) What can you conclude about f and F at x = 0?
24. (a) Sketch the graph of the function
f (x) =

x
2
+ x, 0 x 1
2x, 1 < x 3.
(b) Calculate F(x) =

x
0
f (t ) dt, 0 x 3, and sketch the
graph of F.
(c) What can you conclude about f and F at x = 1?
Exercises 2528. Calculate F

(x).
25. F(x)

x
3
0
t cos t dt. HINT: Set u = x
3
and use the
chain rule.
26. F(x) =

cos x
1

1 t
2
dt.
27. F(x) =

1
x
2
(t sin
2
t ) dt.
28. F(x) =

x
0
t
2
1 +t
4
dt.
29. Set F(x) = 2x +

x
0
sin 2t
1 +t
2
dt. Determine
(a) F(0). (b) F

(0). (c) F

(0).
30. Set F(x) = 2x +

x
2
0
sin 2t
1 +t
2
dt. Determine
(a) F(0). (b) F

(x).
31. Assume that f is continuous and

x
0
f (t ) dt =
2x
4 + x
2
.
(a) Determine f (0).
(b) Find the zeros of f , if any.
32. Assume that f is continuous and

x
0
f (t ) dt = sin x x cos x.
(a) Determine f

1
2

. (b) Find f

(x).
33. (A mean-value theorem for integrals) Show that if f is con-
tinuous on [a, b], then there is a least one number c in (a, b)
for which

b
a
f (x) dx = f (c)(b a).
34. We proved Theorem 5.3.5 only in the case that the integra-
tion which denes F is begun at the left endpoint a. Show
that the result still holds if the integration is begun at an
arbitrary point c (a, b).
35. Let f be continuous on [a, b]. For each x [a, b] set
F(x) =

x
c
f (t ) dt, and G(x) =

x
d
f (t ) dt
taking c and d from [a, b].
(a) Show that F and G differ by a constant.
(b) Show that F(x) G(x) =

d
c
f (t ) dt.
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JWDD023-05 JWDD023-Salas-v13 October 11, 2006 17:59
258 I CHAPTER 5 INTEGRATION
III. The integral of a linear combination is the linear combination of the integrals:
(5.4.5)

b
a
[f (x) +g(x)] dx =

b
a
f (x) dx +

b
a
g(x) dx.
This applies to the linear combination of more than two functions. For example,

1
0
(2x 6x
4
+5) dx = 2

1
0
x dx 6

1
0
x
4
dx +

1
0
5 dx
= 2

x
2
2

1
0
6

x
5
5

1
0
+

5x

1
0
= 1
6
5
+5 =
24
5
.
This is the result obtained in Example 3.
Properties I and II are particular instances of Property III. To prove III, let F be an
antiderivative for f and let G be an antiderivative for g. Then, since
[F(x) +G(x)]

= F

(x) +G

(x) = f (x) +g(x),

it follows that F +G is an antiderivative for f +g. Therefore,

b
a
[f (x) +g(x)] dx =

F(x) +G(x)

b
a
= [F(b) +G(b)] [F(a) +G(a)]
= [F(b) F(a)] +[G(b) G(a)]
=

b
a
f (x) dx +

b
a
g(x) dx.
Example 5 Evaluate

/4
0
sec x[2 tan x 5 sec x]dx.
SOLUTION

/4
0
sec x[2 tan x 5 sec x] dx =

/4
0
[2 sec x tan x 5 sec
2
x] dx
= 2

/4
0
sec x tan x dx 5

/4
0
sec
2
x dx
= 2

sec x

/4
0
5

tan x

/4
0
= 2

sec

4
sec 0

tan

4
tan 0

= 2[

2 1] 5[1 0] = 2

2 7. J
EXERCISES 5.4
Exercises 134. Evaluate the integral.
1.

1
0
(2x 3) dx. 2.

1
0
(3x +2) dx.
3.

0
1
5x
4
dx. 4.

2
1
(2x + x
2
) dx.
5.

4
1
2

x dx. 6.

4
0
3

x dx.
7.

5
1
2

x 1dx. 8.

2
1

3
x
3
+5x

dx.
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5.4 THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF INTEGRAL CALCULUS I 259
9.
_
0
2
(x +1)(x 2) dx. 10.
_
0
1
(t
3
+t
2
) dt.
11.
_
2
1
_
3t +
4
t
2
_
dt. 12.
_
1
1
7x
6
dx.
13.
_
1
0
(x
3/2
x
1/2
) dx. 14.
_
1
0
(x
3/4
2x
1/2
) dx.
15.
_
1
0
(x +1)
17
dx. 16.
_
a
0
(a
2
x x
3
) dx.
17.
_
a
0
(

x)
2
dx. 18.
_
1
1
(x 2)
2
dx.
19.
_
2
1
6 t
t
3
dt. 20.
_
3
1
_
x
2

1
x
2
_
dx.
21.
_
2
1
2x(x
2
+1)dx. 22.
_
1
0
3x
2
(x
3
+1) dx.
23.
_
/2
0
cos x dx. 24.
_

0
3 sin x dx.
25.
_
/4
0
2 sec
2
xdx. 26.
_
/3
/6
sec x tan x dx.
27.
_
/4
/6
csc u cot u du. 28.
_
/3
/4
csc
2
u du.
29.
_
2
0
sin x dx. 30.
_

0
1
2
cos x dx.
31.
_
/3
0
_
2

x 2 sec
2
x
_
dx.
32.
_
/2
/4
csc x(cot x 3 csc x) dx.
33.
_
3
0
_
d
dx
(
_
4 + x
2
)
_
dx. 34.
_
/2
0
_
d
dx
(sin
3
x)
_
dx.
Exercises 3538. Calculate the derivative with respect to x
(a) without integrating; that is, using the results of Section 5.3;
(b) by integrating and then differentiating the result.
35.
_
x
1
(t +2)
2
dt. 36.
_
x
0
(cos t sin t ) dt.
37.
_
2x+1
1
1
2
sec u tan u du. 38.
_
2
x
2
t (t 1) dt.
39. Dene a function F on [1, 8] such that F

(x) = 1/x and

(a) F(2) = 0; (b) F(2) = 3.
40. Dene a function F on [0, 4] such that F

(x) =

1 + x
2
and
(a) F(3) = 0; (b) F(3) = 1.
Exercises 4144. Verify that the function is nonnegative on the
given interval, and then calculate the area below the graph on
that interval.
41. f (x) = 4x x
2
; [0, 4].
42. f (x) = x

x +1; [1, 9].

43. f (x) = 2 cos x; [/2, /4].
44. f (x) = sec x tan x; [0, /3].
Exercises 4548. Evaluate.
45. (a)
_
5
2
(x 3) dx. (b)
_
5
2
|x 3| dx.
46. (a)
_
2
4
(2x +3) dx. (b)
_
2
4
|2x +3| dx.
47. (a)
_
2
2
(x
2
1) dx. (b)
_
2
2
|x
2
1| dx.
48. (a)
_

/2
cos x dx. (b)
_

/2
| cos x| dx.
Exercises 4952. Determine whether the calculation is valid. If
it is not valid, explain why it is not valid.
49.
_
2
0
x cos x dx =
_
x sin x +cos x
_
2
0
= 1 1 = 0.
50.
_
2
0
sec
2
x dx =
_
tan x
_
2
0
= 0 0 = 0.
51.
_
2
2
1
x
3
dx =
_
1
2x
2
_
2
2
=
1
8

_

1
8
_
= 0.
52.
_
2
2
|x|dx =
_
1
2
x|x|
_
2
2
= 2 (2) = 0.
53. An object starts at the origin and moves along the x-axis
with velocity
v(t ) = 10t t
2
, 0 t 10.
(a) What is the position of the object at any time t,
0 t 10?
(b) When is the objects velocity a maximum, and what is
its position at that time?
54. The velocity of a bob suspended on a spring is given:
v(t ) = 3 sin t +4 cos t, t 0.
At time t = 0, the bob is one unit below the equilibrium
position. (See the gure.)
(a) Determine the position of the bob at each time t 0.
(b) What is the bobs maximumdisplacement fromthe equi-
librium position?
0 equilibrium
position
1
Exercises 5558. Evaluate the integral.
55.
_
4
0
f (x)dx; f (x) =
_
2x +1, 0 x 1
4 x, 1 < x 4.
56.
_
4
2
f (x)dx; f (x) =
_
2 + x
2
, 2 x < 0
1
2
x +2, 0 x 4.
292 C HA P T E R 4 APPLI CATI ONS OF THE DERI VATI VE

To solve a differential equation

dy
dx
= f (x) with initial condition y(x
0
) = y
0
, rst nd
the general antiderivative y = F(x) + C. Then determine C using the initial condition
F(x
0
) +C = y
0
.
4.9 EXERCISES
Preliminary Questions
1. Does f (x) = x
1
have an antiderivative for x < 0? If so, describe
one.
2. Find an antiderivative of the function f (x) = 0.
3. What is the difference, if any, between nding the general anti-
derivative of a function f (x) and evaluating

f (x) dx?
4. Jacques happens to knowthat f (x) and g(x) have the same deriva-
tive, and he would like to know if f (x) = g(x). Does Jacques have
sufcient information to answer his question?
5. Write any two antiderivatives of cos x. Which initial conditions do
they satisfy at x = 0?
6. Suppose that F

(x) = f (x) and G

(x) = g(x). Are the following

statements true or false? Explain.
(a) If f = g, then F = G.
(b) If F and G differ by a constant, then f = g.
(c) If f and g differ by a constant, then F = G.
7. Determine if y = x
2
is a solution to the differential equation with
initial condition
dy
dx
= 2x, y(0) = 1
Exercises
In Exercises 18, nd the general antiderivative of f (x) and check
your answer by differentiating.
1. f (x) = 12x 2. f (x) = x
2
3. f (x) = x
2
+3x +2 4. f (x) = x
2
+1
5. f (x) = 8x
4
6. f (x) = cos x +3 sin x
7. f (x) = 5e
x
+ x
2
8. f (x) = 3x
3
+
4
x
In Exercises 912, match the function with its antiderivative (a)(d).
(a) F(x) = cos(1 x) (b) F(x) = cos x
(c) F(x) =
1
2
cos(x
2
) (d) F(x) = sin x x cos x
9. f (x) = sin x 10. f (x) = x sin(x
2
)
11. f (x) = sin(1 x) 12. f (x) = x sin x
In Exercises 1342, evaluate the indenite integral.
13.

(x +1) dx 14.

(9 5x) dx
15.

(t
5
+3t +2) dt 16.

8s
4
ds
17.

t
9/5
dt 18.

(5x
3
x
2
x
3/5
) dx
19.

2 dx 20.

x
dx
21.

(5t 9) dt 22.

(x
3
+4x
2
) dx
23.

x
2
dx 24.

x dx
25.

(x +3)
2
dx 26.

(4t 9)
3
dt
27.

3
z
5
dz 28.

3
x
3/2
dx
29.

x(x 1) dx 30.

(x + x
1
)(3x
2
5x) dx
31.

t 7

t
dt 32.

x
2
+2x 3
x
4
dx
33.

(4 sin x 3 cos x) dx 34.

sin 9x dx
35.

cos(6t +4) dt 36.

(4 +cos 8) d
37.

cos(3 4t ) dt 38.

18 sin(3z +8) dz
39.

(cos x e
x
) dx 40.

8
x
+3e
x

dx
41.

25e
5x
dx 42.

(2x +e
142x
) dx
S E C T I O N 4.9 Antiderivatives 293
43. In Figure 3, which of (A) or (B) is the graph of an antiderivative
of f (x)?
f (x) (A) (B)
x
x
x
y y y
FIGURE 3
44. In Figure 4, which of (A), (B), (C) is not the graph of an anti-
derivative of f (x)? Explain.
f (x)
(C) (B) (A)
x
x
y
x
y
x
y
y
FIGURE 4
45. Use the formulas for the derivatives of f (x) = tan x and f (x) =
sec x to evaluate the integrals.
(a)

sec
2
(3x) dx (b)

sec(x +3) tan(x +3) dx

46. Use the formulas for the derivatives of f (x) = cot x and f (x) =
csc x to evaluate the integrals.
(a)

csc
2
x dx (b)

csc x cot x dx
In Exercises 4762, solve the differential equation with initial condi-
tion.
47.
dy
dx
= cos 2x, y(0) = 3 48.
dy
dx
= x
3
, y(0) = 2
49.
dy
dx
= x, y(0) = 5 50.
dy
dt
= 0, y(3) = 5
51.
dy
dt
= 5 2t
2
, y(1) = 2
52.
dy
dx
= 8x
3
+3x
2
3, y(1) = 1
53.
dy
dt
= 4t +9, y(0) = 1 54.
dy
dt
=

t , y(1) = 1
55.
dy
dx
= sin x, y

= 1 56.
dy
dz
= sin 2z, y

= 4
57.
dy
dx
= cos 5x, y() = 3
58.
dy
dx
= sec
2
3x, y

= 2
59.
dy
dx
= e
x
, y(0) = 4 60.
dy
dx
= e
x
, y(2) = 4
61.
dy
dx
= e
5x
, y(0) = 3 62.
dy
dx
= e
x
, y(1) = 1
In Exercises 6368, rst nd f

and then nd f .
63. f

(x) = x, f

(0) = 1, f (0) = 0
64. f

(x) = x
3
2x +1, f

(0) = 1, f (0) = 0
65. f

(x) = x
3
2x +1, f

(1) = 0, f (1) = 4
66. f

(t ) = t
3/2
, f

(4) = 1, f (4) = 4
67. f

() = cos , f

= 1, f

= 6
68. f

(t ) = t cos t , f

(0) = 2, f (0) = 2
69. Show that f (x) = tan
2
x and g(x) = sec
2
x have the same deriva-
tive. What can you conclude about the relation between f and g? Ver-
ify this conclusion directly.
70. Show, by computing derivatives, that sin
2
x =
1
2
cos 2x +C for
some constant C. Find C by setting x = 0.
71. A particle located at the origin at t = 0 begins moving along the
x-axis with velocity v(t ) =
1
2
t
2
t ft/s. Let s(t ) be its position at
time t . State the differential equation with initial condition satised by
s(t ) and nd s(t ).
72. Repeat Exercise 71, but replace the initial condition s(0) = 0 with
s(2) = 3.
73. A particle moves along the x-axis with velocity v(t ) = 25t
t
2
ft/s. Let s(t ) be the position at time t .
(a) Find s(t ), assuming that the particle is located at x = 5 at time
t = 0.
(b) Find s(t ), assuming that the particle is located at x = 5 at time
t = 2.
74. A particle located at the origin at t = 0 moves in a straight line
with acceleration a(t ) = 4
1
2
t ft/s
2
. Let v(t ) be the velocity and
s(t ) the position at time t .
(a) State and solve the differential equation for v(t ) assuming that the
particle is at rest at t = 0.
(b) Find s(t ).
75. A car traveling 84 ft/s begins to decelerate at a constant rate of
14 ft/s
2
. After how many seconds does the car come to a stop and how
far will the car have traveled before stopping?