FKW Research Center for Refrigeration and Heat Pumps, Hannover, Germany

The FKW CO2 Earth Heat Pipe as Earth Probe for Geothermal Heat Pumps
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr. h.c. H. Kruse
FKW Research Centre of Refrigeration and Heat Pumps Weidendamm 12-14, 30167 Hannover, Germany

EU Workshop, Brussels
28 .05 .2008

Content
Seasonal Performance Factor SPF of f Ground G d Source S Heat H t Pumps P with ith Brine Bi E Earth th P Probes. b EU Project for improving Ground Source Heat Pumps for higher Efficiencies and Temperatures. Improving Borehole Heat Exchangers by applying the thermodynamic principle of a Thermosyphon Heat Pipe.
Prsentation 25.05.03 2

Summary

Study and EU Project GROUND HIT show that it is possible to achieve reasonable high SPF with HFC-refrigerants by application of the earth-to-water system.

Ground Source heat pumps as developed by GROUND HIT offer a good basis for further improvements by optimizing the

Bore Hole Heat Exchanger BHE .

3

Improvement of Bore Hole Exchanger

-

Conventional:
Brine Earth Probe with water-glycol or water-salt solutions Ground Water Endangering Class 1, Germany: (WG1)

- Innovative: CO2 Earth Heat Pipe p Carbon Dioxide: not ground water endangering (WG -)
-

Improvement: Energy and Environment: Air and Ground Water

Brine Earth Probe and CO2 Earth Heat Pipe

X

Polyethylene U-type tube Brine Earth Probe Corrugated stainless steel single tube CO2 Heat Pipe Thermosyhon principle

Installation of the Heat Pipe Head in a Subsurface Shaft

An easy installation in the standard shaft ( 120 cm) being outside in the open area in the subsoil under the new building

Swiss Study on Geothermal Heat Pumps Seasonal Performance Factors (BfE 2004)

Prsentation 25.05.03

Innovative FKW CO2- Earth Heat Pipe

CO2-Heatpipe (EWR) consists of

Pipe (to 300 m length)

Coil and Shell Heat Exchanger

(Adjusted to the EHP heat extraction)

German Patent No. 198 60 328A1, Registered Design No. 012040141

Corrugated Stainless Steel Pipe

X

Spirally grooved fl ibl flexible pipe i i is best suited for an even distribution of the downward flowing liquid film at the inner wall circumference.

Liquid film in the i inner grooves is i best b t protected against the shear stress from the upward flowing vapour in the core of the pipe, pipe preventing entrainment effects.

Inserting a Stainless Steel Pipe into the Borehole

10

Experimental Comparison of CO2 Earth Heat Pipe and Brine Earth Probe

11

Field Test in Berlin Earth Heat Pipe and Brine Earth Probe

CO2 Heat Pipe Head

Heat Pump Compressors and Condensers

Brine Tube Head

Temperatures in the Refrigerant Cycle and at the outside Wall of the CO2 Heat Pipe depending on time and borehole depth
V e r s u c h : 0 4 .0 6 .0 5 0 U h r - 0 6 .0 6 .0 5 0 U h r D a t e n d e r K lte a n la g e a n d e r 1 0 0 m la n g e n S o le -S o n d e
R 4 0 7 C - V e r d a m p fu n g s t e m p . d e r S o le s o n d e R 4 0 7 C -V e rd a m p fu n g s te m p . d e r C O 2 -S o n d e A u e n te m p e ra tu r S o le - E in t r it ts te m p e r a tu r in d ie E r d e C O 2 - E in t r itt s te m p e r a t u r in d i e E r d e F l s s ig k e it v o r A K V ( R 4 0 7 C )

40 35 30 25 F l s s ig k e it v o r A K V

40 35 30 25 20 15 A u e n te m p e ra tu r 10 5 S o l e - E i n t r it t s t e m p . i n d i e E r d e C O 2 - E in tr itts t e m p . in d ie E r d e R 4 0 7 C -V e r d a m p f u n g s te m p e ra tu r d e r C O 2 -S o n d e R 4 0 7 C - V e r d a m p fu n g s te m p e r a tu r d e r S o le s o n d e 0 -5 -1 0 -1 5 -2 0 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48

T e m p e ra tu re n z w is c h e n 3 u n d 6 U h r in C 0 10 20 30 Teufe in m
13

Temperatur [C]

20 15 10 5 0 -5 -1 0 -1 5 -2 0

40 50 60 70

Z e it [h h ]

T e m p e r a t u r e s o n t h e o u ts id e w a ll o f t h e e a r t h p r o b e
T e m p e ra tu re n a n d e r A u e n w a n d d e s E rd w rm e ro h re s
4 3 2 4 3 2
E rd te m p . b e i 4 0 m

80 90 100 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 R o h rw a n d te m p e ra tu r in C

Temperatur [C]

1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 0 6 12 18
R o h r te m p . b e i 9 0 m R o h r te m p . b e i 3 0 m R o h rte m p . b e i 4 0 m

1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 48

R o h r te m p . b e i 5 0 m R o h r te m p . b e i 8 0 m R o hrtem p. b ei 10 m

24

30

36

42

Z e it [h h ]

Results of Measurements at the Brine and the CO2 probe

Period Brine Inlet Temp [C] Evapora ting Temp. to R407C [C]* at dew line Condensing Temp. tc R407C [C]* at dew line Heat extraction rate of brine earth probe [W/m] CO2 Inlet Temp. [C] Evaporating Temp. to R407C [C]* at dew line Cond. Temp. tc R407C [C]* at dew line Heat extraction rate of CO2 earth probe [W/m]

20.-23.5.05: 60 h 1.-2.6.05: 24 h

-1.4

-6.4

44.4

56.5

-3.3

-8.3

26.9

60.4

4.-6.6.05: 48 h

-1.4

-13.9

37.6

42.4

-3.9

-9.1

37.5

60.0

7.-8.6.05: 18 h

-0.5

-13.5

51.9

43.4

-3.6

-8.8

51.0

61.7

Temperatures at the CO2 Heat Pipe and the Brine Earth Probe

Test Results and calculated COP Values of the Brine Earth Probe and the CO2 Earth Heat Pipe at different Heat Extraction Rates
System tB1 tB2 tBrine Bi to tc COPc COPh tom tEarth E th Qo l

[oC]

[oC]

[K]

[oC]

[oC]

[K]

[K]

[W/m]

Brine

-1.4

+0.2

1.6

-13.9

37.6

2.81

3.81

13.3

12.3

42.4

100

CO2

-3.9

-3.9

-9.1

37.5

3.23

4.23

5.2

15.4

60

100

CO2

+0.6

+0.6

-4.6

37.5

3.71

4.71

5.2

10.9

42.4

100

Conclusion
CO2 Heat Pipe with an equal heat pump leads to a different heat extraction rate of 60 W/m as the Brine Earth Probe with 42,4 W/m. Heating COP is 11% better for the CO2 EHP ( No brine pump power has been taken into consideration) CO2 Heat Pipe at an equal heat extraction rate as the Brine Earth Probe of 50 W/m results in an Heating COP of 25% better than the BEP. ( No brine power pump has been taken into consideration )

Pilot Systems with FKW-CO2 Heat Pipes in Germany and Austria 2005 - 2007
Location Type of heat pump Heating capacity Length of the heat pipe Cooling capacity Sub soil Start up

Schriesheim Bad Knig Crailsheim Emsbach Nordheim/Heilbronn Ludwigshafen Kappelrodeck/Achern Eppingen/Richen Bammental Waldburg(A)

Hoval DV8P Hoval DV7P

8,5 KW 5,5 KW

1 x 100m 1 x 80m

6,6 KW 4,3 KW

silt/rock silt/rock

15.09.05 18.10.05

Hoval DV15P

15 KW

2 x 100m

12 KW

lime stone

24.10.05

Hoval DV8P Hoval DV8P

8,5 KW 8,5 KW

1 x 100m 1 x 100m

6,6 KW 6,6 KW

lime stone silt/lime stone

15.04.06 15.10.06

Hoval DV8P

8,5 KW

1 x 100m

6,6 KW

sand/groundwater

10.11.06

Hoval DV7P

5,5 KW

1 x 80m

4,3 KW

silt/rock

Schrag Hoval Ochsner

8,5 KW 8,5 KW ?

1 x 100m 1 x 100m 1 x 100m

6,6 KW 6,6 KW ?

silt/rock silt ?

05.07 11. 07. ?

Scheme of Heat Pump with CO2 Heat Pipe in Schriesheim

First Pilot Heat Pump with CO2 Heat Pipe in Schriesheim

Hoval heat pump: Inside construction of the heat pump without evaporator I t ll ti of Installation f the th evaporator t as a probe head in the norm shaft

Research and Development

FKW Research Project R&D:
-

Comparison of a CO2 Heat Pipe with Brine Earth Probe Experience pe e ce with t inserting se t g stainless sta ess Stee Steel Heat eat Pipe pe into to Bore Hole Development of Heat Pipe HX and Compact Heat Pump

Drilling Work for Earth Probes Testfield at FKW

100m Stainless Steel Pipe for CO2 BHE

Inserting the Heat Pipe into the Borehole

Shaft with the Connection Canal to the Building

Installation of the Heat Pipe Head in the Shaft

An easy installation in the standard shaft ( 120 cm) being outside in the open area in the subsoil under the new building

FKW Basement and Parking lot with 3 different Earth Probes

X
Wrmepumpen Laboratory Labor

FFfff

Heat Pipe

Research Earth Probe

Forschungssonde DN80 100m DN 80 100m

Brine Earth Probe

Solesonde Double U-Pipe Doppel U-Rohr DN32 100m DN 32 100m

Heizung Heating

CO2 - Erdwrmerohr CO2 Earth Probe DN32 100m

DN32 - 100m
27

Demonstration Chamber for the CO2- and Brine Heat Pump

Heat Pumps for CO2- and Brine BHE

Research Project: (ENBW+EDF) First Deep CO2 Heat Pipe

X X

Research Project in Triberg/ Blackforest Pi i l Principle:

One House One Borehole CO2 heat pipe of 250 meter depth Capacity: 18 kW

Heat Pump for Existing Buildings

Viessmann EVI- HP (65C)

Research Project: (EnBW+EDF) First Deep CO2 Heat Pipe

Research Partners

EIFER (European Institute for Energy Research) Systherma Planungsbro fr Erdwrmesyteme GmbH Kaeltro Kltetechnik Angewandte Geologie Karlsruhe (University Karlsruhe) FKW Forschungszentrum FKWF h f Kl fr Klte- und d W Wrmepumpentechnik h ik

Triberg Blackforest Drilling Place

250 m CO2- Earth Heat Pipe

Upper End of the Heat Pipe with Measurement Installation

Research: FKW and Information: IZW

Forschungszentrum fr Kltetechnik und Wrmepumpen GmbH

Informationszentrum Wrmepumpen und Kltetechnik e.V.