Monsanto UK Hack

AnonPaste
http://www.anonpaste.me/anonpaste2/index.php?cdb28493daf084af#ux...
AnonPaste
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Monsanto Uk Hacked By Ag3nt47 . .............................,+DMDZ8Z8DNMMMMD~................................ . . .......................:DMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM8OON,............................. . . .....................~MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM8MM=.......................... . . .................... MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMNODMMMM......................... . . ...................7MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM$8MMMMM........................ . . .................:MMMMMMMMMOMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM$MMNNMMM....................... . . ................7MMMMMMMD$M$ZDMMDMMMMMMM8MMZDZMMZ$MMMMM .................... . . ...............~MMMMMMMZ$$$7=I$Z$+II$$$$$$$$ZZOM$OD$$MMM.................... ...................~MMMMMN$?~~~~~~~~~~~~~=~~:~~~~=7$$Z$$OMMM8................... ...................+MMMMZ=~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~::~~+$$NMMMM................... . .................MMMM$???+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~, ...:7$MMM................... ... ..............,MMMDI??+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,,.....+$NM$.................. ..................:MMM$??=~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:... . :~~MM.. .. . .... . . ..................?MMO???~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. .....~~7M~. .. . .... . . ..................MMD$$7????+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~====+=+?:. ~+?MD ................ ................. MMD$$$?????+=~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~=?++...:~~NM. ......... ..... .................+MMM$$$$+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~=I8.,:..+~MM................. .................=MM8$$$~+?$ZNNND$=+$~~~~~~~~~+??OMMMMMO...~~NM ................ ................. MM7?7+:+ZDNNMMMMMMM????????$MMMMMDD88N8 :8MM. ......... ..... ..................7MZM=~MN,..... =ZMMZ??????Z8IMMMMMMMMMMN+,IM+................. ..................,N$MMMO$$$$$$$$$$$ZMMMNMMNM8=+77$$?$$INMDNMM:................. ............... INMZMMNM$$$I.ZM+=.$~$NMMMMMMD$$$:$D+= 7+.MMMNND ......... ..... ...............Z? .M?.=M$$$~..I+...:~DMO~~DMZ?$I..=:.:~?:OMMNM+.$............... .............. OMMO.~. MZI... .... :,MN~~~~M8=... ..:~,.~OM.8N?ZM=. . .... . . ...............$+D7M= .,M~. .....:~ OM~=~~=MN,. . .... ..M7 O$??M=. . .... . . ...............7,DNMZ?..~N...... .?M~+?~~~?M,..........ON..NM??M............... ...............?.N.M=?=. +DN:...,OMD~??~~~~??M~........DN...MMIOM .............. ................$.8+~??~..=??????+,,???~~~~~?=+8NN78MMM$??.+MMIM................ ................ $:.:???.... .. ..+???~~~~~~8~. .?????=?~.?~7M,................ ..................N..???? .........?ZZ?=~~??=N~........+?.=??,D ................ ................. .N$????=......... NI7M??N$NO ......~?= ?8,Z?................. ....................~?????.........~~~~~~++~~,.,..... ??..?MM,.................. .................... N????? ....~~~~~~:,??=~~~~~.....,??.=?O.................... .....................,I????+..~~~~~~~. .=. ??=~~~~:. :??.?$..................... ......................O??????~~~~=~:,+O~..O+,?8?~~~. ~??.?O..................... .......................N????~?+?$:O+?~=NMMMMMMNO+~...?????8..................... ..................... .:Z????~~~~,~7~~,..~~~~7~~~..:=??IZ?? .................... ..................... ..ZI???+~~~~~~=OMMMMMD~~~~~~~~??8D?7...................... .........................D????~~~~~::... .,~~~~~~+?$$M+D ..................... ..................... ...OMI??~~:...... ........,~~?77M7~~...................... .........................$IMD?+~~~~,........,~~~~7?NIMM8M....................... .........................:O?MM$+~~~~~~:,:~~~~~~?DNM7MM$=I....................... ..................... ....???MMMNI?+=~~~~~=??+$MMDMMMMND........................ ...........................N??MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMN,=........................ ............................O??MMNMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMD.D ........................ ..................... .......8??MMIMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM,..I......................... ............................. 8??NM=~~==???OMMMMM?.. I ......................... ...............................D+?NN=~~~=??MMMMN ., .~.......................... ..................... ..........,Z?DM$++$MMMMMIZ,...Z........................... ..................................,DDMMMMM8?.................................... ..................... .................... ..................................... approved,author,datestamp,email,email_reply,host,id,parent,subject,thread Y,S. Henderson,2000-09-21 08:04:41,sassa1000@aol.com,NULL,spider-wj064.proxy.aol.com,9,0,umfassende Infos,9 Y,Carmen Candia,2000-09-28 00:54:54,carmen_c18@hotmail.com,NULL,wkstn108-71.leavey.georgetown.edu,10,9,RE: umfassende Infos,9 Y,C. Samouel,2000-12-29 12:51:58,csamouel@aol.com,NULL,acb02017.ipt.aol.com,14,0,Neues Gesicht,14 Y,arlenka klas,2001-03-19 09:31:28,arlenka.klas@priorsep.com,NULL,l0298p12.dipool.highway.telekom.at,13,0,Ihre Meinung ist uns eine Reise wert!,13
body,id,thread "Ich habe das Biotechnologie Zentrum neu entdeckt und vorher noch keinen vergleichbaren Ort im Web gefunden, wo ich Wissenswertes zum Thema Biotechnologie auf aehnliche Weise zusammengetragen finde. Die Moeglichkeit zur Online-Diskussion finde ich aeusserst lobenswert - gerade, weil es sich hier um ein kontroverses Thema handelt. Ich werde von nun an regelmaessig hier vorbeischauen...",9,9
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"Auch ich finde das neue Diskussionsforum lobenswert! Ich hatte schon darauf gewartet, dass das hier eingefuegt wird. Ich habe auf der Web Seite schon mehrmals nach interessanten Artikeln gesucht, und immer wieder was gefunden. Ich hoffe wirklich, dass hier bald ein bisschen mehr Diskussion stattfindet. Weiter so!",10,9 "Das neue Gesicht des Biotechnologie Zentrums gefaellt mir sehr gut. man kann direkt alle neuen Nachrichten abrufen, und die Suchfunktion ist einmalig. Fuer meine Interessen kann ich in dieser staending wachsenden Datenbank wirklich einiges finden. Ich bin gespannt, was andere davon halten.",14,14 "Guten Tag! Wir sind auf der Suche nach ""branchennahen"" Surfern, die die neue Website unserer Firma beurteilen knnten. Prior Separation Technology ist ein junges Unternehmen, das mit der eingens entwickelten Technologie im Bereich der Trennung der Molekle aus komplexen Mischungen auf dem Markt expandieren mchte. Die Technologie basiert auf der prparativen kontinuierlichen annularen Chromatographie mit einem breiten Trennspektrum (Proteine, Peptide, Nucleinsuren, Oligosaccharide, Naturextrakte, Chemikalien). Wir laden alle ein, unsere Seite zu besuchen und Feedback, Kritik oder Anregung zu geben. Ihre Meinung ist uns auch eine Reise wert! Wenn Sie sich bis 31.3.01 bei uns registrieren, knnen Sie bei unserem Gewinnspielmitmachen und ein ganzes Wochenende in WIEN gewinnen - Flug und Hotelaufenthalt fr zwei Personen! <http://www.priorsep.com> Wir freuen uns auf Ihren Besuch! Arlenka Klas IT-Marketing <http://www.priorsep.com>
-+ --------------------------------------------------- + Arlenka Klas, IT-marketing manager + --------------------------------------------------- + PRIOR SEPARATION TECHNOLOGY Vorarlberger Wirtschaftspark 6840 Goetzis, Austria + --------------------------------------------------- + tel +43 - 5523 - 52106 fax +43 - 5523 - 52509 arlenka.klas@priorsep.com www.priorsep.com + --------------------------------------------------- + ",13,13 district_id,district_image,district_name,state 1,/images/ap/ap-adilabad.jpg,Adilabad,Andhra Pradesh 2,/images/ap/ap-ap.jpg,Andhra Pradesh,Andhra Pradesh 3,/images/ap/ap-karimnager.jpg,Karimnagar,Andhra Pradesh 4,/images/ap/ap-khammam.jpg,Khammam,Andhra Pradesh 5,/images/ap/ap-medak.jpg,Medak,Andhra Pradesh 6,/images/ap/ap-nizamabad.jpg,Nizamabad,Andhra Pradesh 7,/images/ap/ap-prakasam.jpg,Prakasam,Andhra Pradesh 8,/images/ap/ap-vishakapatnam.jpg,Vishakhapatnam,Andhra Pradesh 9,/images/ap/ap-warangal.jpg,Warrangal,Andhra Pradesh 10,/images/hp/bilaspur.jpg,Bilaspur,Himachal Pradesh 11,/images/hp/chamba.jpg,Chamba,Himachal Pradesh 12,/images/hp/hamirpur.jpg,Hamirpur,Himachal Pradesh 13,/images/hp/hp.jpg,Himachal Pradesh,Himachal Pradesh 14,/images/bihar/begusarai.jpg,Begusarai,Bihar 15,/images/bihar/bhagalpur.jpg,Bhagalpur,Bihar 16,/images/bihar/bihar.jpg,Bihar,Bihar 17,/images/bihar/khagaria.jpg,Khagaria,Bihar 18,/images/bihar/madhepura.jpg,Madhepura,Bihar 19,/images/bihar/muzaffarpur.jpg,Muzzaffarpur,Bihar 20,/images/bihar/palamu.jpg,Palamu,Bihar 21,/images/bihar/purnia.jpg,Purnia,Bihar 22,/images/bihar/saharsa.jpg,Saharsa,Bihar 23,/images/bihar/samastipur.jpg,Samastipur,Bihar 24,/images/bihar/saran.jpg,Saran,Bihar 25,/images/bihar/siwan.jpg,Siwan,Bihar 26,/images/bihar/vaishali.jpg,Vaishali,Bihar 27,/images/gujarat/bharuch.jpg,Bharuch,Gujarat 28,/images/gujarat/gujarat.jpg,Gujarat,Gujarat 29,/images/gujarat/kheda.jpg,Kheda,Gujarat 30,/images/gujarat/panchmahals.jpg,Panch Mahals,Gujarat 32,/images/gujarat/vadodara.jpg,Vadodara,Gujarat 33,/images/jk/anantnag.jpg,Anantnag,Jammu and Kashmir 34,/images/jk/baramula.jpg,Baramula,Jammu and Kashmir 35,/images/jk/doda.jpg,Doda,Jammu and Kashmir 36,/images/jk/jammu.jpg,Jammu,Jammu and Kashmir 37,/images/jk/jk.jpg,Jammu and Kashmir,Jammu and Kashmir 38,/images/jk/kathua.jpg,Kathua,Jammu and Kashmir 39,/images/jk/kupwara.jpg,Kupwara,Jammu and Kashmir 40,/images/jk/punch.jpg,Punch,Jammu and Kashmir 41,/images/jk/rajauri.jpg,Rajauri,Jammu and Kashmir 42,/images/jk/udhampur.jpg,Udhampur,Jammu and Kashmir 43,/images/rajasthan/ajmer.jpg,Ajmer,rajasthan 44,/images/rajasthan/banswara.jpg,Banswara,rajasthan 45,/images/rajasthan/bundi.jpg,Bundi,rajasthan 46,/images/rajasthan/chittaurgarh.jpg,Chittaurgarh,rajasthan 47,/images/rajasthan/dungaurpur.jpg,Dungaurpur,rajasthan 48,/images/rajasthan/jhalawar.jpg,Jhalawar,rajasthan
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49,/images/rajasthan/rajasthan.jpg,Rajasthan,rajasthan 50,/images/rajasthan/udaipur.jpg,Udaipur,rajasthan 51,/images/karnataka/belgaum.jpg,Belgaum,Karnataka 52,/images/karnataka/bellary.jpg,Bellary,NULL 53,/images/karnataka/bijapur.jpg,Bijapur,Karnataka 54,/images/karnataka/chitradurga.jpg,Chitradurga,Karnataka 55,/images/karnataka/dharwad.jpg,Dharwad,Karnataka 56,/images/karnataka/karnataka.jpg,Karnataka,Karnataka 57,/images/karnataka/kolar.jpg,Kolar,Karnataka 58,/images/karnataka/mysore.jpg,Mysore,Karnataka 59,/images/karnataka/shimoga.jpg,Shimoga,Karnataka 60,/images/tn/coimbatore.jpg,Coimbatore,Tamil Nadu 61,/images/tn/madurai.jpg,Madurai,Tamil Nadu 62,/images/tn/periyar.jpg,Periyar,Tamil Nadu 63,/images/tn/pudukkotai.jpg,Pudukkotai,Tamil Nadu 65,/images/tn/tn.jpg,Tamil Nadu,Tamil Nadu 66,/images/up/aligarh.jpg,Aligarh,Uttar Pradesh 67,/images/up/bahraich.jpg,Bahraich,Uttar Pradesh 68,/images/up/bijnor.jpg,Bijnor,Uttar Pradesh 69,/images/up/budaun.jpg,Buduan,Uttar Pradesh 70,/images/up/bulandshahr.jpg,Bulandhshahr,Uttar Pradesh 71,/images/up/etah.jpg,Etah,Uttar Pradesh 72,/images/up/etawah.jpg,Etawah,Uttar Pradesh 73,/images/up/farrukhabad.jpg,Farrukhabad,Uttar Pradesh 74,/images/up/ghaziabad.jpg,Ghaziabad,Uttar Pradesh 75,/images/up/gonda.jpg,Gonda,Uttar Pradesh 76,/images/up/gorakhpur.jpg,Gorakhpur,Uttar Pradesh 77,/images/up/hardoi.jpg,Hardoi,Uttar Pradesh 78,/images/up/jaunpur.jpg,Jaunpur,Uttar Pradesh 79,/images/up/kanpur-dehat.jpg,Kanpur Dehat,Uttar Pradesh 80,/images/up/mainpuri.jpg,Mainpuri,Uttar Pradesh 81,/images/up/unnao.jpg,Unnao,Uttar Pradesh 82,/images/up/up.jpg,Uttar Pradesh,Uttar Pradesh 83,NULL,NULL,NULL doc_category,doc_id,uid The Economy,1,1 The Environment,1,2 Benefits and Risks,1,3 The Environment,2,4 Benefits and Risks,2,5 The Economy,3,6 Human Health,3,7 The Environment,3,8 Benefits and Risks,3,9 Human Health,4,10 Benefits and Risks,4,11 Labelling,5,12 Benefits and Risks,5,13 Regulatory Affairs,5,14 Public Opinion,6,15 Regulatory Affairs,6,16 The Environment,7,17 Benefits and Risks,7,18 Product Development,7,19 Public Opinion,8,20 The Economy,8,21 Benefits and Risks,8,22 Regulatory Affairs,8,23 Labelling,9,24 Public Opinion,9,25 Benefits and Risks,9,26 The Economy,10,27 Benefits and Risks,10,28 Product Development,10,29 Public Opinion,11,30 The Economy,11,31 Benefits and Risks,12,32 Product Development,12,33 Regulatory Affairs,12,34 The Economy,13,35 Regulatory Affairs,13,36 Human Health,14,37 The Environment,14,38 Benefits and Risks,14,39 The Environment,15,40 The Environment,16,41 Benefits and Risks,16,42 Scientific Aspects,17,43 The Environment,17,44 Benefits and Risks,17,45 Product Development,17,46 Public Opinion,18,47 Benefits and Risks,18,48 Product Development,18,49 Public Opinion,19,50 The Economy,19,51 Benefits and Risks,19,52 Benefits and Risks,20,53 Product Development,20,54 Human Health,21,55 The Environment,21,56
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Benefits and Risks,21,57 Public Opinion,22,58 Human Health,22,59 The Environment,22,60 Benefits and Risks,22,61 Public Opinion,23,62 The Economy,23,63 Regulatory Affairs,23,64 Public Opinion,24,65 The Economy,24,66 Benefits and Risks,24,67 Regulatory Affairs,24,68 Scientific Aspects,25,69 Public Opinion,25,70 Public Opinion,26,71 The Economy,26,72 Human Health,26,73 The Environment,26,74 Benefits and Risks,26,75 Benefits and Risks,27,76 Public Opinion,28,77 The Economy,28,78 Regulatory Affairs,28,79 Scientific Aspects,29,80 Public Opinion,30,81 Regulatory Affairs,31,82 The Environment,32,83 Benefits and Risks,32,84 Regulatory Affairs,32,85 Regulatory Affairs,33,86 Human Health,34,87 Regulatory Affairs,34,88 Labelling,35,89 The Economy,35,90 Regulatory Affairs,35,91 Public Opinion,36,92 The Economy,36,93 Human Health,36,94 Regulatory Affairs,36,95 Public Opinion,37,96 Human Health,37,97 Benefits and Risks,38,98 Product Development,38,99 Product Development,39,100 Regulatory Affairs,39,101 Labelling,40,102 Public Opinion,40,103 Product Development,41,104 Public Opinion,42,105 Regulatory Affairs,42,106 Labelling,43,107 Public Opinion,44,108 Public Opinion,45,109 The Environment,45,110 Benefits and Risks,45,111 Labelling,46,112 Regulatory Affairs,46,113 Public Opinion,47,114 Public Opinion,48,115 Regulatory Affairs,48,116 Scientific Aspects,49,117 Human Health,49,118 The Environment,49,119 Benefits and Risks,49,120 Product Development,49,121 Labelling,50,122 Human Health,50,123 The Environment,50,124 Benefits and Risks,50,125 Labelling,51,126 Regulatory Affairs,51,127 Public Opinion,3224,128 The Economy,3224,129 Human Health,3224,130 The Environment,3224,131 Benefits and Risks,3224,132 Benefits and Risks,53,133 Regulatory Affairs,54,134 Labelling,55,135 Regulatory Affairs,55,136 Labelling,56,137 Human Health,56,138 Benefits and Risks,56,139 Scientific Aspects,57,140 The Economy,57,141 Human Health,57,142 The Environment,57,143 Benefits and Risks,57,144 Product Development,57,145 Scientific Aspects,58,146 Human Health,58,147
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The Environment,58,148 Benefits and Risks,58,149 Product Development,58,150 Regulatory Affairs,58,151 Labelling,59,152 Human Health,59,153 Benefits and Risks,59,154 Human Health,60,155 The Environment,60,156 Benefits and Risks,60,157 Product Development,60,158 Regulatory Affairs,60,159 Human Health,61,160 The Environment,61,161 Benefits and Risks,61,162 Product Development,61,163 Regulatory Affairs,61,164 Benefits and Risks,62,165 Product Development,62,166 The Environment,63,167 Product Development,63,168 Human Health,64,169 The Environment,64,170 Benefits and Risks,64,171 Regulatory Affairs,65,172 Human Health,66,173 Product Development,66,174 Scientific Aspects,67,175 Human Health,67,176 The Environment,67,177 Benefits and Risks,67,178 Product Development,67,179 The Environment,68,180 Benefits and Risks,68,181 Human Health,69,182 Benefits and Risks,69,183 Scientific Aspects,70,184 Benefits and Risks,70,185 Labelling,71,186 Public Opinion,71,187 Regulatory Affairs,71,188 Benefits and Risks,72,189 Product Development,72,190 Benefits and Risks,74,191 Regulatory Affairs,74,192 Scientific Aspects,75,193 Human Health,75,194 Regulatory Affairs,76,195 Labelling,77,196 Labelling,78,197 The Environment,78,198 Labelling,79,199 Public Opinion,79,200 Human Health,79,201 Benefits and Risks,79,202 Regulatory Affairs,79,203 Labelling,80,204 Regulatory Affairs,80,205 Labelling,81,206 Labelling,82,207 Regulatory Affairs,82,208 Scientific Aspects,83,209 Human Health,83,210 The Environment,83,211 Public Opinion,1070,212 Benefits and Risks,1070,213 Product Development,1070,214 Regulatory Affairs,1070,215 Labelling,84,216 Regulatory Affairs,84,217 Regulatory Affairs,85,218 Regulatory Affairs,86,219 Benefits and Risks,87,220 Regulatory Affairs,87,221 Regulatory Affairs,88,222 Regulatory Affairs,89,223 Regulatory Affairs,90,224 Human Health,91,225 Product Development,91,226 Benefits and Risks,92,227 Product Development,92,228 Benefits and Risks,93,229 Regulatory Affairs,93,230 Benefits and Risks,94,231 Regulatory Affairs,94,232 Benefits and Risks,95,233 Regulatory Affairs,95,234 Benefits and Risks,96,235 Regulatory Affairs,96,236 Labelling,97,237 Scientific Aspects,97,238
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The Economy,97,239 Human Health,97,240 The Environment,97,241 Benefits and Risks,97,242 Product Development,97,243 Benefits and Risks,98,244 Labelling,99,245 The Environment,99,246 Regulatory Affairs,99,247 Public Opinion,100,248 Human Health,100,249 Regulatory Affairs,100,250 Labelling,101,251 Scientific Aspects,102,252 Human Health,102,253 The Environment,102,254 Benefits and Risks,102,255 Public Opinion,103,256 The Economy,103,257 Benefits and Risks,103,258 Regulatory Affairs,103,259 The Environment,104,260 Product Development,104,261 Regulatory Affairs,104,262 Scientific Aspects,105,263 Benefits and Risks,105,264 Labelling,106,265 Human Health,106,266 Benefits and Risks,106,267 Product Development,106,268 Human Health,107,269 The Environment,107,270 Human Health,108,271 The Environment,108,272 Benefits and Risks,108,273 Product Development,108,274 Labelling,109,275 Benefits and Risks,109,276 Regulatory Affairs,109,277 Human Health,110,278 The Environment,110,279 Benefits and Risks,110,280 Human Health,111,281 The Environment,111,282 Product Development,111,283 Human Health,112,284 Labelling,113,285 Human Health,113,286 Regulatory Affairs,113,287 The Environment,114,288 Product Development,114,289 Human Health,115,290 The Environment,115,291 Benefits and Risks,115,292 Labelling,116,293 Public Opinion,116,294 Human Health,116,295 Benefits and Risks,116,296 Regulatory Affairs,116,297 Scientific Aspects,117,298 Product Development,117,299 Scientific Aspects,118,300 The Economy,118,301 Product Development,118,302 Scientific Aspects,119,303 Labelling,120,304 Scientific Aspects,120,305 Public Opinion,120,306 Benefits and Risks,120,307 Regulatory Affairs,120,308 Benefits and Risks,121,309 Regulatory Affairs,121,310 Scientific Aspects,122,311 Benefits and Risks,122,312 Scientific Aspects,123,313 Scientific Aspects,124,314 Scientific Aspects,125,315 The Environment,125,316 Benefits and Risks,125,317 Scientific Aspects,126,318 Public Opinion,126,319 The Economy,126,320 Human Health,126,321 The Environment,126,322 Benefits and Risks,126,323 Product Development,126,324 Regulatory Affairs,126,325 Labelling,127,326 Public Opinion,127,327 Benefits and Risks,127,328 Product Development,127,329
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Scientific Aspects,128,330 Product Development,128,331 Regulatory Affairs,129,332 The Environment,130,333 Benefits and Risks,130,334 Human Health,131,335 The Environment,131,336 The Environment,132,337 Scientific Aspects,133,338 Human Health,134,339 The Environment,134,340 Benefits and Risks,134,341 Scientific Aspects,135,342 The Environment,136,343 Regulatory Affairs,136,344 Product Development,137,345 Labelling,138,346 Labelling,139,347 The Environment,139,348 Regulatory Affairs,139,349 Scientific Aspects,140,350 Public Opinion,141,351 Labelling,142,352 Regulatory Affairs,142,353 Public Opinion,143,354 Public Opinion,144,355 The Economy,144,356 Product Development,144,357 Labelling,145,358 Scientific Aspects,145,359 Public Opinion,145,360 The Economy,145,361 Human Health,145,362 The Environment,145,363 Benefits and Risks,145,364 Regulatory Affairs,145,365 Regulatory Affairs,146,366 Public Opinion,147,367 Benefits and Risks,147,368 Scientific Aspects,148,369 Scientific Aspects,149,370 Human Health,149,371 The Environment,149,372 Benefits and Risks,149,373 Benefits and Risks,150,374 The Economy,151,375 Labelling,152,376 Public Opinion,152,377 Benefits and Risks,152,378 Regulatory Affairs,152,379 Public Opinion,153,380 Benefits and Risks,153,381 Labelling,154,382 Public Opinion,154,383 Regulatory Affairs,154,384 Public Opinion,155,385 Human Health,155,386 The Environment,155,387 Benefits and Risks,155,388 Regulatory Affairs,155,389 Public Opinion,156,390 Regulatory Affairs,156,391 Labelling,157,392 Scientific Aspects,157,393 Public Opinion,157,394 Benefits and Risks,157,395 Product Development,157,396 Regulatory Affairs,157,397 Regulatory Affairs,158,398 Scientific Aspects,159,399 Public Opinion,160,400 Public Opinion,161,401 The Environment,161,402 Benefits and Risks,161,403 Public Opinion,162,404 Regulatory Affairs,162,405 Scientific Aspects,163,406 Public Opinion,164,407 The Environment,165,408 Benefits and Risks,165,409 Public Opinion,166,410 Benefits and Risks,166,411 Regulatory Affairs,166,412 Public Opinion,167,413 The Economy,167,414 Benefits and Risks,167,415 Scientific Aspects,168,416 Public Opinion,168,417 Human Health,168,418 Benefits and Risks,168,419 The Economy,169,420
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Human Health,169,421 The Environment,169,422 Benefits and Risks,169,423 Product Development,169,424 The Environment,170,425 Benefits and Risks,170,426 Product Development,170,427 doc_category_id,doc_category_name 2,Benefits and Risks 3,The Economy 4,Human Health 5,Labelling 6,The Environment 7,Product Development 8,Public Opinion 9,Regulatory Affairs 10,Scientific Aspects 11,All doc_type_id,doc_type_name 6,Corporate and Industry Brochures/Leaflets/Fact Sheets/Reports/Press Releases 7,Government Brochures/Leaflets/Fact Sheets/Reports/Press Releases 8,Other Non-Governmental Organizations Brochures/Leaflets/Fact Sheets/Reports/Press Releases 9,Articles/Op Eds 10,Miscellaneous 11,Speeches 12,All approved,author,datestamp,email,email_reply,host,id,parent,subject,thread Y,aurelie sarrot,2000-09-08 19:13:37,lee@bioexchange.com,NULL,206.245.192.2,1,0,nuevo portal dedicado a la biotecnologia,1 Y,Juan Antonio Lozano Mendoza,2000-09-20 12:57:08,juanantonioxt@prodigy.net.mx,NULL,du148-233-232-130.prodigy.net.mx,2,0,El cultivo de transgnicos,2 Y,Liliana,2000-09-25 20:06:31,lily_ana_rbs.@todito.com,NULL,du-148-233-225-34.prodigy.net.mx,3,0,Qu es la biotecnologa,3 Y,Florencia Grassi,2000-09-27 19:34:44,grassiflorencia@hotmail.com,NULL,200.41.126.162,4,0,Monsanto ofrece las patentes de arroces modificado,4 Y,Guillermo Rivas,2000-10-04 13:11:40,rivasrodriguez@yahoo.com,NULL,168.243.36.150,5,0,Maiz BT y QM.,5 Y,Montse,2000-11-08 05:05:13,siroa@hotmail.com,NULL,infobio1g.bio.ub.es,13,0,transgnicos y medio ambiente,13 Y,Lorena,2000-10-09 03:15:27,noelia.redondo@upcnet.es,NULL,212.66.175.10,7,4,RE: Monsanto ofrece las patentes de arroces modifi,4 Y,maud buergo,2000-11-06 10:17:27,maudamadrid@caramail.com,NULL,mix-besancon-101-126.abo.wanadoo.fr,12,1,RE: nuevo portal dedicado a la biotecnologia,1 Y,aldo cogley,2000-11-08 15:00:39,75aldo5mixmail.com,NULL,cwp_cache.cwpanama.net,14,0,Libro biotecnologa para profesionales y tcnicos,14 Y,Gerardo Hernandez,2000-10-24 22:14:50,deathofbox@hotmail.com,NULL,dial-148-240-8-46.zone1.dial.net.mx,10,0,informacion.,10 Y,Juan Manuel Vidal Altamirano,2000-11-24 18:45:21,vidal2000@correoweb.com,NULL,200.23.135.101,19,0,Alimentos transgnicos: t decides,19 Y,Cristina,2000-11-23 13:59:00,KarloKa@airtel.es,NULL,212-73-59-44.red-acceso.airtel.net,18,2,RE: El cultivo de transgnicos,2 Y,Laura,2000-11-21 07:10:30,lbc@usuarios.retecal.es,NULL,n108093.unileon.es,17,13,RE: transgnicos y medio ambiente,13 Y,luis,2001-01-03 12:02:44,luisagro@latinmail.com,NULL,166.114.231.2,28,0,Algunos alimentos transgnicos llevarn vacunas in,28 Y,Laura Fernndez,2000-12-07 16:59:53,cuaja@wanadoo.es,NULL,usuario1-36-161-184.dialup.uni2.es,21,0,alimentos transgnicos,21 Y,pablo martin,2001-01-03 06:14:50,pablopel55@hotmail.com,NULL,biatia.uniaam.uia.es,27,0,busco ayuda,27 Y,Cris Sans Duran,2000-12-14 12:20:31,www.cris_sans@terra.es,NULL,193-153-21-97.uc.nombres.ttd.es,25,0,La UE respalda un maz transgnico en Alemania,25 Y,jorge,2000-12-15 21:11:48,ebenezerelchofar@home,NULL,proxy2-external.musctn1.ia.home.com,26,0,Que tan seguro es un laboratorio,26 Y,luis,2001-01-03 12:07:36,luisagro@latinmail.com,NULL,166.114.231.2,29,21,RE: alimentos transgnicos,21 Y,Miguel Garcia Angelo,2001-01-11 11:57:02,mgarcia@proinpa.org,NULL,host209-198-230-130.interpacket.net,34,0,Bruselas confirma intencinrir en 01 va autoriza,34 Y,sebastin astete,2001-01-11 16:56:30,sebaastete@yahoo.com,NULL,187-243.leased.cust.tie.cl,35,0,El sector biotecnologa comienza su consolidacin,35 Y,Eudald,2001-01-15 21:25:02,eudald@girona.vilaweb.com,NULL,adsl-151-200-19-244.dc.adsl.bellatlantic.net,36,0,OGM,36 Y,tatiana florian,2001-01-24 12:44:49,tetis_2001@yahoo.es,NULL,c3117-44.impsat.com.co,37,0,La UE quiere terminar con el recelo a los producto,37 Y,adela,2001-01-24 16:46:21,adelabilbao@yahoo.es,NULL,136-coru-x13.libre.retevision.es,38,17,RE: transgnicos y medio ambiente,13 Y,jose luis,2001-01-30 01:00:09,jope123mx@yahoo.com,NULL,du-148-235-176-87.prodigy.net.mx,40,0,El sector biotecnologa comienza su consolidacin,40 Y,Virginia Alvarez,2001-03-19 19:47:27,vir_zarate@hotmail.com,NULL,zar2ppp-58.uc.infovia.com.ar,51,40,RE: El sector biotecnologa comienza su consolida,40 Y,Andy,2001-02-08 07:22:01,mcclein@hotmail.com,NULL,213.194.135.20,43,0,NUEVO COLONIALISMO?,43 Y,ARRAKIS,2001-02-08 07:38:07,NULL,NULL,pecelec34.etse.urv.es,44,4,RE: Monsanto ofrece las patentes de arroces modifi,4 Y,Eduardo Rubio Jaramillo,2001-02-14 11:05:13,einsru@yahoo.es,NULL,agvege9.csagrarias.uchile.cl,45,34,RE: Bruselas confirma intencinrir en 01 va auto,34 Y,chelo,2001-02-15 04:50:53,cheloblue@hotmail.com,NULL,212.80.167.254,46,13,RE: transgnicos y medio ambiente,13 Y,Emiliano,2001-04-05 21:02:10,Diablomp@elsitio.com,NULL,mdp2ppp-69.uc.infovia.com.ar,56,38,RE: transgnicos y medio ambiente,13 Y,Viviana,2001-03-27 22:06:12,viviana_a_2000@tutopia.com,NULL,du-148-233-159-58.prodigy.net.mx,52,18,RE: El cultivo de transgnicos,2 Y,tatiana,2001-04-04 12:38:09,tatiz22@yahoo.com.mx,NULL,132.248.175.19,54,36,RE: OGM,36 Y,emmanuel corts torres,2001-04-05 02:15:46,emmanuel_cortes@hazclick.com,NULL,du148-235-159-234.prodigy.net.mx,55,0,La UE quiere terminar con el recelo a los producto,55 Y,Emma,2001-04-06 09:31:51,ansede@hispavista.com,NULL,salappal28.alu.etsia.upm.es,57,0,Necesito mejorar una cebada,57 Y,Miguel Garcia Angelo,2001-04-12 11:31:57,mgarcia@proinpa.org,NULL,albatros.cnb.net,58,0,Ex-Greenpeace apoya a la biotecnologa,58 Y,marina,2001-04-16 18:38:15,marintxf@yahoo.com.ar,NULL,24.232.1.224,59,38,RE: URGENTE,13
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Y,jose c. diaz perez,2001-05-03 13:06:50,jcdp73@hotmail.com,NULL,201-sevi-x10.libre.retevision.es,60,0,Monsanto aspira a importar en Europa semillas tri,60 Y,luis miguel nieto pozo,2001-05-09 07:27:06,esta misma pgina,NULL,213-4-249-46.uc.nombres.ttd.es,61,0,tica en la alimentacin y en la agricultura,61 Y,luis miguel nieto pozo,2001-05-09 07:30:25,misma pgina,NULL,213-4-249-46.uc.nombres.ttd.es,62,44,RE: Monsanto ofrece las patentes de arroces modifi,4 Y,alex,2001-05-23 19:09:44,rodriguez_lizeth@latinamil.com,NULL,200.1.199.41,65,0,"Biotecnologa, genoma ysarrollo",65 Y,ING. MARQUEZ,2001-06-12 14:45:26,marquezj@axtel.net,NULL,na-148-243-246-4.na.avantel.net.mx,66,59,RE: URGENTE,13 Y,Fernando,2001-06-16 17:41:10,feranla@terra.es,NULL,62-36-186-113.dialup.uni2.es,67,28,RE: Algunos alimentos transgnicos llevarn vacuna,28 Y,Ana M. feliciano,2001-06-25 23:42:38,A_Feliciany@hotmail.com,NULL,196-28-48-101.prtc.net,68,0,Manifiesto laderacin Latinoamericana Asociacio,68 Y,ANA ROSA,2001-06-28 11:39:52,nanyrousse@correoweb.com,NULL,customer-gdl-194-4.megared.net.mx,69,0,biotecnologa,69 Y,ELOHIM,2001-07-04 10:57:29,elohim_vaquero@yahoo.com,NULL,148.226.6.22,70,65,"RE: Biotecnologa, genoma ysarrollo",65 Y,isis mj,2001-07-12 19:22:58,armandosan @prodigy.com.net. mx,NULL,dup-200-65-144-229.prodigy.net.mx,71,65,"RE: Biotecnologa, genoma ysarrollo",65 Y,marlly liceth rodriguez,2001-07-23 16:45:49,mlrv@78latinmeil.com,NULL,r198h62.telecom.com.co,72,0,manipulacion de microorganismos,72 Y,marlly liceth rodriguez,2001-07-23 16:57:39,mlrv@78latinmeil.com,NULL,r198h62.telecom.com.co,73,52,RE: El cultivo de transgnicos,2 Y,Lic. Cabrera,2001-07-30 17:21:00,cristian-cabrera@sugen.com,NULL,65.197.179.125,74,66,RE: URGENTE/camarones,13 Y,Lic. Cabrera,2001-07-30 17:39:47,cristian-cabrera@sugen.com,NULL,65.197.179.125,75,0,camaron geneticamnete modificado,75 Y,KADABER,2001-08-16 14:35:59,mandu1970@netscape.com,NULL,lineaad114.velocom.com.ar,76,0,ADN desconocido,76 Y,hana cho,2001-08-20 21:40:11,hana_83@hanmeil.net,NULL,216.219.31.92,77,0,"Con la velozeptacin los productos transgnicos,",77 Y,edgar perez,2001-08-21 13:41:10,edgar_el_@ hotmail.com,NULL,customer-148-223-129-168.uninet.net.mx,78,0,la biotecnologia en la industria farmaceutica,78 Y,Pilar,2001-08-22 12:32:33,pilar.ruiz.cobo@terra.es,NULL,217.127.206.89,79,0,Centro de Informacin para investigadores en biote,79 Y,darwin,2001-08-22 15:13:24,www.dch246@latinmail.com,NULL,65.199.169.181,80,0,Qu es la biotecnologa,80 Y,Juan Manuel,2001-08-24 15:44:21,juan.quesada@costarricense.com,NULL,196.40.16.50,81,0,"los productos transgnicos, nos preparamos parar",81 Y,juan luis contreras blacut,2001-08-30 22:11:13,galto2000@yahoo.com,NULL,166.114.233.98,82,0,La ingeniera gentica,82 Y,maria,2001-09-13 03:08:49,amanitamuscaria@navegalia.com,NULL,nutri97.eead.csic.es,83,67,RE: Algunos alimentos transgnicos llevarn vacuna,28 Y,maria antunez,2001-09-13 03:11:51,amanitamuscaria@navegalia.com,NULL,nutri97.eead.csic.es,84,81,"RE: los productos transgnicos, nos preparamos par",81 N,Mario Linares,2001-09-26 13:42:21,mlinares@adinet.com.uy,NULL,r200-40-64-36.adinet.com.uy,85,0,Peligro en los alimentos transgnicos?,85 N,diego,2001-09-28 21:38:24,diego27ven@hotmail.com,NULL,nas3-077.ras.val.cantv.net,86,0,Alimentos transgnicos,86 N,Juan,2001-10-11 07:38:56,siaru@hotmail.com,NULL,aulaaserver.etsii.upm.es,87,28,RE: Algunos alimentos transgnicos llevarn vacuna,28 N,antonio,2001-10-18 08:26:36,superbowen@latinmail.com,NULL,aulaaserver.etsii.upm.es,88,79,RE: Centro de Informacin para investigadores en b,79 N,Javier,2001-10-25 07:20:22,jarri_81@hotmail.com,NULL,aulaaserver.etsii.upm.es,89,0,bioinformatica,89 N,Javier,2001-10-30 07:08:27,jarri_81@hotmail.com,NULL,aulaaserver.etsii.upm.es,90,0,Aplicacion a la electronica.,90 N,Mariana,2001-11-01 15:04:47,marianaalfonzo@yahoo.com,NULL,200.49.110.225,91,82,RE: La ingeniera gentica,82 archive,author,content,email,id,level,parent,pid,subj,times N,zerihun,"This is to save the cahnges. Infact I am in the edit.php3 This article is very important so, unread it",zcherkose@bivwood.com,0,0,N,0,gfagafdgadg,2000-06-28 17:53:36 host,id,t bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 03:04:45 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 03:05:33 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 03:06:15 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 03:10:02 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 03:10:03 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 03:11:03 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 03:12:01 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 03:12:02 bw6.bivwood.com,1,2000-06-23 03:13:23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 03:13:24 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 03:13:38 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 03:13:40 bw6.bivwood.com,2,2000-06-23 03:13:43 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 03:13:43 bw6.bivwood.com,1,2000-06-23 03:14:09 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 03:16:03 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 05:15:23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 05:15:23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 05:17:39 bw6.bivwood.com,1,2000-06-23 05:18:06 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 05:18:06 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 05:18:06 bw6.bivwood.com,2,2000-06-23 05:18:28 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 05:18:28 bw6.bivwood.com,3,2000-06-23 05:18:38 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 05:18:38 bw6.bivwood.com,3,2000-06-23 05:22:18 bw6.bivwood.com,2,2000-06-23 05:22:25 bw6.bivwood.com,1,2000-06-23 05:22:31 bw6.bivwood.com,2,2000-06-23 05:23:02 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 05:23:40 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 05:23:43 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 05:23:43 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 05:23:45
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bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,1,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,1,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,1,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,2,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,1,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,1,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,1,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,3,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,1,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,1,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,1,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,2,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,1,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,1,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,1,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,1,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,1,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,2,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,1,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,1,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,1,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,3,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,1,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,1,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,4,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,4,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,4,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-23
05:23:46 05:23:47 05:23:48 05:23:50 05:23:50 05:23:52 05:23:52 05:23:54 05:23:54 05:23:56 05:23:56 05:23:57 05:23:58 05:23:58 05:24:08 05:24:09 05:27:04 05:27:27 05:27:35 05:27:35 05:27:44 05:27:53 05:28:06 05:28:14 05:33:49 05:40:51 05:41:02 05:41:10 05:41:46 05:42:14 05:43:53 05:43:58 05:52:54 06:11:58 06:11:58 06:12:13 06:26:40 06:27:42 06:30:25 06:42:33 06:56:54 06:56:54 06:57:04 06:57:04 06:57:13 06:57:13 07:06:36 07:10:47 07:10:51 07:14:47 07:17:42 07:17:49 07:17:52 07:19:16 07:19:22 07:19:46 07:21:00 07:21:20 07:24:31 07:27:03 07:27:03 07:28:04 07:29:20 07:32:18 07:59:48 07:59:48 07:59:48 08:01:53 08:01:54 08:01:58 08:03:09 08:03:47 08:03:48 08:03:50 08:03:50 08:03:51 08:03:52 08:03:53 08:03:54 08:06:01 08:06:07 08:06:07 08:06:08 08:10:45 08:10:46 08:11:10 08:12:16 08:12:31 08:12:31 08:12:43 08:12:57
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bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-27 09:14:41 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-28 01:39:50 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-28 01:39:51 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-28 03:41:04 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-28 03:41:04 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-28 03:50:09 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-28 03:50:09 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-28 03:50:14 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-28 03:50:42 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-28 03:52:42 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-28 03:52:59 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-28 03:53:15 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-28 03:53:18 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-28 03:53:25 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-28 03:53:47 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-28 03:54:19 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-28 03:54:24 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-28 03:54:49 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-28 03:54:58 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-28 07:36:55 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-28 07:37:25 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-28 07:39:16 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-28 07:39:27 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-28 07:39:34 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-28 07:40:05 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-28 07:40:06 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-28 07:42:49 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-28 07:42:49 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-28 07:42:56 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-28 07:43:24 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-28 07:46:41 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-28 07:46:41 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-28 07:48:19 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-28 07:48:19 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-28 07:48:37 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-28 08:03:21 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-28 08:08:25 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-28 08:08:30 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-28 09:04:37 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-28 09:05:01 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-28 09:05:01 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-28 09:14:55 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-28 09:20:47 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-28 09:53:22 bw6.bivwood.com,0,2000-06-28 09:53:23 approved,author,datestamp,email,email_reply,host,id,parent,subject,thread Y,CIPRIA,2000-09-07 11:42:27,jpcipria@aol.com,NULL,47.211.0.12,10,0,La biotechnologie peut radiquer la faim dans le m,10 Y,MORDI YAMINA,2000-11-02 09:56:48,mordi.yamina@caramail.com,NULL,193.194.67.27,13,0,demande d'imformations,13 Y,borghos lamyae,2000-11-06 07:48:59,borghoslamyae@hotmail.com,NULL,212.217.24.205,14,0,fortification des aliments en vitamine A,14 Y,tran,2000-11-08 07:57:14,UYENPHONG@wanadoo.fr,NULL,uu194-7-167-238.unknown.uunet.be,15,0,"OGM: Les vrais risques, les nouveaux avantages",15 Y,VERONICA OLIVA,2000-09-21 13:44:34,OLIVASFCA@AOL.COM,NULL,aca347ca.ipt.aol.com,11,0,"OGM: Les vrais risques, les nouveaux avantages",11 Y,KELLER JEANPIERRE,2000-11-17 09:49:15,www.dock14@caramail.com,NULL,cache.ac-nancy-metz.fr,16,0,AIDE:les plantes transgeniques,16 Y,PAUL Jean-Sbastien,2000-12-15 06:19:01,jeansebastienpaul@yahoo.fr,NULL,esirouen-nat.esitpa.org,17,0,lve ingnieur recherche stage,17 Y,sibra,2000-12-16 13:26:17,sibra@club-internet,NULL,nas15-54.kdl.club-internet.fr,18,0,OGM: sortir de la confusion en graduant les risque,18 Y,Prat Fred,2000-12-19 03:51:20,frederic.prat@geyser.asso.fr,NULL,montpellier-52-241.dial.proxad.net,19,0,OGM: sortir de la confusion en graduant les risque,19 Y,NEYME Sbastien,2000-12-20 15:34:45,neyme@ensam.inra.fr,NULL,spider-tm011.proxy.aol.com,20,0, ogm et hebicides,20 Y,Delmelle Daniel,2001-01-04 16:54:12,d.caroline@wanadoo.be,NULL,bw6.bivwood.com,21,0,ogm,21 Y,Francisco,2001-05-14 02:37:01,FJPalacio at hotmail.com,NULL,ut-ras1-dial83.uniweb.net.co,29,0,Evolution d\'un principe fondateur,29 Y,Dup joseph,2001-02-23 13:04:14,ucata18@claranet.fr,NULL,du-231-26.nat.dialup.claranet.fr,28,0,L\'agriculture biologique respecte-t-elle l\'envir,28 Y,moulherat,2001-05-29 13:45:59,mimimot@free.fr,NULL,netcache-ext-3-2.free.fr,30,0,"OGM: Les vrais risques, les nouveaux avantages",30 Y,daoud amira,2001-06-24 21:12:05,leventquichante@voila.fr,NULL,193.194.70.167,31,0,Un nouveau labo pour les analyses d\'OGM Saint-N,31 Y,thom,2001-06-25 11:16:30,NULL,NULL,195.6.155.173,32,0,"OGM: Les vrais risques, les nouveaux avantages",32 Y,braly,2001-08-22 03:07:52,bralyjp@aol.com,NULL,213.11.46.163,34,0,France:s mesures pourvoriser le dbat sur les es,34 N,FOULON,2001-10-01 11:25:48,www.jules.spv@caramail.com,NULL,atours-101-2-1-117.abo.wanadoo.fr,35,0,OGM dans l'agriculture,35 N,Thierry Raffin,2001-10-01 12:33:02,thraffin@altern.org,NULL,195.101.137.150,37,34,RE: France:s mesures pourvoriser le dbat sur le,34 N,Thierry Raffin,2001-10-01 12:33:24,thraffin@altern.org,NULL,195.101.137.150,38,34,RE: France:s mesures pourvoriser le dbat sur le,34 doc_id,geog_region,uid 1,g7,1 2,g7,2 3,g7,3 4,g1,4 5,g1,5 6,g4,6 7,g2,7 7,g7,8
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8,g8,9 9,g1,10 9,g4,11 10,g6,12 11,g1,13 12,g1,14 13,g1,15 14,g7,16 15,g7,17 16,g7,18 17,g1,19 17,g8,20 18,g6,21 19,g2,22 20,g4,23 20,g5,24 21,g6,25 22,g6,26 23,g6,27 24,g6,28 25,g1,29 25,g8,30 26,g6,31 27,g6,32 28,g1,33 29,g2,34 30,g1,35 31,g2,36 approved,author,datestamp,email,email_reply,host,id,parent,subject,thread N,Susanna Parma,2001-01-09 10:22:36,parma@bivings.com,NULL,bw6.bivwood.com,1,11,RE: biotecnologie,11 Y,francesca,2000-12-20 22:13:14,francescafranchi@hotmail.com,NULL,179.arlington-41-42rs.va.dialaccess.att.net,11,0,biotecnologie,11 Y,De Marco Donatella,2001-02-22 03:35:51,donatella.jonny@katamail.com,NULL,193.205.105.8,19,0,"Ogm, l\'Europarlamento vara maglie pi strette.",19 N,paolo,2000-12-20 10:26:49,paolo@paolo.com,NULL,bw6.bivwood.com,10,7,RE: Test,7 Y,manupaglia,2001-02-26 16:31:13,manuela@paglia.dsnet.it,NULL,ppp015-nas4.iperbole.bologna.it,20,0,Amo la cucina italiana ma difendo il cibo biotech,20 Y,Demetrio Canale,2001-01-29 15:17:19,d.canale@libero.it,NULL,216.104.228.125,18,0,Porto Alegre: Sono con Voi,18 Y,Anna Maria S.,2001-03-19 11:11:08,lidia.starnini@libero.it,NULL,209.249.158.109.safeweb.com,21,18,RE: Porto Alegre: Sono con Voi,18 Y,Paola Portanova,2001-03-19 19:37:12,pportan@.it,NULL,212.171.179.156,22,0,richiesta informazioni OGM,22 Y,stefano,2001-03-20 14:38:34,NULL,NULL,h213-20-183.mi2.albacom.net,23,22,RE: richiesta informazioni OGM,22 Y,stefano,2001-03-20 14:40:08,NULL,NULL,h213-20-183.mi2.albacom.net,24,11,RE: biotecnologie,11 Y,stefano,2001-03-20 14:41:07,NULL,NULL,h213-20-183.mi2.albacom.net,25,0,biotec,25 Y,Demetrio Canale,2001-03-22 09:55:34,d.canale@libero.it,NULL,216.104.228.147,27,0,Biotech uguale speranza,27 N,Antonella,2001-10-18 09:27:45,antyo79@hotmail.com,NULL,217.56.123.171,34,0,Richiesta informazioni,34 Y,Demetrio Canale,2001-04-06 16:51:16,d.canale@libero.it,NULL,ppp-86-43.21-151.libero.it,30,0,OGM: timori infondati,30 Y,stefano,2001-04-11 14:56:20,NULL,NULL,h255-20-164.mi2.albacom.net,33,30,RE: OGM: timori infondati,30 N,Massimo,2001-10-30 16:43:35,p.masimo@libero.it,NULL,213.144.206.126,35,0,richiesta informazioni,35 content,email,id,name,reading,sub "This is a content ",Email1,1,Zerihun1,n,Irrational Fear In The Age Of Biotechnology This content is the second. This is the moderated one,email2,2,Zerihun2,y,Environmentalists And Killer Bees This is 3rd content,Email3,3,Zerihun3,n,Biotech Crops: Rely On The Science "This is the 4th content. This is 2nd moderated ",email4,4,zerihun4,y,Irrational Fear In The Age Of Biotechnology "This is the content that I have to check if it works. ",Email3,5,Zerihun3,n,Irrational Fear In The Age Of Biotechnology "This is a wonderful article. Keep up writing. Okay. No okay. Below is included after moderated Are u sure what u said is right? ",He didn't know what email means,6,Cherkose,y,Knowledge Must Move From Laboratories To Public-policy Arenas state_id,state_image,state_name 1,/images/states/ap.jpg,Andhra Pradesh 2,/images/states/bihar.jpg,Bihar 3,/images/states/gujarat.jpg,Gujarat 4,/images/states/hp.jpg,Himachal Pradesh 5,/images/states/jk.jpg,Jammu and Kashmir 6,/images/states/kanataka.jpg,Karnataka 7,/images/states/mp.jpg,Madhya Pradesh 8,/images/states/rajasthan.jpg,rajasthan 9,/images/states/tn.jpg,Tamil Nadu 10,/images/states/up.jpg,Uttar Pradesh docID,searchSession,searchTerm,sessionID 61,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 83,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 105,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 122,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 124,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 290,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 291,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 295,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 351,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 360,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 372,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 390,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4
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1640,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 1641,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 1646,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 1659,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 1699,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 1703,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 1707,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 1709,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 1714,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 1730,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 1734,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 1739,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 1747,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 1754,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 1766,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 1811,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 1827,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 1840,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 1841,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 1842,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 1860,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 1888,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 1952,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 1956,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 2024,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 2031,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 2047,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 2061,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 2076,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 2091,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 2099,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 2105,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 2121,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 2193,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 2198,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 2218,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 2219,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 2226,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4
14 sur 125
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2292,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 2295,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 2307,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 2378,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 2388,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 2389,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 2390,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 2391,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 2392,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 2393,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 2394,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 2395,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 2396,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 2399,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 2404,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 2405,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 2406,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 2413,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 2414,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 2415,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 2416,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 2418,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 2420,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 2533,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 2543,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 2545,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 2565,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 2604,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 2662,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 2714,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 2717,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 2746,1005213735,genome,75d5131f29b3bed9c00f504d8f7fc6f4 approved,author,datestamp,email,email_reply,host,id,parent,subject,thread Y,Henry Brown,2000-09-18 14:15:52,hbrown@pnm.com,NULL,pnm-036.pnm.com,16,0,Edible HIV Vaccine based on Typhus,16 Y,Henry Brown,2000-09-18 14:38:41,hbrown@pnm.com,NULL,pnm-036.pnm.com,17,0,Quantum Genomic Computing - GMO's,17 Y,Sunil Archak,2000-09-14 02:31:10,sarchak@nbpgr.delhi.nic.in,NULL,164.100.242.106,13,0,Co-ordination between private and public sectors,13 Y,albert abel,2000-09-12 02:18:21,carlaschmidt@giga4u.de,NULL,pcnt08.eit.uni-kl.de,12,10,RE: Evaluation of this site,10 Y,Michael E. Katz,2000-09-18 17:07:31,mkatz@nyirn.com,NULL,dialup-63.210.221.220.newyork1.level3.net,18,12,RE: Evaluation of this site,10 Y,Andrew Dimock,2000-09-07 18:38:49,adimock@mc.rochester.edu,NULL,ip237.rochester5.ny.pub-ip.psi.net,10,0,Evaluation of this site,10 Y,Karl,2000-12-04 19:01:33,kcrave501717@hotmail.com,NULL,wtdial26.jefnet.com,195,173,RE: is this page being censored?,158 Y,Heather Stouder,2000-09-18 19:26:44,hstouder@hotmail.com,NULL,portlandor-ip-102-226.dynamic.ziplink.net,20,18,RE: Evaluation of this site,10 Y,Hyland Fisher,2000-09-19 11:33:38,voodoohorizon@hotmail.com,NULL,ha10s145.d.shentel.net,21,0,A Low-Level Form Of Civil War,21 Y,jeff buderer,2000-09-20 01:54:22,jefbuder@earthlink.net,NULL,216.19.47.18,22,0,We'll Feed Our People As We See Fit,22 Y,Benidict Constant,2000-09-20 18:21:59,benidict20@hotmail.com,NULL,nclive225.library.appstate.edu,23,0,We'll Feed Our People As We See Fit,23 Y,Wendy,2000-12-04 15:09:29,NULL,NULL,spider-tk023.proxy.aol.com,194,0,AMA Panel OKs GM Foods,194 Y,Kevin Still,2000-09-21 18:43:50,IanS@tuna.com,NULL,spider-ti044.proxy.aol.com,27,21,RE: A Low-Level Form Of Civil War,21 Y,Erica Kipp,2000-11-30 09:32:28,ekipp@nybg.org,NULL,nybg-fw.nybg.org,192,0,BT Corn Monarch Fears Overblown: Risks Low To Butt,192 Y,John Meinken,2000-09-23 01:01:59,meinkejf@hotmail.com,NULL,nr2-216-196-140-14.fuse.net,30,23,RE: We'll Feed Our People As We See Fit,23 Y,Deb McKeen,2000-09-28 23:43:54,dmckeen@mediaone.net,NULL,mckeen.ne.mediaone.net,37,0,Taco Terrorism,37 Y,Sarah,2000-09-23 06:11:43,sarah@horsmail.com,NULL,utfc2.utfors.net,33,0,Dont belive it,33 Y,DeBry,2000-09-25 02:38:59,luc.de.bry@skynet.be,NULL,dialup200.mechelen.skynet.be,34,0,Vaccine In GM Fruit Could Wipe Out Hepatitis B,34 Y,Chris,2000-09-25 11:30:11,Extremeski_1@hotmail.com,NULL,63.65.2.98,35,0,Bacillas Thoringiensis,35 Y,deb,2000-09-29 00:02:35,testnerd@yahoo.com,NULL,mckeen.ne.mediaone.net,38,35,RE: Bacillus Thuringiensis,35 Y,deb,2000-09-29 00:12:42,NULL,NULL,mckeen.ne.mediaone.net,39,21,RE: A Low-Level Form Of Civil War,21 Y,kevin bell,2000-09-29 02:02:06,kbell@cegepsth.qc.ca,NULL,asgx42nry24eg.ab.hsia.telus.net,40,0,Case Against Biotech Food Has To Do With Commercia,40 Y,Derrell Sharp,2000-09-29 06:38:50,spm@olypen.com,NULL,ppp-583.olypen.com,41,0,Grains Of Hope,41 Y,BEJOY ISSAC,2000-09-30 00:48:15,bijoyissac,NULL,61.1.234.124,42,0,pursue higher studies in bio tech,42 Y,Edel Crowley,2000-09-30 10:57:01,edelcrowley@hotmail.com,NULL,p592.as1.cork1.eircom.net,43,0,Re. Information,43 Y,B.N.MOTAGI,2000-09-30 12:40:16,bnmotagi@usa.net,NULL,61.1.152.116,44,0,Biotech Association Floats Website,44 Y,Don robertson,2000-12-03 11:28:51,robertsondon@hotmail.com,NULL,ppp212.hcinet.net,193,0,Survey: U.S. Food Consumption Unaffected By StarLi,193 Y,Bernhard Rieder,2000-11-29 19:26:32,riquesta.rieder@t-online.de,NULL,p3e9c38c9.dip.t-dialin.net,190,0,Survey: U.S. Food Consumption Unaffected By StarLi,190 Y,Dr Nick Birch,2000-10-04 10:07:09,N.Birch@scri.sari.ac.uk,NULL,zoonb5200.scri.sari.ac.uk,56,0,Fresh Views On GM Foods,56 Y,Lila St. Denis,2000-10-02 17:40:10,seasalt55@hotmail.com,NULL,129.71.122.101,50,0,We'll Feed Our People As We See Fit,50 Y,caitlin bailey,2000-10-03 10:46:09,btbailey@hotmail.com,NULL,204.52.179.199,55,0,people and technology,55 Y,Beth Williamson,2000-10-05 21:35:51,cw36873@appstate.edu,NULL,ref047.library.appstate.edu,57,0,We'lled Our People As We See Fit,57 Y,Anderson Paul,2000-10-07 02:50:15,andypaulk@usa.net,NULL,210.214.92.5,58,0,Genetically-Modified Rice Passes Key Chinese Test,58 Y,D.Jung,2000-10-07 05:40:05,Plormo@aol.com,NULL,pool0148.cvx31-bradley.dialup.earthlink.net,59,0,The Great Green Con-Trick,59 Y,D.Jung,2000-10-07 05:48:50,plormo@aol.com,NULL,pool0148.cvx31-bradley.dialup.earthlink.net,60,0,Dr. Truth,60 Y,Erin,2000-11-28 22:11:11,els15@axe.humboldt.edu,NULL,sa-10280.humboldt.edu,189,0,Genetics Can Provide Food To The Starving Millions,189
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Y,Christopher Brewster,2000-10-07 10:53:27,cbrewster1@hotmail.com,NULL,141.217.111.115,62,0,PHBV,62 Y,KUMAR KURLE,2000-10-08 05:20:50,kumar_kurle@usa.net,NULL,210.214.226.3,63,35,RE: Bacillus Thuringiensis,35 Y,shashi shekhar,2000-10-08 14:57:04,shekha@satyam.net.in,NULL,210.214.104.5,64,0,Roundup Ready Soybeans,64 Y,Shayne,2000-10-09 16:35:19,NULL,NULL,h24-70-126-155.cg.shawcable.net,65,0,Agent Organic Inc.,65 Y,Shayne,2000-10-09 16:38:46,NULL,NULL,h24-70-126-155.cg.shawcable.net,67,33,RE: Dont belive it,33 Y,Teri Ashford,2000-10-09 18:07:02,Mashford@earthlink.net,NULL,1cust98.tnt2.davenport.ia.da.uu.net,69,41,RE: Grains Of Hope,41 Y,Elaine Springford,2000-10-10 06:36:12,elaine.springford@apep.nl,NULL,vp230-148.worldonline.nl,70,0,Study program,70 Y,Lyle Mouton,2000-10-30 18:40:51,lylemouton@hotmail.com,NULL,host57-93.hsl.tufts.edu,118,104,RE: What genes are in Startack corn?,104 Y,SAGE,2000-10-11 09:35:16,SAGE2000@MSN.COM,NULL,198.139.173.11,72,0,Judge Upholds F.D.A. Policy on Genetically Altered,72 Y,marc,2000-10-12 09:12:07,vegita52@hotmail.com,NULL,151.133.223.4,73,0,Facts On GMOs In The EU,73 Y,Lyle Mouton,2000-10-30 18:42:17,lylemouton@hotmail.com,NULL,host57-93.hsl.tufts.edu,119,65,RE: Agent Organic Inc.,65 Y,Benidict Constant,2000-11-06 19:00:21,benidict20@hotmail.com,NULL,nclive212.library.appstate.edu,140,0,GMA Survey Shows Americans Learning Moreut Biote,140 Y,Jennifer,2000-10-13 08:52:29,weisj@busynet.net,NULL,63.90.203.63,77,0,Judge Upholds F.D.A. Policy on Genetically Altered,77 Y,Ariel Johnson,2000-10-13 22:11:01,johnsonhillview@aol.com,NULL,spider-tp014.proxy.aol.com,78,50,RE: We'll Feed Our People As We See Fit,50 Y,Randy Becker,2000-10-17 00:52:35,no@gmo.com,NULL,nic-131-c85-2.mw.mediaone.net,79,21,RE: A Low-Level Form Of Civil War,21 Y,Romi Curl,2000-11-07 16:52:50,angel_land@xtra.co.nz,NULL,akcf3.xtra.co.nz,141,123,"RE: Chemical cocktail, anyone?",123 Y,Richard,2000-10-17 04:59:16,richard_grimmett@start.com.au,NULL,cf1-acld.auckland.clix.net.nz,81,77,the judge was an idiot hed,77 Y,Michael Reed,2000-10-17 12:49:14,halogramkid@hotmail.com,NULL,204.130.104.10,83,0,Bioengineered Crops Hold Great Promise For Future,83 Y,Hether Ayres,2000-10-18 13:27:17,lucky1star@aol.com,NULL,198.233.64.10,84,77,RE: Judge Upholds F.D.A. Policy on Genetically Alt,77 Y,Hether Ayres,2000-10-18 13:31:21,lucky1star@aol.com,NULL,198.233.64.10,85,73,RE: Facts On GMOs In The EU,73 Y,Hether Ayers,2000-10-18 13:37:41,lucky1star@aol.com,NULL,198.233.64.10,86,37,RE: Taco Terrorism,37 Y,Lewis Iddenden,2000-11-28 09:16:22,Iddenden@yahoo.com,NULL,212.250.100.112,188,0,Seeds Of Opportunity: An Assessment Of The Benefit,188 Y,Kelley Garza,2000-11-26 17:03:07,keg_2003@hotmail.com,NULL,blade.colusanet.com,187,0,Destructive Precaution,187 Y,mitul kadvani,2000-11-26 04:22:19,mkadvani@usa.net,NULL,ppp-210-214-55-3.srt.sify.net,186,0,"Study Finds Biotech Plant Kills Bollworms, Spares",186 Y,Ronei Brognoli,2000-11-07 16:55:58,nbet@rs.senai.br,NULL,dl-tnt5-c8b01122.poa.terra.com.br,142,0,Biodegradable Plastic Grown From Plants,142 Y,phil,2000-11-06 13:15:06,yofroboy@canada.com,NULL,bc-vic-a53-02-84.look.ca,138,0,stored products,138 Y,Hether Ayres,2000-10-18 16:20:02,lucky1star@aol.com,NULL,198.233.64.10,92,58,RE: Genetically-Modified Rice Passes Key Chinese T,58 Y,Hether Ayres,2000-10-18 16:26:34,lucky1star@aol.com,NULL,198.233.64.10,93,70,RE: Study program,70 Y,Hether Ayres,2000-10-18 16:28:03,lucky1star@aol.com,NULL,198.233.64.10,94,64,RE: Roundup Ready Soybeans,64 Y,Randy,2000-11-26 01:52:49,NULL,NULL,spider-wc052.proxy.aol.com,185,181,RE: Info on roundup ready sugar beets,181 Y,Fred,2000-10-19 09:39:21,bascoville@aol.com,NULL,1cust73.tnt1.caldwell.nj.da.uu.net,96,0,How did they find the Bt in Tacos?,96 Y,"R. G. RAJAN, DGM (E&T)",2000-11-24 00:18:23,rgrajan@gail.co.in,NULL,206.99.205.250,184,0,Biodegradable Plastic Grown From Plants,184 Y,Dr. C.S. Pawar,2001-03-16 00:52:13,Pawarcs@rediffmail.com,NULL,203.197.94.133,292,284,RE: pesticides effects on agriculture,284 Y,estevan,2000-11-04 22:26:14,diablatomica@hotmail.com,NULL,155.33.84.241,129,108,RE: Judge Upholds F.D.A. Policy on Genetically Alt,108 Y,Bill,2000-10-20 23:52:26,NULL,NULL,che1-139.psln.com,103,83,RE: Bioengineered Crops Hold Great Promise For Fut,83 Y,boomom,2000-10-21 11:24:25,mckite@ix.netcom.com,NULL,user-33qt9i6.dialup.mindspring.com,104,0,What genes are in Startack corn?,104 Y,Someone,2000-10-23 15:05:31,monsis@hotmail.com,NULL,148.246.56.209,106,0,engineered food...it really sucks,106 Y,tim belsky,2000-10-23 17:40:47,tbelsky@bbc.net,NULL,204.248.180.23,107,37,RE: Taco Terrorism,37 Y,Jesse Prupas,2000-10-24 17:46:22,jprupas@muse.ca,NULL,lerner300pc01.cc.columbia.edu,108,0,Judge Upholds F.D.A. Policy on Genetically Altered,108 Y,Lyle Mouton,2000-10-30 18:47:14,lylemouton@hotmail.com,NULL,host57-93.hsl.tufts.edu,120,35,RE: Bacillus Thuringiensis,35 Y,John Dodson,2000-10-24 23:54:17,johndodson@sympatico.ca,NULL,ch2oco.bellglobal.com,110,0,Herbicide for Yellow Pond-Lilies,110 Y,Dione Christian Baracol,2000-10-26 10:13:38,dcab@agri.searca.org,NULL,202.164.154.196,111,0,Terminator Gene,111 Y,Samantha Brown,2000-10-26 11:37:47,koalafairy@hotmail.com,NULL,pineapple.ulcc.wwwcache.ja.net,112,40,RE: Case Against Biotech Food Has To Do With Comme,40 Y,Samantha Brown,2000-10-26 11:48:13,koalafairy@hotmail.com,NULL,oregano.ulcc.wwwcache.ja.net,113,23,RE: We'll Feed Our People As We See Fit,23 Y,Dr. Orhan KURT,2000-10-27 03:52:44,orhank@samsun.omu.edu.tr,NULL,gatekeeper.omu.edu.tr,114,83,RE: Bioengineered Crops Hold Great Promise For Fut,83 Y,Fran F.,2000-10-27 16:09:37,frannyfitz@aol.com,NULL,inet02.unilever.com,115,43,RE: Re. Information,43 Y,pennie carlton,2000-10-27 19:32:21,nellopea@yahoo.com,NULL,dialup-209.245.206.217.houston1.level3.net,116,0,Why aren't more people angry over this issue??,116 Y,"DeWit, Jordan",2000-10-29 22:39:41,wiseboy007@hotmail.com,NULL,trt-on67-063.netcom.ca,117,0,Rice Plant To Acquire A New Look,117 Y,Squeegee Kid,2000-10-31 12:04:09,chetreed@squeege.com,NULL,209.5.243.3,121,0,Bio-enhancements for Squeegee Kids?,121 Y,Huib de Vriend,2000-11-01 05:56:53,hdvriend@consumentenbond.nl,NULL,mail.consumentenbond.nl,122,0,Firm Claims Weed-Control Benefits Of GM Sugarbeet,122 Y,Art Sleed,2000-11-01 12:46:10,comp_ol@yahoo.com,NULL,host-216-76-153-183.clt.bellsouth.net,123,0,"Chemical cocktail, anyone?",123 Y,Gopika Kannan,2000-11-02 06:04:04,gopik@mgmt.iisc.ernet.in,NULL,cache-blr.ernet.in,124,44,Knowledge Management Research Website,44 Y,ulaiwal usansa,2000-11-02 09:56:39,ulaiwal@ccs.sut.ac.th,NULL,203.147.25.123,125,0,"Potato, The New Vaccine?",125 Y,Ben Zahn,2000-11-02 12:22:44,nova_umbra@yahoo.com,NULL,63.208.193.122,126,116,RE: Why aren't more people angry over this issue??,116 Y,Elizabeth Green Sah,2000-11-02 23:46:12,elizabethsah@primasia.com,NULL,210.242.165.253,127,0,Borlaug -- New Ag Technology Key To Meeting Future,127 Y,Miss E Helps,2000-11-03 10:59:00,ehelps@hrsfc.ac.uk,NULL,212.219.116.67,128,0,An 'Unstoppable' Technology Behind
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The Biotech Pus,128 Y,Summer,2000-11-05 16:22:19,NULL,NULL,a010-0117.dnbh.splitrock.net,133,0,"There is No Security in Food, BUT...",133 Y,ben,2000-11-05 20:59:11,littletbk2@aol.com,NULL,spider-ta067.proxy.aol.com,136,0,Gentic engineering,136 Y,Walter Santos,2000-11-07 18:09:25,walterwal@bol.com.br,NULL,200.223.35.100,143,0,Hepatitis Antibody Made From GM Rice,143 Y,Deborah Clark,2000-11-08 14:09:41,deborahclark@linkline.com,NULL,dsl-pac-dc8172-1.linkline.com,144,0,Looking for a farmer opposed to growing GM crops,144 Y,Lisen Young,2000-11-08 20:24:29,lsyoung69@yahoo.com,NULL,proxy1.doit.wisc.edu,145,0,"PLEASE HELP, where to get rice seeds??",145 Y,Pete Brown,2000-11-09 08:35:59,peter.j.brown@sema.co.uk,NULL,gateway1.sema.co.uk,147,0,Monsanto Recognized As Top Corporate Giver,147 Y,Pete,2000-11-09 08:44:05,NULL,NULL,gateway1.sema.co.uk,148,116,RE: Why aren't more people angry over this issue??,116 Y,GE food is necessary,2000-11-09 21:49:02,oinky22@aol.com,NULL,spider-mtc-tc042.proxy.aol.com,149,114,RE: Bioengineered Crops Hold Great Promise For Fut,83 Y,Roxanne,2000-11-14 00:03:42,NULL,NULL,s11-annex8k2.dialin.sfu.ca,156,0,farmers adopting this technology,156 Y,Dr.Masa MISAWA,2000-11-10 11:52:08,misawa@interlog.com,NULL,ip124.toronto78.dialup.canada.psi.net,151,0,Genetically-Modified Rice Passes Key Chinese Test,151 Y,michael,2000-11-10 22:55:19,mbocc@aol.com,NULL,spider-to044.proxy.aol.com,152,0,Fact Sheet On Pesticide Use,152 Y,manish,2000-11-11 00:09:22,krishma@glide.net.in,NULL,t-rtr-1-21.bom.vsnl.net.in,153,0,where hybrid cotton seeds,153 Y,manish,2000-11-11 00:15:29,krishma@glide.net.in,NULL,t-rtr-1-21.bom.vsnl.net.in,154,0,australian hybrid cotton,154 Y,benidict constant,2000-11-12 18:19:31,you are ignorant,NULL,nclive225.library.appstate.edu,155,83,RE: Bioengineered Crops Hold Great Promise For Fut,83 Y,roxanne,2000-11-14 00:07:36,NULL,NULL,s11-annex8k2.dialin.sfu.ca,158,0,is this page being censored?,158 Y,roxanne,2000-11-14 00:21:05,NULL,NULL,s11-annex8k2.dialin.sfu.ca,159,64,RE: Roundup Ready Soybeans,64 Y,Roxanne,2000-11-14 00:30:20,NULL,NULL,s11-annex8k2.dialin.sfu.ca,160,0,Monsanto vs Malthus?,160 Y,roxanne,2000-11-14 00:32:49,NULL,NULL,s11-annex8k2.dialin.sfu.ca,161,0,interesting view on biotech not found here,161 Y,Chris,2000-11-14 01:52:14,christosv@eudoramail.com,NULL,c624482-b.pinol1.sfba.home.com,162,152,RE: Fact Sheet On Pesticide Use,152 Y,Chris,2000-11-14 02:10:53,christosv@eudoramail.com,NULL,c624482-b.pinol1.sfba.home.com,163,151,RE: GeneticallyModified Rice Passes Key Chinese T,151 Y,sarah,2000-11-14 15:23:23,NULL,NULL,s32-annex8k2.dialin.sfu.ca,164,152,RE: Fact Sheet On Pesticide Use,152 Y,sarah,2000-11-14 15:27:49,NULL,NULL,s32-annex8k2.dialin.sfu.ca,165,163,RE: Genetically-Modified Rice Passes Key Chinese T,151 Y,lizz,2000-11-15 05:04:38,fellie.harvey@talk21.com,NULL,212.219.20.11,166,0,Stick To Issues In GM Debate,166 Y,John Young,2000-11-15 17:39:30,jyoung4@utk.edu,NULL,dl10.ag.utk.edu,167,0,Roundup Ready Soybeans,167 Y,Nickolas Arvanitis,2000-11-16 05:05:07,narvan@biol.uoa.gr,NULL,cache3.grnet.gr,168,0,cotton housekeeping gene,168 Y,Kim,2000-11-16 14:20:13,BARunner@aol.com,NULL,spider-mtc-td022.proxy.aol.com,169,160,RE: Monsanto vs Malthus? Another perspective,160 Y,sarah,2000-11-16 17:44:37,NULL,NULL,142-30-20-70.bca.gov.bc.ca,170,169,RE: Monsanto vs Malthus? Another perspective,160 Y,PBN,2000-11-16 20:07:18,polarbearninja@lycos.com,NULL,dialin-160-102.tor.primus.ca,171,0,Sterility of Certain GMOs,171 Y,kate,2000-11-16 22:12:01,NULL,NULL,s34-annex8k1.dialin.sfu.ca,173,158,RE: is this page being censored?,158 Y,Sunei,2000-11-16 22:22:27,NULL,NULL,s34-annex8k1.dialin.sfu.ca,175,164,RE: Fact Sheet On Pesticide Use,152 Y,Frank,2000-11-16 22:26:18,NULL,NULL,s34-annex8k1.dialin.sfu.ca,176,121,RE: Bio-enhancements for Squeegee Kids?,121 Y,Kim,2000-11-17 12:16:17,NULL,NULL,spider-mtc-td082.proxy.aol.com,177,0,Opinion: Anti-biotech struggling in Britain,177 Y,jewel,2000-11-19 01:22:09,jewelganda@hotmail.com,NULL,202.138.148.73,178,0,Rice Plant To Acquire A New Look,178 Y,sam witton,2000-11-19 11:21:15,smw0@aber.ac.uk,NULL,cacheto.aber.ac.uk,179,141,"RE: Chemical cocktail, anyone?",123 Y,sara emery,2000-11-19 19:10:04,saraemery24@yahoo.com,NULL,tritel2-124.tritel.net,181,0,Info on roundup ready sugar beets,181 Y,Wendy,2000-11-20 09:21:33,WendyJ8899@aol.com,NULL,spider-mtc-td011.proxy.aol.com,182,0,"Biotech goes beyond food, pharmaceuticals",182 Y,Susan,2000-11-21 07:47:06,gogreen528@yahoo.com,NULL,spider-mtc-td083.proxy.aol.com,183,170,RE: Monsanto vs Malthus? Another perspective,160 Y,lindy,2000-12-13 14:46:39,NULL,NULL,ares.tdsb.on.ca,197,0,WHEN?????????...,197 Y,Lauren,2000-12-14 10:09:01,EarthWtr7@aol.com,NULL,204.60.144.131,198,0,Green Campaigners Could Condemn Britain To A Chemi,198 Y,neeta,2000-12-14 10:20:43,neetakedia@usa.net,NULL,61.11.3.22,199,0,Genetic Engineering: Sifting The Facts From The Fi,199 Y,Jen,2000-12-16 16:13:11,naked_baby101@hotmail.com,NULL,d38-xa02-toro-pdi.attcanada.net,200,194,RE: AMA Panel OKs GM Foods,194 Y,RITU,2000-12-17 07:25:09,r_sar_2k@yahoo.com,NULL,202.141.69.27,201,189,RE: Genetics Can Provide Food To The Starving Mill,189 Y,RITU,2000-12-17 07:26:23,r_sar_2k@yahoo.com,NULL,202.141.69.27,202,189,RE: Genetics Can Provide Food To The Starving Mill,189 Y,KEYUR,2000-12-17 07:38:03,rokey_iit@usa.net,NULL,202.141.69.27,203,0,AZADIRACTA INDICA AS A BIOPESTICIDE,203 Y,MoonLabbit,2000-12-17 18:44:33,cookieluck@yap.com.au,NULL,kelloggs.com.au,205,0,Biotech's Glories,205 Y,Joe Merringer,2000-12-17 22:30:57,lusoccer_1602@yahoo.com,NULL,s12.as3.zvl.netpluscom.com,206,0,Threat That Never Was,206 Y,Joe,2000-12-17 22:42:20,lusoccer_1602@YAHOO.COM,NULL,s12.as3.zvl.netpluscom.com,207,166,RE: Stick To Issues In GM Debate,166 Y,stufff,2000-12-17 23:20:30,this_is_not_my_email@no_it_isnt.com,NULL,ts5-39.smithers.bulkley.net,208,0,Starlink's Risks Minuscule,208 Y,stufff,2000-12-17 23:26:23,NULL,NULL,ts5-39.smithers.bulkley.net,209,158,RE: is this page being censored?,158 Y,K.M.,2000-12-20 15:41:53,NULL,NULL,spider-tl053.proxy.aol.com,211,208,RE: Starlink's Risks Minuscule,208 Y,PRAMOD GAVANE,2000-12-22 08:38:55,gpramod17@rediff.com,NULL,202.56.203.220,212,203,RE: AZADIRACTA INDICA AS A BIOPESTICIDE,203 Y,Sunil Archak,2001-01-08 00:28:23,sarchak@nbpgr.delhi.nic.in,NULL,164.100.191.194,218,0,Global Review of Commercialized Transgenic Crops:,218 Y,claudia,2001-01-02 00:07:10,xacidchikx@aol.com,NULL,spider-wa072.proxy.aol.com,214,0,organ regeneration,214 Y,Peter Siekel,2001-01-02 07:24:50,peter.siekel@vup.sk,NULL,ns1.nx.nextra.sk,215,0,Global Review of Commercialized Transgenic Crops:,215 Y,jayaprakash,2001-01-03 10:23:13,jpshady@rediff.com,NULL,ppp-174-66.bng.vsnl.net.in,216,0,Exciting Challenges For Food Scientists,216 Y,America Forward,2001-01-09 01:50:40,NULL,NULL,proxy-1371.public.svc.webtv.net,219,198,Yes To Food No To Fear,198 Y,Ben Lillywhite,2001-01-11 11:23:30,yetti1000@hotmail.com,NULL,webcacheh07a.cache.pol.co.uk,223,0,Scientists In Five Nations Complete First Genetic,223
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Y,rabbit,2001-01-17 19:30:17,xeraei@yahoo.com,NULL,proxy2-external.denver1.co.home.com,228,198,RE: Yes To Food No To Fear,198 Y,Tayebeh Baghery,2001-01-17 06:39:34,Bagheril@sharif.ac.ir,NULL,proxy.cyberroute.com,227,0,Immobilized Lipase,227 Y,Godchild,2001-01-18 17:14:06,rwilh80270@aol.com,NULL,spider-we061.proxy.aol.com,234,219,RE: Yes To Food No To Fear,198 Y,Matt,2001-01-17 21:42:10,cyco_sematic@hotmail.com,NULL,ottawa-ppp123060.sympatico.ca,231,0,Disadvantages of Biotech and GM Foods,231 Y,NARAYANAN BALASUBRAMANIAN,2001-01-18 04:44:59,najaybalu@rediffmail.com,NULL,203.199.237.237,233,0,INDUSTRIAL ENZYMES,233 Y,Steven Robinson,2001-01-19 08:33:07,jon@thon.fstn.co.uk,NULL,web-cache2.edex.net.uk,235,0,Home economics A-Level,235 Y,Kim,2001-01-24 15:44:10,NULL,NULL,spider-mtc-ti052.proxy.aol.com,236,235,RE: Home economics A-Level,235 Y,montgomery,2001-01-30 14:25:21,montyhfarm@aol.com,NULL,spider-wc024.proxy.aol.com,240,0,Organic Food Isn't Healthier Than Modified Food,240 Y,michael,2001-01-29 13:18:46,michael@michaelbadali.com,NULL,proxy1-external.ktchnr1.on.home.com,238,0,Fighting Famine In Therst,238 Y,urban samurai,2001-01-30 04:20:07,doctorb63@hotmail.com,NULL,adsl-pool50-77.chicago.il.ameritech.net,239,0,Fueling Famine in the Far East,239 Y,Ano Nymous,2001-01-30 14:57:36,just_in_time2000@hotmail.com,NULL,www.college-montreal.qc.ca,241,231,RE: Disadvantages of Biotech and GM Foods,231 Y,DIEGO CARRILLO,2001-02-01 17:12:59,carrillodiego@hotmail.com,NULL,200.31.10.233,244,0,question,244 Y,Renee,2001-03-02 13:50:24,rchicoine1@worcester.edu,NULL,134.241.32.18,274,41,Question,41 Y,a-17,2001-02-05 09:43:44,sendmestuff_2000@yahoo.com,NULL,209-94-151-74.s74.tnt1.spng.ma.dialup.rcn.com,246,0,Rice Scientists Excited By Technology Transfer Tre,246 Y,Chris Flanagan,2001-03-16 09:52:57,cwflanagan@yahoo.com,NULL,198.59.139.102,293,0,Letter:ological Impact of GM Crops,293 Y,DATUK ABU BAKAR,2001-02-20 00:00:47,abri@pc.jaring.my,NULL,bkj-cache85.jaring.my,256,203,RE: CONF. ON BIOPESTICIDES: EMERGING TRENDS,203 Y,Claire Kamp,2001-02-13 08:47:48,iliveheretoo@cuba.com,NULL,161.57.55.120,254,246,RE: Rice Scientists Excited By Technology Transfer,246 Y,J Byrne,2001-02-21 12:13:56,Jay.Byrne@monsanto.com,NULL,gatekeeper2.monsanto.com,257,246,RE: Rice Scientists Excited By Technology Transfer,246 Y,Rosebud Dakamela,2001-03-04 17:09:47,rosebuddakamela@hotmail.com,NULL,spider-wq073.proxy.aol.com,275,0,Genetically Modified Crops: The Ethical And Social,275 Y,jacqueline capataz,2001-03-05 12:31:39,ccapataz@latinmail.com,NULL,200.41.83.56,276,62,RE: PHBV,62 Y,Lynn,2001-03-05 14:29:07,boults@discovernet.net,NULL,hi2-131-19.dialup.discovernet.net,277,0,\'Organic\' Food Isn\'t Healthier Than Modified Fo,277 Y,Lee Edelstein,2001-03-14 14:18:25,leee@unix.asb.com,NULL,sls14.asb.com,291,0,Glow in the Dark Grass,291 Y,Kim,2001-02-27 19:01:02,NULL,NULL,spider-tl042.proxy.aol.com,273,271,RE: Some People Are Just Never Happy,271 Y,genesis john v valdez,2001-02-26 01:06:48,gjv_18vampire@yahoo.com,NULL,61.9.59.8,272,246,RE: Rice Scientists Excited By Technology Transfer,246 Y,mike simonian,2001-02-25 18:53:45,NULL,NULL,adsl-63-202-179-147.dsl.snfc21.pacbell.net,271,0,Some People Are Just Never Happy,271 Y,brian gowan,2001-03-08 16:18:20,opy_4@yahoo.com,NULL,192.139.219.57,282,69,RE: Bovine Growth Hormones(BSE),41 Y,Pramila Mishra,2001-03-11 10:13:48,prams_2001@yahoo.com,NULL,202.86.141.201,284,0,pesticides effects on agriculture,284 Y,pramila mishra,2001-03-11 10:17:47,prams_2001@ yahoo.com,NULL,202.86.141.201,285,279,RE: White Paper On Food Safety,279 Y,pramila mishra,2001-03-11 10:31:00,prams_2001@yahoo.com,NULL,202.86.141.201,286,256,RE: CONF. ON BIOPESTICIDES: EMERGING TRENDS,203 Y,Bob Farquharson,2001-03-13 22:23:03,bob.farquharson@agric.nsw.gov.au,NULL,pad-cache2-1.cache.telstra.net,290,0,New Scientific Research Underscoresonomic and Env,290 Y,juice,2001-03-19 13:57:34,jelly.com,NULL,webdefault6.sbcss.k12.ca.us,296,0,who benefits from genetically modified food in the,296 Y,Catherine Finlon,2001-03-11 20:18:05,NULL,NULL,adsl-63-199-91.mia.bellsouth.net,289,273,RE: Some People Are Just Never Happy,271 Y,Gilberto Gomez Velasco,2001-03-16 17:08:18,vittavelagil@correoweb.com,NULL,200.32.66.204,295,290,RE: New Scientific Research Underscoresonomic and,290 Y,Jill Griffith,2001-03-22 14:40:47,jillgriff@hotmail.com,NULL,216-208-106-92.expressvu.ca,297,0,Stick To Issues In GMObate,297 Y,gigi,2001-03-23 15:02:02,gigiwong@hotmail.com,NULL,cit-coe13.unl.edu,298,272,RE: Rice Scientists Excited By Technology Transfer,246 Y,debananda panigrahi,2001-03-25 04:48:39,deb_an_and@yahoo.com,NULL,banjo.cs.iitm.ernet.in,299,0,info,299 Y,guillaume,2001-04-07 18:14:39,guillaume_guitard@hotmail.com,NULL,64.228.233.80,301,0,Nonger From GM Foods,301 Y,saidi said,2001-04-08 15:38:17,saidisaid@arabia.com,NULL,heromaster.europeonline.net,302,0,Transgenic Plants And World Agriculture -- Full Re,302 Y,Heidi Quach,2001-04-08 19:03:52,hai_duong_quach@hotmail.com,NULL,pppa16resalechicagometro18-4r7428.dialinx.net,303,0,Monsanto,303 Y,Laurent,2001-04-09 09:45:51,NULL,NULL,nchobo01.telenet-ops.be,304,273,RE: Some People Are Just Never Happy,271 Y,Dipal Palkhiwala,2001-04-15 03:56:38,dipal@mapsenzymes.com,NULL,203.88.137.253,305,233,RE: INDUSTRIAL ENZYMES,233 Y,ramikriger,2001-04-15 17:40:01,ramikriger@hotmail.com,NULL,diup-210-190.inter.net.il,306,0,Genetic Wizardry With Plants,306 Y,Ronald Collins,2001-04-18 13:12:09,rcollins@nucleusinc.com,NULL,nashville.nucleusinc.com,310,309,RE: Biotech Beyond The Screen,309 Y,Tim Hubbard,2001-04-24 22:19:12,tph2@cisunix.unh.edu,NULL,student2-176.unh.edu,311,0,Biotechnological effects on the Economy,311 Y,Janel,2001-04-17 11:03:34,jcsterbentz@ucdavis.edu,NULL,dsl092-091-020.bos1.dsl.speakeasy.net,309,0,Biotech Beyond The Screen,309 Y,Hans Suter,2001-04-25 03:46:47,ampis@tin.it,NULL,a-bi6-53.tin.it,313,0,Benefits Of Biotechnology For Consumers,313 Y,navaneetha krishnan,2001-05-01 03:10:03,iimnava@chequemail.com,NULL,203.200.76.22,314,292,RE: pesticides effects on agriculture,284 Y,chris Hayes,2001-05-15 07:36:04,npg666@zonnet.nl,NULL,1cust186.tnt58.rtm1.nl.uu.net,328,284,RE: pesticides effects on agriculture,284 Y,Martin,2001-05-14 20:39:01,M.Mehta@sms.ed.ac.uk,NULL,paprika.mcc.wwwcache.ja.net,327,277,RE: \'Organic\' Food Isn\'t Healthier Than Modifie,277 Y,Andrea Flory,2001-05-06 08:21:52,triptychacf@yahoo.com.au,NULL,cpe61-9-128-142.vic.bigpond.net.au,317,0,Scientists Say Yes To GM Food Despite Public Fears,317 Y,Doug,2001-05-08 14:41:04,dl@hotmail.com,NULL,cust.64-52-61.066.ip.eurekaeast.net,318,0,marketing pharma,318 Y,Martin,2001-05-14 19:28:55,M.Mehta@sms.ed.ac.uk,NULL,hades.mcc.wwwcache.ja.net,326,271,RE: Some People Are Just Never Happy,271 Y,Jay Mullin,2001-06-03 13:09:11,jaymullin@hotmail.com,NULL,ottawa-ppp3515670.sympatico.ca,342,309,RE: Biotech
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Beyond The Screen,309 Y,Chris Hayes,2001-05-15 07:47:04,npg666@zonnet.nl,NULL,1cust186.tnt58.rtm1.nl.uu.net,329,271,RE: Some People Are Just Never Happy,271 Y,Stuart,2001-05-16 14:55:55,NULL,NULL,vna-va9-55.ix.netcom.com,334,331,RE: who benefits from genetically modified food in,296 Y,Chris Hayes,2001-05-15 08:05:21,npg666@zonnet.nl,NULL,1cust186.tnt58.rtm1.nl.uu.net,331,296,RE: who benefits from genetically modified food in,296 Y,Tamsyn,2001-05-19 03:02:33,tamsyn_jones@hotmail.com,NULL,webcachew03b.cache.pol.co.uk,335,0,GM Tomato \'Reduces Risk Of Disease\',335 Y,Joe Forner,2001-06-10 12:52:06,forne002@tc.umn.edu,NULL,x128-101-252-21.dialup.umn.edu,345,341,RE: Biotechnology And Food,341 Y,LaRd,2001-05-26 01:33:32,dez_4@hotmail.com,NULL,prem-p-144-134-52-75.mega.tmns.net.au,338,0,Who's Afraid Of Genetic Engineering?,338 Y,anjali,2001-05-26 06:40:25,anjali_aug@usa.net,NULL,61.1.158.185,339,0,Biotechnology Sprouts Up In St. Simons Mercury-Eat,339 Y,Kaemebre,2001-06-03 15:11:37,kasuo25@yahoo.com,NULL,63.109.248.105,343,0,Researchers Attest To Safety Of Genetically Modifi,343 Y,Barb Dillingham,2001-05-31 16:33:49,barbdillingham@hotmail.com,NULL,cr680462a.wlfdle1.on.wave.home.com,341,0,Biotechnology And Food,341 Y,Kaemebre Mununkum,2001-06-13 11:32:46,kasuo25@yahoo.com,NULL,63.109.248.105,346,0,Feeding Africa,346 Y,Sankar Prakash,2001-06-18 11:31:53,sankar_prakash@sify.com,NULL,202.4.186.140,347,284,RE: pesticides effects on agriculture,284 Y,zahoor ahmed,2001-06-20 06:12:21,zahoor3@rediffmail.com,NULL,202.54.96.250,348,0,Agbiotech Bulletin - June 01,348 Y,Mara Cecilia Gimnez,2001-06-23 19:20:20,marice@copelnet.com.ar,NULL,line56.comsat.net.ar,349,302,RE: Transgenic Plants And World Agriculture -- Ful,302 Y,ron,2001-07-08 05:37:35,matamanoa@kabelfoon.nl,NULL,kf-sdm-tg02-499.dial.kabelfoon.nl,350,0,HEMAGEN (HMGN),350 Y,brian,2001-07-10 13:18:00,bobotrash@hotmail.com,NULL,modem-2020.rns.tamu.edu,351,0,gm food labeling,351 Y,David DeMarle,2001-07-12 23:25:29,DAVID.DEMARLE@prodigy.net,NULL,nas204-140.rochester.navipath.net,352,0,Commentary: Anti-Biotech Crowd Blind To*nefits,352 Y,Dr.Manohar L Thakur,2001-07-13 12:56:27,manohar.thakur@sympatico.ca,NULL,montrealppp-90100.qc.sympatico.ca,353,0,UN Agency Backs Biotech Crops,353 Y,Michelle Ciaccio,2001-07-16 15:40:24,mmciaccio@martech-reports.com,NULL,66.7.81.104,354,142,RE: Biodegradable Plastic Grown From Plants,142 Y,Martin Damus,2001-07-26 10:42:44,damusm@em.agr.ca,NULL,agrgate3.agr.ca,355,341,RE: Biotechnology And Food,341 Y,Eyal Cochva,2001-08-16 02:20:38,eyal@business-plan.co.il,NULL,ras8p76.tlv.netvision.net.il,358,0,Electrostimulator of gastrointestinal,358 Y,Linda,2001-08-18 17:09:52,libfemmes@About.com,NULL,spider-wf071.proxy.aol.com,359,0,Brazil black market in GM seeds,359 Y,Katie,2001-08-20 10:06:26,kkunec01@villanova.edu,NULL,nyc-pix.truenorth.com,360,0,"Resistance To GM Crops Is Falling, Says ABARE",360 Y,Michael Laprarie,2001-08-22 10:42:35,mlaprarie@greatventure.com,NULL,okcnw1ubr1-4-hfc-0251d8d9b4ca.rdc1.ok.coxatwork.c,361,0,Science Education Paradox,361 Y,Paula Bushby,2001-08-22 16:54:56,pbushby10@yahoo.com,NULL,216.125.212.118,362,0,Science Education Paradox,362 Y,jade simo,2001-08-22 22:49:23,pubey_01@hotmail.com,NULL,203.36.248.250,363,0,Dr. Strangelunch,363 N,Ingrid Picas,2001-08-31 11:54:11,manfruns@pie.xtec.es,NULL,i5150.infovia.xtec.es,366,0,food brands users of GM products,366 N,Zach Raibley,2001-09-02 20:03:54,Potso314@yahoo.com,NULL,1cust226.tnt7.indianapolis.in.da.uu.net,367,0,Roundup Ready Corn,367 N,suqing lim,2001-09-03 23:35:58,caffeine_mug@yahoo.com,NULL,morpheus.izone.net.au,368,0,Thai Innovation Breeds Hardiest Rice Strains,368 N,marc,2001-09-04 17:34:15,NULL,NULL,dnai-216-15-88-201.cust.dnai.com,369,0,Monsanto experimenting on the world,369 N,ARYA,2001-09-06 04:58:58,"arya@hotmail.,com",NULL,netcache1-acld.auckland.clix.net.nz,370,0,GE is Really BAD O_o,370 N,Rakhi Rashmi,2001-09-07 02:05:29,rashmi_rakhi @yahoo.com.in,NULL,202.54.110.243,371,0,Perspectives On The Promise Of Biotechnology\'sne,371 N,indramani sheopurkar,2001-09-08 08:55:58,indramani2002@rediffmail.com,NULL,202.56.224.67,372,0,Perspectives On The Promise Of Biotechnology\'sne,372 N,Raffaele Candeliere,2001-09-10 04:41:48,diantrc@tin.it,NULL,a-mt3-52.tin.it,373,0,A Report On Genetically Engineered Crops,373 N,Dr.Manish Patel,2001-10-01 03:29:02,manishpatel@abhijit.com,NULL,ice.131.client2.icenet.net,374,359,RE: Brazil black market in GM seeds,359 N,-,2001-10-03 05:06:13,-,NULL,pppa20-resalemiamib1-1r7353.dialinx.net,375,0,FASScts On Biotech Crops – Impact On Me,375 N,-,2001-10-03 05:06:55,-,NULL,pppa20-resalemiamib1-1r7353.dialinx.net,376,0,FASScts On Biotech Crops – Impact On Me,376 N,Emilee Bradley,2001-10-04 20:59:07,0019609@ldsbc.edu,NULL,bess-proxy.ldsbc.edu,377,0,Are Bioengineered Foods Safe?,377 N,davood b. nasrabadi,2001-10-10 01:46:00,nasrabadi1977@yahoo.com,NULL,213.176.58.2,378,0,question,378 N,Dak,2001-10-10 12:13:30,logo_runner@hotmail.com,NULL,bess-proxy01.cdesd.k12.or.us,379,0,"FASScts On Biotech Crops Impact On Meat, Milk A",379 N,Colin Nibbs,2001-10-10 14:18:14,colin@scotland-gifts.com,NULL,dialup137-89.saqnet.co.uk,380,276,RE: PHBV,62 N,ravi sri hari,2001-10-12 13:14:35,ravisrihari1@yahoo.co.uk,NULL,rev.tatanova.com,381,0,biotechnology information,381 N,Patrick Hayes,2001-10-22 16:28:21,pwayne66@hotmail.com,NULL,206.61.127.64,382,0,For real info...,382 N,Patrick,2001-10-23 02:16:13,pwayne66@yahoo.com,NULL,206.61.127.57,383,352,RE: Commentary: Anti-Biotech Crowd Blind To*nefits,352 N,sabrina,2001-10-23 15:25:04,maur08@netvision.net.il,NULL,ras1-p268.jlm.netvision.net.il,384,354,RE: Biodegradable Plastic Grown From Plants,142 N,Meghan,2001-10-27 19:35:22,NULL,NULL,pool-151-196-234-182.balt.east.verizon.net,385,0,Bt corn,385 N,raj kumar sharma,2001-10-28 04:25:04,hbiotech@rediffmail.com,NULL,202.157.65.226,386,0,Biotech Association Floats Website,386 N,R. Muhunthan,2001-10-31 02:25:06,muhunthan_r@yahoo.com,NULL,203.115.2.78,387,0,Biotech Sector In India Set To Expand,387 N,jess,2001-11-02 00:07:08,jesseb1@bigpond.com,NULL,happ-p-144-134-61-42.prem.tmns.net.au,388,0,g.m.o food,388 abstract,afren_site,afrfra_site,AUTHOR,CREATED_BY,CREATED_DATE,CURRENT_DOCUMENT,current_document_af,current_document_afe,current_document "Concerns are mounting in some quarters of the country that the Government is going to over-ride the recommendations of its own royal commission and continue a moratorium on the conditional release of genetically modified organisms. Though the deadline is still more than a month away, the Government is coming under pressure to maintain the moratorium indefinitely, a step which would deal a serious blow to
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agricultural research.
",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-09-26,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,C8,NULL,"Concerns are mounting in some quarters of the country that the Government is going to over-ride the recommendations of its own royal commission and continue a moratorium on the conditional release of genetically modified organisms. When the commission produced its report in July, suggesting releases should be allowed to ""proceed with caution"", the Prime Minister hailed the report as ""thorough, balanced and measured."" The Government gave itself three months to decide what to do. Though the deadline, October 31, is still more than a month away, the Government is, the editorial says, coming under pressure to maintain the moratorium indefinitely, a step which would deal a serious blow to agricultural research. Indeed, the newly established dairy conglomerate, Fonterra, has warned that it may take its research investment overseas if the moratorium is prolonged. The Greens, on whom the coalition depends for its survival, have never accepted the conclusions of the royal commission they demanded. But Labour is now also coming under pressure from its normally compliant coalition partner, the Alliance. In a speech last week, Deputy Prime Minister Jim Anderton was cited as saying the Alliance wanted a further moratorium on non-contained genetically modified organisms ""until the technology is proven to be safe"". And in the Prime Minister's Mt Albert electorate, the Labour Party branch has urged her to allow field trials only for contained organisms, not for release into the environment. The pressure is considerable. By October 31, the next election will be little more than a year away. The Labour Party is still polling comfortably well, but the Greens and the Alliance will be starting to look anxiously at their own prospects. By the end of next month, the Government may decide there would no great harm in continuing the testing moratorium until it is safely through the election. But genetics is a fast developing science. The recent Knowledge Wave conference should have convinced all concerned that New Zealand can not afford to dither. Warnings such as that from Fonterra should not be ignored. The agricultural and horticultural research on which much of the economy depends, stands to lose valuable scientists if their work here is held up indefinitely. It is bad enough that the Government is taking three months to respond to the findings of its own royal commission. What was the point of a $6.5 million investigation by the Government's chosen panel, if its findings can not be taken at face value. This was not a panel predisposed to give a particular point of view. In fact, when the appointees were announced there were some misgivings among those keen to see New Zealand in the vanguard of the science. But the commissioners went about their task conscientiously, holding hearings around the country and carefully checking all arguments put before them. Their conclusions were, as Helen Clark said, thorough, balanced and measured. They believe the conditional release of organisms from field test can be permitted with careful scrutiny. Their findings will not satisfy those who want all risk removed. Few things in life are entirely free of risk, though with sensible precautions they can be made tolerably safe. So it is with genetic field trials. When Jim Anderton says the Alliance wants the technology to be proven safe, he knows he sets science an impossible task. Views are divided within the Labour caucus. The signs are becoming ominous that politics, not science, will prevail. ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g15,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g6,NULL,NULL,g9,Science Must Win The GM Argument,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"GM, New Zealand Herald Editorial, royal commission, genetically modified organisms, Fonterra, the Alliance, Jim Anderton, Mt Albert, Labour Party, the Greens, New Zealand, Helen Clark, genetic field trials.",NULL,2001-09-27,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-09-26,NULL,NULL,New Zealand Herald Editorial,NULL,NULL,http://www.nzherald.co.nz/,NULL,Science Must Win The GM Argument,5817,NULL,NULL "The American Seed Trade Association (ASTA) has again updated its database of grain handlers accepting biotech corn approved in the United States, but not yet approved for import into the European Union (EU). ",NULL,NULL,Julianne Johnston,NULL,2001-09-26,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C2,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C9,"The American Seed Trade Association (ASTA) has again updated its database of grain handlers accepting biotech corn approved in the United States, but not yet approved for import into the European Union (EU). ASTA executive vice president Dean Urmston says more than 3,500 grain handling facilities nationwide responded in this year's survey that they will accept grain not yet EU-approved. Since the launch of the database in 1999, there have been thousands of facilities willing to post their locations online. For the 2001 harvest, nearly 2,000 handlers have posted their location and delivery requirements, he said. 
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New to the database this year is information capturing the details of grain handling and delivery policies of many facilities and locations. This new data was obtained from grain handlers throughout the United States who were interviewed in July and August 2001 about their grain handling procedures for not yet EU-approved biotech corn. Additional grain handlers will accept all U.S.-approved biotech corn, but they may not be listed on the ASTA database. Growers are again reminded to contact grain handling facilities prior to delivery to learn of any special handling requirements and to re-verify that the facility is accepting not yet EU-approved biotech corn, says ASTA. Nearly 80 percent of annual U.S. corn production is used domestically and the remainder is exported. For the 2001 crop season, about 95 percent of all U.S. corn has been accepted for export into all world markets. While the vast majority of our trading partners around the globe continue to evaluate and approve new biotech varieties, the EU's regulatory system and biotech approvals remain frozen. ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g4,g5,g6,g7,NULL,NULL,ASTA Database Updated For 2001 Harvest,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"ASTA, Julianne Johnston, AgWeb, The American Seed Trade Association, biotech corn, European Union, Dean Urmston, ",NULL,2001-09-27,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-09-25,NULL,NULL,AgWeb,NULL,NULL,http://www.agweb.com /,NULL,ASTA Database Updated For 2001 Harvest,5818,NULL,NULL "La Commission europenne a appel mardi les dirigeants politiques une \""plus grande responsabilit\"" sur la question des organismes gntiquement modifis (OGM) et ne pas cder au \""populisme\"" des opposants ces technologies.",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-09-26,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL Commission europenne a appel mardi les dirigeants politiques une ""plus grande responsabilit"" sur la question des organismes gntiquement modifis (OGM) et ne pas cder au ""populisme"" des opposants ces technologies. ""Selon moi, un responsable politique ne doit pas se faire l'cho des points de vue populistes et exploiter les craintes pour marquer facilement des points"", a dclar le commissaire europen l'Agriculture, Franz Fischler, lors d'une runion informelle des ministres de l'Agriculture des Quinze. ""Maintenant, nous devons rpondre aux questions que se pose la socit"", a ajout M. Fischler. Son homologue charg de la Sant et de la Protection des consommateurs, David Byrne, a pour sa part regrett que les dbats sur les OGM aient souvent gnr ""plus de confusion que de clart"". ""Il est essentiel de garantir un haut niveau de protection, de garantir le choix des consommateurs et des procdures d'autorisation transparentes, uniformes et efficaces"", a dit M. Byrne, qui a de plus plaid pour la fin du moratoire existant sur les OGM dcid par l'Union europenne. L'UE bloque en effet depuis plusieurs annes les procdures d'autorisation de mise sur le march de nouvelles plantes transgniques tant que des rgles efficaces de traabilit et d'tiquetage des OGM n'auront pas t adoptes. La Commission a propos en juillet dernier une rglementation sur l'tiquetage et le traage des OGM. M. Byrne a expliqu aux ministres des Quinze le sens de cette nouvelle proposition qui doit encore tre soumise au Conseil des ministres avant d'tre transmise au Parlement europen. Les ministres de l'Agriculture, l'invitation de la prsidence belge de l'Union europenne, ont par ailleurs dbattu Lundi et Mardi des nouvelles technologies dans l'agriculture, ainsi que des biotechnologies.
Les responsables belges avaient pour l'occasion invit cinq experts des cinq continents pour confronter leurs expriences dans ces domaines.",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g4,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,OGM: La Commission appelle une plus grande responsabilit politique,NULL,NULL,l2,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-09-18,NUL France Presse,NULL,NULL,http://www.afp.fr,NULL,OGM: La Commission appelle une plus grande responsabilit politique,5820,NULL,NULL "La pression europenne s\'accentue en faveur d\'une leve du moratoire concernant la mise sur le march de nouvelles varits d\'organismes gntiquement modifis (OGM). Hier, Alden Biezen, o elle runissait ses collgues ministres europens de l\'agriculture, la librale belge Annemie Neyts, qui s\'est leve contre \"" la psychose collective \"", a donn la parole des scientifiques venus plaider les bienfaits des cultures transgniques.",NULL,NULL,Yannick Laude,NULL,2001-09-26,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C3,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C9," Les faits: La pression europenne s'accentue en faveur d'une leve du moratoire concernant la mise sur le march de nouvelles varits d'organismes gntiquement modifis (OGM). Hier, Alden Biezen, o elle runissait ses collgues ministres europens de l'agriculture, la librale belge Annemie Neyts, qui s'est leve contre "" la psychose collective "", a donn la parole des scientifiques venus plaider les bienfaits des cultures transgniques. Un concensus s'est dgag parmi les Quinze sur la ncessit d'accrotre l'effort de recherche et de prparer une serie de rglementations sectorielles accompagnant la nouvelle directive cadre sur l'utilisation des OGM qui doit entrer en vigeur en octobre 2002. Le contexte: Pour le moment, le front du moratoire continue de tenir bon. Trs attendu sur ce point, le nouveau ministre italien de l'agriculture, Giovanni Alemanno, tout en contestant ""la fermeture idologique"" de son prdcesseur cologiste, a ainsi confirm la ""traditionnelle orientation prudente"" de son pays. L'Allemande Renate Knaste, ses homologues autrichiens, luxembourgeois, grec et danois n'ont pas non plus chang d'avis. Quant la France, dont la position a t dfendue par des hauts fonctionnaires en l'absence de Jean Glavany en dplacement en Inde, elle reste attache au principe de prcaution. L'avenir: En 2002, c'est--dire aprs les lections franaise et allemande, les positions politiques pourront avoir chang, esprent les partisans des OGM. ""Il serait dplorable que nous adoptions une approche attentiste, que nous nous opposions toutes les nouvelles technologies ou que l'innovation ne nous inspire que de la crainte"", a rtorqu le
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commissaire l'agriculture Franz Fischler. ""Les opposants aux OGM sont ceux qui n'ont pas le ventre vide"", a assen'e le professeur John Monyo, de l'organisation des Nations unies pour l'agriculture et l'alimentation (FAO). Pour l'agronome britannique Philip Dale, les ""OGM peuvent avoir indniablement un effet bnfique sur les parasites, les maladies et les mauvaises herbes, mais il faut en faire un usage cibl afin de prserver la biodiversit."" La contamination des cultures biologiques pose problme"", a convenu Franz Fischler, qui ajoute que outre le nouveau paquet lgislatif en prparation sur l'tiquetage et la traabilit, ""il faudra rflchir, si la culture des OGM prend une certaine ampleur, une rpartition gographique de la culture bio dans les rgions dfavorises, notamment o cela pourrait tre combin avec le tourisme dans le cadre du dveloppement durable"". ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g4,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,L\'Europe s\'interroge sur les OGM,NULL,NULL,l2,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-09-26,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-09-20,NUL Croix,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,L\'Europe s\'interroge sur les OGM,5821,NULL,NULL "La Comisin Europea inicia el jueves 27 una conferencia sobre biotecnologa con el objetivo de abrir un debate \""pblico y constructivo\"" sobre el futuro de esta ciencia en Europa, que evite cualquier reticencia tica, social o econmica en su desarrollo.",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-09-27,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C3,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,N Comisin Europea inicia hoy, jueves, una conferencia sobre biotecnologa con el objetivo de abrir un debate ""pblico y constructivo"" sobre el futuro de esta ciencia en Europa, que evite cualquier reticencia tica, social o econmica en su desarrollo. La conferencia, que concluir el prximo viernes, permitir a la Comisin conocer los distintos puntos de vista antes de presentar una normativa al respecto, a final de ao. Casi medio centenar de oradores y ms de 400 especialistas en la materia participarn en el encuentro, que analizar el desarrollo de la biotecnologa en cada pas de la Unin, situaciones de competencia y reglamentos que impiden su desarrollo, segn un comunicado del Ejecutivo comunitario. La CE estar representada en la conferencia por cinco comisarios: Investigacin, Agricultura, Medio Ambiente, Empresas y Sanidad. El presidente de la Comisin Europea, Romano Prodi, considera, segn el comunicado, que ""la biotecnologa y la biologa son dos factores fundamentales del progreso tecnolgico y econmico en el siglo XXI, por lo que Europa necesita una buena estrategia para explotar el nuevo potencial y superar las preocupaciones ticas"". Con la organizacin de la conferencia, Bruselas responde al acuerdo alcanzado en el Consejo de Estocolmo -marzo 2001- sobre la necesidad de impulsar el desarrollo tecnolgico en este campo. Sin embargo, Bruselas es consciente de los problemas ""ticos, sociales y econmicos"" que conlleva, lo que obliga a escuchar todas las voces a favor y en contra del desarrollo biotecnolgico, antes de contar con una reglamentacin que estipule su desarrollo, como pretende la CE, hasta 2010. Por otro lado un informe oficial frances titulado ""OGM y agricultura: opciones para la accin pblica"", fue entregado al ministro francs de Economa, Jean Glavany. Este informe es el resultado del trabajo de un grupo dirigido por Chevassus au Louis, presidente del consejo de administracin de la Agencia Francesa de Seguridad Sanitaria de los Alimentos (AFSSA). Los autores del documento abogan por ""una cohabitacin pacfica entre cultivos transgnicos y no transgnicos (...). Hay que organizar el pluralismo: que pueda haber en Europa agricultores que cultiven OGM y otros al lado que no"". Tambin preconizan la creacin de un observatorio pblico sobre las plantas transgnicas para examinar sus aspectos medioambientales, sanitarios y socioeconmicos. Seis organizaciones -entre ellas Greenpeace, el sindicato Confederacin Campesina, la Federacin Nacional de Agricultura Biolgica de las regiones de Francia- manifestaron su ""profundo desacuerdo"" con las conclusiones del documento.
En un comunicado, estas organizaciones, que participaron en los trabajos preparatorios del informe, consideraron que la redaccin final ""es muy favorable a los transgnicos y no transcribe de forma justa las posiciones manifestadas durante los debates"". ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g2,NULL,NULL,g4,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,Bruselas celebra una conferencia sobre biotecnologa y Francia elabora un informe sobre los OGM,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,l5,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-09-27,NULL,NULL celebra una conferencia sobre biotecnologa y Francia elabora un informe sobre los OGM,5822,NULL,NULL " New Published Scientific Studies Confirm Low Risk of Bt Corn to Monarch Butterflies Results of collaborative research by scientists from universities and research institutions in the United States and Canada, which examined the risks of Bt corn to monarch butterflies have been published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). These studies from leading scientific experts provide science-based evidence that potential risks of Bt corn to monarchs is low. ",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-09-27,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,C8,NULL,"New Published Scientific Studies Confirm Low Risk of Bt Corn to Monarch Butterflies Results of collaborative research by scientists from universities and research institutions in the United States and Canada, which examined the risks of Bt corn to monarch butterflies have been published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). These studies from leading scientific experts provide science-based evidence that potential risks of Bt corn to monarchs is low. This body of comprehensive research was intended to investigate the potential for any adverse effects of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn on the non-target organism, Danaus plexippus (L.), otherwise known as the monarch butterfly. Each study addressed a specific research area, and the collective results address the potential risk of Bt corn to monarchs under natural field conditions. Ecological risk is determined when both toxic effects and exposure are jointly assessed. These studies not only provide quantitative data on laboratory studies using different Bt proteins from different sources, but also data evaluating
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potential effects using different Bt corn hybrids under field conditions, a variety of exposure scenarios, and incorporated monarch breeding habits and habitats. This research was supported by a pooled grant provided by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service and the Agricultural Biotechnology Stewardship Technical Committee, and funding from the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Environment Canada, the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, the Ontario Corn Growers Association, the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, and the Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture (Ames, IA). <a href=""http://www.pnas.org/papbyrecent.shtml"" target=""_blank"">The papers are available on-line</a> Research in Six Key Areas: * Sensitivity of Monarch Larvae to Bt proteins and Pollen in Laboratory Conditions * Levels of Corn Pollen on Milkweeds in and near Cornfields * Exposure Level Assessments in Natural Monarch Breeding Habitats * Impact of Bt Corn Pollen on Monarch Larvae in Field Conditions * Effects of Event 176 Bt Corn Pollen on Monarch and Black Swallowtail Caterpillars Under Field Conditions * Overall Risk Assessments on the Impact of Bt Corn Pollen to Monarchs Study #1 <blockquote> * Hellmich, R.L., Siegfried, B.D., Sears, M.K., Stanley-Horn, D.E., Daniels, M.J., Mattila, H.R., Spencer, T., Bidne, K.G., Lewis, L.C. 2001. Monarch Larvae Sensitivity to Bacillus thuringiensis Purified Proteins and Pollen. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA This research focused on laboratory studies, which investigated the sensitivity of monarch larvae to Bt purified proteins and pollen isolated from Bt corn hybrids. Purified proteins tested included Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry9C, and Cry1F. Testing methods included purified proteins added to an artificial diet, pollen from commercial and experimental Bt corn hybrids directly applied to milkweed leaf discs, and pollen contaminated with corn tassel material directly applied to milkweed leaf discs. It is important to note that this study also examined the effects of pollen containing corn tassel material on monarch larval weight. Larvae whose diet included Bt corn pollen containing corn tassel material had low weights whereas larvae consuming finely sifted pollen with most of the non-pollen materials removed had higher weights. Results from these experiments suggest that monarch larvae were affected by corn tassel materials in the samples and not by the pollen itself. <blockquote> <div align=""left""> </div> </blockquote> Key conclusions: 1. Cry9C and Cry1F proteins are relatively nontoxic to monarch first instar larvae and first instars are more sensitive to Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac proteins, while older instars are less susceptible to Cry1Ab protein. 2. Corn tassel materials, which are artifacts of pollen processing can dramatically influence larval survival and weight gains. 3. Transgenic corn pollen from Cry1Ab event 176 hybrids did affect monarch larvae*, while results from other types of Bt corn suggest that pollen from Cry1Ab (events Bt11, Mon810) and Cry1F, and experimental Cry9C hybrids will have no acute effects on monarch butterfly larvae in field settings. * Event 176 contains a pollen-specific promoter and expresses high amounts of Cry1Ab in pollen. This hybrid represents less than two percent of corn planted and re-registration has not been applied for this variety. The results of these laboratory bioassays show that pollen tested from Bt corn varieties from commercial events Bt11 and Mon810, which represent the vast majority of Bt corn acreage in the US, had negligible effects on Monarch larvae in the laboratory and will have no acute effects on monarch larvae in a field setting. Given that risk is an assessment based on both hazard and exposure, any potential risk of Bt176 corn pollen to monarch larvae is also negligible due to low exposure of monarch larvae to this variety. </blockquote> Study #2 <blockquote> *Pleasants, J.M., Hellmich, R.L., Dively, G.P., Sears, M.K., Stanley-Horn, D.E., Mattila, H.R., Foster, J.E., Clark, T.L., Jones, G.D. 2001. Corn Pollen Deposition on Milkweeds in and near Cornfields. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA This research focused on establishing a realistic picture of naturally occurring pollen levels to find a perspective for laboratory and field studies of monarch larvae feeding on milkweed leaves with Bt corn pollen. The amounts of corn pollen on leaves of milkweed plants within and outside of cornfields were evaluated and measurements were taken from several studies from different locations. Key conclusions: 1. Pollen density was highest inside the cornfield and progressively lower from the field edge outward. 2. Inside corn fields, 95% leaf samples had pollen densities below 600 grains/cm2 and the highest pollen density observed was 1400 grains/cm2 , which occurred in one study with a rainless anthesis period (a single rain event can remove 54-86% of the pollen on leaves). 3. Leaves on the upper portion of milkweed plants, where young larvae prefer
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to feed only had 30-50% of the pollen density of leaves in the middle portion. The results of these studies confirm that a number of factors can account for density levels of pollen including collection time and key processes that can remove pollen from leaves. These include processes such as rain, whether or not pollen grains adhere to the milkweed leaf surface, and position of the leaves sampled, which affects differences in leaf orientation and leaf area. Other factors such as position of the milkweed relative to the corn canopy, and cultivar differences, and overall environmental factors can affect pollen densities. These studies provide information on the range and distribution of corn pollen densities to which the monarch larvae could be exposed. Given the importance of relating risk to both exposure and hazard, these studies provide key information to help assess the potential exposure of Monarch larvae to Bt pollen. Exposure to larvae would be highest within the cornfield and drops progressively away from a cornfield. Rainfall is an important factor that would reduce exposure risks to Bt corn pollen. Another factor which reduces exposure to first instars, the most vulnerable to Bt proteins, is that they tend to feed on the upper leaves and this data showed that upper leaves have only 30-50% of the pollen density of middle leaves. A third factor reducing exposure is that the young larvae do not tend to feed on the leaf midrib, which has higher pollen densities. These data collectively provide a realistic assessment of the varying corn pollen levels under different field conditions and confirms that a number of key factors should be taken into consideration to make a realistic evaluation of environmental risk. </blockquote> Study #3 <blockquote> * Oberhauser, K.S., Prysby, M.D., Mattila, H.R., Stanley-Horn, D.E., Sears, M.K., Dively, G., Olson, E., Pleasants, J.M., Lam, W.F., Hellmich, R.L. 2001. Temporal and Spatial Overlap between Monarch Larvae and Corn Pollen. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA This research investigates the potential for monarch larvae to be exposed to Bt pollen by evaluating milkweed and monarch densities in different land habitats available to breeding monarchs (cornfields, cornfield edges, other agricultural fields and nonagricultural areas) and in four different geographical regions representing the different parts of the breeding range of eastern North American monarchs (Minnesota and Wisconsin, Iowa, Maryland, and Ontario). To evaluate the potential impact of Bt corn on monarch populations, the proportion of the monarch population that overlaps both temporally and spatially with corn pollen during the larval stage was estimated. The sites were monitored weekly, milkweed density was estimated, monarch production form each habitat was estimated, and the phonological overlap of larvae present during corn pollen anthesis was calculated. Key Conclusions: 1. Relative egg densities among different land habitat types varied by geographical location. 2. In Minnesota/Wisconsin and Ontario larval survival was higher in cornfields than other habitats, and in Iowa survival was higher in corn and nonagricultural habitats than in edge habitats. Although there were differences in mortality early in development, by the later instars survival was similar across habitats. 3. Milkweed density was generally higher in the nonagricultural habitats than cornfields in all regions. When the amount of landscape including agricultural and nonagricultural land is considered, the data suggests that a significant proportion of the monarchs that originate in the Midwestern U.S. come from agricultural habitats. From this study, the estimates suggest differences within and between regions and indicate that an assessment of risks imposed by Bt corn must consider pollen densities that fall on milkweed within cornfields and indicate the importance of cornfields to monarch populations. Other changes in agricultural practices that affect milkweed density, condition, or monarch survival could also have an effect on risk assessment. </blockquote> Study #4 <blockquote> * Stanley-Horn, D.E., Dively, G.P., Hellmich, R.L., Mattila, H.R., Sears, M.K., Rose, R., Jesse, L.C.H., Losey, J.E., Obrycki, J.J., Lewis, J. 2001. Assessing the Impact of Cry1Ab-Expressing Corn Pollen on Monarch Butterfly Larvae in Field Studies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA This research covers five independent field studies conducted in Iowa, Maryland, Ontario and New York to determine the impact of Bt pollen on the survival and growth of monarchs. The approach was to expose larvae to milkweed leaves to Bt and non-Bt pollen. Key Conclusion: The studies provide evidence that the amount of pollen deposited on milkweed leaves and Bt (Cry1Ab) protein expression in pollen can impact monarch larvae feeding on milkweed that is associated with Bt corn during anthesis. To assess environmental risk of Bt corn to monarchs both exposure and hazard must be considered. Therefore, exposure to Bt pollen during pollen dispersal in a field setting, must be factored with the amount of Bt protein (hazard) expressed in pollen for the commercial varieties currently is use. </blockquote> Study #5 <blockquote> * Zangeri, A.R., McKenna, D., Wraight, C.L., Carroll, M., Ficarello, P., Warner, R., Berenbaum, M.R. 2001. Effects of Exposure to Event 176 Bacillus thuringiensis Corn Pollen on Monarch and Black Swallowtail Caterpillars Under Field Conditions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA This field study investigates the impact of exposure to pollen from Bt corn containing event 176 on the non-target monarch and black swallowtail larvae.
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Bt corn event 176* contains a pollen-specific promoter and expresses a high level of Cry1Ab protein in pollen. This hybrid represents less than two percent of corn planted and re-registration has not been applied for this variety. Key Conclusion: Results suggest that Bt corn incorporating event 176 can have effects on black swallowtail growth and development Risk assessments on the impact of all Bt corn hybrids on non-targets must be made based on both hazard and exposure to Bt corn event 176 is minimal </blockquote> Study #6 <blockquote> * Sears, M.K., Hellmich, R.L., Stanley-Horn, D.E., Oberhauser, K.S., Pleasants, J.M., Mattila, H.R., Siegfried, B.D., Dively, G.P. 2001. Impact of Bt Corn Pollen on Monarch Butterfly Populations: A Risk Assessment. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA This paper provides an assessment of risk of exposure of monarch larvae to Bt corn pollen based on the evidence resulting from the collaborative research of the previously described research from scientists in the United States and Canada. The approach has been used for other investigating effects of pesticides, industrial by-products and other toxicants on non-target species. The approach considers the two estimates needed for a sound risk assessment - hazard and exposure. Estimates on the expression of potential toxicity and the likelihood of exposure to the potential toxicant are both examined. Key Conclusions: 1. Risk of Bt corn (Bt11, Mon810) to monarchs is low because both hazard is negligible and exposure under field conditions is low. 2. Characterization of acute toxic effects alone indicate that the potential for hazard to monarchs is currently restricted to event 176 hybrids. These hybrids express Cry1Ab protein at a level sufficient to show measurable effects. However, these hybrids have a minor presence in the corn market (<2% of corn acreage), which is rapidly declining. 3. Although monarch populations share their habitat with corn ecosystems to a higher degree than previously documented, the portion of the monarch population that is potentially exposed to toxic levels of Bt corn pollen is negligible and declining as planting event 176 hybrids is phased out. 4. The evidence to support a low risk of Bt corn to monarchs has been collected over a wide geographical area and under both laboratory and field settings. Findings from multiple studies were consistent, even using different methods from one study to another. The comprehensive body of research collected by scientific experts in the United States and Canada, provides additional evidence that Bt corn poses little if any risk to Monarchs, and affirms the original risk assessment conclusion reached by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The research conducted also provides evidence that any future environmental assessments of risk must be based on appropriate scientific methods of investigation and analysis, and that, when questions arise in laboratory studies, field data may be important to assess real risk. <a href=""http://www.pnas.org/papbyrecent.shtml"" target=""_blank"">The papers are available on-line</a> </blockquote> ############################## If you have any questions or comments on the contents of this Special Focus Newsletter, please contact: Marcia Vincent, Technical Communications Manager, Monsanto marcia.n.vincent@monsanto.com <hr> Read other similar articles: <a href=""http://www.monsanto.co.uk /news/ukshowlib.phtml?uid=5823"">Special Focus Biotech Science News: Summaries & conclusions of all 6 PNAS studies</a> Monsanto Company <a href=""http://www.monsanto.co.uk /news/ukshowlib.phtml?uid=5809"">Butterfly Balls: Genetically Modified Maize Is Not That Bad For Monarchs</a> Biotech Knowledge Centre <a href=""http://www.monsanto.co.uk /news/ukshowlib.phtml?uid=5810"">Modified Corn 'Negligible' Threat To Butterflies</a> Pittsburgh Post-Gazette <a href=""http://www.monsanto.co.uk /news/ukshowlib.phtml?uid=5816"">Monarch Butterflies, Corn Pollen Coexist In Cornfields</a> University of Minnesota <a href=""http://www.monsanto.co.uk /news/ukshowlib.phtml?uid=5799"">Study Shows No Damage To Monarch Butterfly From GE Corn </a> Ascribe News <a href=""http://www.monsanto.co.uk /news/ukshowlib.phtml?uid=5755"">New Findings Stress Safety Of Bt Corn To Monarch Butterflies</a> Univeristy of Guelph 
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",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g15,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g4,g5,g6,g7,NULL,g9,Special Focus Biotech Science News,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"monsanto, pnas, science, monarch, butterfly, corn, bt corn, bt, safety.",NULL,2001-09-27,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-09-25,NULL,NULL,Monsanto Company,NULL,NULL,http://www.monsanto.com,(Summaries & conclusions of all 6 PNAS studies),Special Focus Biotech Science News,5823,uk,NULL "The Department of Agriculture reiterated its demand that the ban on field trials of genetically modified plants be lifted, arguing that the ban was a major obstacle in developing genetic engineering technology for the agricultural sector. ",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-09-27,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C2,C3,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Th Department of Agriculture reiterated its demand that the ban on field trials of genetically modified plants be lifted, arguing that the ban was a major obstacle in developing genetic engineering technology for the agricultural sector. The government agreed to impose the ban last year as proposed by the Assembly of the Poor, said Hiran Hiranpradit, the department's senior expert in crop production. ``Continuing the ban on GM field trials will cause great damage to the country, especially in agricultural research and development,'' said Mr Hiran, a member of a PM's Office sub-committee on GM products policy. The sub-committee yesterday held a meeting to finalise the country's five-year policy on GM products. Mr Hiran said the sub-committee has repeatedly submitted letters to Deputy Prime Minister Pongpol Adireksarn, who oversees the committee solving the Assembly of the Poor's petitions, calling for the ban to be lifted. Ampon Kittiampon, the Agriculture Ministry's assistant permanent secretary, said lifting the ban would greatly contribute to an increase in knowledge and understanding of the new technology. Nares Dhamrongchai, of the National Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (Biotec), said field trials should be allowed, but only under strict rules to prevent leakage of GM seeds. Greenpeace campaigner Auaiporn Suthontanyakorn disagreed, saying the ban should stay as long as state agencies could not prove they could prevent GM seed leakage. Also, it was not necessary to embrace the technology at the moment because its safety to the ecosystem and human health was not yet proven, Ms Auaiporn said. Mr Hiran announced that a national agency to provide information on GMOs to the public would be set up. The agency comprises Biotec and the Thailand Biodiversity Centre under the Science Ministry, and the Agriculture Ministry's Natural Resources and Biodiversity Institute. Buntoon Sethasarote, of the Natural Resources and Biodiversity Institute, said information on the pros and cons of GMOs needed to be cleared up to avoid causing public misunderstanding. ``At present, each concerned party seems to select information that supports its stance, which confuses the public. So an agency to provide unbiased information on GMOs is a must,'' Mr Buntoon said. Dr Nares, of Biotec, said people interested in GMOs could find reliable facts at the newly-created agency, which would also gather facts and opinions from every organisation concerned. ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g18,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g5,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,Officials Fight Ban On Field Tests,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Bangkok Post, Department of Agriculture, Assembly of the Poor, Hiran Hiranpradit, GM, Pongpol Adireksarn, Ampon Kittiampon, Nares Dhamrongchai, National Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Biotec, Greenpeace, Auaiporn Suthontanyakorn, Thailand Biodiversity Centre, Science Ministry, Agriculture Ministry's Natural Resources and Biodiversity Institute, Buntoon Sethasarote, GMOs, ",NULL,2001-10-02,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-09-25,NULL,NULL,Bangkok Post,NULL,NULL,http://www.bangkokpost.net/,NULL,Officials Fight Ban On Field Tests,5824,NULL,NULL "The University of Nebraska-Lincoln has launched a new Web site to help consumers and students understand agricultural biotechnology. ",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-09-27,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,C8,NULL,"The University of Nebraska-Lincoln has launched a new Web site to help consumers and students understand agricultural biotechnology.
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 ""Our goal is to help people learn to assess these new technologies,"" says Leon Higley, NU professor of entomology. ""How do they know what is safe? What should their standards be? We want to help people sort through this information."" The site, at <a href=""www.agbiosafety.unl.edu"" target=""blank"">www.agbiosafety.unl.edu</a>, contains lesson plans for teachers, basic consumer information and a research database on all genetically engineered crops in North America. In addition, NU biotechnology experts will answer questions in the frequently asked questions area of the new site. ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,g13,NULL,g15,g16,g17,g18,NULL,NULL,g20,NULL,g4,g5,g6,g7,g8,g9,Biotech Web Site Offers Education,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Biotech, Soybean Digest, University of NebraskaLincoln, agricultural biotechnology, Leon Higley, NU professor of entomology, genetically engineered crops, NU biotechnology.",NULL,2001-10-02,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-09-25,NULL,NULL,Soybean Digest,NULL,NULL,http://industryclick.com/magazine.asp?siteid=5&magazineid=20,NULL,Biotech Web Site Offers Education,5825,NULL,NULL "The Philippine\'s first biotechnology-derived rice, described as resistant to a major plant disease, will be tested in two trial sites and released soon for commercial use. ",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-09-27,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,C2,NULL,C4,C5,C6,C7,C8,C9,"The country's first biotechnology-derived rice, described as resistant to a major plant disease, will be tested in two trial sites and released soon for commercial use. This biotech rice, IR72 with Xa-21 gene, was proven in greenhouse inoculation tests to be resistant to nine kinds of bacterial blight. Researchers of the Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice) here conducted the development and greenhouse testing of this biotech rice in cooperation with researchers of the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The field trial, according to Dr. Rhodora Aldemita, one of the PhilRice researchers involved in the project, will provide data on the performance of the biotech rice in the natural environment. It will also give information if there would be gene transfer in adjacent rice plants within the contained facility. Sites of the trial will be in the PhilRice Compound in Barangay Maligaya here and in IRRI in Los Banos, Laguna, Aldemita said. But before the trial could be conducted, it has yet to hurdle the requirements of the National Committee on the Biosafety of the Philippines, a multi-sectoral body coordinated by the Department of Science and Technology that regulates biotechnology-studies in the country. Three public consultations have been held, and the last is scheduled on Sept. 28. Bacterial blight, Aldemita said, is one of the major rice diseases dreaded by farmers. Rice infected with this disease has water-soaked leaves which turn to gray to brown in advance stage, she said. The best control method for this disease is the use of a resistant variety, she said. In Davao City recently, party-list representative Satur Ocampo has moved to ban genetically modified organisms (GMOs) including importation and field-testing of the controversial Bt-corn. Ocampo, a member of the House committee on agriculture, said he has filed a bill seeking to impose a ban on GMOs, but the committee on bio-safety is still discussing it. Non-government groups here vowed to continue their protests if Kibawe, Bukidnon officials do not recall a resolution supporting the field-testing of Bt-corn by seed giant Monsanto. ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g18,g19,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g5,g6,g7,NULL,g9,"Biotech
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Rice To Be Tested In Nueva Ecija, Laguna",NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Philippine Daily Inquirer, Biotech Rice, Nueva Ecija, Laguna, IR72, Xa-21 gene, greenhouse inoculation tests, Philippine Rice Research Institute, PhilRice, International Rice Research Institute, IRRI, Dr. Rhodora Aldemita, Barangay Maligaya, National Committee on the Biosafety of the Philippines, Department of Science and Technology.",NULL,2001-10-02,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-09-24,NULL,NULL,Philippine Daily Inquirer,NULL,NULL,http://www.inquirer.net/,NULL,"Biotech Rice To Be Tested In Nueva Ecija, Laguna",5826,NULL,NULL "Tenter d\'organiser le dbat au mieux : c\'est ce que se proposaient les pouvoirs publics en commandant le rapport \""OGM et agriculture : options pour l\'action publique\"" au Commissariat gnral du Plan. Fruit d\'un an de travail d\'un groupe de concertation prsid par Bernard Chevassus-au-Louis, ce rapport, dvoil hier, avait pour objectif d\'apporter des lments pour nourrir un dbat de fond sur les avantages et les risques lis l\'utilisation des plantes gntiquement modifies. ",NULL,NULL,P. Mo.,NULL,2001-09-27,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C1,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,NULL,C9,"Tenter d'organiser le dbat au mieux : c'est ce que se proposaient les pouvoirs publics en commandant le rapport ""OGM et agriculture : options pour l'action publique"" au Commissariat gnral du Plan. Fruit d'un an de travail d'un groupe de concertation prsid par Bernard Chevassus-au-Louis, prsident du conseil d'administration de l'Agence franaise de scurit sanitaire des aliments (Afssa), ce rapport, dvoil hier, avait pour objectif d'apporter des lments pour nourrir un dbat de fond sur les avantages et les risques lis l'utilisation des plantes gntiquement modifies. Ce qui tombe point nomm alors que les destructions de parcelles de cultures transgniques se sont multiplies ces dernires semaines dans l'Hexagone et que se profilent l'horizon les OGM dits ""de deuxime gnration"" (censs apporter directement un bnfice au consommateur final et pas seulement l'agriculteur). Ct constat, il ressort de l'analyse des exploitations agricoles amricaines que les gains de rendement obtenus partir des OGM de premire gnration ont t conjoncturels, voire ngatifs. En revanche, les conomies de produits phtosanitaires (en particulier les herbicides) se sont avrs probants. ""Enfin, et surtout, la simplification et la plus grandes flexibilit des pratiques agricoles permises par l'utilisation des OGM semblent avoir constgitu un puissant facteur d'adoption"" de l'autre ct de l'Atlantique, selon le rapport du Plan. Et les auteurs de convenir que le dbat public autour des cultures transgniques n'est pas "" une crise temporaire mais doit tre lu comme porteur de questions de fond sur la gestion de l'innovation"". Des apports incontournables Ct perspectives, Bernard Chevassus-au-Louis, par ailleurs directeur de recherche l'Inra et vice-prsident de la Commission du gnie biomolculaire, considre que "" les apports de la biotechnologie et de la cration varitale sont incontournables long terme "". Les auteurs du rapport ont identifi et dcrit les actions susceptibles d'tre mises en oeuvre par la puissance publique. Au total, le groupe de concertation a abouti douze recommandations. Parmi celles-ci : la dfinition d'un projet public clair et cohrent sur les cultures transgniques, la mobilisation de la recherche publique, une mise en oeuvre gradue et raisonne des OGM, une cohabitation paisible entre cultures OGM et non OGM, la diversification des mthodes et critres d'valuation, la cration d'un observatoire public et permanent, ou encore un partenariat avec les pays du Sud...
Ce rapport a suscit une vive raction d'associations et de professionnels ayant particip aux travaux du groupe de concertation. Greenpeace et la Confdration paysanne, entre autres, lui reprochent d'tre ""trs favorable aux OGM"" et de ""ne pas retranscrire quitablement les position exprimes durant les dbats"". Selon Eric Gall, de Greenpeace, ""les industriels exercent une trs forte pression pour que soit reprise la commercialisation des OGM"", rappelant que six pays de l'Union europenne, dont la France, ont dcid un moratoire tant que les lgislations concernant la traabilit et l'tiquetage ne seront pas en vigeur. ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g2,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,Le Plan appelle une mise en oeuvre raisonne des OGM,NULL,NULL,l2,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-09-27,NULL,NULL Tribune,NULL,NULL,http://www.latribune.fr,NULL,Le Plan appelle une mise en oeuvre raisonne des OGM,5827,NULL,NULL "Aprs un rappel de l\'historique et un cadrage du dbat sur les organismes gntiquement modifis, le rapport analyse les volutions l\'horizon 2015 des OGM en se penchant plus particulirement sur les potentialits et enjeux des biotechnologies vgtales, les enjeux conomiques, les risques sanitaires et l\'utilisation des OGM dans les pays en voie de dveloppement.",NULL,NULL,Bernard CHEVASSUSAU-LOUIS,NULL,2001-09-27,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C1,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,C8,C9,"Aprs un rappel de l'historique et un cadrage du dbat sur les organismes gntiquement modifis, le rapport analyse les volutions l'horizon 2015 des OGM en se penchant plus particulirement sur les potentialits et enjeux des biotechnologies vgtales, les enjeux conomiques, les risques sanitaires et l'utilisation des OGM dans les pays en voie de dveloppement. 12 recommandations dfinissent les options et stratgies possibles que ce soit en matire d'accompagnement de l'innovation et des exprimentations, en matire d'amlioration du dispositif d'valuation des risques ou de l'orientation donner ces innovations afin de mieux rpondre aux attentes des citoyens. La conclusion propose une ultime lecture du ""jeu des acteurs"" impliqus dans le dbat. Les annexes permettent notamment de dtailler les questions relatives l'tiquetage, la perception des OGM par le public, aux consquences socio-conomiques ou aux rpartitions entre les diffrents acteurs des gains ventuels des plantes transgnqiues en France. Vous avez besoin d'Acrobat reader pour lire les documents au format PDF. Vous pouvez tlcharger ce logiciel en <a href=""http://www.adobe.fr/products/acrobat/readstep.html"" target=""_blank"">cliquant ici</a>.<hr> Sommaire INTRODUCTION <a href=""./2001/sept/0000.pdf"">PREMIRE PARTIE : HISTORIQUE ET CADRAGE</a> <ul><li>""Les OGM de premire gnration : ruptures, continuits et controverse""</li></ul> Chapitre Premier LES FONDEMENTS SCIENTIFIQUES ET TECHNIQUES ET LES PROPRITS DES PREMIERS OGM <ul><li>La transgnse dans l'volution des pratiques de slection vgtale</li> <li>Les mcanismes de la transgnse</li> <li>Des proprits spcifiques, mais une gamme restreinte de produits </li> <li>Un questionnement portant sur les risques et le degr de rupture scientifique et technologique de la transgnse</li></ul> Chapitre II - L'ENVIRONNEMENT RGLEMENTAIRE DU
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DVELOPPEMENT DES PREMIERS OGM <ul><li>La gense des cadres rglementaires </li> <li>Principes rglementaires de l'valuation des risques lis la dissmination des OGM </li> <li>tiquetage des plantes gntiquement modifies ou des produits issus de plantes gntiquement modifies</li> <li>Gestion des ressources gntiques et rgimes de proprit </li> <li>Conclusions</li></ul> Chapitre III - LE BILAN ACTUEL AU NIVEAU DES EXPLOITATIONS <ul><li>Situer les enjeux de la production d'OGM aujourd'hui dans le monde.</li> <li>Les rsultats au niveau des exploitations agricoles</li> <li>Que conclure de cette analyse au niveau des exploitations?</li></ul> Chapitre IV - LES OGM DANS LE DBAT PUBLIC <ul><li>La notion d'acceptabilit et ses usages </li> <li>Les ressorts de la controverse</li> <li>L'internalisation de la controverse par les milieux conomiques europens</li> <li>Conclusion Les demandes perues de l'opinion</li></ul> <a href=""./2001/sept/0001.pdf"">DEUXIME PARTIE : VOLUTIONS POSSIBLES L'HORIZON 2015</a> <ul><li>""Quel futur pour les OGM ? Du cas par cas au global""</li></ul> Chapitre V - POTENTIALITS ET ENJEUX DU FUTUR DES BIOTECHNOLOGIES VGTALES <ul><li>Les perspectives de dveloppements scientifiques autour du gnome et de son expression </li> <li>Les possibles volutions des techniques de slection vgtale</li> <li>La vision des oprateurs face au potentiel d'innovation</li> <li>Conclusions</li></ul> Chapitre VI - ESQUISSE POUR UNE APPROCHE CONOMIQUE GLOBALE <ul><li>Quelques enjeux industriels des OGM</li> <li>La variation du surplus et sa rpartition</li> <li>Approche conomique de la constitution d'une offre non-OGM</li> <li>OGM et commerce international </li> <li>OGM et Politique agricole commune</li></ul> Chapitre VII - L'VALUATION DES RISQUES SANITAIRES ET ENVIRONNEMENTAUX : ANALYSE CRITIQUE ET PERSPECTIVES <ul><li>Les limites des mthodes actuelles d'valuation</li> <li>Vers un quadruple ""largissement""</li> <li>L'volution de la rgulation</li> <li>Conclusion</li></ul> Chapitre VIII - LES OGM ET LES PAYS EN VOIE DE DVELOPPEMENT <ul><li>Les conditions ncessaires d'une rencontre entre dveloppement agro-alimentaire et OGM</li> <li>Quel potentiel pour les OGM ?</li> <li>Un ncessaire accompagnement de la technologie</li></ul> TROISIME PARTIE : OPTIONS ET STRATGIES <ul><li>Une constatation : le futur rsiste l'analyse</li> <li>Vers une banalisation progressive des OGM ?</li> <li> ou vers un tat de crise chronique ?</li> <li>L'option de l'interdiction durable</li> <li>lments pour une stratgie proactive </li> <li>Conclusion - Une ultime recommandation </li></ul> CONCLUSION : UN DERNIER REGARD SUR LES ACTEURS ET LEURS TRAJECTOIRES <ul><li>Les acteurs et le temps de la controverse</li> <li>Jeu des acteurs et sgrgation</li> <li>L'mergence d'une nouvelle rgulation </li> <li>L'avenir de la controverse </li></ul> CONTRIBUTIONS DES MEMBRES DU GROUPE Confdration paysanne Fdration nationale d'agriculture biologique des rgions de France (FNAB) Groupement national interprofessionnel des semences et plants (GNIS) Greenpeace Organibio Solagral 
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Marie-Angle Hermitte <a href=""./2001/sept/0002.pdf"">ANNEXES</a> Lettre de mission Composition du groupe Quelques lments sur le fonctionnement du groupe de concertation Annexes techniques
<ul><li>Annexe n 1 : tiquetage des OGM : tat de la rglementation dans quelques pays</li> <li>Annexe n 2 : Quelques tudes sur la perception des OGM par le public</li> et sur l'tat de la controverse <li>Annexe n 3 : Sminaire du 8 juin 2001 OGM et responsabilit </li> <li>Annexe n 4 : Sminaire prospectif des 26 et 27 mars 2001 sur les consquences socio-conomiques et l'acceptabilit des OGM</li> <li>Annexe n 5 : Rsum de l'tude Les rpartitions possibles, entre les acteurs de la filire agro-alimentaire, des gains ventuels tirs des plantes transgniques en France </li></ul>",Governmental Reports,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g2,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,OGM et agriculture : options pour l\'action publique,NULL,NULL,l2,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-09-27,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-09-2 Gnral du Plan,NULL,NULL,http://www.plan.gouv.fr,NULL,OGM et agriculture : options pour l\'action publique,5828,NULL,NULL "Le congrs du mas se droule la semaine prochaine, de Mardi Jeudi, Tours. Christophe Terrain, prsident de l\'Association gnrale des producteurs de mas (AGPM) et de la nouvelle organisation Maiz\'Europ\' rpond nos questions.",NULL,NULL,Gilbert Garrouty,NULL,2001-09-27,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C3,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Le congrs du mas se droule la semaine prochaine, de Mardi Jeudi, Tours. Christophe Terrain, prsident de l'Association gnrale des producteurs de mas (AGPM) et de la nouvelle organisation Maiz'Europ' rpond nos questions. Pourquoi cette rorganisation des structures mascoles? Elle dcoule de la ncessit de sparer le syndical du technique, et d'affirmer notre lien avec les grandes cultures ainsi que notre vocation europenne. Le nom de Maiz'Europ', sans trma, qui est le nom du groupe, dcoule des impratifs modernes de communication. Mais l'AGPM existe toujours, et l'organisation interprofessionnelle est maintenue. Ce congrs intervient un moment o le mas continue d'tre au premier plan de l'actualit avec la guerre que certaines organisations ont dclar aux OGM. De plus, vous tes directement concern avec la destruction des essais de l'AGPM prs de Toulouse... En ce qui nous concerne, nous n'avions pas imagin qu'il pourrait y avoir une telle dferlante. C'est quelque part une agression du monde agricole puisque notre exprimentation, non OGM, tait finance par des taxes parafiscales prleves sur les crales. Nous sommes en train d'valuer les dgts. Une plainte sera dpose, peut-tre avec l'ITCF (Institut technique des crales et des fourrages) qui est notre partenaire. L'OGM est devenu le point d'ancrage d'un dbat plus profond dans lequel tout acte de production, et toute dmarche de progrs, de comptition sont suspiscieux. Comment expliquez-vous cela? Il y a des gens, des intellectuels un peu rvolutionnaires qui, en panne d'ides, ont trouv un autre sujet de dbat autour des volutions technoloques et de la mondialisation pour rassembler leur monde. Cela perturbe normment le public, agricole et citoyen. Alors qu'il faudrait au contraire redonner le moral aux agriculteurs et leur donner envie de vivre avec leur mtier. La masculture n'est-elle pas confronte un gros problme d'image? Effectivement, quand on veut voquer les mauvais exemples, on se rfre au porc ou au mas. Or, nous considrons que la masculture a une image plus positive et que le mas est une plante d'avenir. Nous regrettons l'absence de fermet des pouvoirs publics. Nous aurions besoin d'un soutien plus important de notre ministre de tutelle, ou de l'Europe. Le monde agricole a pris conscience des virages prendre en matire de protection de l'environnement nos essais de Baziges s'y rapportaient mais il faut lui laisser le temps. Nous sommes sur des schmas longs. Je crois que le tout bio n'est pas une solution et que l'avenir est des formes d'agriculture diffrentes. Notre choix va l'agriculture raisonne. Mais, derrire cela, il y a tout un tas de contraintes et de charges nouvelles alors que le revenue cralier a baiss. Au-del de la masculture, toute l'agriculture a besoin de dresser un bilan l-dessus. Quels seront les dossiers prioritaires Tours? La rduction des charges, la loi sur l'eau, la vigilance l'gard de la PAC, de l'OMC ou encore des ngociations que l'Europe a engages avec le Mercosur. Ce serait une catastrophe si le mas argentin venait perturber le march europen. En ce qui concerne l'eau, nous pensons que l'on ne doit pas traiter de la mme faon les cas de gestion concerte de l'eau. Nous pensons aussi que pour les pays du Sud, dont nous faisons partie, la question de la ressource ne peut tre laisse de ct. Le march du mas vous est plutt favorable actuellement... C'est vrai. Mais il faudrait une augmentation de 7% des prix pour faire face nos charges. semaine dernire. La rcolte 2001 s'annonce, elle aussi, satisfaisante. Le mas s'intresse lui aussi aux biocarburants... Oui. L'Europe s'apprte prendre un tournant important avec l'incorporation obligatoire de 2% de biocarburants en 2005, et de 5,75% en 2010. Le mas ne doit pas tre tranger aux perspectives que cela ouvre. C'est pourquoi nous avons relanc l'ide d'une unit pilote de production d'thanol de 150 000 hectolitres dans le Sud-Ouest. Nous Nous y tions la
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avons trouv un bon cho du ct des organismes stockeurs de notre rgion. Unigrains (1). 1) Organisme financier du secteur cralier.
Une tude de faisabilit a t demande
",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g2,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"\""Les OGM perturbent\""",NULL,NULL,l2,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-09-27,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,200 Ouest,NULL,NULL,http://www.sudouest.com,"Selon le prsident des producteurs de mas, certains intellectuels ","\""Les OGM perturbent\""",5829,NULL,NULL "Genetic modification has the potential to produce lower-fat, nutritionally enhanced baked goods, but hurdles such as higher costs and consumer confusion must be overcome if the benefits are to be realized. ",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-09-28,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C5,C6,C7,C8,C9,"Genetic modification has the potential to produce lower-fat, nutritionally enhanced baked goods, but hurdles such as higher costs and consumer confusion must be overcome if the benefits are to be realized. From fast-growing, meatier salmon to cancer-fighting tomatoes and golden rice enriched with beta-carotene, biotechnology is reaching across a wide spectrum of food. But has the impact of genetic engineering yet found its way to the bakery business? ""Baking is a really complex process that involves a lot of different ingredients, and many of those ingredients are produced by living organisms,"" says L. Val Giddings, Ph.D., vice president for food and agriculture, Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO), Washington, D.C. ""What are folks most concerned about? Whatever qualities that give them the greatest grief or joy in baking can be either reduced or enhanced through biotechnology."" The main focus of genetic modification has been on grains such as corn, soy, canola and wheat, which are key sources for baking ingredients. Genetically modified corn, soy and canola already exist, and wheat is expected to be released by 2003. Bakery manufacturers and suppliers say they welcome these genetic modifications because they benefit the environment as well as consumers. ""We believe biotechnology is advantageous to the environment due to the reduced amounts of pesticides and herbicides required on biotech corn, soy and canola crops,"" says Mary Jo Schaffer, vice president of regulatory affairs for Dawn Food Products, Jackson, Mich. However, grains and other crops are not the only baking sources that undergo genetic modification. Other genetically altered ingredients, such as starches, yeasts, enzymes and oils, have already been developed or are in the pipeline. These baking components are designed to improve either the processing of a product or the end product's characteristics. Observers point to improvements being made to corn and wheat starches as examples. ""For instance, corn can have many mutations, and you can have many different types of starches in corn,"" says Ravindra Chibbar, Ph.D., senior research officer and group leader in cereal biotechnology at the Plant Biotechnology Institute, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. ""However, wheat has a very complex genome--actually, it has three different genomes--so it is very difficult to find such modifications in nature. Now, with new molecular techniques, we can detect in which genome what kinds of changes are being made. Then, you can have a new wheat with a modified starch."" Conventionally modified starches currently in use have specific benefits for bakery suppliers. 'If you are going through any freezing or heating cycles, the modified starches are a lot more tolerant than your native starches,"" says Andrew Close, research and development manager, Bake'n Joy Foods, North Andover, Mass. ""It gives whatever pie filling or product you are dealing with stability so consumers can freeze it and still have a nice smooth filling.
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 Native starches just break down through freezing or heat."" He notes that modified starches can also enhance water-holding capacity, which gives a product a rich, moist texture. Although many modified starches have not been genetically engineered, future genetic alterations in wheat and corn starches could enhance these desirable traits, say observers. For example, a potential genetically modified wheat starch could be made up of all amylopectin and would be called waxy wheat starch, which is similar to waxy cornstarch, notes Chibbar. By altering the genetic makeup of wheat, the new starches could provide better freeze stability for dough or could be used where waxy cornstarch is typically used for a different flavoring. On the other hand, ""if the wheat structure had an increased amylase component, it will impart different properties to the starch,"" says Chibbar. ""It could be used in the confectionery industry, or if you process it, it could make more of a resistant starch, which is less digestible. For a consumer, if you have starch which is less digestible, then when you eat bread, you would be consuming fewer calories. It would be more like a health food."" Bioengineered yeast is another example of a baking ingredient that researchers say can improve processing of baked products. For instance, genetically modified bakers yeast (saccharomyces) has higher gas production in sweet, high-sugar dough. ""When it comes to looking for ingredients that were genetically modified, probably the closest we would come would be genetically modified yeast. But we are not doing it yet,"" says Tom Aurand, director of research and new technologies for Rich Products Corp., Buffalo, N.Y. ""If you can have a cold-tolerant yeast that has an extended shelf life and can withstand freezing for years, that would help reduce costs for bakers."" Aurand also predicts that in the future biotech yeast could develop different flavors as it goes through the fermentation process, instead of supplementing doughs and mixes with an artificial flavor. Other genetic modifications in the processing of bakery products include: barley that is more heat resistant, a change in the percentage of large and small granules in wheat, and an increase in the shelf life of bakery products through enhanced preservatives and oils. Additionally, enzymes such as alpha-amylase, a high-fructose corn syrup, and maltogenic alpha-amylase, which is used for anti-staling in bread, are already used commercially. Hemicellulase, which has been approved in the UK by the Advisory Committee on Novel Foods & Processes (ACNFP), and Xylanase, still in review, can be applied to bread dough processing, reportedly improving crumb structure and increasing loaf volume. Nutritional benefits of genetically modified ingredients, for instance, include grains that can he developed with optimized amino acid content. Canola can be engineered to have high beta-carotene content and therefore more antioxidants. Products can have an overall increase in vitamins and proteins. New developments in cottonseed oil may lead to cooking oils and margarines that contain fewer trans fatty acids, thereby reducing cholesterol. Upcoming developments could lead to a reduction in allergens, possibly allowing people who are allergic to peanuts or intolerant to wheat gluten to enjoy a variety of breads and cakes without adverse effects. The future of biotechnology, however, largely depends on consumer acceptance, which varies in different regions of the world. U.S. suppliers are concerned with both domestic and international markets. To cater to international demand for biotech-free products, bakery manufacturers have sometimes sought grain sources from suppliers that do not incorporate genetically modified crops in
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their supply. ""In some cases, it is very difficult to find sources of non-genetically modified raw materials,"" says Ben Brue, research and development, at Dawn. ""And in certain instances, there are not non-biotechnology-derived materials available today for mass producers."" The international market demand has shifted some aspects of biotechnology, but in the U.S. most consumers remain undecided about genetic engineering. ""What we are doing on the international side is responding to consumer needs,"" says Aurand. ""In the U.S. right now, however, the consumer has not been turned on or turned off to genetic modification. Some consumers are adamant against it, and some are adamant for it, and the vast majority are left sitting on the fence."" Instead, the biggest challenge for the biotechnology business in this country right now is cost. ""Genetically modified ingredients are generally more expensive, and to our customers, the functionality isn't there for the added expense,"" says Aurand. ""We have looked at some really interesting ingredients, but when we compare them to what is currently available, the price doesn't justify the functionality."" In some cases, the cost increase can reach up to 40%, he adds. Those added costs have led suppliers to turn to other sources for ingredients, notes Close. ""We do have some lower-fat products, but we aren't currently using any of the modified fats,"" he says. ""We have looked at them, but we aren't using them, mostly because of cost. It is pretty expensive compared to just reformulating and reducing the overall fat and replacing the fats with other ingredients."" While the higher cost of some biotech ingredients is clearly a significant obstacle for those in the bakery business, consumer issues are also a factor. Whether or not biotechnology is a major concern for consumers, public knowledge continues to be limited. A survey prepared by The Mellman Group and Public Opinion Strategies for the Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology, Washington, D.C., found that about 44% of consumers have beard either a ""great deal"" or ""some"" a bout genetically modified foods or biotechnology, with more than half, 54%, hearing ""not much"" or ""nothing."" Education may be the key to clearing up the confusion in consumers minds. Chibbar believes that clear and concise information needs to be supplied by a variety of sources for consumers to have a greater understanding of biotechnology and its benefits and risks. ""Education has to be a combined effort. Any information that goes out in terms that people can understand will help everyone, including people who are in science, development and technology, and people who are selling it and so on,"" he says. ""Once people understand how things really work and what the benefits are, everything is going to move ahead."" It's clear that developments in biotechnology have the potential to improve the processing, shelf life and quality of halted goods and also lead to low-fat, nutritionally enhanced products. The direction biotech takes largely depends on the focus of these developments. So far, research has focused largely on improving crops and reducing input costs for farmers. However, new developments are beginning to focus on output traits and how genetically modified products benefit consumer health. ""This is a stage now where the technology is ripe,"" says Chibbar. ""Once we see a product coming out which is beneficial to customers, I think people will accept it. But I know that there are many products which have stopped in the pipeline. People have just said that they will wait and see how it goes."" ",Articles/Op
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Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g15,g16,g17,NULL,NULL,NULL,g20,NULL,g4,g5,g6,g7,g8,g9,Grocery Headquarters,yes,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"biotech bonanza for bakery, nutritionally enhanced baked goods, golden rice, beta-carotene, biotechnology, genetic engineering, baking, L. Val Giddings, Biotechnology Industry Organization, BIO, corn, soy, canola, wheat, genetically modified food, pesticides, herbicides, biotech corn, biotech soy, biotech canola crops, genetically altered ingredients, starches, yeasts, enzymes, oils, Ravindra Chibbar, Plant Biotechnology Institute, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, complex genome, Andrew Close, Bake'n Joy Foods, amylopectin, waxy wheat starch, waxy cornstarch, amylase, saccharomyces, high-sugar dough, Tom Aurand, Rich Products Corp., alpha-amylase, high-fructose corn syrup, maltogenic alpha-amylase, Advisory Committee on Novel Foods & Processes, ACNFP, Xylanase, optimized amino acid content, antioxidants, cottonseed oil, cooking oils, margarines, trans fatty acids, cholesterol, Ben Brue, Dawn, Mellman Group, Public Opinion Strategies, Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology.",NULL,2001-10-02,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-09-01,NULL,NULL,A Biotech Bonanza For Bakery,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,Grocery Headquarters,5830,uk,NULL "You can\'t un-ring a bell. That\'s a lesson insect researcher Rick Hellmich has learned since the furor arose over the possibility that pollen from genetically modified corn might kill Monarch butterflies. ",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-09-28,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C2,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C7,C8,NULL,"You can't un-ring a bell. That's a lesson insect researcher Rick Hellmich has learned since the furor arose over the possibility that pollen from genetically modified corn might kill Monarch butterflies. The bell took the form of a letter to the journal Nature from Cornell University researchers in May 1999. In the letter, researchers reported Monarch caterpillars could be killed by Bt proteina toxin intentionally produced by genetically modified Bt corn to stop attacks of insects called corn borers. The Nature letter was just a preliminary study, involving very large doses of Bt toxin. It was, however, seized upon by activists opposed to genetic engineering. Soon demonstrators were donning Monarch butterfly costumes. But were these concerns correct? What really happens when a Monarch caterpillar crawls onto milkweed near a Bt corn cornfield? Those are the sorts of questions Hellmich and his colleagues wanted answeredand they did so with a series of studies published this month in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science that found Monarchs were not, in fact, harmed by Bt corn. Hellmich began his career as an entomologist in Louisiana with doctoral and postdoctoral work on the genetics of Africanized honey beesan aggressive hybrid of European and African bees created in South America. To aid his wife's academic career, he and his family moved to Ames, Iowa in 1994, where he began working on the European corn borer for the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service. ""I thought I was going to a less controversial insect with the corn borer,"" he said. He even worried that he'd never find another insect as interesting as Africanized bees. Then the Monarch butterfly rose to national prominence, and it was clear more science was needed. ""We got as many of the stakeholders together as we could,"" he recalled. It was a consortium of scientists that included representatives from public interest groups, academia and industry. They then set about deciding what experiments were needed to determine whether Bt corn was a hazard to Monarch butterflies. The result was five studies evaluating the chances a caterpillar has of encountering Bt corn pollen on a milkweed plant and at what amounts the pollen is harmful to them. (See News In Brief.) ""What most people don't realize is that pollen only sheds one or two weeks in the summer,"" said Hellmich, pointing out just one real world factor not considered in the original Cornell laboratory study. The subsequent research also demonstrated the chances of a caterpillar encountering Bt corn pollen doses as high as in the Cornell study in the real world are almost zero. What's more, the toxicity of lesser amounts of pollen on milkweed leaves in and near real cornfields is so low that it had virtually no effect on the caterpillars. ""The question of whether Bt corn poses a threat has been answered,"" said Hellmich. The Monarch studies were good news to growers and the environment, although the threat to Monarchs, had it proven correct, would have likely forced growers to revert to non-Bt corn varieties which require large quantities of pesticides to control corn borers. ""That's one of the ironies of the whole story,"" said Hellmich. Those pesticides are far more indiscriminant insect killers than Bt corntaking out butterflies, corn borers and most other insects in the areas they are sprayed. They also pose threats to water supplies. ""Growers want to be good stewards of the land. They would very much like to reduce the insecticides they are using."" Bt corn, along with other GM crops now in development, really help, he said. ""We feel that the technology that's coming can have a major environmental benefit."" That's a big step towards making sure agriculture will flourish in the future, he said. That makes corn borers and butterflies every bit as interesting to Hellmich as ""killer"" bees. ""It's one reason I enjoy being an agricultural scientist: I help develop sustainable agriculture."" ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g4,g5,g6,g7,NULL,NULL,Rick Hellmich: A Monarch Man in the Making,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Rick Hellmich, Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology, Monarch butterflies, Nature, Cornell University, Monarch caterpillars, Bt protein, Bt corn, corn borers, Bt toxin, genetic engineering, milkweed, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science,
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entomologist, Africanized honey bees, African bees, U.S. Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service, pesticides, insecticides, killer bees, ",NULL,2001-10-02,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-01,NULL,NULL,The Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology,NULL,NULL,http://pewagbiotech.org,NULL,Rick Hellmich: A Monarch Man in the Making,5831,NULL,NULL " Biotechnology industry leaders are increasingly worried the government will introduce a compulsory moratorium on field trials and the commercial release of genetically-modified (GM) food products. ",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-01,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,C1,NULL,NULL,C4,NULL,NULL,C7,C8,NULL," Biotechnology industry leaders are increasingly worried the government will introduce a compulsory moratorium on field trials and the commercial release of genetically-modified (GM) food products. Deputy Prime Minister Jim Anderton has said the Alliance wanted a further moratorium on non-contained GM organisms ""until the technology is proven to be safe."" Dairy giant Fonterra added its weight against the argument, saying it would be forced to move its research operations offshore. It has backed a leading government-owned research institute. The country could quickly become uncompetitive on international markets and miss major business opportunities, Crop Food & Research chief executive Paul Tocker said. A moratorium on field trials and commercial releases would have a similar effect to a mid-1980s moratorium on information technology, he said, when there were fears of job losses and RSI (repetitive strain injury). ""It would send an anti-business message that we (the government) will ignore all the facts and make decisions based on what we're comfortable with."" An extended moratorium would also send the message to scientists that ""we don't like what you do,"" Mr Tocker said. An extended moratorium would see the country lose scientists and research offshore. CF&R had carried out a lot of research for overseas organisations and had to withdraw from several programmes when the original moratorium was announced last year. It was losing hundreds of thousands of dollars on commercial projects because it was not actively pursuing work of that kind, Mr Tocker said. The country had a reputation as having very cost-effective research capabilities, he said, and its credibility could diminish if the wrong decision was made. One example where opportunities worth millions of dollars were going begging was the breeding of off-season crops for northern hemisphere companies, Federated Farmers National President Alistair Polson said. A California research company was extracting insulin from a crop and needed an off-season place to grow the crop. The crop, which never flowers and so has a low contamination risk, is the ideal candidate for this country, he said. ""To chuck a ban across the whole front will ensure we miss out on opportunities worth potentially millions."" But the greatest damage would be to send the wrong signals to scientists overseas, he said. The organic produce industry supports the extended moratorium, saying to grow GM food here would probably kill the organic industry. Organic exports certifying company Bio-Gro New Zealand chief executive Seager Mason said most overseas markets, especially Japan and Europe, were increasingly saying no to GM food at this stage. ""So we don't see the point in New Zealand producing that kind of food. It would be much better to put money into reduced chemical systems. New Zealand should choose its research, and it shouldn't be into GM food because I don't believe there is an end market."" Concerns about the loss of the country's clean green image was also a concern, Mr Mason said.
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 An environment ministry report recently put annual export losses at $1 billion if the country lost that image. The average dairy farm would lose $30-40,000 a year due to the loss of the clean green image, the report said. There were also added costs such as compliance, labelling and tracing of GM food. But a report to the Royal Commission on GM last year by economist Dr Adolf Stroombergen, of economic research consultancy firm Infometrics, showed adopting GM in agriculture would increase New Zealand's GDP by 1.8% with the creation of about 20,000 jobs. His model predicted if New Zealand bucked the world trend and went GM-free, GDP would fall 3.8% and employment would decline by 56,000. The average rate of income tax would need to rise from 19.9% to 21.6% to maintain the fiscal balance. If there were a complete moratorium on all GM products the decline in GDP would be nearly 10% and the fall in employment would be about 118,000 jobs, Dr Stroombergen's report said. ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,g13,NULL,g15,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g5,g6,NULL,NULL,g9,"Biotech Firms Warn GM Moratorium Will Give Wrong Signals, Hurt Exports",NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Biotech, GM Moratorium, Biotechnology, Jim Anderton, Fonterra, Paul Tocker, RSI, CF&R, Federated Farmers, Alistair Polson, insulin, contamination risk, Bio-Gro, Seager Mason, Royal Commission, Dr Adolf Stroombergen, Infometrics, ",NULL,2001-10-02,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-09-28,NULL,NULL,National Business Review,NULL,NULL,http://www.nbr.co.nz/home/default.asp,NULL,"Biotech Firms Warn GM Moratorium Will Give Wrong Signals, Hurt Exports",5832,NULL,NULL "A plant defense gene has been used to grow a rice plant that kills blast, probably the world\'s most serious rice disease. The gene was isolated by scientists of the University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, the university announced on Sep. 27. ",NULL,NULL,Fred Miller,NULL,2001-10-01,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,C2,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C7,C8,NULL,"A plant defense gene has been used to grow a rice plant that kills blast, probably the world's most serious rice disease. The gene was isolated by scientists of the University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, the university announced on Sep. 27. Explaining how the plant defense mechanism works was Yinong Yang, molecular biologist in plant pathology at the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station. ""The plant tissue dies around the infected area, robbing the fungus of what it needs to live and grow, and sparing the rest of the plant."" ""Our goal is to learn how to develop transgenic plants...that breeders can use to develop new varieties with improved disease resistance."" Yang modifies the expression of these genes by using DNA sequences called ""promoters"" to turn on defensive responses constantly, or cause a rapid activation when a plant is infected. ""We use specific promoters to activate a defensive response, earlier and stronger than normally occurs,"" Yang said. ""A plant that responds to an infection within a couple of hours instead of a couple of days gains an important advantage in disease resistance."" He uses a tissue culture transformation process to introduce the modified genes back into rice plants. These transgenic plants are infected with pathogens, then growth of the disease and disease symptoms are precisely measured. Yang has identified almost 200 genes that may control disease resistance in rice and other agricultural plants. ""We're working with five of the genes we've identified to determine their role in blast resistance,"" Yang said. ""We're also going to study their effects on plant defenses against bacterial panicle blight and sheath blight."" Until recently, Yang had to study the genes one at a time to learn their defense responses to pathogen infection. It was a painstaking process necessary to help him understand the molecular mechanisms of disease response in plants. Now, a DNA microarray facility in the University of Arkansas' Core Molecular Lab can help speed the analysis. ""Microarrays are collections of hundreds or thousands of genes--in this case, defense-related--arranged on a single glass slide,"" Yang said. ""This equipment allows us to examine how all these genes respond to a particular pathogen. ""These genes may be active during resistance responses to many diseases,"" Yang said. ""Our research, aided by this technology, can help us develop novel strategies for disease control for rice and other important agricultural crops."" ",Articles/Op
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Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g18,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g4,g5,g6,g7,NULL,NULL,USA: Biotech vs. Rice Blast Disease In Arkansas,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"plant defense gene, rice, transgenic plants.",NULL,2001-10-02,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-09-28,NULL,NULL,Planet Rice,NULL,NULL,http://www.planetrice.net,"Arkansas Research May Lead To New Strategies For Disease Control In Rice, Other Crops",USA: Biotech vs. Rice Blast Disease In Arkansas,5833,NULL,NULL "The United Nations Food and agriculture Organization on Sept. 21 unveiled a new Web-based resource on biotechnology that gives government officials, policy makers, nongovernmental organizations, private sector firms, and other interested groups one-stop access to all of FAO\'s information on the subject.",afr,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-01,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,C3,NULL,NULL,NULL,C7,C8,NULL," United Nations Food and agriculture Organization on Sept. 21 unveiled a new Web-based resource on biotechnology that gives government officials, policy makers, nongovernmental organizations, private sector firms, and other interested groups one-stop access to all of FAO's information on the subject. The site includes a wide variety of resources, including links to key news sources; general information on biotechnology as it relates to agro-industry, crop, fisheries, forestry, and livestock sectors; FAO's official statement on the use of biotechnology; an electronic forum; and links to other relevant resources. According to FAO, the collection of data and resources makes the FAO site the world's most comprehensive site dedicated to all aspects of biotechnology issues. ""For any person or organization interested in biotechnology, we believe this collection of data represents an unprecedented umbrella resource,"" an FAO official involved with the creation of the site told BNA Sept. 26. According to a statement about the site from FAO, the organization is in a unique position to provide member countries with ""policy advice on biotechnology issues related to food and agriculture, assistance on specific technologies and legal and technical advice on regulatory issues"" as well as the exchange and dissemination of information related to the subject.
On the site itself, biotechnology is referred to as a wide range of key factors related to the sustainable development of various food sources, ""allowing for multiplication of virus-free plants; marker-assisted selection applied to conventional breeding, or genetic engineering, for the production of genetically modified organisms with new, improved traits."" Though the technology is referred to in positive terms--a contrast to the view taken in host Italy, where strict laws limit the use of most kinds of biotechnology--the site also cautions that ""FAO may provide advice and assistance to countries on [biotechnology] matters ... [but] final decisions on the use of biotechnology remain a national responsibility."" ""Ultimately, the use of this new site should be as an online resource,"" the FAO official said. ""It is important to note that it is not intended to set policy for any group."" The biotech site represents the second online food safety resource unveiled by FAO in less than a month. Earlier in September, the organization opened what it said is the world's first searchable public online database of potentially harmful food additives. The biotechnology site can be accessed at <a href=""http://www.fao.org/biotech/"" target=""_blank""> http://www.fao.org/biotech/</a> via the FAO Web page. It is available in Arabic, Chinese, English, French, and Spanish. ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,g10,NULL,NULL,g13,NULL,g15,g16,g17,g18,NULL,NULL,g20,NULL,g4,g5,g6,g7,g8,g9,"FAO Web Site Will Serve As Resource For Government, Industry, Interest Groups",yes,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"The United Nations Food and agriculture Organization , biotechnology, agro-industry, crop, fisheries, forestry, livestock. ",NULL,2001-10-05,NULL,pak,NULL,1st,NULL,NULL,1st,1st,NULL,NULL,2001-09-27,NULL,NULL,BNA,NULL,NULL,http://www.bna.com /,NULL,"FAO Web Site Will Serve As Resource For Government, Industry, Interest Groups",5834,uk,NULL "Authorities in Texas expect three to six times more of the butterflies than usual. It would also refute what appears to have been an overblown panic over the reported effect of biotech corn on the monarch.",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-01,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,C2,C3,NULL,NULL,C6,C7,NULL,NULL," in Texas, through which the monarch butterfly migration makes its way every year, were cited as saying they expect three to six times more of the butterflies than usual. If they are on the mark, it would be a spectacular number indeed. It would also be good news after what appears to have been an overblown panic over the reported effect of biotech corn on the monarch. That would amount to 150 million to 300 million of the fluttering orange-and-black beauties, enough to draw the attention of even the most unaware Texan. They usually migrate through that state in late September or early October on the way to their wintering grounds in Mexico and Central America. ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g19,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g5,g6,g7,NULL,g9,A Texas-Sized Herd Of Monarchs ,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"monarch butterfly, biotech corn.",NULL,2001-10-05,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,1st,NULL,2001-09-24,NULL,NULL,Omaha WorldHerald,NULL,NULL,http://www.omaha.com/index.php,NULL,A Texas-Sized Herd Of Monarchs,5835,uk,NULL "One central challenge in my research has been to understand why the planting of GM crops has not yet spread in any significant way to the developing world. ",afr,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-01,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,C8,NULL,"First I would like to thank Chairman Nick Smith and Ranking Member Eddie
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Bernice Johnson for scheduling these hearings on agribiotechnology research, and for giving me an opportunity to make a statement. To introduce myself, I am an independent scholar who has recently conducted research for the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) on policies toward modern agribiotechnology, and especially genetically modified (GM) crops, in developing countries. One central challenge in my research has been to understand why the planting of GM crops has not yet spread in any significant way to the developing world. This is the question I would like to address today in my statement. We are all aware that genetically modified crops (such as glyphosate tolerant soybeans or Bt corn and cotton) have been grown widely and successfully by farmers in the United States, Canada, and Argentina for the past five or six years. Farmers have been attracted to these crops because they save production costs by allowing weeds and insects to be controlled through use of fewer, less toxic, or less persistent chemical herbicides and insecticides. We are also aware that farmers in Europe and Japan have decided not to plant GM crops. Government regulators there initially gave GM crops complete approval on both on food safety and biosafety grounds, but because of significant consumer resistance farmers have so far decided not to use this technology. In Europe and Japan because most farmers are prosperous and food supplies are abundant, it is perhaps no great loss that this new technology is meeting a hesitant reception. But what explains the failure of this new technology to spread into the developing world? There are today no countries anywhere in Africa growing any GM crops commercially other than the one nation of South Africa, which has allowed the planting of Bt cotton and corn. There are no developing countries anywhere in Asia growing GM crops other than China, which has since 1997 been growing Bt cotton, and Indonesia which is just now starting to grow some Bt cotton as well. In South or Central America, the only country other than Argentina that has planted a significant area to GM crops is Brazil, yet here the farmers planting GM crops have been doing so illegally, in defiance of a Brazilian federal court order. This failure of the GM crop revolution to spread more widely into the developing world is surprising. As of last year, 98 percent of all the world's GM crop acreage was still confined to just three countries - the United States, Argentina, and Canada - the same three countries that originally launched the GM crop revolution 5 years ago. One problem in the developing world has been a shortage of research on the basic tropical food crops grown by poor people in these countries. The private companies that have led so far in GM crop research feel little commercial incentive to invest shareholder funds in improved varieties of cassava, millet, or cowpea. Yet this can't be a full explanation, because many poor farmers in the tropics do grow crops such as corn and cotton, and attractive GM varieties of such crops are now readily available. In the last two years I have conducted field research on this question of why GM crops have not spread more quickly in the developing world. My complete findings are published in a new book available just this month from the Johns Hopkins University Press. If I may summarize these findings very briefly, I find that a mix of at least three different factors has so far prevented poor countries from embracing GM crops: 1. Governments in many poor countries (especially in Africa) have not yet approved GM crops for use by farmers because of their weak capacity to give those crops a case-by-case screening for biological safety. Poor countries seeking productive new technologies have traditionally paid only marginal attention to the issue of biological safety, but in the case of GM crops foreign assistance agencies (including USAID), international environmental organizations (such as UNEP), and countless environmental NGOs have been telling biosafety regulators in poor countries that they must be just as careful as regulators in rich countries. Unfortunately, most regulators in poor countries haven't the technical, financial, or infrastructural capacity to measure up to such high standards, so they are erring on the side of giving no approvals for any GM crops at all. 2. In some developing countries the technical capacity to regulate for biosafety is strong, but approvals for GM crops have been delayed under political pressures from local and international anti-GM activist groups. In Brazil, regulatory authorities wanted to approve Roundup Ready soybeans in 1998, but were blocked from doing so when a lawsuit filed by two anti-GM activist groups (a local consumer protection organization joined by the Brazilian office of Greenpeace) challenged the authority of Brazil's national biosafety committee to make an approval decision on constitutional grounds. Three years have now passed and this legal challenge has still not been resolved. In the meantime it remains illegal for farmers to plant any GM crops in Brazil. In India, competent national regulatory authorities have not yet given final approval to Bt cotton despite several years of highly promising field trial results, in part because of intense opposition from local and European-based NGOs. Anti-GM activist groups have intimidated regulators by filing public interest litigations, by making inflammatory but erroneous charges about
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terminator genes or the alleged inability of farmers to save and reuse GM seeds, and by staging media events such as illegal invasions of field trial plots to uproot and burn GM cotton plants. 3. Uncertainty regarding consumer acceptance of GM products in international markets. Government officials in some developing countries which export commodities are now hesitate to approve GM crops for fear of losing export markets. They worry not only about reduced export sales to Europe and Japan, where consumers have an aversion to GM foods, but also loss of sales to other developing countries, some of which have officially announced themselves in response to NGO pressures - as ""GM-free."" If these are the most fundamental reasons why GM crops have not yet spread in any significant way into the developing world, then what can we hope to gain from the larger public investments in crop biotechnology research here in the United States that are envisioned in the legislation before this committee? I strongly support the legislation before this committee, because I am convinced that only by funding more crop biotechnology research through the public sector can we overcome some of the political inhibitions that are now keeping useful applications of modern biotechnology away from poor farmers in poor countries. Relying on the private sector does not work for this purpose, for several reasons. First, the private sector does not have enough incentive to conduct research on poor people's crops, as noted earlier. Second, new GM crop technologies when created by private companies tend to be encumbered by privately held intellectual property rights, which can restrict technology transfer to poor farmers in poor countries. Third, GM crop technologies created in the private sector and offered for sale by private multinational seed companies are often more difficult for poor countries to accept politically. In much of the developing world, resistance to GM seeds is in part an outgrowth of local resistance to the presumed power of foreign multinational corporations. Even before the advent of GM crops, the presence of giant U.S.-based multinational seed and agribusiness companies always generated suspicion and anxiety in poor countries, especially among those on the political left and among anti-corporate NGOs. The fact that most GM seeds have recently been offered to the developing world as commercial products by large multinational business firms has helped stigmatize the technology. If at the outset more GM crops had been developed using philanthropic or public sector resources, rather than corporate resources, and if more of the intellectual property rights had been placed in the public domain, and if the focus had been on improved varieties of tropical subsistence crops such as cassava, sorghum, or cowpea, rather than on commercial crops grown mostly by prosperous temperate zone farmers (such as soybeans), less political or ideological resistance to this technology would have grown up in the first place. In trying to steer the modern ""gene"" revolution toward helping poor farmers in poor countries we should take a lesson from the justifiably celebrated ""green"" revolution of four decades ago. When the starving countries of Asia needed improved wheat and rice seeds in the 1960s and 1970s nobody waited for private companies to take the lead - and it is a good thing because they never did. The job had to be financed instead by private philanthropic foundations (like the Rockefeller Foundation), plus public sector donor governments (especially USAID) and international financial institutions (like the World Bank). This non-corporate funding not only ensured the appropriate emphasis on poor people's crops; it also greatly eased the task of gaining acceptance for the new seeds. It would have been far more difficult for authorities inside India's Ministry of Agriculture to say yes to importing these new seed varieties if they had come not from private foundations or the international assistance community, but instead from profit-making private western seed companies. I found in doing my research last year that it is extremely difficult for politically cautious leaders in poor countries to be seen welcoming GM seeds if they are coming from a private corporate lab in the United States. In fact, a strong pattern emerges. One reason the National Biosafety Committee in Kenya has not yet given final biosafety approval to the virus-resistant sweet potato is that the technology came originally from the Monsanto Company. One reason it has been hard in Brazil to get approval for RR Soybeans is that, once again, this is a Monsanto product. One reason India has not yet given a final release to Bt cotton is that it is, once again, a Monsanto product. And one reason China did go ahead with a biosafety approval for Monsanto's Bt cotton in 1997 was the fact that it could also approve, at the same time, Bt cotton varieties which it had developed with public sector resources within its own national agricultural research system. So it is clearly time to rebalance agribiotechnology research away from the private sector and back into the public sector. I see the two proposed pieces of legislation before this committee as a good way to pursue that objective. The small proposed increase in NSF funding envisioned in this legislation certainly will not remove all of the impediments currently standing between modern applications of crop biotechnology and poor farmers
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in the developing world, but it is a useful start.
 - Robert Paarlberg' s Statement to the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Science: Professor of Political Science, Wellesley College; Associate, Harvard University Weatherhead Center for International Affairs; <a href=""mailto:Rpaarlberg@wellesley.edu"">Rpaarlberg@wellesley.edu</a>; September 25, 2001",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,g13,NULL,NULL,g16,g17,g18,NULL,NULL,g20,NULL,NULL,g5,g6,g7,NULL,g9,Increasing Public Sector Funding For Ag Biotech Research,yes,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) , agribiotechnology, genetically modified (GM) crops, glyphosate tolerant soybeans, Bt corn, cotton. ",NULL,2001-10-02,NULL,pak,NULL,1st,NULL,NULL,1st,1st,NULL,NULL,2001-09-25,NULL,NULL,Robert Paarlberg,NULL,NULL,NULL,Strengthening NSF Sponsored Agribiotechnology Research,Increasing Public Sector Funding For Ag Biotech Research,5836,NULL,NULL "The Government\'s GM watchdog for England and Wales, which enforces regulations on the release and marketing of genetically modified organisms, published its annual report.",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-01,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C2,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C7,C8,NULL Government's GM watchdog for England and Wales, which enforces regulations on the release and marketing of genetically modified organisms, published its annual report. The GM Inspectorate, based at the Central Science Laboratory (CSL), carried out 79 inspections of field releases of GM crops from June 2000 to March 2001, including sites in the government's farm-scale evaluations of GM crops. The report covers a number of GM related incidents. The most important were: (i) Audit of Advanta in summer 2000 after finding of a low GM presence in Hyola Oilseed Rape seed In May 2000 the Government announced that some batches of non-GM oilseed rape seed (variety 'Hyola') had been found to contain adventitious GM seeds. The seed stocks were produced in Canada in 1998 and imported into the UK. A large amount of the seed had been sold and sown widely in the UK. The seed company Advanta put in place a scheme for tracing the seed and destroying all of the affected crops. The GM Inspectorate audited the process carried out by Advanta. From the evidence presented, the Inspectorate was satisfied that Advanta had traced and destroyed all affected crops before they set seed. The systems already in place to track seed worked well and the compensation paid to farmers encouraged them to participate in the scheme. All seed that had not been sown was re-exported to Canada or destroyed using suitable methods. (ii) Release of an unauthorised GM beet line in a Part B field trial of glufosinate-ammonium tolerant sugar beet In September 2000 Aventis reported that some of its field trials with glufosinate herbicide tolerant GM sugar beet contained approximately 0.5% of a second, and unauthorised, line of GM beet. The unauthorised GM beet was tolerant to two herbicides - glufosinate and glyphosate. This contamination had become evident when some of the GM beet in the trial plots survived treatment with glyphosate at the end of the trial, thereby showing them to be tolerant to this particular herbicide. Aventis indicated that the unauthorised GM event was likely to be present due to cross-pollination during the production of the beet seed in Germany. The GM Inspectorate investigated the situation and confirmed that during 2000, apart from the original unauthorised planting of double-tolerant GM beet, the conditions of the consent were met fully. A follow-up audit of Aventis confirmed the existence of appropriate paperwork and communication systems to ensure that the conditions specified in the consent had been implemented on the ground during the growing season. (iii) Audits of seed importers Thirty eight audits of seed importers were carried out to ensure that non-GM seed stocks were free of unapproved GM contamination. The audits revealed that one company has marketed approximately 5.7 tonnes of conventional maize seeds containing a low background level of adventitious GM seeds. The GM seeds are of lines with full part C marketing consent in Europe (i.e. are approved for cultivation, food and animal feed use within Europe) and accounted for less than 0.1% of content The report also shows that: <UL> <LI>inspection of 79 release sites of GMOs found that all complied with the terms of their consents. <LI>audits of seed importers, producers and merchants to ensure that due care is being taken not to import or market non-GM seeds that have an adventitious GM presence showed that the level of care taken by the industry is good. No seed sold to farmers has needed to be recalled or stopped from growing this year because of the presence of unauthorised GM events. <LI>a number of management audits of GM Deliberate Release consent holders to verify that correct procedures and protocols are in place during the operation of GM field trials found that all were generally well organised.
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Environment Minister Michael Meacher welcomed the GM Inspectorate report: ""While there have been breaches of consent conditions in previous years the regulatory system now in place should ensure that in future companies do fully abide by the rules on releasing, importing and marketing of GMOs"". </UL> 
NOTES TO EDITORS 1. The GM Inspectorate at the Central Science Laboratory has authority under part VI of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 for inspection and enforcement relating to release and marketing of GMOs in England and Wales. 2. CSL assumed these responsibilities on 1 June 2000, taking over from the Health and Safety Executive in England and Wales. In Scotland the Scottish Agricultural Science Agency took over the same functions from the Health and Safety Executive. 3. The Inspectorate's primary function is to ensure that the GMO releases under Part B of EC Directive 90/220/EEC are carried out in accordance with the terms of their consents. CSL is also inspecting the Part C (marketing consent) releases of maize which form part of the farm -scale evaluations of GM crops. CSL has powers to issue prohibition notices or instigate legal proceedings where consents are breached, but in practice has not to date had to act as consent holders have been diligent in following consent conditions. 4. CSL is also carrying out audits of seed importers and merchants to ensure non-GM seed stocks are free from the adventitious GM presence. Seed companies have had to satisfy CSL that due care has been taken to ensure the purity of material marketed e.g. evidence of laboratory testing. If the company cannot provide convincing evidence, CSL may remove samples for testing. 5. In the case where a company marketed conventional maize seeds containing a low background level of adventitious GM seeds, the crop involved was fodder maize, for feeding to animals, not to people. The GM seeds were of lines with full part C marketing consent in Europe (i.e. approved for cultivation, food and animal feed use within Europe). 6. The report can be found on CSL's website at <a href=""http://www.gm-inspections.com"" target=""_blank"">www.gminspections.com </a>.",Other Non-Governmental Organizations Reports,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g4,g5,g6,g7,NULL,g9,GMO Inspection And Enforcement Annual Report Published ,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"modified organisms, GM crops, Hyola Oilseed Rape seed, GM beet, glufosinate, glyphosate.",NULL,2001-10-02,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,1st,NULL,2001-09-28,NULL,NULL,DEFRA,NULL,NULL,www.defra.gov.uk,NULL, Inspection And Enforcement Annual Report Published,5837,uk,NULL "InterNutrition, the Swiss Association for Research and Nutrition, has carried out a comparison based on published scientific papers concerning the biological, conventional and genetic engineering methods used in agriculture and nutrition. ",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-02,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,C8,NULL,"InterNutrition the Swiss Association for Research and Nutrition, has carried out a comparison based on published scientific papers concerning the biological, conventional and genetic engineering methods used in agriculture and nutrition. The findings of this study, which was carried out in close collaboration with Professor Klaus Ammann, Director of the Botanical Garden of the University of Berne, were presented to the Swiss media in November 2000. Today, InterNutrition would like to present the English summary of the study. In view of the fact that today's discussion about organic and genetically modified foods is frequently conducted emotionally, it was our aim to make more accessible a scientific comparison of the health-relevant and environmental aspects of the various agricultural systems and their products. The scientific literature published so far shows that all the methods currently available have the right to exist. The specific combination of all useful approaches offers the greatest potential for sustainable agriculture and healthy foods. This means that the unilateral rejection of genetically modified plants would be unjustified and short-sighted. The full summary in English as well as the complete study in German can be downloaded from: <a href=""http://www.internutrition.ch/in-news/mediainfo/index.html"" target=""_blank"">http://www.internutrition.ch/in-news/mediainfo/index.html </a> 1. Summary of the findings: For many consumers organic products have the reputation of being healthier, safer and better tasting than conventional foods, whereas genetically modified (GM) foods are often seen as unnatural, a threat to health or a potential risk to the environment. The key question in this study was whether these perceptions agree with scientific findings. A scientifically sound risk-benefit assessment leading to an objective discussion requires that the various agricultural production systems be objectively compared with each other instead of being individually assessed in isolation. Based on published scientific papers, InterNutrition presents a summary of the facts that must be taken into consideration when comparing organic, conventional and genetic engineering farming strategies. 
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1.2. The most important findings >From a scientific viewpoint, organic foods are neither healthier nor safer than conventional or genetically modified products. Some studies show that organic foods may contain more fungal toxins than foods produced by conventional methods. Transgenic Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) maize varieties, on the other hand, occasionally exhibit noticeably smaller quantities of mycotoxins in the kernels than conventional varieties do. In terms of nutritional composition and the effects on animal feeding, there are no significant differences between conventional and genetically modified feeds. Meat, milk and eggs from animals given GM feeds are just as harmless for human consumption as if they had come from animals fed on conventional feeds. The problem of cross-fertilization by pollen (gene transfer) between genetically modified plants and related wild species as well as between transgenic and conventional crop varieties only arises with few important species of cultivated plants. Detailed studies must be undertaken on a case-by-case, place-by-place, plant-by-plant and transgene-by-transgene basis. Growing crops by various agricultural systems side by side has always been possible and will continue to be so in future. The field studies carried out so far with transgenic, pest resistant crops do not confirm the environmental risks predicted by critics. For example, Bt maize varieties do not result in a temporary reduction in the number of beneficial organisms in the field, as can be observed with some synthetic pesticides. Already shortly after their introduction transgenic plants prove to be a valid option for a farming approach that sustains resources and protects the environment. The savings achieved so far in pesticide use and the improvements in ground flora and fauna can be ranked alongside the efforts of integrated production and organic farming on behalf of a more sustainable agriculture.",Other Non-Governmental Organizations Reports,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,g12,g13,NULL,g15,g16,g17,g18,NULL,NULL,g20,NULL,g4,g5,g6,g7,g8,g9,"HealthRelevant And Environmental Aspects Of Different Farming Systems: \'Organic, Conventional And Genetic Engineering\'",NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"InterNutrition, the Swiss Association for Research and Nutrition, biological, conventional and genetic engineering methods, genetically modified food. ",NULL,2001-10-02,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-09-30,NULL,NULL,InterNutrition,NULL,NULL,http://www.internutriti /home/index_f.html,NULL,"Health-Relevant And Environmental Aspects Of Different Farming Systems: \'Organic, Conventional And Genetic Engineering\' ",5838,uk,NULL "Monsanto Company has received renewed registration for its Bollgard insect-protected cotton from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The registration extends the commercial license to sell Bollgard cotton an additional five years.",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-02,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,C2,NULL,C4,C5,NULL,C7,NULL,C9,"ST. LOUIS--Monsanto Company (NYSE: MON) has received renewed registration for its Bollgard insect-protected cotton from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The registration extends the commercial license to sell Bollgard cotton an additional five years. ""This renewed registration assures that cotton growers can continue to use this valuable technology to protect against insect pests while reducing the use of chemical pesticides,"" says Randy Deaton, global cotton lead for Monsanto. ""This renewal affirms the EPA's assessment of the environmental and health safety, effectiveness and benefits of this technology."" Monsanto's registration also continues key stewardship practices, including refinements to the existing comprehensive insect resistance management (IRM) program. The EPA originally approved Bollgard cotton in 1995, prior to its commercial launch in 1996. Today's announcement amends and continues the original registration, coming at the end of an extensive re-registration process that included evaluation of the technology, monitoring of commercial-level environmental impacts and an assessment of required stewardship practices. ""We are pleased that the EPA has re-registered Bollgard cotton without any significant change in the insect resistance management plans as recommended by the industry,"" said Hollis Isbell, National Cotton Council leader and Alabama grower. ""Growers need this technology and are keenly aware of the importance of an effective IRM strategy. Consistent refuge options will help promote compliance,"" Isbell said. Growers across the country have experienced the benefits of Bt crops since their introduction, including the option of using an additional pest management tool. These benefits often provide growers with economic advantages over their conventional counterparts and result in a decreased use of in-crop chemical applications. Monsanto research highlighting six years of comparison trials across the Cotton Belt have shown that Bollgard cotton provides an average yield advantage of 7 percent compared to cotton without protection, Deaton said. ""The average net income advantage for the Bollgard acre versus the non-Bollgard acre during this six year period was $44.70,"" noted Deaton. ""For a grower with 300 acres of cotton, that's well over $10,000 per year."" Furthermore, Monsanto's Bollgard cotton is a great example of how biotechnology can reduce the amount of pesticide applications on a specific crop. According to the National Agricultural Statistics Service, farmers have used 2 million fewer pounds of insecticides since the introduction of
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Bt-cotton than before the use of this crop plant. In contrast, each year growers of conventional cotton were forced to spray on average two and one-half more insecticide applications per acre than Bollgard growers did. EPA has extended its decision on insect-protected corn, including Monsanto's YieldGard corn, to allow the public additional time to review recently published scientific studies that demonstrate no harm to Monarch butterflies. A decision is expected in about two weeks. Insect Resistance Management and Key Elements of the Registration An important part of Bollgard cotton product stewardship is the insect resistance management plan to control the potential development of resistance by the tobacco budworm, cotton bollworm, and pink bollworm. Insect resistance management plans are designed to keep these target pest insects from developing resistance to the technology, so that it will remain an effective pest control tool. These plans require planting a non-Bt cotton refuge within a specific distance from each Bt cotton field to serve as habitat for susceptible insects. If a resistant insect survives on the Bt crop, it will mate with susceptible insects from the refuge, producing offspring that will be susceptible and die when they feed on the Bt cotton, thus preventing resistance from being carried over into future generations. To date, biotech crops are the only insect control technologies to require these stewardship plans in the United States. As in the past, IRM plans will continue to require growers using Bollgard cotton to plant a conventional cotton refuge to provide an adequate population of susceptible insects to counter any resistant insects that could emerge from protected fields. There is no evidence of resistance in six years of commercial planting of Monsanto's Bollgard technology. During this timeframe, Bollgard technology was planted on over 20 million acres in the United States. Key elements of the renewed registration include: The term of the renewed registration is another five years, with the same resistance management options offered in the past. EPA will review the effectiveness of one of the options in 2004 to determine whether it will continue after that season. A third party will conduct an annual survey to measure grower understanding and proper use of the resistance management requirements as is currently done with insect-protected corn today, and EPA will expect growers to affirm their compliance with the requirements annually. Growers can continue to use a ""community refuge,"" following specific guidance, rather than requiring each grower to plant unprotected cotton in their own fields.",Statements/Press Release/Correspondence,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g4,g5,g6,g7,NULL,g9,EPA Renews Registration For Monsanto\'s Insect-Protected Cotton Technology ,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Monsanto Company, Bollgard insect-protected cotton, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), insect pests.",NULL,2001-10-04,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-01,NULL,NULL,Monsanto Company,NULL,NULL,http://www.monsanto.com/,NULL,EPA Renews Registration For Monsanto\'s Insect-Protected Cotton Technology,5839,NULL,NULL "Seen from a farm in Africa and China, the issues look considerably different from the perspective of Western supermarket aisles. Many poor farmers who hear that the GM seeds can increase yields, withstand drought or protect crops, from insects, only ask: \""When can we get our hands on these new varieties?\""",afr,NULL,Gro Harlem Brundtland,NULL,2001-10-02,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C3,C4,NULL,NULL,C7,C8,NULL,"Genetic manipulation of food products provokes strong emotions whenever the subject is discussed. So far, this discussion has mainly taken place in Europe and North America, and for too long it has been portrayed as a conflict between commercial interests and consumer interests. But those who argue for or against genetically modified foods are being left behind by developments on the farm as well as in the laboratories. GM foods are already here, and research on genetic manipulation of food is taking place in thousands of universities and private companies not only in the industrialized world, but also in a number of other developing nations. Genetic manipulation Seen from a farm in Africa and China, the issues look considerably different from the perspective of Western supermarket aisles. Many poor farmers who hear that the GM seeds can increase yields, withstand drought or protect crops, from insects, only ask: ``When can we get our hands on these new varieties?`` GM foods have the potential to bring with them the largest change in food production, since the green revolution of the 1960s. We may see vitamin A and iron deficiencies being drastically reduced through GM crops that are rich in such substances. Iron deficiency might affect four to five billion people worldwide, constituting a public health condition of epidemic proportions. Vitamin A deficiency affects between 100 and 400 million children in the world, leaving 250,000 to 500,000 blind every year, half of them dying within 12 months of losing their sight. 
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Adding nutrients to food products is not a new idea. Most countries in the world have added iodine to salt for decades to avoid goiter and mental disabilities that are caused by iodine deficiency. Many of the breakfast cereals and other foods on our table have vitamins added to them. Bio-pharmaceuticals What is new is that, in this case, scientists are not adding substances they move genes so the plants produce their own. Down the road, some suggest we may even see ``bio-pharmaceuticals`` - food products such as fruits that contain vaccines against diseases. In countries that struggle with low immunization rates, such products may become major lifesavers.
However, such claims from the investors will not be taken at face value. The efficiency of foods to combat vitamin A deficiency, and produce other positive health effects, needs to be compared to other existing methods to promote health. We may also encounter serious negative effects. If GM products are more expensive than existing ones, they may not reach the poor. If they are not properly tested, they may have dangerous and unexpected side effects. Safety concerns Safety is a key issue, but we may also answer questions about whether genetically modified food is beneficial and for whom? Since they are more resistant to insects, the new varieties use less insecticides and therefore are more environmentally friendly. All in all, the scope of any future evaluation should be broad and include safety, nutritional and environmental aspects as well as efficiency, socio-economic and ethical considerations. Such considerations will be developed with other World Health Organization (WHO) partners, including such intergovernmental organizations as the United Nations (UN) Food and Agriculture Organization, UN Environmental Program, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the World Bank and non-governmental organizations. ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g16,g17,NULL,NULL,NULL,g20,NULL,NULL,g5,g6,g7,NULL,g9,WHO Chief: GM Food Products Can Save Lives,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"WHO, World Health Organization, GM, Gro Harlem Brundtland, genetically modified foods, GM foods, green revolution, vitamin A, iron deficiency, nutrients, iodine, goiter, mental disabilities, Bio-pharmaceuticals, insecticides, environmentally friendly, safety, efficiency, socio-economic, ethical conditions, United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization, UN Environmental Program, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, World Bank.",NULL,2001-10-04,NULL,pak,NULL,1st,NULL,NULL,NULL,1st,NULL,NULL,2001-10-03,NULL,NULL,World Health Organization,NULL,NULL,http://www.who.int/home-page,NULL,WHO Chief: GM Food Products Can Save Lives,5840,NULL,NULL "Throughout October, Monsanto and participating tillage implement retailers will provide corn growers in southwestern Ontario an opportunity to evaluate fall strip tillage on their farms. ",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-02,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,C2,NULL,NULL,NULL,C6,C7,C8,NULL,"Guelph, ON. -- Throughout October, Monsanto and participating tillage implement retailers will provide corn growers in southwestern Ontario an opportunity to evaluate fall strip tillage on their farms. Evaluating strip tillage in corn has been the focus of the Corn STAR (State of The Art Reduced Tillage) program, an on-going research initiative sponsored by Monsanto and the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA). In 2000, 64 farm co-operators across Ontario took part in the program. Corn STAR is designed to demonstrate the benefits of fall strip tillage for reduced tillage corn production the following year. The idea is to prepare strips of soil in the fall that are loosened, cleared of residue and hopefully somewhat elevated while leaving the rest of the field residue covered and protected, says Greg Stewart, OMAFRA Corn Lead. In turn, these strips are drier, less dense and more suited to single pass corn planting in the spring. Combining fertilizer placement at a depth of 10-15 cm during fall strip tillage is an approach that may effectively reduce costs by merging two or three operations into one. Monsanto and participating retailers will team up to make strip tillage equipment available to growers throughout October. We now have a number of Yetter strip-till units that we can make available to growers on a rental basis throughout the southwestern region of Ontario, says Yetter Farm Equipment's Canadian Manufacturer Representative Mike Brookshaw. Growers will be asked to commit a minimum of 40 acres (weather permitting) to the trial and will be responsible for supplying their own tractor. For growers who strip till 40 acres, Monsanto will provide 20 litres of Roundup Transorb herbicide to assist in required burndown on strip tillage acres. Growers who strip till 80 acres qualify for 40 litres of Roundup Transorb, the program maximum. Strip Tillage has shown excellent potential to provide growers with an opportunity to reduce tillage in corn and see the possible impact of saved time and reduced equipment costs, says Monsanto Farm Business Representative Ralph de Vries. The best way for growers to evaluate strip tillage is to do an on-farm trial. By teaming up with equipment retailers we
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think we can provide that opportunity at minimal cost to the grower, says de Vries. Winchester, Ontario corn grower Dave Acres tried strip tillage for the second time last fall. He sees real benefits for his crop. I have a zone in the spring thats warm enough and dry enough to plant my corn and the yields have been consistent with my conventionally tilled fields. For information on the availability of strip till units in their area, growers should contact the Monsanto CustomCare line at 1 800 667 4944. Ten Reasons to Consider Strip Tillage Greg Stewart, OMAFRA Corn Specialist Strip tillage continues to be explored as a tool for increasing efficiency while conserving soil within a corn production system. Not all of the questions are answered yet, and costs versus benefits are still being examined. Here are ten reasons why you might consider strip tillage on your farm. 1. Reduced Tillage Costs Compared to Conventional Moldboard Plowing For those growers looking for ways to trim input costs in corn production a strip tillage system can represent significant savings in terms of tillage costs. It is true that strip tillage yields may not always be as high as moldboard corn yields. However, growers may still realize a greater net return if yields are very similar (i.e. within 5 bushels) and tillage costs are lower. 2. Erosion Protection via Residue Covered Inter-rows The idea of fall strip tillage is to prepare strips of soil that are loosened, cleared of residue and somewhat elevated while leaving the rest of the field residue covered and protected from wind and water erosion. Following cereals or soybeans most strip tillage operations can leave significantly more residue protection than is afforded by either chisel plowing or offset discing. 3. More Available Planting Days Switching to a complete no-till system creates concerns that planting will be unacceptably delayed by cool, wet soils. Research at the University of Guelph over the period 1994-1996 employed a Trans-till to do strip tillage in the fall in winter wheat stubble. On fine textured soils, following winter wheat, when soil moisture levels were measured in the pre-planting period, the strip tillage zones were often drier than in the undisturbed no-till plots. Producers with large acreage, poorly draining soils, or high surface residues may in fact gain a consistent benefit from strip tillage in terms of planting timeliness compared to no-till. 4. Enhanced Early Growth in Wheat Residue In 2001 many cornfields experienced significant growth reduction wherever wheat straw was left on the soil surface in a reduced tillage situation. This was especially problematic if straw levels were high because straw was not baled or where it was concentrated in the combine windrow. 2001 strip tillage research sites often showed that early growth in strip tillage systems was superior to no-till plots and more in line with corn growth on plots that received full width tillage. 5. Improved P and K Placement Combining fertilizer placement with fall strip tillage is an approach that may hold promise to reduce field operation costs and enhance fertilizer use efficiency. The effectiveness of banding fertilizer in the fall for next years corn crop is still unproven. Ontario research has looked at deep banding significant amounts of potassium in a fall strip-till system for corn and found no advantage over the more traditional starter banding via the corn planter. Strip tillage does give an additional opportunity to band fertilizer in order to overcome nutrient stratification in a reduced tillage system. More recently we are examining the possibility of applying P and K via the strip tillage unit in order eliminate dry fertilizer from the planter, improve planter efficiency and still get the starter fertilizer benefit. 6. Eliminate Coulters from the Corn Planter Some growers have effectively used the strip tillage system to keep the corn planter from being complicated with coulters, row cleaners, etc. This approach, on most soils requires a spring strip tillage operation some 6-18 hours ahead of the corn planting operation. This often allows the soil to dry out somewhat and become more friable for the planter pass. When corn follows soybeans a single strip tillage pass in the spring may be all that is required. 7. Deep Loosening Options With Controlled Traffic If you have conditions where you feel deep loosening is imperative, doing it in confined zones (strip tillage) that line up with next years corn rows makes
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some sense. This approach will allow you to keep wheel traffic off the zones at least until harvest and thus reduce the reconsolidation of the row area. In recent Ontario research deep ripping (12-13 inches) in a zone produced marginal corn yield increases over shallower tillage options only on the heavier soils. Deep loosening within a strip tillage system may significantly lower equipment and operating costs compared to full width, aggressive, deep tillage. 8. Pre-plant Banding of Herbicides Banding of soil applied herbicides over the corn row in order to reduce weed control costs has had some acceptance in the past in Ontario. Feedback from growers has generally been that they did not like complicating and slowing the corn planting operation by carrying herbicide with the planter. Spring strip tillage now offers an alternative method for applying banded herbicides over the corn row prior to corn planting without interfering with the planter operation. Pre-plant burn down within a strip tillage system would give early control of the inter-row weeds. Later weed control in the inter-row area would require cultivation or if herbicide tolerant hybrids are used an over the top spray could be used. Further on-farm trials will explore these options and the potential for weed control cost savings. 9. Use the Strip Tillage Unit as an Inter-row Cultivator Following up on the previous idea of banding herbicides, the strip tillage unit may well be put to use within a reduced herbicide program as an inter-row cultivator. 10. Use the Strip Tillage Unit as a Sidedress Nitrogen Applicator New approaches in nutrient management in Ontario may require corn growers to become increasingly accurate in their nitrogen rate determinations and applications. Experience has shown that soil nitrate testing is an important tool in enhancing nitrogen use efficiency on the farm. This is particularly true if growers are applying nitrogen in a sidedress system and can therefore use the Pre-Sidedress Nitrogen Test (PSNT). Growers contemplating a switch to sidedressing to improve their nitrogen management abilities should consider that a strip tillage tool could fairly easily be put to use as a sidedress applicator. ",Statements/Press Release/Correspondence,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g6,g7,NULL,g9,Corn Growers Can Evaluate Fall Strip Tillage Through October Trail Offer,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Monsanto, Corn STAR , Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA), ",NULL,2001-10-04,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-01,NULL,NULL,Monsanto Canada,NULL,NULL,http://www.monsanto.com/,NULL,Corn Growers Can Evaluate Fall Strip Tillage Through October Trail Offer,5841,NULL,NULL "According to a report from the Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology, scientists have been unable to find a clear link between the food and reactions. The Pew outfit, by the way, shows just how valuable philanthropic organizations can be. It is spending big bucks to produce balanced scientific information about biotechnology.",NULL,NULL,Jim Barlow,NULL,2001-10-02,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,C2,NULL,NULL,C5,NULL,C7,C8,NULL,"Take the flap over StarLink, the genetically engineered corn approved for animal feed but not for humans. Some of it got into the human food chain, setting off a huge recall action. For a while there, we had to forgo our crispy tacos. A number of people reported allergic reactions to corn after the publicity. But according to a report from the Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology, scientists have been unable to find a clear link between the food and reactions. The Pew outfit, by the way, shows just how valuable philanthropic organizations can be. It is spending big bucks to produce balanced scientific information about biotechnology. The industry needs the good PR. Biotechnology has been demonized by some, especially the professional Viewers With Alarm. We've always done what biotechnology seeks to do: improve plants and animals. In the past, that came through selective breeding. For example, finding a strain of wheat with high protein and trying to grow more of it. Biotechnology cuts the process short by manipulating genes within the plant. Opponents charge this is dangerous. They say man may inadvertently cause damaging changes. And indeed, we had such a potential problem in the 1990s when, seeking to enhance animal food, scientists inserted a Brazil nut protein into the soybean genome. However, it's instructive to see what actually happened. The new kind of soybeans never came to market. Testing discovered that the change could cause allergic reactions in those sensitive to Brazil nuts, and it was scrapped. And of course it doesn't take biotechnology to cause problems. It was only after the nonbiotech Kiwi fruit was introduced in this country that it was discovered some people are allergic to it. Biotech's big problem is that most Americans haven't seen its direct
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benefits. Sure, biotech crops result in cheaper food, less pesticide use and the like. But those are abstract concepts to most city dwellers. The next generation of biotech should directly bring those benefits to our attention. From a Pew report, Harvest on the Horizon, at <a href=""www.PewAgBiotech.org/harvest"" target=""blank"">www.PewAgBiotech.org/harvest</a>, here are a few under development: Vitamin E, an antioxidant with a possible preventive relationship to cancer, enriched foods, reduced saturated fats in cooking oil and reduced allergenic properties of milk, wheat and other products to make them available to those who now can't eat them. One of the most useful of the biotech advances is something called golden rice. Millions of mostly women in developing countries with diets based on rice suffer from anemia. Golden rice contains big doses of iron that will alleviate the problem, as well at beta carotene, which converts to vitamin A. Genetically modified foods such as bananas engineered to produce vaccines for illnesses ranging from hepatitis B to traveler's diarrhea to tooth decay. Just think: No more shots. Also on the horizon are these items: --Researchers are coming up with bacteria sensitive to the explosive TNT. Spread it on a field in a former war zone, and you can locate buried land mines. They are also working on a number of plants to enhance their natural ability to absorb and store toxic and hazardous waste. --Biotech medical research can bring big results. Today researchers are looking at genetically modifying sheep to produce fibrinogen, a major component in blood clotting that is used in treating wounds. One day scientists may be able to transform pigs so that their organs can be transplanted into humans without being rejected. --Blight that killed 3.5 billion American chestnut trees in the first half of the 20th century may soon be conquered by genetic engineering. --Malaria sickens 300 million to 500 million people annually, mostly in the developing world. Research is being conducted to reduce the ability of mosquitoes to spread the disease. --One relatively minor but welcome advance involves coffee. There are lots of people, like me, who like the brew but also worry about ingesting caffeine. Sure, there's decaf. But at least to me it doesn't taste the same. Now through the wonders of biotechnology we've come up with coffee beans with the caffeine gene removed. It comes from the tree already decaffeinated. Just pick, roast, grind and brew. Comments? Telephone 713-220-2000 and touch code 1000. E-mail to <a href=""mailto:jim.Barlow@chron.com"">jim.Barlow@chron.com</a>. ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g15,g16,g17,g18,NULL,NULL,g20,NULL,g4,g5,g6,g7,g8,g9,Scientific Scare Stories Get Big Headlines,yes,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Jim Barlow, StarLink, genetically engineered corn, Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology, philanthropic organizations, biotechnology, selective breeding, wheat, high protein, Brazil nut protein, soybean genome, kiwi fruit, pesticide, Harvest on the Horizon, Vitamin E, cancer, saturated fats, wheat, golden rice, anemia, beta carotene, vitamin A, genetically modified foods, vaccines, hepatitis B, traveler's diarrhea, tooth decay, TNT, genetically modied sheep, fibrinogen, blood clotting, blight, chestnut trees, malaria, mosquitoes, caffeine, coffee beans, decaffeinated.",NULL,2001-10-04,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,1st,NULL,2001-09-30,NULL,NULL,Houston Chronicle,NULL,NULL,http://www.chron.com/,The Debunking That Often Follows Usually Doesn\'t Get As Much Play.,Scientific Scare Stories Get Big Headlines,5842,uk,NULL "\""La creacin de una organizacin internacional que abogue por los beneficios de la Agricultura de Conservacin para que aumenten las prcticas conservacionistas en el mundo se hace muy necesaria\"", seal Hugh Grant, vicepresidente de la compaa Monsanto, durante su intervencin de ayer en el Congreso Mundial de Agricultura de Conservacin, patrocinado por la ECAF y la FAO, y que se est celebrando en Madrid.",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-04,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C6,NULL,NULL creacin de una organizacin internacional que abogue por los beneficios de la Agricultura de Conservacin para que aumenten las prcticas conservacionistas en el mundo se hace muy necesaria"", seal Hugh Grant, vicepresidente de la compaa Monsanto, durante su intervencin de ayer en el Congreso Mundial de Agricultura de Conservacin, patrocinado por la ECAF y la FAO, y que se est celebrando en Madrid. En su ponencia, Grant invit a los participantes del Congreso, as como a los agricultores, autoridades, organizaciones no gubernamentales y al sector industrial, a formar parte de esta nueva organizacin mundial con el fin de promocionar esta prctica agrcola. La Agricultura de Conservacin hace referencia a una serie de prcticas de manejo de los suelos cultivables que mejoran su composicin, estructura y biodiversidad natural, y reduce su erosin y degradacin. Estas prcticas incluyen la siembra directa/no laboreo, mnimo laboreo, la incorporacin al suelo de los restos de los cultivos anuales y el establecimiento de cubiertas vegetales en plantaciones de cultivos perennes. ""La Agricultura de Conservacin ofrece muchos beneficios para los agricultores y el medio ambiente, pero todava hay mucho espacio para su desarrollo"", indica Grant, quien aade que ""existe la posibilidad de tener 600 millones de hectreas bajo Agricultura de Conservacin en el mundo, frente a los 220 millones actuales"". Como seala Grant, es imprescindible trabajar juntos a nivel mundial, intercambiar informacin y recursos para lograr potenciar esta prctica agronmica. Este experto advierte que avances en el desarrollo de la AC requiere la integracin de esfuerzos de los agricultores, autoridades, organizaciones no gubernamentales y el sector industrial. 
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Por otro lado, destac el compromiso de Monsanto con la Agricultura de Conservacin, ofreciendo programas que ayuden a los agricultores a conocerla y adoptarla. Esta compaa contina invirtiendo en tecnologas que faciliten y ayuden al desarrollo de una agricultura conservacionista. El vicepresidente de Monsanto ha prometido seguir trabajando en este sentido con todos los sectores involucrados.",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g11,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,Monsanto pide la creacin de una organizacin mundial para promocionar la Agricultura de Conservacin,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,l5,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-04, pide la creacin de una organizacin mundial para promocionar la Agricultura de Conservacin,5850,NULL,NULL "Open letter to opponents of globalisation asks what the message was of recent violence at the G-8 summit. ",afr,NULL,Guy Verhofstadt,NULL,2001-10-02,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C3,C4,NULL,NULL,C7,NULL,NULL,"Open letter to opponents of globalisation asks what the message was of recent violence at G-8 summit: In Seattle, Gothenburg and Genoa tens of thousands of people took to the streets to express their views. A real breath of fresh air in this post-ideological age. If only there had not been all that meaningless violence, we could almost have applauded them. Antiglobalisation protests are a welcome cross-current at a time when political life has become rather dull, sterile and technocratic. Indeed, this cross-current is good for democracy. But what is your actual message? What is suddenly so wrong with globalisation? Until recently even progressive intellectuals were singing the praises of a worldwide market, which, they said, would bring prosperity and well-being to countries where before there was only poverty and decline. And they were right. Experience has shown the per capita income of a country's population rises 1% for every 1% it opens up its economy. This explains the wealth of Singapore, which contrasts so sharply with the poverty of a closed economy such as Myanmar. In short, prior to Seattle, globalisation was not a sin but a blessing for mankind. Of course, globalisation, as a movement that disregards national borders, can easily deteriorate into a form of ""selfishness without frontiers"". For the rich west, free trade is naturally something that should be embraced wholeheartedly as long as it is not in products that can harm western economies. No sugar from third world countries. No textiles or manufactured garments from North Africa. In this regard your antiglobalisation protests are well founded. Free world trade moves largely in one direction: from the rich northern countries to the poor south. However, I would also like to point out several contradictions in your way of thinking. You oppose US hamburger chains, reject soya genetically modified by multinational corporations and condemn worldwide brand names that influence buying habits. Many of you feel that everything must return to a small, local scale. And yet not when it comes to migration. Then, globalisation suddenly becomes an aim. Large numbers of homeless people drift along the borders of Europe and North America, staring wide-eyed into the shop windows of a prosperous society. Millions of illegal immigrants live as homeless pariahs, in pitiful conditions, hoping against hope that somehow they can tap into western riches. But it is precisely the absence of free trade and investment that drives them to the west in the first place. Another contradiction resides in the fact that, while opposing globalisation, you strongly urge tolerance towards lifestyle diversity. Surely, we owe the fact that we live in a multicultural and tolerant society to the process of globalisation? I thought that nostalgia for the narrow-minded societies of our forefathers was the sole domain of conservatives who glorify the past, of extreme rightwingers who believe in the superiority of their own race, and of religious fanatics who live and die by the Bible or the Koran. In this way, antiglobalisation protests unwittingly veer dangerously towards extremist, ""populist"" right-wing views. The only difference is you oppose multinationals because of the alleged harm they cause to the south, whereas the extreme right, such as Le Pen in France, condemns multinationals as he wants to retain control over his own economy. You are asking many of the right questions. But do you have the right answers? Nobody now denies the existence of climate change and global warming. Such issues, though, can only be dealt with by global commitments. Everybody recognises the importance of free world trade for the poorest countries. But this also requires global social and ecological standards. Look at the immoral speculation that preyed on weak currencies like the Mexican peso and Malaysian ringgit. The most effective way of combating this kind of speculation is through the creation of larger monetary zones (another form of globalisation). The prospect of coming up against the dollar or the euro will scare off speculators more than any tax. I do not think it makes any sense to be unreservedly for or against globalisation. The question is rather how everybody, including the poor, can benefit from the manifest advantages of globalisation without suffering from any of its disadvantages. When can we be sure that globalisation will
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benefit not only the happy few but also the massed ranks of the third world's poor? Again, your concerns as antiglobalists are valid. But to find the right solutions to these valid questions we need more globalisation, not less. That was exactly the point of James Tobin. That is the paradox of antiglobalisation. Globalisation can serve the cause of good just as much as it can serve the cause of evil. What we need is a global ethical approach to the environment, labour relations and monetary policy. The challenge we face today is not how to thwart globalisation but instead how to give it an ethical foundation. I would call this ""ethical globalisation"", a triangle consisting of free trade, knowledge and democracy; alternatively trade, aid and conflict prevention. Democracy and respect for human rights are the only sustainable ways of avoiding violence and war and of achieving trade and prosperity. The international community has still not managed to impose a worldwide ban on small arms or set up a permanent international criminal court. Moreover, increased aid is needed from the rich west. It is shameful that more than 1,2-billion people still do not have access to medical care or a decent education. Trade alone will not be enough to solve the problems of the least developed nations. Even with more trade there is still a need for increased development co-operation to build harbours and roads, schools and hospitals, and to construct a stable legal system. Finally, world trade needs to be further liberalised. If all world markets were opened up to competition then the total income of developing countries would be boosted by 700bn a year, or 14 times the total development aid they currently get. No more dumping of western agricultural surpluses on third world markets. No more exceptions for bananas, rice or sugar. The only trade ban would be on arms. ""Everything but arms"" must be the motto of all future World Trade Organisation (WTO) negotiating rounds. More free trade, more democracy, greater respect for human rights and more development aid: is that enough to make ethical globalisation a reality? Certainly not! What is missing is a powerful instrument to enforce it. We need a global political body as powerful as the globalised market in which we already live. The Group of Eight (G-8) of the rich countries must be replaced by a G-8 of existing regional partnerships, a G-8 where the south is given an important and deserved place at the table to ensure that the globalisation of the economy is headed in the right direction. We need to create a forum where the leading continental partnerships can all speak on an equal footing: the European Union, the African Union, Mercosur, Asean, the North American Free Trade Agreement, etc. This new G-8 can and must be a place where binding agreements on global ethical standards on working conditions, intellectual property and good governance can be entered into. This renewed G-8 could lay down the guidelines and give encouragement to the major international organisations and negotiating bodies such as the WTO, the World Bank and Kyoto. This G-8 would no longer be dominated by the big wealthy countries; instead, everyone in our world community would be represented. In this way it could provide an answer to global problems such as international trafficking in human beings. We saw such a process emerge in an embryonic stage at the Kyoto Protocol talks in Bonn, where finally a breakthrough was made thanks to agreements between the Umbrella Group, the European Union (EU) and the group of less developed nations, against the wishes of the greatest power on earth, the US. But of course we do not need to wait for the first meeting of the new G-8 to begin the process of ethical globalism. We could start in our own European backyard. Why shouldn't we systematically test every decision made in the EU for its effect on the weakest societies on earth? Does it widen or narrow the gulf between the rich northern countries and the poor south? What is the result of this decision or of the lack of a decision on worldwide ecological problems? And why shouldn't we call for an opinion from a high-level non-European body? Because in this respect you are absolutely right. Even when we are driven by the very best intentions, it is only natural for us to be more concerned with the interests of a multinational oil firm or European sugar beet farmers than with the fate of the Ogoni people in the Niger Delta or the meagre incomes of workers on sugar plantations in Costa Rica. <hr> Verhofstadt is Belgian prime minister and European Union president, in which capacity he attended the G-7/G-8 summit in Genoa. ",Statements/Press Release/Correspondence,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g15,NULL,g17,g18,g19,NULL,NULL,NULL,g4,NULL,g6,g7,NULL,g9,"Belgian PM: Protesters Ask Right Questions, Yet They Lack The Right Answers",NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Guy Verhofstadt, Business Day, globalisation, protests, antiglobalisation, worldwide market, per capita, poverty, Singapore, Myanmar, Seattle, third world countries, North Africa, homeless, free trade, rightwingers, extremist, populist, Le Pen, climate change, global warming, Mexico, monetary zones, euro, dollar, James Tobin, labour relations, monetary policy, human rights, international community, international criminal court, trade, World Trade Organisation, WTO, Group of Eight, G-8, European Union, African Union, Mercosur, Asean, the North American Free Trade Agreement, Kyoto, international trafficking, Bonn, Umbrella Group, US, sugar beet, Ogoni, Niger Delta, Costa Rica, G-7, Genoa.",NULL,2001-10-04,NULL,NULL,NULL,1st,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-09-26,NULL,NULL,Business Day (South Africa),NULL,NULL, http://www.businessday.co.za/,NULL,"Belgian PM: Protesters Ask Right Questions, Yet They Lack The Right Answers",5844,uk,NULL "Biotech Conference, entitled - \""Biotech Branches Out: A Look at the Opportunities and Impacts of Forest Biotechnology\"" ",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-05,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,C3,C4,NULL,C6,NULL,NULL,C9,"
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Sponsors: The Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology, The Society of American Foresters, and The Ecological Society of America Title: Biotech Branches Out: A Look at the Opportunities and Impacts of Forest Biotechnology When: December 4-5, 2001 Location: Hyatt Regency, Atlanta, USA Detailed Information: <a href=""http://pewagbiotech.org/"" target=""blank"">http://pewagbiotech.org</a> Panels: December 4, 2001 (Conference begins at 10:00 a.m.) -The View from the Tree Top: Public Perceptions Current research on forest biotechnology and how it may be influenced by public views on forests Roots and Leaves Potential impacts of forest biotechnology on the environment Out of the Woods International and domestic economic factors, including consumer acceptance, that influence demand for genetically modified forest products December 5, 2001 (Conference ends at 2:00 p.m.) - Landscaping a Regulatory System Analysis of the laws and regulations that govern the use of forest biotechnology, in the U.S. and globally Contact: Eileen Cruz <a href=""mailto:ecruz@burnesscommunications.com"">ecruz@burnesscommunications.com</a> ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g6,NULL,NULL,NULL,"The Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology, The Society of American Foresters, and The Ecological Society of America sponsor a Biotech Conference In December, 2001",NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology, The Society of American Foresters, The Ecological Society of America, Biotech Knowledge Center, Forest Biotechnology, Eileen Cruz.",NULL,2001-10-05,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-05,NULL,NULL,Biotech Knowledge Center,NULL,NULL,http://biotechknowledge.com,NULL,"The Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology, The Society of American Foresters, and The Ecological Society of America sponsor a Biotech Conference In December, 2001 ",5851,NULL,NULL "In the future, alfalfa growers will have new biotech alfalfa varieties to choose from. New information and recommendations to growers from an Agricultural Research Service study can help prevent accidental dispersion of biotech pollen to volunteer alfalfa plants. ",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-05,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,C2,NULL,C4,NULL,NULL,C7,C8,NULL,"In the future, alfalfa growers will have new biotech alfalfa varieties to choose from. New information and recommendations to growers from an Agricultural Research Service study can help prevent accidental dispersion of biotech pollen to volunteer alfalfa plants. Pollen can carry genetically engineered genes to wild alfalfa plants that just appear in or near a field of planted crops or into a related species. That's why ARS plant geneticist Daniel Z. Skinner and other ARS researchers conducted a 3-year biorisk assessment of mock transgenic alfalfa. Alfalfa is pollinated by honey bees and leaf-cutter bees. A key factor in setting isolation requirements for seed production is the amount of potential pollen flow between adjacent alfalfa seed production fields. Using a molecular marker found in alfalfa, Skinner and research associate Paul St. Amand tracked alfalfa pollen movement from seed and hay fields. Leafcutter bees, used in commercial seed production, fly directly from their hives for a distance of more than a half mile and back home. Because a minimum isolation distance of 5,109 feet from the hive may be required to prevent gene flow in alfalfa, Skinner says that producers would want to consider changing their seed production practices. Bee hives need to be placed in the center, instead of along the side of the alfalfa field. Also, planting flowering crops like birdsfoot trefoil or sainfoin may get the bees to stop at the border of the field. <hr> A full report on this work can be found in the October issue of Agricultural Research magazine, ARS' monthly publication, found on the World Wide Web at: <a href=""http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/oct01/pollen1001.htm"" target=""blank"">http://www.ars.usda.gov /is/AR/archive/oct01/pollen1001.htm</a> ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g18,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g4,g5,g6,g7,NULL,g9,Risk Assessment For Biotech Alfalfa,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"biotech, alfalfa, USDA, ARS, Agricultural Research Service, pollen, Daniel Z. Skinner, honey bees, leafcutter bees, Paul St. Amand, birdsfoot trefoil, sainfoin.",NULL,2001-10-09,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-04,NULL,NULL,USDA ARS News Service,NULL,NULL,http://www.ars.usda.gov/,NULL,Risk Assessment For Biotech Alfalfa,5852,NULL,NULL "Genetic manipulation to improve agricultural products in South Africa, is here to stay and the government is likely to have a national strategy for biotechnology in place within the next six months. This was the message to emerge from a two-day conference over biotechnology attended in Sandton by 35 speakers from the US, Europe and Africa. ",NULL,NULL,Nico van
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Burick,NULL,2001-10-03,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,NULL,C8,NULL,"Genetic manipulation to improve agricultural products in South Africa, is here to stay and the government is likely to have a national strategy for biotechnology in place within the next six months. This was the message to emerge from a two-day conference over biotechnology attended in Sandton by 35 speakers from the US, Europe and Africa. Arts, Culture, Science and Technology Department director-general Dr Rob Adams encouraged role players to contribute ""constructively and enthusiastically"" to retain biotechnology on the national agenda. He added that a national strategy, requiring an annual budget of R182 million, is aimed at promoting human health, safe food and environmental conservation. The proposed strategy is currently available for comment. Adams affirmed that an important aspect of the strategy is to establish regional centres to boost innovation and biotechnology. Priorities earmarked for the next five years include development of vaccines against human diseases such as HIV/Aids, tuberculosis and malaria, vaccines against animal diseases such as Newcastle disease among poultry, insect and pest control for crops and to try and improve drought and flood resistant crops. South Africa is the only African country where GM products are cultivated on a commercial basis. In order to improve cotton production, a gene was incorporated in the cotton seed which effectively eradicates boll-worm. AfricaBio director Dr Wynand van der Walt said GM is here to stay and that both opponents and supporters should be accommodated. Democratic Republic of Congo ambassador Bene MPoko said a country unable to feed its people will never be free. ""Biotechnology could help Africa rid itself of poverty and famine for good."" Dr Florence Wambugu a biotechnologist from Kenya said population increases stand at 3.5 percent while food production increased by only 2.5 percent. Biotechnology could prove to be a deliverance. ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,g13,NULL,NULL,NULL,g17,g18,NULL,NULL,g20,NULL,g4,g5,g6,g7,NULL,NULL,GM Food Could \'Set Africa Free\',NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"GM, Africa, genetic manipulation, agricultural products, South Africa, biotechnology, Sandton, US, Europe, Dr Rob Adams, human health, safe food, environmental conservation, vaccines, animal diseases, Newcastle disease, pest control, drought, flood resistant crops, cotton production, cotton seed, boll-worm, AfricaBio, Dr Wynand van der Walt, Democratic Republic of Congo, Bene MiPoko, poverty, famine, Dr Florence Wambugu.",NULL,2001-10-04,NULL,NULL,NULL,1st,NULL,NULL,NULL,1st,NULL,NULL,2001-09-28,NULL,NULL,News24.com,NULL,NULL,http://news.24.com Food Could \'Set Africa Free\',5846,NULL,NULL "The Commission confirms its statement of 1996, in which it recommends to emphasize promotion of the responsible development of genetic engineering in plant breeding and food-related microbiology to the benefit of humans and the environment. ",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-03,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C1,NULL,C3,NULL,NULL,NULL,C7,C8,NULL," Conclusions and recommendations - The Commission confirms its statement of 1996, in which it recommends to emphasize promotion of the responsible development of genetic engineering in plant breeding and food-related microbiology to the benefit of humans and the environment. - Rules and regulations of Genetic Engineering Law and Food Law have largely stood the test of assessment of health safety of genetically modified crop plants and foods. Rather, a call for action seems appropriate for the substantiation and consistent implementation of national and European regulations. Supplementary regulations (threshold limits for contamination, labelling) are needed for seeds to be used for the production of feeding stuff and foods. - The assessment principle of ""Substantial Equivalence"", which is based on a comparison of genetically modified and traditional foods is still valid. Novel scientific findings are to be taken into account. - Technical realization of open-field experiments with genetically modified plants does not require any modification. Previous safety research should be extended by including cultivation-linked ecological aspects. For this purpose, it is necessary to develop suitable approaches. Risk assessment should be carried out on the basis of single-case evaluation by careful assessment of chances and risks in consideration of current agricultural practice. - With respect to safeguarding world nutrition and protection of natural resources, it is necessary to develop and promote intensive and environmentally friendly production processes. The principle of sustained development in agriculture and the food sector must be observed. - Since advanced technologies increasingly determine global economic development, industrialized and developing countries should make use of possibilities offered to them within the framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity and participate in this development. In particular, developing countries should be enabled to utilize novel technologies to their advantage and to prioritize research, development and applications according to their own needs. - Increasing privatization of research (private companies are responsible for approximately 80 per cent of research investments in agricultural biotechnology) necessitates a fundamental reconsideration of the modes of
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co-operation between publicly and privately funded research. The increasing activity of biotechnology companies in research, development, and production of seeds, their legitimate request for industrial property rights (patents and/or protection of cultivar and varieties), as well as the emerging market concentration in this area should put no strains on co-operation with developing countries. Rather, this should lead to improved plant breeding and cultivation in these countries. - The application of genetic engineering to the benefit of mankind and the environment requires the consent of the broad public. The public debate about this topic therefore must be carried on as a constructive dialogue, i.e. in an atmosphere of mutual understanding between the scientific community and the public. The information of consumers by open and perspicuous presentation of complex scientific facts, a meaningful labelling of genetically modified foods, as well as the transparency of research and approval procedures must be guaranteed. <hr> (From: ""Mieschendahl Dr., Martin"" <a href=""mailto:martin.mieschendahl@uba.de"">martin.mieschendahl@uba.de</a>) ""Neuerscheinungen, August 2001"". Statement of the Senate Commission on Genetic Research, January 24th, 2001; Genetic Engineering and Food 
The complete text at <a href=""http://www.dfg.de/aktuell/publikationen.html"" target=""blank"">http://www.dfg.de /aktuell/publikationen.html</a> ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g3,g4,g5,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,German Senate Approval of Transgenic Crops,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Transgenic Crops, German Senate Commission, Genetic Research, genetic engineering, plant breeding, microbiology, genetic engineering law, food law, genetically modied crops, contamination, labelling, convention on biological diversity, research, development of seeds, production of seeds, developing countries, plant breeding, genetic engineering, Dr Martin Mieschendahl.",NULL,2001-10-04,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-03,NULL,NULL,German Senate Commission on Genetic Research,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,German Senate Approval of Transgenic Crops,5847,NULL,NULL "More countries are planting genetically improved cotton to improve yields at a time when the controversies over the use of biotechnology is stalling the use of these seeds in India, the country with the world\'s largest area under cotton cultivation.",NULL,NULL,Suresh Shah,NULL,2001-10-04,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C2,C3,C4,C5,NULL,NULL,C8,NULL,"World over more and more countries are, according to this story, planting genetically improved cotton to improve yields at a time when the controversies over the use of biotechnology is stalling the use of these seeds in India, the country with the world's largest area under cotton cultivation. A report by the National Cotton Council of America was cited as saying that genetically improved cotton was 10 per cent of World Cotton Area in 2001, adding, ""In 2001, an estimated 10 per cent of the world's cotton area was planted with transgenic varieties in Argentina, Australia, China, Mexico, South Africa and the US. The popularity of transgenic cotton varieties is due to improvements in insect pest management and additional options in grass and weed control."" The story says that the report does not include 4,363 hectares of Bt cotton planted in Indonesia, where yields rose to 2.2 tonnes per hectare, far higher than the 1.4 tonnes for the Kanesia cotton commonly planted there, and 500 kg a hectare for other types of cotton. Indonesia has since decided to extend the permission for Bt cotton by another year, with no limits on hectarates. East India Cotton Association president Suresh Kotak while presiding over the annual meeting of the association, was quoted as saying, ""Rather than remaining mired in controversies, perhaps we should move forward purposefully in exploiting the potential offered by biotechnology, taking all precautionary measures advocated by scientists to avoid possible and unknown dangers."" Cotton production in India, with the largest area of around 8.5 million hectares under cultivation, plummetted to an estimated 14 million bales during just ended 2000-01 season. This marked a sharp fall of 1.6 million bales from 15.6 million bales produced in 1999-00 season and as high as 2.5 million bales drop from earlier season. ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g15,g16,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,GM Seeds Seen Salvaging Indian Cotton Yields ,yes,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"biotechnology, genetically improved cotton , India, National Cotton Council of America, East India Cotton Association.",NULL,2001-10-04,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,1st,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-04,NULL,NULL,The Economic Times,NULL,NULL,http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/today/pagehome.htm,NULL,GM Seeds Seen Salvaging Indian Cotton Yields,5848,NULL,NULL "Northwestern Alabama cotton farmers are cheering news that the Environmental Protection Agency has extended the use of a genetically altered cotton until at least 2006.",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-04,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,C3,C4,C5,NULL,C7,NULL,C9,"Acco to the Associated Press, Northwestern Alabama cotton farmers are cheering news that the Environmental Protection Agency has extended the use of a genetically altered cotton until at least 2006. Hollis Isbell, a Colbert County cotton farmer and chairman of the American Cotton Producers of the National Cotton Council, was quoted as saying, ""We are delighted EPA has extended the registration for the Bt technology.
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 Growing Bt cotton has a tremendous amount of advantages for the farmer. It also has advantages for the environment. We don't spray our fields very much anymore. We just let the beneficial insects keep the pests under control. The Bt has been a big plus for the farmer and a friend of the environment."" ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g6,g7,NULL,NULL,Growers Hail EPA Decision On Genetically Modified Cotton ,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Environmental Protection Agency, genetically altered cotton, American Cotton Producers of the National Cotton Council, Bt cotton.",NULL,2001-10-04,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-03,NULL,NULL,Biotech Knowledge Center,NULL,NULL,http://www.biotechknowledge.com/,Summary,"Growers Hail EPA Decision On Genetically Modified Cotton ",5849,NULL,NULL "Steve L. Taylor, head of the department of food science at the University of Nebraska says GM crops will become important in lowering allergic reactions to foods. ",NULL,NULL,Paul Thacker,NULL,2001-10-05,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,C2,C3,C4,C5,NULL,C7,C8,NULL,"Steve L. Taylor, head of the department of food science at the University of Nebraska says GM crops will become important in lowering allergic reactions to foods. Eight foods account for 90% of all food allergies; these include peanuts, milk, eggs, soybeans, and wheat. Ongoing studies at Alabama A&M University are removing allergenic proteins from the peanut, so that everyone might some day be able to eat peanut butter and jelly sandwiches without fear. Beyond increasing crop yield, lowering pesticide use, or merely creating a redder tomato with a longer shelf life, genetic technology has great potential for improving health care. At a briefing today sponsored by the American Medical Association (AMA), researchers reviewed their progress toward using genetic modification to create vaccines in crops, and to remove allergies from them. Perhaps the biggest concern about genetically modified (GM) crops involves possible allergic reactions to novel proteins introduced in the process. (The concern which is not just hypothetical after the appearance of Starlink GM feed corn in human groceries, although there is no documented proof of anyone having been harmed.) ""None of the current biotech products have been implicated in allergic reactions or any other healthcare problem in people,"" said Steve L. Taylor, head of the department of food science at the University of Nebraska. He added that with only a few hundred known plant allergens, ""the chances of introduced genes creating a problem are very low."" On the contrary, he says, GM crops will become important in lowering allergic reactions to foods. Eight foods account for 90% of all food allergies; these include peanuts, milk, eggs, soybeans, and wheat. Ongoing studies at Alabama A&M University are removing allergenic proteins from the peanut, so that everyone might some day be able to eat peanut butter and jelly sandwiches without fear. ""Biotechnology offers the only hope for consumers to one day incorporate these foods into their diet,"" Taylor said. He also says that current regulations seem to be doing a good job of controlling any introduction of new allergens. For instance, his tests on soybeans that incorporated a protein from Brazil nuts to boost their methionine content, created by Pioneer Hybrid in 1996 to enrich feed stocks, showed that the Brazil-nut protein was highly allergenic. ""When we tested the protein, we found that antibodies reacted to it in eight out of ten people with Brazil-nut allergies,"" he told BioMedNet News. The product was never marketed. Alexander Karasev, professor of microbiology and immunology at Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia, chimed in for edible vaccines. He described a trial in Poland testing spinach that contains a virally expressed protein epitope used in a rabies vaccine. After participants ate a small salad, said Karasev, ""we got a good immunological response and substantive titer of antibodies."" (There was one adverse reaction, Karasev admitted: Two of the sixteen participants said they hate spinach.) ""The two things determining this research are safety and cost,"" he said, noting that vaccines grown in plants will have the greatest impact in the developing world. ""The people who need vaccines the most are the ones who can afford it the least."" ""The scale-up on this type of vaccine can be very simple, since all you would have to do is plant more acreage,"" said C.S Prakesh, director of the Center for Plant Biotechnology at Tuskeegee University. Karasev also said that future use might involve drying the plants and then pressing them into traditional pill form. The process is currently being tested on a lettuce-based vaccine for Hepatitis B, a disease with 400 million carriers. ""Hepatitis B is a good candidate for this technology,"" he said, ""because we already have a good vaccine, but $450 for three vaccinations makes it too costly."" Why is the AMA suddenly speaking up for GM foods? So that consumers can make informed choices, said one of the meeting organizers.",Articles/Op
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Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g15,g16,NULL,g18,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g4,g5,g6,g7,NULL,g9,New And Improved: GM Foods Could Even Relieve Anxiety,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"GM crops, allergic reactions, food allergies, peanuts, milk, eggs, soybeans, wheat, genetic technology, American Medical Association.",NULL,2001-10-09,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-04,NULL,NULL,BioMedNet News,NULL,NULL,http://news.bmn.com/,NULL,New And Improved: GM Foods Could Even Relieve Anxiety,5853,uk,NULL "Phytoremediation, the use of plants to clean up polluted and contaminated soils, has been steadily gaining acceptance by both academia and industry over the past few years. ",NULL,NULL,"Claire Granger, Biologist",NULL,2001-10-05,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,C2,NULL,NULL,NULL,C6,C7,C8,NULL,"Phytoremediati the use of plants to clean up polluted and contaminated soils, has been steadily gaining acceptance by both academia and industry over the past few years. Many thousands of acres are tainted with the toxic byproducts of industrial practices such as mining. Conventional remediation, which involves physical removal and burial of contaminated soils, is neither feasible nor affordable. The use of plants, with their extensive roots systems and efficient uptake of a wide variety of molecules, offers a low-input, affordable alternative. However, naturally occurring plant species are either too slow growing or absorb insufficient amounts of pollutant to make a significant impact on soil quality. In an attempt to solve this problem, recent research has focused on understanding the native molecular mechanisms of how plants remove pollutants from soils, with the aim of creating transgenic varieties optimized for soil remediation. The first real progress toward this goal was provided recently by two independent groups of researchers. In separate articles published in PNAS, these groups provide the first real insights into the molecular basis of how certain plants, called metal hyperaccumulators, remove and concentrate toxic metals from contaminated soils. Transgenic plants are used effectively for remediation of soils containing a number of different xenobiotic contaminants. Tobacco plants expressing bacterial pentaerythritol tetranitrate reductase have completely and efficiently degraded organic explosive compounds such as TNT.(1) The expression of a number of other bacterial genes for mercuric reductases in yellow poplar saplings have led to the mineralization of mercuric compounds in soil.(2) However, to be truly effective, plants used for phytoremediation of metals need to be able to extract the toxic element from the soil and accumulate it in their above ground tissues (i.e., shoots and leaves), which can then be harvested and either composted or ashed to retrieve the extracted metals. Poplar saplings expressing bacterial mercuric reductase genes effectively absorbed mercury, but then converted it to Hg2+, which was volatilized into the air less than ideal solution when applied on a large scale. A number of plant species accumulate large amounts of metals naturally, the so-called ""hyperaccumulators."" Hyperaccumulators can be found in a wide range of plant taxa, but many of the most commonly studied species are found in the Brassicacea family. Naturally occurring hyperaccumulators, although extremely effective at accumulating metals, have proved to be less than ideal for phytoremediation due to their slow growth rate and low-to-the-ground rosette architecture, which makes them difficult to harvest. Attempts have been made to cross them with their larger, faster-growing relatives, e.g., Brassica napus (canola), using techniques such as protoplast fusion.(3) Some progress has been made, but, as yet, no ideal hybrid has been produced. Instead, natural hyperaccumulators have been used as models to understand the mechanics behind the efficient removal and accumulation of metals from soils. To effectively accumulate a metal, a plant must be able to efficiently absorb it, translocate it through the xylem, unload it into the shoot tissues, and finally, sequester it into vacuoles. Researchers have speculated that the ability to hyperaccumulate metals could be the result of the enhanced or ectopic expression of a single component in one of these steps, or it could be the result of a broader change in the regulation of a response pathway. A report published in the April 25, 2000, issue of PNAS provided an initial insight into the molecular physiology of metal hyperaccumulation.(4) Pence et al. reported on the cloning and characterization of a high affinity Zn2+ transporter cDNA, ZNT1, from the Zn/Cd-hyperaccumulating plant, Thlaspi caerulescens. Through comparisons to a closely related, non-accummulator species, Thlaspi arvense, the researchers determined that the elevated ability of T. caerulescens to take up Zn and Cd was due, in part, to an enhanced level of expression of Zn transporters. Previous physiological studies by the group indicated that the hyperaccumulating ability of T. caerulescens was linked to Zn-transport at a number of sites in the plant. The researchers transformed a Zn transport-deficient strain of yeast, ZHY3, with a cDNA library from T. caerulescens. By screening for growth on low-Zn medium, they were able to isolate seven clones, five of which represented a 1.2 kb cDNA designated ZNT1 (for Zn transporter) that restored the yeast's ability to grow under low-Zn conditions. The ZNT1 gene displayed considerable identity to two Arabidopsis thaliana metal transporter genes, ZIP4 (for transporting Zn) and IRT1 (for transporting Fe). For purposes of comparison, they then cloned the homolog of ZNT1 (designated ZNT1-arvense) from the non-hyperaccumulator species T. arvense. Expression studies using Northern blots of RNA isolated from the roots and shoots of both Thlaspi species revealed that ZNT1 is expressed in T. caerulescens at extremely high levels. In contrast, expression of ZNT1 in T. arvense could only be detected at a very low level in both shoots and roots, and then only when the plants had been exposed to conditions of Zn deficiency. To further explore the role of Zn status on ZNT1 expression, Pence et al.
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exposed both species to a range of Zn concentrations. They found that when T. caerulescens was grown in a nutrient solution containing an excess of Zn (50 ) the transcript level of ZNT1 decreased, indicating that ZNT1 is not expressed constitutively in T. caerulescens. ZNT1 transcript levels in T. arvense appeared to be unaffected by exposure to excess Zn. Transport studies in both yeast and T. caerulescens show that ZNT1 mediates high affinity Zn transport. In many plant species, the induction of a high affinity transporter is characteristic of a nutrient-deficiency response and would correlate with the expression pattern observed for ZNT1 in T. arvense. The authors speculate that the hyperaccumulation phenotype in T. caerulescens may then be due to a mutation in the plant's ability to sense or respond to Zn levelshat is, these plants may be functioning as if they are constantly experiencing Zn deficiency. They propose this is likely the result of a change in global regulation linked to the plant's overall Zn status, supporting the concept that the Zn hyperaccumulation phenotype, at least in this species, is due to a change in the regulation, and not the constitutive expression, of a single gene. In contrast, in a report in the August 14, 2001, issue of PNAS, Persans et al. provide evidence that Ni hyperaccumulation in another Brassica species, Thlaspi goesingense, is due, in part, to the constitutive expression of a putative vacuolar transporter, TgMTP1.(5) T. goesingense displays an impressive ability to accumulate Nip to 1.2% of its shoot dry mass can be comprised of the metal. Earlier studies by the group, comparing T. goesingense to the non-accumulator T. arvense, revealed that the release of metal chelates and Ni translocation were similar for both species, prompting the researchers to look elsewhere for the cause of the hyperaccumulator phenotype in T. goesingense. Recent research suggests that ZAT, a member of the cation-efflux (CE) family recently identified in A. thaliana, is involved in Zn efflux into the vacuole. Persans et al. used PCR and primers based on the sequence of the ZAT gene to clone an ortholog from T. goesingense, which they designated TgMTP1 for T. goesingense metal tolerance protein. Although TgMTP1 is encoded by a single copy gene, two alternatively-spliced transcripts (designated TgMTP1t1 and TgMTP1t2) are produced. Clones representing both spliced forms were used in functional complementation studies using two strains of yeast mutants, cot1 and zrc1. These yeast strains contain mutations in CE family members and, as a result, are sensitive to elevated levels of Co, Ni, Cd, and Zn. Heterologous expression of TgMTP1t1 and TgMTP1t2 successfully complemented the metal sensitivity of the yeast strains, indicating that TgMTP1 encodes a CE family member. Interestingly, the two spliced forms of the variant proteins conferred different metal tolerances to the transformed yeast strains. TgMTP1t1, which is derived from the unspliced form of the transcript, rendered the yeast more resistant to Cd, Co, and Zn, whereas TgMTP1t2, encoded by the spliced transcript, conferred a greater Ni tolerance to the transformed yeast. TgMTP1t2 was found to lack a central histidine-rich region found in TgMTP1t1. The authors believe that it is the lack of this region that confers Ni-specificity to TgMTP1t2. Expression studies were performed for both spliced forms using Northern blots of RNA from the shoot tissues of T. goesingense, T. arvense, A. thaliana, and another Brassica species, Brassica juncea, exposed to either Ni-free conditions or 50 Ni for 48 hrs. The transcript levels of both spliced forms were dramatically higher in T. goesingense as compared to the non-accumulator species. The authors state that this difference is not due to sequence divergence between the genes in the different species, as subsequent hybridization of the blot with the T. arvense TgMTP1 ortholog produced similar results, although this data was not shown. In T. goesingense, little difference in expression level could be seen between the two Ni treatments, suggesting that TgMTP1 expression is unaffected by Ni concentration. The authors state that further studies using higher concentrations or longer exposures to Ni, had no effect on TgMTP1 transcript levels, (data also not shown), further supporting the hypothesis that TgMTP1 is constitutively expressed in T. goesingense. These observations correlate with the fact that Ni hyperaccumulation is known to be a constitutive trait in T. goesingense. The extent to which the high level of TgMTP1 is responsible for the hyperaccumulation phenotype of T. goesingense, however, remains to be determined. A detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying hyperaccumulation in naturally occurring plant species offers the best hope for designing transgenic plants capable of meeting the needs of large-scale remediation. The results reported in these two papers provide some important initial insights into the molecular basis of hyperaccumulation in two plant species. At the same time, however, this data underscores the complexities of the phenotype, with hyperaccumulation clearly involving different mechanisms in different species. Only further research will determine if any of these traits can be successfully transferred to other, faster growing plant species better suited to the needs of remediation. Sources 1. French CE et al. 1999. Biodegradation of explosives by transgenic plants expressing pentaerythritol tetranitrate reductase. Nature Biotechnology 17: 491-494.
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 2. Rugh CL et al. 1998. Development of transgenic yellow poplar for mercury phytoremediation. Nature Biotechnology 16: 925-928. 3. Brewer EP et al. 1999. Somatic hybridization between the zinc accumulator Thlaspi caerulescens and Brassica napus. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 99: 761-771. 4. Pence NS et al. 2000. The molecular physiology of heavy metal transport in the Zn/Cd hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens. PNAS 97: 4956-4960. 5. Persans MW, Nieman K, and Salt DE. 2001. Functional activity and role of cation-efflux family members in Ni hyperaccumulation in Thlaspi goesingense. PNAS 98: 9995-10000. ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g15,g16,g17,NULL,NULL,NULL,g20,NULL,g4,g5,g6,g7,NULL,g9,Progress Towards A Truly \'Green\' Method Of Toxic Metal Cleanup,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Claire Granger, ISB News Report, Phytoremediation, toxic byproducts, mining, contaminated soils, PNAS, hyperaccumulators, transgenic plants, xenobiotic contaminants, tobacco plants, bacterial pentaerythritol tetranitrate reductase, TNT, mercuric reductases, yellow poplar saplings, mercury, taxa, brassicacea, brassica napus, canola, protoplast fusion, xylem, cloning, cDNA, ZNT1, Thlasp caerulescens, Thlaspi arvense, Zn, Cd, ZHY3, ZIP4, IRT1, RNA, levelsothat, cationefflux, A. thaliana, TgMTP1, yeast, ",NULL,2001-10-09,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-05,NULL,NULL,ISB News Report,NULL,NULL,http://www.isb.vt.edu,NULL,Progress Towards A Truly \'Green\' Method Of Toxic Metal Cleanup,5854,uk,NULL "After more than 20 years of debate and consultation, South Africa has come up with a draft policy on genetically modified (GM) food and products. Published a month ago, the draft-strategy document states that biotechnology will improve access to and affordability of health care, provide sufficient nutrition at affordable costs, create jobs in manufacturing, and protect and enrich the environment. ",afr,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-05,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,C1,C2,NULL,NULL,C5,C6,C7,C8,C9,"After more than 20 years of debate and consultation, South Africa has come up with a draft policy on genetically modified (GM) food and products. Published a month ago, the draft-strategy document states that biotechnology will improve access to and affordability of health care, provide sufficient nutrition at affordable costs, create jobs in manufacturing, and protect and enrich the environment. As early as 1978 a committee of scientists took the initiative to establish an organisation, known as South African Genetic Experimentation, which would act as a watchdog and advisory body to scientists, industry and the government. It developed a set of bio-safety guidelines that have been applied to all GM products and trials since 1990. The use of modern biotechnology includes commercial virus elimination and plant production through tissue culture of date palms, bananas, soy beans, dry beans and others. In animals it includes artificial insemination, embryo transfer, human organ transplant, in vitro fertilisation and embryo culture, and vaccine production for animal and human health. Project manager of the South African National Seed Organisation Dr Wynand van der Walt says although South Africa has a solid history of engagement with traditional biotechnology, it has failed to extract value from more recent advances, particularly over the past 25 years with the emergence of genetics and genomic sciences. He says the development of biotechnology should not be restricted to developed countries. ""Developing countries such as Cuba, Brazil and China have been quick to identify potential benefits of the technology and have established measures to develop such industries and extract value where possible and relevant."" South Africa was active in the development of the International Convention on Biological Diversity, and the Cartagena Bio-safety Protocol. The draft strategy provides for the mandatory labelling of GM food and products, including specifications with regard to the composition, mode of storage, levels of allergens and toxins, and guidelines regarding human or animal genes. The draft strategy has the support of the Department of Agriculture. Dr Shadrack Moephuli, the department's director of genetic resources, says the introduction of GM seed has the potential to generate employment. Other areas that stand to benefit include stock theft as new techniques for the identification of animals can be developed using biotechnology. However, he raised a few concerns about the way in which the GM products would be monitored and regulated. ""What remains contentious to me is to what extent poor people in rural areas, as well as consumers, would benefit from the whole process. We need a debate about pollution, cross-pollination, biotechnology, and invasive species."" Dr Chris Viljoen, senior lecturer at the University of the Free State's botany and genetics department, calls for a cautious approach in the regulation of GM foods and products. ""Identity preservation, or the ability to distinguish GM varieties is a prerequisite to manage GM plant use in African agriculture. This would avoid a situation where farmers have to pay the patent holder its rightful royalty."" Viljoen says his department, in collaboration with overseas institutions, is using deoxyribo-nuclei acid technology to detect the presence of GM organisms in highly processed food constituents such as starches, oils and
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syrups. ""The service was established to accommodate growing consumer discernment and to meet international export regulations."" Scientists often advocate that modern biotechnology can solve the world's food shortage problem. Viljoen disagrees: ""In reality there isn't a food shortage in the world, rather there is a problem of food distribution. If the developing countries are unable to buy food from developed countries because it is too expensive, how will they able to buy GM seed? The government should be in the position to subsidise emerging farmers so that they can cope with the new biotechnology needs."" Viljoen says the danger lies in Africa becoming an unwilling dumping ground for consignments of rejected GM products. Jerry Sefoloshe, chairperson of the Letelle Farmers' Union in Groblersdal, Mpumalanga, says although biotechnology can play a role in modernising farming techniques, it should not be prescribed by Europe and North America. The draft national strategy says South Africa should ""assess our biotechnology programmes within the framework of the Constitution, which ensures our rights to safety, to choice and to information establish suitable regulatory systems for export-import trade in biotechnology products and to increase the level of public awareness and acceptance of these products"". The government is allocating R45-million as part of the overall strategy on biotechnology, and an additional R182-million on biotechnology research and development. There are about 600 biotechnology research projects in South Africa in the fields of agriculture, food, veterinary science, the environment and chemistry. ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g16,g17,g18,g19,NULL,g20,NULL,NULL,g5,NULL,g7,NULL,NULL,Draft Policy For GM Foods,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Africa News, GM Foods, bio-safety guidelines, biotechnology, date palms, bananas, soy beans, dry beans, embryo transfer, human organ transplant, vitro fertilisation, vaccine production, South African National National Seed Organisation, Dr Wynand van der Walt, Convention on Biological Diversity, Cartagena Bio-safety Protocol, Department of Agriculture, Dr Shadrack Moephuli, pollution, cross-pollination, Dr Chris Viljoen, University of the Free State, deoxyribo-nuclei acid technology, starches, oils, syrups, Jerry Sefoloshe, Letelle Farmers Union, R45-million, R182-million. ",NULL,2001-10-09,NULL,pak,NULL,1st,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-05,NULL,NULL,Africa News,NULL,NULL,NULL,The government has allocated R182-million to biotechnology research and development,Draft Policy For GM Foods,5855,NULL,NULL "Organizaciones internacionales, asociaciones de agricultores, instituciones cientficas, organizaciones no gubernamentales y otras entidades, de ms de 70 pases desarrollados o en vas de desarrollo, han participado en el I Congreso Mundial de Agricultura de Conservacin celebrado en Madrid, del 1 al 5 de octubre 2001. ",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-08,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C2,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL," internacionales, asociaciones de agricultores, instituciones cientficas, organizaciones no gubernamentales y otras entidades, de ms de 70 pases desarrollados o en vas de desarrollo, han participado en el I Congreso Mundial de Agricultura de Conservacin celebrado en Madrid, del 1 al 5 de octubre 2001. Su principal objetivo ha sido analizar y promover la adopcin en el mbito mundial de los principios y prcticas de la agricultura de conservacin. La acumulacin de experiencias positivas de la agricultura de conservacin la han llevado a ser rpidamente adoptada en diversas zonas agroecolgicas de todo el mundo, desde el trpico hmedo hasta las estepas de clima fro. Su aceptacin y adopcin proporciona la base para asegurar la produccin continuada de suficientes alimentos para abastecer una poblacin mundial en crecimiento, al mismo tiempo que conserva y mejora los recursos naturales de la tierra, el agua y el clima. La agricultura convencional se basa en prcticas como la quema de residuos de la cosecha (rastrojo) o el laboreo profundo del suelo, con el fin de controlar las malas hierbas y preparar el lecho de siembra. Dichas prcticas son en general perjudiciales para el medioambiente, dado que alteran su estructura y equilibrio biolgico natural, se compacta el suelo y se incrementa la erosin y consiguiente contaminacin de los ros con sedimentos. Adems, se produce una emisin extra de dixido de carbono (CO2) a la atmsfera y disminuye el contenido de materia orgnica de los suelos, lo que contribuye al calentamiento global. El impacto desfavorable de tales prcticas agrcolas se manifiesta en todo el mundo por la aceleracin en la degradacin de muchos ecosistemas naturales, la disminucin de la biodiversidad y el aumento del riesgo de desertificacin en las zonas ms vulnerables. Los problemas que se derivan de la agricultura convencional se pueden evitar en gran medida adoptando los principios de la agricultura de conservacin. Las tcnicas conservacionistas alteran lo mnimo posible la composicin, la estructura y la biodiversidad natural del suelo, defendindolo de la erosin y la degradacin. Consisten en diversas prcticas, tales como la siembra directa/mnimo laboreo, el no enterramiento de los residuos de las cosechas y establecimiento de cubiertas vegetales. Combina las caractersticas bsicas de la produccin junto a las de la conservacin. Consigue que la agricultura sea sostenible y permita el desarrollo rural, a travs de la integracin de la biodiversidad vegetal, la diversificacin y el eficiente uso de los recursos de la produccin agrcola, propicia la produccin de alimentos y mejorar la vida rural. Sus muchos beneficios econmicos, sociales y medioambientales justifican una reevaluacin de los mtodos comunes de cultivo de la tierra. Este Congreso mundial hace una llamada a polticos, instituciones internacionales, medioambientalistas, agricultores e industria privada para que apoyen la agricultura de conservacin y pueda desarrollarse ms rpidamente, as como para que acepten los principios en que se basa como el camino de asegurar a largo plazo la continuidad de la capacidad productiva de suelo agrario para producir alimentos y otros productos agrcolas, as como la calidad de
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las aguas superficiales. Plan de accin Con el fin de que los beneficios potenciales de la adopcin de la agricultura de conservacin sean una realidad en el mbito mundial, los participantes en el Congreso instan a los gobiernos nacionales y a las organizaciones internacionales a: <ol><li>Poner en prctica estrategias polticas y administrativas que conduzcan a la introduccin y adopcin de la agricultura de conservacin, as como promover las necesarias inversiones privadas en el mismo sentido, sustentando lo anterior en el reconocimiento de que la agricultura de conservacin proporciona un beneficio pblico por medio de la conservacin de los recursos naturales y la proteccin del medioambiente.</li> <li>Mantener una colaboracin activa con agricultores y empresas del sector privado en el desarrollo de las tecnologas que sean necesarias para llevar a cabo la agricultura de conservacin.</li> <li>Para la consecucin de lo anterior, el papel del sector pblico debera ser proporcionar el apoyo oportuno: <blockquote>a) Recompensando a los agricultores por el coste al realizar la transicin desde la agricultura tradicional a la conservacin. b) Cuantificando los beneficios pblicos de la reduccin de inundaciones y daos a infraestructuras civiles, entre otros, que en definitiva resultan de la iniciativa privada de los agricultores que adoptan las tcnicas conservacionistas. c) Y proveyendo fondos para oportunas y cruciales investigaciones, o si lo anterior no es posible, adoptando servicio de asesoramiento al sector privado.</blockquote></li> <li>El sector pblico debera, adems, facilitar una legislacin para que se adopte y se mantenga la agricultura de conservacin en el mbito local.</li> <li>Las organizaciones internacionales deberan seguir una directriz comn para alcanzar los beneficios que se obtienen de la adopcin de la agricultura de conservacin.</li> <li>Las actividades de promocin deberan basarse en las experiencias, el conocimiento y las tradiciones locales y deberan proporcionar informacin, educacin, aprendizaje y capacidad constructiva con el objetivo de desarrollar prcticas locales adaptadas a los principios de la agricultura de conservacin.</li></ol>
Este Congreso mundial ha sido organizado por la FAO (Organizacin de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentacin. Roma, Italia) y ECAF (Federacin Europea de Agricultura de Conservacin. Bruselas, Blgica), con participacin de numerosas organizaciones internacionales y contribuciones de los cinco continentes y de ms de 70 pases. ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g11,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,Declaracin del I Congreso Mundial de Agricultura de Conservacin celebrado en Madrid,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,l5,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-08,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-05, del I Congreso Mundial de Agricultura de Conservacin celebrado en Madrid,5856,NULL,NULL "At the initiative of Research Commissioner Philippe Busquin, a round table on GMOs (genetically modified organisms) safety research has been launched today. ",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-10,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C2,C3,NULL,NULL,NULL,C7,C8,NULL,"At the initiative of Research Commissioner Philippe Busquin, a round table on GMOs (genetically modified organisms) safety research has been launched today. It brings together European biosafety researchers and other stakeholders, such as consumer organisations, national administrations and industry, to ensure that up-to-date knowledge accompanies the safe use of GMOs. The Round Table will also allow interested stakeholders to discuss research results coming from the European Research Area and identify new research items. Moreover, the Commission has today published a report on the results of the biosafety research that it has supported over 15 years. This publication summarises the 81 projects, which have received a total EU-funding of 70 million and have involved over 400 scientific teams from all parts of Europe. Research on GM plants and derived products so far developed and marketed, following usual risk assessment procedures, has not shown any new risks to human health or the environment, beyond the usual uncertainties of conventional plant breeding. Indeed, the use of more precise technology and the greater regulatory scrutiny probably make them even safer than conventional plants and foods. If there are unforeseen environmental effects - none have appeared as yet these should be rapidly detected by existing monitoring systems. Commenting on the launch of the new Round Table Philippe Busquin said: ""Between the enthusiastic exaggeration of certain GMO 'crusaders' and the radicalism of a minority among their opponents, there is an urgent need to find room for a reasonable compromise, based on sound and measured scientific arguments of risk assessment and prudent management. This is also an exercise in reconciling science and society, bringing together scientists and the interested public to discuss the results of research and to jointly outline a future research agenda in a co-ordinated way across Europe."" The good news that no significant problems have been encountered does, however, not always reach the public and political debate. Therefore, the Round Table on GMO safety seeks to raise the voice of science in the GMO debate by establishing an ongoing discussion forum on the research results relating to benefits and risks of GMOs. It also aims to present to a broad range of European stakeholders the results of EC-supported research, and (in the spirit of the European Research Area) national activities, within the EU and elsewhere, and relevant international activities. It seeks to overcome existing prejudices on all sides and avoid sterile polarisation. Dialogue will be encouraged, through informed and structured debate, enabling all parties to be better informed of each other's views and values. The first meeting of the round table will focus in particular on one GM crop, Bt maize, which was one of the first GM crops to be approved for cultivation in Europe (23 January 1997). The Member States established a programme at an early stage for monitoring insect resistance to Bt-maize, and assessing any potential adverse effects for human health and the
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environment. Biosafety research over the past quarter-century has played a key role in accompanying the development and diffusion of products of modern biotechnology, in health care agri-food and the environment. The benefits of more precise methods are becoming clear, and conjectural risks have been and continue to be addressed by corresponding research. For more information about the subject see <a href=""http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/quality-of-life/gmo/index.html"" target=""_blank"">http://europa.eu.int /comm/research/quality-of-life/gmo/index.html </a> ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g4,g5,NULL,g7,NULL,NULL,Commission Launches Round Table On GMO Safety Research ,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Genetically modified organisms, EU, GM plants.",NULL,2001-10-11,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2nd,NULL,2001-10-09,NULL,NULL,European Commission,NULL,NULL,http://europa.eu.int,NULL,Commission Launches Round Table On GMO Safety Research,5869,uk,NULL The biotech market in India is expected to witness a sharp jump to touch $2.5 billion by 2002 as against $800 million a year ago.,NULL,NULL,R Ravichandran,NULL,2001-10-10,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C2,NULL,NULL,NULL,C6,NULL,C8,NULL,"The biotech market in India is expected to witness a sharp jump to touch $2.5 billion by 2002 as against $800 million a year ago. Job opportunities are set to double in the coming years as against the present strength of 10,000 people, with research holding 50 per cent growth, technical/services 30 per cent and 15 per cent growth in management, leading global consultant Ernst & Young has said in its recent report on biotech sector. It is soon expected to explode into a major market and will become an important sector for the major corporates, including pharmaceutical companies to get into. It will also encourage convergence of IT with biotech sector, according to the report. With the development of recombinant Hepatitis B virus vaccine, tissue culture products, bio-enhancers in anti-TB and anti-leprosy drugs and an interferon alfa drug for treatment of cancer domestically, the sector is holding a promising future and tremendous untapped potential, the report pointed out. There are opportunities in developing new biotech-based vaccines for HIV, cancer, diarrheal, TB, malaria and other viruses in India and new business can be created for monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies for immunodiagnosis, Ernst & Young said. There is a great potential for joint ventures and technical collaborations to manufacture biotech products for local consumption and exports. Huge market exists for the bio-science firms seeking research and business alliances with Indian firms, it added. The report also identified few market segments for joint venture partnerships including contract research and manufacturing services, research/medical instruments, bio-medical devices, research reagents, aquaculture waste treatment and bio-fertiliser. Though there are about 800 companies operating in all sectors of biotechnology in India, only 15 companies are working seriously in modern biotechnology. And none of these companies have introduced any product of original research for the first time in the world but some have introduced known products, the report pointed out. It has also said that the benefits from the use of biotechnology are numerous, ranging from product development in pharmaceuticals to sustainable development in solving problems of land and water pollution. Indias growing population of over one billion would immensely benefit from the use of biotechnology and generic engineering services and product development in pharmaceuticals, nutrition, agriculture and the energy sectors, the report said. There are several advantages in the setting up of modern biotechnology industries in India as it has core competence in some areas, besides it has a huge skilled manpower and several R&D institutes such as CSIR, CCMB, IMT, ICAR, DBT, CDRI etc. The areas of core competence in India, including capacity in handling sterlite fermentation processes, skills in handling microbes and animal cells, capacity in downstream processing and isolation methods, skills in extraction and isolation of plant and animal products, competence in plant and animal breeding and infrastructure in fabricating bio-reactors and processing equipment, it pointed out. The other areas include healthcare and pharmaceuticals, bio-informatics and genomics, biodiversity and enviromental biotechnology, agriculture, industrial enzymes, drug resolution and growth promoting biocontrol agents; genemics amd molecular medicine; nucleic acid and peptide chemistry. ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g16,g17,g18,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g7,NULL,NULL,Biotech Sector In India Set To Expand,yes,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Biotech, R Ravichandran, Ernst & Young, Hepatitis B, tissue culture products, bio-enhancers, anti-TB, anti-leprosy, HIV, cancer, diarrheal, TB, malaria, monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, immunodiagnosis, bio-fertiliser, pharmaceuticals, sustainable development, pharmaceuticals, nutrition, agriculture, energy sectors, CSIR, CCMB, IMT, ICAR, DBT, CDRI, sterlite fermentation, microbes, animal cells, plant breeding, animal breeding, bio-informatics, genomics, biodiversity, environmental biotechnology, agriculture, industrial enzymes, drug resolution, nucleic acid, peptide chemistry. ",NULL,2001-10-25,NULL,pak,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,1st,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-09,NULL,NULL,Financial Express,NULL,NULL,http://www.financialexpress.com,NULL,"Biotech Sector In India Set To Expand ",5868,NULL,NULL "Scientists are developing safe, inexpensive, plant-based vaccines to protect against diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B and rabies, according to Alexander V. Karasev, Ph.D., a leading expert in biotechnology vaccine research.",afr,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-09,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,C2,NULL,NULL,C5,NULL,C7,C8,NULL,"The Biotechnology Foundation Laboratories at Thomas Jefferson University is readying spinach to administer a HIV vaccine. ""If the magic bullet for HIV is found, we can quickly incorporate it into our production system. So far the two best targets for HIV-1 are the envelope protein and the HIV-1 transcriptional trans-activator protein (tat), which is a small regulatory protein that is a key component to the replicative machinery of the virus. We expressed the small tat protein in the virus vector, and we can produce it in a very high yield in plants. At this particular point we are testing these plants as antigens,"" reports Dr. Karasev, an assistant professor in the department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia. 
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NEW YORK-- Scientists are developing safe, inexpensive, plant-based vaccines to protect against diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B and rabies, according to Alexander V. Karasev, Ph.D., a leading expert in biotechnology vaccine research. ""Plant-based vaccines represent the way of the future primarily because of two considerations - cost and safety,"" says Dr. Karasev, an assistant professor in the department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia and part of the Biotechnology Foundation Laboratories at Thomas Jefferson University. Dr. Karasev spoke today at an American Medical Association media briefing on food biotechnology. ""When fully developed, plant-based vaccines will be much less expensive than current vaccines. Today, fully immunizing one person against hepatitis B can cost as much as $450. In the future, thanks to plant-based vaccines, the same immunization will cost a fraction of that and, therefore, be available to more people."" ""Plants are also the safest vaccine delivery vehicle imaginable. When produced in animal tissue culture and in human cells, each vaccine lot requires extensive testing for safety reasons. One concern is contamination by unknown pathogens,"" Dr. Karasev explains. ""These necessary safety measures add to the cost of our current vaccines."" ""Plant-based vaccines are more like a prescription drug than a food. When people think about drugs, they are less concerned about genetic manipulation, and their main concern is whether it works or not,"" Dr. Karasev adds. Dr. Karasev is a member of a scientific team working under the direction of Hillary Koprowski, M.D. Their laboratory is focused on developing vaccine components in edible plants - primarily spinach, lettuce and soybeans - that can be grown in developing countries fighting infectious diseases, according to Dr. Karasev. The laboratory is readying spinach to administer a HIV vaccine. ""If the magic bullet for HIV is found, we can quickly incorporate it into our production system. So far the two best targets for HIV-1 are the envelope protein and the HIV-1 transcriptional trans-activator protein (tat), which is a small regulatory protein that is a key component to the replicative machinery of the virus. We expressed the small tat protein in the virus vector, and we can produce it in a very high yield in plants. At this particular point we are testing these plants as antigens,"" Dr. Karasev reports. The researchers have successfully cloned the standard gene currently used in the recombinant hepatitis B vaccine into the lettuce genome using traditional methods of transgenic plant generation. The transgenic lettuce was fed to a group of volunteers in Poland who demonstrated a good immunization boost response after the initial application of the lettuce. The vaccine is about two to three years away from being fully developed. ""The current hepatitis-B vaccine is expensive and requires three different injections at $150 each. Eliminating even one injection decreases the cost of delivering the vaccine by 30 percent,"" Dr. Karasev states. The laboratory has created a rabies vaccination using spinach. Dr. Karasev says study subjects have demonstrated a good response to three doses of the spinach-delivered rabies vaccine. The first human trial involved eight people and the second trial involved 16 subjects divided into a control group and an experimental group that ate about 150 grams of spinach leaves. When tested, their antibodies were boosted. The rabies vaccine will be fully developed in the next two to four years. ""There is a great need to develop a relatively simple vaccine for rabies, especially in India. The current vaccine is an old Pasteur vaccine that is used for post-exposure treatment only after someone has already been bitten by a rabid animal,"" states Dr. Karasev. Agribusiness and agriculture can produce a large volume of inexpensive vaccines in edible plants. Dr. Karasev says pills will be made from dehydrated vaccine plants to assure delivery of constant amounts of the vaccine. ""Eliminating infectious diseases through plant-based vaccines will tremendously help people in developing countries,"" notes Dr. Karasev. ""We have to support it as a government and as a people in order to help developing countries plagued with these pestilence and their dramatic sicknesses and emotional discomfort."" Dr. Karasev's research is supported by grants from Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the U.S. Department of Agriculture.",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g15,g16,g17,g18,NULL,NULL,g20,NULL,g4,g5,g6,g7,g8,g9,"Plant-Based Vaccines Show Promise Against Infectious Diseases; Benefits Include Vaccine Safety, Lower ",yes,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"The Biotechnology Foundation Laboratories, HIV vaccine, hepatitis B and rabies, biotechnology.",NULL,2001-10-09,NULL,pak,NULL,2nd,NULL,NULL,NULL,2nd,NULL,NULL,2001-10-04,NULL,NULL,AScribe News,NULL,NULL,http://www.ascribe.org/,NULL,"Plant-Based Vaccines Show Promise Against Infectious Diseases; Benefits Include Vaccine Safety, Lower",5859,uk,NULL "\""This is the first major empirical study that sheds light on the policy
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dynamics influencing the adoption of biotechnology in developing countries.\"" ",afr,NULL,Robert L. Paarlberg,NULL,2001-10-09,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C2,C3,C4,NULL,C6,C7,NULL,C9,"""This is the first major empirical study that sheds light on the policy dynamics influencing the adoption of biotechnology in developing countries. The analytical framework and the wealth of new information make it both original and substantive. In addition, the study is an honest and candid account of trends in developing countries. This is an important book that will inspire the practitioner, challenge the academic, satisfy the curious, and appease the bewildered."" <div align=""right"">-- Calestous Juma, Harvard University</div> Genetically modified (GM) food crops have inspired increasing controversy over the past decade. By the mid-1990s they were widely grown in the U.S., Canada, and Argentina, but precautionary regulations continue to limit their use elsewhere. The restrictive policies of Europe and Japan toward GM crops have been much discussed. Less attention has been paid to the policies affecting the adoption of GM crops in the developing world, where their potential impact on the availability and quality of food is even greater. In this book Robert Paarlberg looks at the policy choices regarding GM food made by four important developing countries: Kenya, Brazil, India, and China. Of these, so far only China has approved the planting of GM crops. Paarlberg identifies five policy areas in which governments of developing countries can either support or discourage GM crops: intellectual property rights, biosafety, trade, food safety, and public research and investment. He notes that highly cautious biosafety policies have so far been the key reason that Kenya, Brazil, and India have hesitated to plant GM crops. These cautious policies have been strongly reinforced by international market forces and international diplomatic and NGO pressures. China has been less cautious toward GM crops, in part because there is less opportunity in China for international organizations or independent critics of GM crops to challenge official policy. ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,g13,NULL,g15,g16,g17,g18,g19,NULL,g20,NULL,g4,g5,g6,g7,NULL,g9,The Politics of Precaution: Genetically Modified Crops In Developing Countries,yes,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"The Politics of Precaution, Genetically Modified Crops, Calestous Juma, GM, developing world, Robert Paarlberg, intellectual property rights, biosafety, trade, food safety, public research, investment, international market forces, international diplomatic pressures, NGO pressures.",NULL,2001-10-09,NULL,pak,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,1st,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-09,NULL,NULL,International Food Policy Research Institute,NULL,NULL,http://www.ifpri.cgiar.org,NULL,"The Politics of Precaution: Genetically Modified Crops In Developing Countries ",5860,uk,NULL "Brussels is mounting a campaign to increase vastly the amount of GM crops and foods grown and eaten in Britain and throughout Europe.",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-09,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C2,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C7,C8,NULL is, according to this story, mounting a campaign to increase vastly the amount of GM crops and foods grown and eaten in Britain and throughout Europe. The story says that the European Commission is calling a meeting next week of the 15 EU governments to persuade them to lift a three-year moratorium on approving new GM varieties. The story says that documents seen by this newspaper show the EC wants them almost to double the amount of approved GM foods and more than treble the number of permitted GM crops even before a recently agreed directive has been put into force. Friends of the Earth warned yesterday that the plan, if adopted, would lead to ""widespread commercial growing"" of the crops and ""flood"" supermarkets with the foods. There would be huge resistance from public opinion, which brought about the standstill in the first place. The background documents for the meeting, which will be held on 16 October, laments the moratorium, which, it says, has resulted in no new GM products being approved since October 1998 and compares Europe unfavourably with the US where the crops and foods are ubiquitous. ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g4,g5,g6,g7,NULL,NULL,Brussels Tells Britain: Grow More GM Food ,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"GM crops, European Commission.",NULL,2001-10-09,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,1st,NULL,2001-10-07,NULL,NULL,Biotech Knowledge Centre,NULL,NULL,http://www.biotechknowledge.com/,(Summary),Brussels Tells Britain: Grow More GM Food,5861,uk,NULL "EPA has determined that there is reasonable certainty that Bt cotton will not pose unreasonable risks to human health or to the environment. ",afr,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-09,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,C8,C9,"We are still waiting for word from EPA about whether they will renew the registration period for Bt corn. We have just learned that the conditional registration of Bt cotton has been extended for 5 years, but still there is no word on Bt corn. We assume we will learn something soon. In the meantime, it might be helpful to understand the conditions associated with the renewed registration of Bt cotton. Many, if not all, of these same conditions probably will apply to Bt corn if a renewed registration is granted. EPA has determined that there is reasonable certainty that Bt cotton will not pose unreasonable risks to human health or to the environment. They arrived at this conclusion after an exhaustive review of information and a huge amount of public input. However, some conditions with the renewed registration of Bt cotton were amended to the registration. According to Stephen Johnson, assistant administrator for EPA's Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, ""As a condition of EPA's approval of the Bt cotton registration, we have adopted several provisions to strengthen insect
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resistance management, improve grower awareness and stewardship, and prevent gene flow from Bt cotton to weedy relatives."" A primary focus of the renewed registration of Bt cotton is resistance management, a strategy we have discussed at length as it relates to Bt corn. For Bt cotton, to reduce the possibility of insects developing resistance to Bt, the amended registration requires that some acres be set aside where non-Bt cotton will be grown to serve as a ""refuge."" These refuges support populations of insects that have not been exposed to the Bt toxin. The insect populations in the refuges will help prevent resistance development when they breed with any insects that survive Bt cotton fields. All of this should sound familiar because the companies and we have been strongly encouraging the use of non-Bt corn refuges for resistance management of European corn borers since Bt corn became commercially available. However, there are even more conditions regarding resistance management for the renewed registration of Bt cotton. Other provisions to maximize protection of the public and environment include an EPA requirement that Monsanto, the company that developed Bt cotton, be responsible for monitoring for any potential impacts from its continued use. Monsanto also is responsible for educating growers about the best methods of planting Bt cotton to minimize any potential development of insect resistance or gene transfer to other plants. So, there you have it. Good news for cotton growers. However, still no news for corn growers. One of the reasons for the delay of the decision regarding Bt corn was that new information about the potential effects of Bt corn on monarch caterpillars has become available, and EPA needed more time to review this information and invite public input. This issue is discussed in the following article. Detailed information about EPA's decision regarding Bt cotton has been made available on the Office of Pesticide Program's ""Biopesticides"" Web site, <a href=""http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides/"" target=""_blank"">http://www.epa.gov/pesticides /biopesticides/ </a> . Detailed information about EPA's decision regarding Bt corn will also become available at this Web site ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g15,g16,g17,g18,NULL,NULL,g20,NULL,g4,g5,g6,g7,NULL,g9,BT Corn For 2002?,yes,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Bt corn, EPA, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Bt cotton.",NULL,2001-10-09,NULL,pak,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,1st,1st,NULL,NULL,2001-10-05,NULL,NULL,University of Illinois: Pest Management and Crop Development,NULL,NULL,http://www.ag.uiuc.edu/cespubs/pest/articles/200123b.html,NULL,BT Corn For 2002?,5863,NULL,NULL "This book presents a balanced perspective on the potential benefits and risks of modern biotechnology for developing-country food and agriculture and suggests action to reduce risks and increase benefits. ",NULL,NULL,Per Pinstrup-Andersen and Ebbe Schioler,NULL,2001-10-09,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,C3,NULL,C5,C6,C7,NULL,NULL,"176 pages / October 2001; $12.95 paperback / ISBN 0-8018-6826-2 Order this book <a href=""http://www.ifpri.cgiar.org/pubs/jhu/seedscontention.htm"" target=""blank"">Click Here</a> ORDER or DOWNLOAD the Food Policy Statement 33 <a href=""http://www.ifpri.cgiar.org/pubs/pubs.htm#fps"" target=""blank"">Click Here</a> ""A timely contribution on an important issue. It is great to have an unemotional, broad-based assessment of genetically modified crops.""<br. <div align=""right""> -- Lester Brown, Worldwatch Institute ""This book presents a balanced perspective on the potential benefits and risks of modern biotechnology for developing-country food and agriculture and suggests action to reduce risks and increase benefits. It is an excellent and highly welcome addition to the ongoing debate on biotechnology and GM foods."" -- Gordon R. Conway, President, The Rockefeller Foundation ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g18,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g5,g6,g7,NULL,NULL,BOOK: \'Seeds of Contention: World Hunger and the Global Controversy Over GM Crops\',NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"World Hunger, GM Crops, Per Pinstrup-Anderson, Ebbe Schioler, Lester Brown, Worldwatch Institute, Gordon R. Conway, The Rockefeller Foundation.",NULL,2001-10-11,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-10,NULL,NULL,International Food Policy Research Institute,NULL,NULL,http://www.ifpri.cgiar.org,NULL,BOOK: \'Seeds of Contention: World Hunger and the Global Controversy Over GM Crops\',5866,NULL,NULL "British farmers could soon be growing an increased acreage of GM crops under proposals being put forward by Brussels. ",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-09,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C2,C3,NULL,NULL,C6,C7,C8,C9,"British farmers could soon be growing an increased acreage of GM crops under proposals being put forward by Brussels. All 15 member states will be urged to lift a three-year moratorium on approving new GM varieties at a special meeting next week, amid fears that America will soon become dominant in both production and technology. No new GMOs have been approved for use here since 1998. Britain is still in the middle of an extensive programme of field-scale trials, which is not scheduled for completion until 2003. And so far only 13 GMOs have been approved for food use in Europe compared with
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50 in the US and Canada. The fear is that the varieties of maize, oilseed rape and other crops developed by companies such as Monsanto for resistance to pests or herbicides or for other special growing properties will soon become dominant in world seed markets. And despite environmentalists' fears of cross-pollination with nonGM plants, including wild ones, scientists argue that because many GMOs can be produced using fewer pesticides, they are actually kinder to wildlife. Meanwhile, farmers who plant them obtain an even bigger margin of efficiency over competitors in countries such as Britain, where conventional crops still dominate the market. Many supermarkets have already removed GM products under the pressure of massive consumer opposition fuelled by campaigns led by groups such as Friends of the Earth. Many have now extended their labelling to show that chickens, for example, have been raised on non-GM feeds. But the Food Standards Agency is unlikely to oppose the introduction of more GM food production. Officials say nowhere has it been shown that growing or eating GMOs is harmful, and that the process is only a way of speeding up traditional methods of plant improvement through breeding. Chairman Sir John Krebs says he is convinced the public will readily accept them as soon as the benefits can be demonstrated. But Friends of the Earth says the EU is disregarding genuine public health concerns by trying to rush ahead. Campaigner Adrian Bebb said: ""The public will resist having these products forced upon them."" Farmers are likely to welcome the EU's move. They say it is now impossible to compete in the global market while Britain piles up the welfare legislation and environmental controls on their activities. Livestock farmers' regional spokesman Richard Haddock said: ""The Government tell us farming must be prepared to change and compete with global market forces. The real change needs to come from Government.""",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g4,g5,g6,g7,NULL,g9,Pressure Increases To Grow GM Crops Farmers Fear Restrictions Are Handing Commercial Advantage To Americans,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"GMOs, Monsanto, herbicides, GM Crops, Food Standards Agency.",NULL,2001-10-09,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,1st,NULL,2001-10-08,NULL,NULL,Western Daily Press,NULL,NULL,http://www.westpress.co.uk/,NULL,Pressure Increases To Grow GM Crops Farmers Fear Restrictions Are Handing Commercial Advantage To Americans,5864,uk,NULL "A report from the European Union\'s head office suggested they may be even safer than regular foods which contradicts the prevailing sentiment in Europe against biotech crops. ",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-09,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C2,NULL,NULL,C5,C6,C7,NULL,C9,"According to the Associated Press, a report from the European Union's head office suggested they may be even safer than regular foods which contradicts the prevailing sentiment in Europe against biotech crops. ""The biosafety report summarizes 81 research projects financed by the EU over the last 15 years, at a cost of $64 million, on genetically modified crops and products made from them."" According to the European Commission, the research has not found ""any new risks to human health or the environment, beyond the usual uncertainties of conventional plant breeding. Indeed, the use of more precise technology and the greater regulatory scrutiny probably make them even safer than conventional plants and foods."" No unforeseen environmental effects have yet shown up, but even if they do, ``these should be rapidly detected by existing monitoring systems,'' the Commission added. The story added that the EU executive body has been seeking to increase public acceptance of genetically modified organisms, known as GMOs, to aid the lifting of a 2-year-old freeze on the marketing of new ones. The moratorium has angered U.S. exporters and hampered the growth of European biotech firms. The EU Research Commissioner Philippe Busquin said that ""between the enthusiastic exaggeration of certain GMO 'crusaders' and the radicalism of a minority among their opponents, there is an urgent need to find room for a reasonable compromise.""",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g4,g5,g6,g7,NULL,g9,EU Says Biotech Foods May Be Safer,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"biotech crops, biosafety, European Commission, genetically modified crops.",NULL,2001-10-09,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,1st,NULL,2001-10-09,NULL,NULL,Biotech Knowledge Centre,NULL,NULL,http://www.biotechknowledge.com/,(Summary),EU Says Biotech Foods May Be Safer,5865,uk,NULL "The European Union could resume approving new varieties of genetically modified foods and other products early next year
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if members sign off on a new plan to end a three-year moratorium, EU Consumer Health Commissioner David Byrne.",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-10,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,C8,C9,"According to Reuters, the European Union could resume approving new varieties of genetically modified foods and other products early next year if members sign off on a new plan to end a three-year moratorium, EU Consumer Health Commissioner David Byrne. Reuters reported earlier that the European Commission had worked out a compromise to allow EU governments to end the pause in approvals of new genetically modified (GM) products ranging from foods to pharmaceuticals. According to the story, Byrne remarked to reporters in Washington and said that a European Commission meeting next Tuesday will gauge whether there is agreement among the 15 members over legislation governing the approval process and consumer labeling requirements for GM products. If so, new guidelines mirroring the legislation could be devised ""between now and Christmas,"" Byrne said, with the goal of launching GM approvals ""early next year."" More than a dozen such products are awaiting approval by the EU.",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g15,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g4,g5,g6,g7,NULL,NULL,EU\'s Byrne Says GM Product Approval Could Resume,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"European Union, genetically modified foods.",NULL,2001-10-11,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-09,NULL,NULL,Biotech Knowledge Centre,NULL,NULL,http://www.biotechknowledge.com/,(Summary),EU\'s Byrne Says GM Product Approval Could Resume,5867,uk,NULL "A Sino-British inter-university biotechnology research and development centre was established in Shanghai to promote research on growing more productive crops.",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-10,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C2,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C8,NUL Sino-British inter-university biotechnology research and development centre was established in Shanghai to promote research on growing more productive crops. Jointly launched by Fudan and Jiaotong universities in Shanghai and Nottingham University in the United Kingdom, the research centre will, the story says, have more than 40 scientists working collaboratively at the three universities. Scientists say the research of basic plant and plant-related science issues are too long-term, multidisciplinary and highly risky to be conducted by single investigator grants. Sir Colin Campbell, vice-chancellor of Nottingham University, was quoted as saying, ""We all feel that it is necessary and the right time to establish a special plant biotechnology centre,"" and that the researchers will have a virtual laboratory using wireless technology. They will also travel to each other's campuses to collaborate more closely and work more efficiently on plant biotechnologies they are interested in, he said. The centre will focus its study on the molecular cloning of functional genes from wild plant resources; the use of plants as a bioreactor to produce pharmaceutical products or functional foods; molecular farming for Chinese medicine; biosafety and field assessment of genetically modified crops; and fundamental research in plant breeding, genetics and biotechnology. ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g18,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g7,NULL,NULL,"Biotech Centre Attracts Chinese, British Scientists",NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"biotech centre, china daily, shanghai, Fudan university, Jiaotong university, Nottingham university, Sir Colin Campbell, bioreactor, pharmaceutical products, functional foods, molecular farming, chinese medicine, genetically modified crops.",NULL,2001-10-11,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-09,NULL,NULL,China Daily,NULL,NULL,http://www1.chinadaily.com.cn/news/index.html,NULL,"Biotech Centre Attracts Chinese, British Scientists",5870,NULL,NULL "Eating organically grown food puts consumers at risk of the following diseases: Food poisoning from: Salmonella, E.coli 0157 and Cryptosporidiosis, mycotoxin poisoning, liver cancer and other cancers (e.g oesophageal) and probably new variant CJD.",afr,NULL,Dr Geraldine Rodgers,NULL,2001-10-10,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,C2,NULL,NULL,C5,NULL,C7,NULL,NULL,"Eating organically grown food puts consumers at risk of the following diseases: Food poisoning from: Salmonella, E.coli 0157 and Cryptosporidiosis, mycotoxin poisoning, liver cancer and other cancers (e.g oesophageal) and probably new variant CJD. Why? Organic farmers use animal wastes as fertiliser. Animal manure is a reservoir of enteric pathogens. Carrier animals are asymptomatic (i.e apparently disease free). Free range chickens carry Salmonella, chicken manure is considered to be an excellent source of nitrogenous fertiliser. A child died and others were left with permanent kidney damage in the USA after eating vegetables and fruit contaminated with manure carrying E.coli 0157 (the one responsible for deaths in Scotland). BSE was transmitted from sheep to cattle because they ate food containing rendered sheeps carcasses that were carrying the scrapie prion (sheep BSE). Organic farmers use bone meal made by the same rendering companies. Microscopic relatives of poisonous mushrooms produce equally toxic chemicals called mycotoxins. The fungi invade plants through insect damage, and if not controlled by fungicides grow and produce compounds which are amongst THE MOST TOXIC, CARCINOGENIC, compounds known to man. Pesticieds and fungicides are mothers milk compared to some mycotoxins!! People die from liver cancer as a result of eating food contaminated with toxins produced by the Aspergillus fungal family. Oesophageal cancer is caused by members of another fungal group. Organic farmers do not control insect damage with insecticides, nor do they protect their crops from fungal infestations with fungicides. We don't like chemical sprays, organic food isn't a safe alternative, but auto-resistant crops made through GM technology would be. Think about it. What do organic farmers do to make sure their produce is safe to eat, other than hypnotise us into believing it is? I want evidence of safety no less rigorous than that being demanded of the GM foods producers. While everyone's
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peering at GM foods down an electron microscope we could be in for the much heralded epidemics of cancer courtesy of the organic farming lobby. <hr> Dr Geraldine Rodgers, Cambridge, UK (Statements, questions etc. should be send by e-mail <a href=""mailto:brandtp@rki.de"">brandtp@rki.de</a> or mail (Prof. Dr. Dr. Peter Brandt, Robert Koch-Institut, Zentrum Gentechnik, Wollankstrae 15 17, D-13187 Berlin, Germany) ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g15,g16,g17,g18,NULL,NULL,g20,g3,g4,g5,g6,g7,g8,g9,Eating Organically Grown Food Puts Consumers at Risk of Diseases,yes,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"organically grown food, diseases, food poisoning, salmonella, e.coli, cryptosporidiosis, mycotoxin poisoning, liver cancer, oesophageal, CJD, enteric pathogens, nitrogenous fertiliser,scrapie prion, sheep BSE, poisonous mushrooms, mycotoxins, fungicides, pesticides, fungicides, toxins, aspergillus fungal family, insecticide, fungicide.",NULL,2001-10-11,NULL,pak,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,1st,NULL,2001-10-10,NULL,NULL,BWG Online,NULL,NULL,http://www.bwg-berlin.de,NULL,Eating Organically Grown Food Puts Consumers at Risk of Diseases,5871,uk,NULL "Communicating the science of biotechnology to non-scientists is the professional mission of Bruce Chassy. The professor and associate director of the Biotechnology Center at the University of Illinois believes that much of the controversy surrounding the science of biotechnology and genetically modified organisms (GMOs) is driven by misinformation and misconceptions about the science.",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-10,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,C3,NULL,NULL,C6,C7,C8,C9,"Com the science of biotechnology to non-scientists is the professional mission of Bruce Chassy. The professor and associate director of the Biotechnology Center at the University of Illinois believes that much of the controversy surrounding the science of biotechnology and genetically modified organisms (GMOs) is driven by misinformation and misconceptions about the science. In his efforts to help policymakers and the public become better informed about biotechnology, Chassy recently chaired a team of scientific experts called together by The Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST). The group analysed government regulatory policies and offered recommendations intended to allow the public more access to the decisions behind the regulatory process. CAST is an international consortium of 37 scientific and professional societies whose goal is to communicate science-based information on food, fiber, agricultural, natural resource and environmental issues to the public. ""The greatest challenge,"" says Chassy, ""is not having access to the documentation on how regulators come to their decisions. We believe the public would have more confidence in the process if they knew the rationale for regulatory decisions to accept or reject new biotech crops."" The expert panel produced a CAST ""Issues Paper"" that spells out several policy and research recommendations. One policy recommendation was made in an effort to avoid another StarLink corn incident. ""The StarLink recall scenario could have been avoided if EPA had not issued a split approval, so we have specifically recommended that this not be done again. Before a crop enters commodity streams, it needs to be approved for both human consumption and animal feed."" The recommendations for research encouraged additional independent research be conducted on the environmental effects of second-generation biotech crops, development of more rapid screening methods for identifying proteins in raw grains and vegetables, and on food allergies. ""Because there has been so much discussion about whether or not biotech crops will cause food allergies,"" says Chassy, ""there is a need for a centralized, publicly accessible, searchable database of known allergens. You might say that food allergy sufferers have been largely overlooked since there is little federal funding for such research. ""We do not know what leads certain dietary proteins to be food allergens and so it is difficult to predict if a specific protein will become an allergen,"" he says. ""If adopted, our recommendation would be a big step toward improving our understanding of food allergies. This may be an example of how a controversy about a specific subject such as biotechnology can promote research whose benefits will be much broader than the evaluation of the safety of biotechnology."" ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g15,g16,g17,NULL,NULL,NULL,g20,NULL,g4,g5,g6,g7,g8,g9,Building Confidence In Biotechnology,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"biotechnology, Rooster News Network, Bruce Chassy, University of Illinois, genetically modified organisms, GMOs, Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, CAST, Issues Paper, Starlink, EPA, food allergies, allergens, ",NULL,2001-10-11,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-07,NULL,NULL,Rooster News Network,NULL,NULL,http://ww2.rooster.com/,NULL,"Building Confidence In Biotechnology ",5872,uk,NULL Read an assortment of news items concerning agricultural biotechnology from various sources.,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-10,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C5,C6,NULL,NULL,N name=""top""></a>Contents: <ul> <li><a href=""#fao"">World Lacks Will To Conquer Hunger: FAO</a></li> <li><a href=""#cotton"">
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Genetically Improved Cotton 10% of World Cotton Area in 2001 </a></li> <li><a href=""#WTO"">World Bank sees WTO boosting Chinese Agriculture</a> </li> <li> <a href=""#tissue"">Tissue Culture</a> </li> <li> <a href=""#technology"">Bad Technology Or Good Technology?</a> </li> <li><a href=""#future"">The Future of Indias Cotton Industry </a></li> <li> <a href=""#egovernance"">e-governance: for India or Bharat? </a> </li> <li> <a href=""#us"">US scientists release genome sequence of A. tumefaciens</a> </li> </ul> (To receive full-colour editions of Biotechnology Global Update through the mail, send your name and address to <a href=""mailto:biotechinfo@ap.monsanto.com"">biotechinfo@ap.monsanto.com</a>) <hr width=""75%"" align=""left"" noshade> <a name=""fao""></a>World Lacks Will To Conquer Hunger: FAO Global Meeting in November to Halve the Hungry by 2015 Rome: The world lacks the commitment to feed its people and the war on hunger is being lost, according to the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). A World Food Summit held five years ago set the goal of halving world hunger by 2015, and said the number of undernourished people must fall by 20 million a year for this to be achieved. So far, the number is falling by just eight million and more than 800 million people, 200 million of them children, still go to bed hungry. The FAO has called a follow-up summit for November 5-9 at its headquarters in Rome to galvanise the international community into action to achieve the target set in 1996. The purpose of this event is to give new impetus to worldwide efforts on behalf of hungry people, said Jacques Diouf, director general of the FAO. We must raise both the political will and the financial resources to fight hunger, the Senegalese official said. There is a need to recognise that hunger is a violation of basic human rights. The focus at the summit will be to recall that there is this gap (in achieving hunger reduction) and to call on all parties to exercise more political will and more resources, Hartwig de Haen, an FAO assistant director general, said. The FAO believes that the world lacks the commitment to ensure all its population has enough to eat and that poorer countries must do more to eradicate want at home rather than rely on foreign aid, officials say. The United Nations estimates that 1.2 billion people three-quarters of whom live in rural areas survive on less than one dollar per day. War On Hunger Helps Rich States Too De Haen told Reuters the November summit would stress that the goal to halve the number of hungry people by 2015 was still within reach if the international community acted decisively. He also said it was in the interests of rich countries to eradicate hunger. Better nourished people are more productive and people with lower levels of hunger are more prosperous. As a result, they are better trading partners. Fighting hunger produces economic benefits, such as higher economic growth, less social spending, a better rural-urban balance with less pressure to migrate from rural to urban areas, and fewer conflicts. How to end hunger Hunger must to be tackled on several fronts, according to FAO officials: <ul> <li> Agricultural and rural development at international, national and regional levels. Poorer countries must help themselves and not just depend on foreign aid; <li> Rich states need to open up their markets to poor nations. <li> Resolving conflicts so that more funds can be spent on wealth creation; <li> Overcoming a lack of awareness about the extent of hunger and the fact that hunger is not only the result, but also the cause of poverty. Hunger makes workers less productive; <li> Saving biodiversity, so that valuable traits of animal and plant breeds, resistant to disease and drought, do not vanish; <li> Using biotechnology to boost yields, as long as adequate safeguards are in place to protect health and the environment. Genetically modified crops reduce the need for costly chemical inputs such as herbicides that many poor farmers cannot afford. </ul> The FAO will seek pledges from world leaders attending the summit to back a new war chest, with an initial target of $500 million, to battle world hunger. (Reuters,September 13, 2001; <a href=""http://www.fao.org/news/2001/010304-e.htm"" target=""blank"">http://www.fao.org/news/2001/010304-e.htm</a>) <a href=""#top"">Back to Top</a> <hr width=""75%"" align=""left"" noshade> <a name=""cotton""></a> Genetically Improved Cotton 10% of World Cotton Area in 2001 Genetically improved cotton was a tenth of world cotton area in 2001, according to a report by the National Cotton Council of America. In 2001 an estimated 10 percent of world cotton areas was planted to transgenic varieties in Argentina, Australia, China, Mexico, South Africa and the US, said the report released at the International Cotton Advisory Committees 60th meeting in Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe on September 18, 2001. (The report did not include 4,363 hectares of Bt cotton planted in Indonesia where yields rose to 2.2 tonnes per hectare, far higher than the 1.4 tonnes a hectare for the Kanesia cotton commonly planted there, and 500 kg a hectare for other types of cotton. Indonesia has since decided to extend the permission
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for Bt cotton by another year, with no limits on hectarages.) All commercially available biotech cotton varieties were either insect-protected or herbicide tolerant, or both. The popularity of transgenic cotton varieties is due to improvements in insect pest management and additional options in grass and weed control, the report said. A review of safety information indicated that biotech cotton did not pose a risk to human or animal health and there were no adverse effects on the environment, the report said. At its last plenary in November 2000, the ICAC was told genetically modified cotton crops were likely to increase dramatically to 50 percent of the world crop in five to seven years. Experts say scientific work currently underway may lead to cotton strains that are drought-resistant, need less water and can produce their own natural colours. (Reuters, September 18, 2001) <a href=""#top"">Back to Top</a> <hr width=""75%"" align=""left"" noshade> <a name=""WTO""></a>World Bank sees WTO boosting Chinese Agriculture Chinas accession to the WTO could prove a boon to the countrys vast agricultural industry, says a top World Bank economist. What weve found is that China faces quite high tariff barriers on its agricultural exports and joining the WTO will eventually be a very important path for China to reduce those barriers, said Will Martin, lead economist for development economics at the World Bank. Under WTO rules, China will be required to cut tariffs and reduce non-tariff barriers such as export subsidies and quotas. Reducing the subsidies could initially have an adverse effect on Chinas farm exports. Indeed, China sold an enormous amount of corn in August, a move grain analysts said could have been an effort to unload inventories before the subsidies were phased out. According to the World Bank figures, Chinas tiny share of world food exports wont change much in the near term. It estimates that Chinas share of food grains exports would be just 0.1 percent in 2005, whether or not it joined WTO. Its share of other food products would be 1.3 percent with accession, not much more than the 1.2 percent without. That compares with a 47 percent share of world apparel exports that China would achieve by joining the free trade club, more than double the portion it could hope for without WTO. Martin says WTO entry would also give China a tremendous opportunity to diversify from food grains to higher value-added agricultural export products. By reducing barriers imposed against Chinese goods by other countries, Martin says the WTO would allow China to make a shift from an inward-looking agricultural sector focused on grains to one that focuses more on labour-intensive products that will generate more employment and more revenue. The key will be the reduction of tariffs against Chinas products after it joins WTO, said Martin. The average tariff barrier for manufactured goods is about eight percent, while for agriculture it is four times as high at 32 percent. So it is a big priority for China to reduce those barriers. (Reuters, September 13, 2001 <a href=""http://www.worldbank.org/developmentnews/"" target=""blank"">http://www.worldbank.org /developmentnews/</a>) <a href=""#top"">Back to Top</a> <hr width=""75%"" align=""left"" noshade> <a name=""tissue""></a>Tissue Culture Tissue Culture or micro-propagation is a method of accelerated asexual propagation integral to biotechnology. Using this technique, a small piece of plant tissue can be multiplied into several thousand plants in less than a year. The original tissue piece may be taken from a shoot tip, leaf, lateral bud, flower, stem or root tissue. With most species, the taking of the original tissue does not destroy the parent plant, a factor of considerable importance to the owner of a rare or unusual plant. Lets take a leaf. It is first cleaned of contaminating micro-organisms, fungal spores, small insects or whatever might be on board, then cut into small pieces in a laminar flow hood that provides a clean working surface. These pieces are called explants. The explants are then placed on a chemical medium that provides nutrients that enable the plant tissues to grow and develop roots, shoots, etc. The cells of the explant divide over and over to form a callus (a mass of actively dividing cells). These calluses are then placed on a suitable medium which aids development of roots and shoots. The plant with roots can then be transferred to soil and allowed to acclimatise over two weeks so that it can function optimally. From one original plant, you can thus produce hundreds of genetically identical plants. Since the plants are genetically identical and are of similar developmental age, they tend to produce flowers at the same time. This is very important to someone who wants to get them to market just as they start to flower. The formulation of the growth medium in which the explant is placed is changed depending upon whether you are trying to get the plant to produce undifferentiated callus tissue, multiply the number of plantlets, grow roots or multiply embryos for artificial seed. By changing the proportion of hormones, the callus can be made to develop into a whole plant. The callus can also be allowed to develop indefinitely and is treated as a sort of cell bank from where microcuttings (micro refers to the small size of the cutting taken, often just a few cells each) can be taken as and when required, and allowed to develop into whole plants under greenhouse conditions without seasonal interruption. In this way selected superior clones of plants can be rapidly introduced in sufficient quantities to have an impact on the plant market. This is also a way of preserving rare species. One of the most heavily researched areas of tissue culture today is selecting disease, insect, or stress-resistant plants through tissue culture. Such systems can attempt to use the natural variability known to occur in plants. Variability can also be induced through chemical or physical agents known to cause mutations. Often certain cells within plants are different from their peers but this difference is masked by the overall organisation of the plant. For example, even in frost-susceptible species, certain cells or groups of cells may be frost hardy. However, because most of the organism is killed by frost, the tolerant cells eventually die, as they are unable to support themselves without the remainder
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of the organised plant. Plant tissues grown via tissue culture can be freed from the organisation of the whole plant through callus formation. If these groups of cells are then subjected to a selection agent such as freezing, then those tolerant ones can survive while all those which are susceptible will be killed. This concept can be applied to many types of stress as well as resistance to fungal and bacterial pathogens and various types of phytotoxic chemical agents. The goal of selecting such resistant cell lines would be to reorganise whole plants from them, so that they would retain the selected resistance. Current research in this area extends across selection of salt-tolerant lines of tomato, freeze-resistant tobacco plants, herbicide-resistant agronomic crops and various species of plants with enhanced pathogen resistance. <a href=""#top"">Back to Top</a> <hr width=""75%"" align=""left"" noshade> <a name=""technology""></a>Bad Technology Or Good Technology? By Ms Chen Yi, Economy Daily, Sep. 12th, 2001 A Chinese Journalist Reports from Bt cotton fields A farmer in the cotton fields says Biotechnology has brought us hope At the end of summer and the beginning of autumn, it is a season when cotton bolls are in full bloom. It is also a season when the bollworms are most rampant. But when this correspondent came to visit Lujiang county in Anhui province, I did not see any farmer carrying sprays in the vast cotton fields. There was no disgusting odour of pesticides in the air. The expanse of green cotton fields was dotted with pretty red and yellow flowers. Standing in the cotton fields, Madam Zhang Wuzhen, head of the local government, gave me a brief account of her townships story of cotton planting: The Tongda Township began to carry out a project to enlarge its cotton fields in 1995. The project had extended to 30 villages with an area of nearly 20,000 Mu (1 Mu = 0.6 hectare) by 1998. But unfortunately that year, there broke out a very bad plague of bollworms, affecting severely all the cotton fields in the township. Cotton-growing farmers were completely disillusioned. In an attempt to protect the pillar industry of our township, the party committee and government of the township consulted with agricultural experts. As a result, we decided to grow an insect-resistant biotech variety of cotton. In 2000, there broke out again a similar plague of bollworms in the township, but we were basically not affected and instead had a bumper harvest of cotton 315 kg of cotton seeds per Mu. According to Mr. Brian Moor, a commodity analyst of FAO, among the more than 20 transgenic crops grown last year in an area of 44 million hectares of land all over the world, transgenic cotton had the highest economic value. Generally speaking, resistance to pests and viruses, and their tolerance to herbicides, characterise transgenic crops. They can also prolong the maturation period of fruits. All this reflects the great breakthroughs of biotechnology in its application to agricultural production. Looking at the cotton growing luxuriantly under the bright sunshine, this correspondent began to consider the following problem: to lighten the farmers economic burden, the first thing the country has to do is to secure the production of its crops against any violent fluctuations, whether in a good harvest year or a lean year. How to help crops to resist drought and how to help farmers cope with the unequal natural conditions confronted by them are major challenges for biotechnology. Especially in developing countries, biotechnology will bring about revolutionary breakthroughs to traditional breeding techniques, styles and results. Its application will really bring hope to farmers. It will help to improve their farming through providing low-cost solutions. And these breakthroughs will in turn touch off a new round of sustainable agricultural revolution in developing countries. <a href=""#top"">Back to Top</a> <hr width=""75%"" align=""left"" noshade> <a name=""future""></a>The Future of Indias Cotton Industry A 10-member cotton delegation from the US visited India to interact with the Indian cotton community and textile industry. The delegation described India as one of the most important markets for US cotton during 2001/02 (Hindu Business Line, September 6, 2001) The visit is of interest because US cotton share in Indian imports is 40% and US cotton shippers have started offering cotton to Indian consumers on a competitive price line. A recent Business Standard story said Indian cotton textile exports might fall by 15-20%. The paper also reported that Indian textile factories have become large users of imported cotton as it is cheaper and of better quality than the local fibre. Indian papers have carried several reports about how despite forecasts of a record cotton output in India, big cotton producing countries (themselves expecting a bumper harvest of 20 million bales against 17.67 million bales last year) are targeting India as a major export destination and that Indian cotton prices could fall by as much as 25%. Several newspapers have reported that Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan are worst affected by the bollworm, which has jeopardized a record cotton harvest this year. Agricultural experts feel that the countrys total cotton output may be higher than last year (9.4 million bales of 170 kgs each), but the output may not touch a new peak as anticipated. Experts at Ludhiana University estimate that Punjabs cotton farmers have spent Rs 750 crores on insecticides to save the crop from the bollworm, apparently in vain. The Tribune reported that the destruction of the cotton crop in the neighbouring state of Haryana is almost total and the loss on 600,000 hectares is estimated at Rs 400 crores. Experts from Punjab Agricultural University have warned that indiscriminate use of synthetic pyrethroids or their mixtures would harm the quality of seed cotton. A Haryana government official said that farmers had sprayed insecticides in excess of the specified norms and this had killed off beneficial predators, which could have kept the bollworms in check. We should have conducted a special awareness campaign to educate people on the advantages and potential dangers of genetically modified
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food, instead of this sweeping ban (now suspended). Anton Abeysekera, Chairman, Import Section, Ceylon Chamber of Commerce, quoted in Newstime, September 14, 2001 <a href=""#top"">Back to Top</a> <hr width=""75%"" align=""left"" noshade> <a name=""egovernance""></a>e-governance: for India or Bharat? Is there something behind the over-enthusiasm in bringing new technologies to India and the staunch opposition in any new technology coming to Bharat? Evidence shows there is, writes Sharad Joshi, chairman of the Governments Task Force in Agriculture, in Hindu Business Line. In the early years after Independence, when the country suffered from an acute shortage of foodgrains, recourse to high-yielding variety seeds and chemical fertilisers and pesticides was stoutly opposed and effectively blocked by a powerful lobby that included such diverse schools as the Gandhians, the Marxists and sundry environmentalists who had substantial clout in the centres of power. The opposition to Green Revolution technology was made in the name of the poor and the landless. The new package will benefit only the rich farmers and impoverish the small and the marginal ones; the class conflict will widen and the Green Revolution will soon turn into a bloody red one, it was argued. The result was that the new technology was late in coming, and India was reduced to a ship-to-mouth existence. It took a war with Pakistan and the undaunted courage of the then prime minister, Lal Bahadur Shastri, and dogged pursuit by C Subramaniam to bulldoze through the opposition to the Green Revolution. The rest Indias rapid march to self-sufficiency in food is history. What happened to those who opposed the Green Revolution in the 1960s? They are certainly not apologising for prolonging the hunger pangs of the Indian poor in the 1960s. They are quite happy to be feeding themselves on the rotis made out of the Mexican wheat. They are now campaigning for non-chemical agriculture. Not that they are unaware that agriculture in India has been free of all chemicals for centuries together and that through that period, millions perished in famines that visited with monotonous regularity; it is just that they dislike the idea of modernised Indian agriculture and of Bharat taking its place in the fellowship of nations side by side with an elite India. As with the Green Revolution, so with the Gene Revolution. The Green Revolution held out the promise of warding off hunger and poverty in the countryside. The gene revolution might actually give the agricultural sector an upper hand over the urban secondary and tertiary activities. This evidently cannot be allowed to happen! Those opposed to modernisation of agriculture are trying a no-holds-barred onslaught to stop even the trials of the new technology in India, in spite of the fact that other countries have drawn massive benefits from the new technology. It cannot be that the new obstructionists are opposed to biotechnology per se. The application of genetic engineering in medicine and pharmaceuticals faces few, if any, obstacles. Quite a few urban firms are putting on the market a series of new products and drugs. It is only the application of genetic engineering in agriculture that is being stopped by raising various bogeys about environmental effects, uncontrolled spread, effects on non-targeted insects, development of immunity in the targeted pests, and effects on animals and fauna who may ingest products derived out of genetically modified crop. All these apprehensions have been addressed fully, time and time again. But that makes no difference. (Condensed from Hindu Business Line, August 1, 2001) <a href=""#top"">Back to Top</a> <hr width=""75%"" align=""left"" noshade> <a name=""us""></a>US scientists release genome sequence of A. tumefaciens Monsanto scientists, in collaboration with a research team from the University of Richmond, recently released the genome sequence of the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The bacterium is able to naturally transfer DNA to plant cells. Team leader Steve Slater of Cereon Genomics says that the bacterium is one of the important tools for plant biotechnology. Our understanding of this bacterium and its natural ability to stably insert genes into plants has allowed the development of many of the crops enhanced through biotechnology that farmers are growing today. The availability of the genomic sequence can help to improve the process of producing new crop varieties through biotechnology. Monsanto announced that the DNA sequence for Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58, which includes two plasmids and two chromosomes, has been downloaded to GenBank, the DNA sequence warehouse of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Institutes of Health. The data will be available to the public when released by NCBI and can be viewed on its website(<a href=""http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"" target=""blank"">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov</a>). Researchers have been studying Agrobacterium and its link with crown gall disease since 1907. They have shown that it can transfer a portion of its own DNA into the plants DNA, thereby introducing new genes that lead to crown gall formation. Modification of Agrobacterium DNA in the laboratory to remove the genes involved in crown gall formation eventually allowed the introduction of many other genes into plants. ( Crop Biotech Update, August 24, 2001) <a href=""#top"">Back to Top</a> <hr width=""75%"" align=""left"" noshade> If you are a journalist and would like more information on ag-biotech issues, please feel free to contact scientists who are regular contributors to the AgBioView Discussion forum and are experts in their respective fields. At the following URL, you will find their personal information, areas of expertise and email addresses. <a href=""http://www.agbioworld.org/biotech_info/experts/experts.html"" target=""blank"">http://www.agbioworld.org /biotech_info/experts/experts.html</a> If you are unable to decide whom to target with your question, please send it to <a href=""mailto:prakash@agbioworld.org"">prakash@agbioworld.org</a> and your query will be forwarded to the appropriate expert. ",Articles/Op
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Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g10,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g15,g16,g17,g18,g19,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g6,NULL,NULL,NULL,Biotechnology Global Update (September 2001),NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"biotechnology, Food and Agriculture Organisation, FAO, World Food Summit, Jacques Diouf, hunger, Hartwig de Haen, The United Nations, foreign aid, biodiversity, herbicides, disease, drought, genetically modified crops, cotton, the National Cotton Council of America, transgenic, the International Cotton Advisory Committee, Bt cotton, Kanesia cotton, ICAC, WTO, World Bank, tissue culture, micro-propagation, micro-organisms, fungal spores, explants, callus, microcuttings, greenhouse, bacterial pathogens, phytotoxic chemical agents, Ms Chen Yi, Economy Daily, bollworms, Madam Zhang Wuzhen, The Tongda Township, Mr. Brian Moor, sustainable agriculture, Business Standard, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Ludhiana University, The Tribune, Anton Abeysekera, Ceylon Chamber of Commerce, Bharat, Sharad Joshi, Task Force in Agriculture, Hindu Business Line, Gandhians, Marxists, sundry environmentalists, Green Revolution, Lal Bahadur Shastri, C Subramaniam, Gene Revolution, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, DNA, Steve Slater, Cereon Genomics, C58, plasmids, chromosomes, National Center for Biotechnology Information, crown gall disease, AgBioView, AgBioWorld.",NULL,2001-10-12,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-09-13,NULL,NULL,Monsanto India,NULL,NULL,http://www.monsantoindia.com,NULL,Biotechnology Global Update (September 2001),5874,NULL,NULL "Going by the anti-GE protest in Auckland publicly backed by rock stars last month, their thinking is muddled and sloganeering. The call for a GE-free New Zealand is the very antithesis of the sober thinking this topic deserves. ",NULL,NULL,Vincent Heeringa,NULL,2001-10-11,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,C8,C9,"I'm pleased we have a government of school marms and academics for at least one reason: they'd make really bad rock stars. While a government of performers would give satirists plenty of good copy (""Twist & vote!"", ""And then I caucus face"", ""I see red!""), it would make for dreadful public policy especially regarding the recommendations of the Royal Commission on Genetic Modification. Going by the anti-GE protest in Auckland publicly backed by rock stars last month, their thinking is muddled and sloganeering. The call for a GE-free New Zealand is the very antithesis of the sober thinking this topic deserves. Thank goodness for a Cabinet of bores, right? Well, maybe. An email from the science lobby group Life Sciences Network has a few scientists fizzing with worry. It reports a phone conversation with ""a high-ranking government official"" who is concerned that anti-GE protesters are influencing the formation of policy. The threat to science in New Zealand is ""very serious"" and there could well be a continuation of the moratorium on GE ""or worse"". It seems it's not enough to present a rational case before the commission, the email says. Scientists now must whip up public outrage and generate a few street marches to get government to listen. Let's hope that's not true. Genetic technology is a complicated, sophisticated science. The debate about it ought to be similarly sophisticated. Actually, we can thank the Greens for insisting discussion be conducted in this vein, under the auspices of a royal commission. But (whoops!) the commission concluded that GE is too important, the opportunities too great, the economic consequences too exciting to ever be banned, as the Greens hoped for. Now, like my five-year-old son who changes his rules to suit, the Greens and their strummin' philosophers of science have rejected the commission's sober (and, actually, tediously tentative) recommendations and resorted to the ol' faithful technique of environmental debate: the street mob. The Greens are also mobilising well-meaning rate payers to lobby their local councils to create ""GE-free zones"". They've already succeeded in Nelson. Their policy is to create ""safe food"" and a ""GE-free nation"". Slogans are not argument. What exactly does GE-free mean? I asked Matt McCarten, the anti-GE Alliance candidate for Auckland's mayoralty. ""It's symbolic, like the nuclear-free stance,"" he says. But nuclear-free actually meant something: it meant banning nuclear weapons and the production of nuclear energy. So, what would Auckland City ban if McCarten became mayor? Perhaps it would start with the genetically modified insulin produced at one of the many labs in Auckland. This sort of GE insulin has been produced for the past 10 years without incident to the delight of diabetes sufferers. But hey, it's GE, so it has to go. How about banning the use of GE viruses, used by the world-renowned medical researchers at Auckland University in their search for cancer cures? GE viruses? They die outside of a petri-dish, but they sound dangerous they'd better go too. It certainly would ban Crop & Food's field trials. This Crown Research Institute is developing a GE potato resistant to tuber moth, and another resistant to soft rot. The contained field trials would operate under one of the world's strictest testing regimes. But you never know. Better ban it. And how about the maize, wheat and many other GE crops that have markedly increased yields, require far less pesticide control and are now being farmed across millions of hectares in the US, Argentina, China and Australia without incident? Banned, for sure! The hokey thinking behind banning GE work is evident not just in practice think about the impact on our scientific community, economy and our reputation as a civilised society but also in the logic. The Greens are fond of restricting GE to ""the lab"" to reduce the risk of environmental contamination. How great is that risk? We don't know because, under the current moratorium, scientists aren't allowed to try. Field trials are crucial to the research process. They allow scientists to understand how far GE pollen might travel. In other words, the very information you need to
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make rational decisions about safety would be banned under a GE-free policy. The moratorium and the bans are anti-knowledge and anti-science. And the protestors who support them are buying into a vision of society more to do with the McGillicuddy Serious Party's Great Leap Backwards than a modern, sophisticated democracy. That's why I'm glad Marian Hobbs, as the minister responsible for coordinating the government's response to the GE commission, is not a rock star. As a former teacher, she understands the value of learning and knowledge. And the importance of not listening to rock music when studying.",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g15,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g5,g6,g7,NULL,g9,Let\'s All Be Anti-GE: .. Let\'s Ban All \'Garbling Environmentalists\',NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Royal Commission on Genetic Modification, genetically modified insulin, GE viruses, Crown Research Institute, GE potato, Genetic technology. ",NULL,2001-10-12,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-11,NULL,NULL,Unlimited Magazine,NULL,NULL,http://www.unlimited.net.nz/,NULL,Let\'s All Be Anti-GE: .. Let\'s Ban All \'Garbling Environmentalists\',5875,NULL,NULL "\""Science is not the enemy of a Christian understanding of these matters, it is the way in which we unlock the God-given potentiality of his creation, of which GM technology will be of increasing significance in the future.\""",NULL,NULL,Dr Anthony Russell,NULL,2001-10-12,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C3,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"(Dr Anthony Russell Preached on Sunday 7th October 2001 at St Mary & St Michael, Trumpington, Cambridge) It is an honour to be asked to preach at this service; to stand before you not just as a Bishop of a large rural Diocese, but as a farmers son, who was on a tractor on the day he left the farm to go to theological college, and who subsequently spent sixteen years on the staff of the National Agricultural Centre. This evening, we give thanks to God for the harvest, for the fertility of the earth and the productivity of flocks and herds; for the stewardship of the land and the life of the farming community. Although Harvest Festival can be portrayed as a slightly sentimental Anglican occasion with well-loved hymns part of the rural romanticism of mid-Victorian England it is in truth the major festival of the First Person of the Trinity; the principal occasion on which we praise God as the Creator and Sustainer of our world, and thank him for our share in his work of creation. In the medieval Church, this was a red letter festival to have sufficient food to last throughout the winter and the hungry months that followed really was an occasion for deep thankfulness. But what can we say this year? Words constantly in my mind come from Psalm 137, How can we sing the Lords song in a strange land? For so many, the countryside has become a strange land, a land of buryings and burnings; a land in which farm incomes no longer support families that have farmed for generations; a silent land; a land of desperation, anger, hopelessness and despair. How shall we sing the Lords song in a strange land for many the world has changed around them in an irrevocable manner. What they took as normality they will never see again. The familiar landmarks and rhythms of the farm and the countryside which gave life and shape and meaning to so many lives have been taken away and for some it has been too much to bear. On every side we are told that we live in an age of change. But the problems of modern living are not just the problems of change, they are the problems of continuity and change. How do we carry into the present and into the future those things we value from the past? Harvest Festival comes at the apex, the cusp of the farming year it is a moment both of thanksgiving and of reassessment; a moment to look backwards in gratitude and to look forwards in hope. Its a time to reaffirm the continuing values which no change will alter; to thank God for the goodness and productivity of the land; to thank God for the goodness of farming and for the people of the farming community; to thank God for the responsibility of stewardship and partnership which has been laid on their shoulders, and to pray for the return of that confidence and hope which alone forms the soil out of which the future can grow. From Virgil onwards, through classical and English literature, writers have celebrated the goodness of farming as the task of unlocking the bounty of the earth and caring for animals and soil. It is one of the main themes of the Bible the early Israelites were nomadic stockmen think of Abraham and his great herds they had to learn new skills in Israel when they settled as arable farmers. Some parts of the Old Testament, particularly the Book of Deuteronomy, read like one of those old ADAS leaflets. In the phrase the Good Shepherd, the word good does not have moral overtones, but means effective and efficient. My mind goes back to Harvest Festivals on the farm of my youth, the joy and the celebration at the end of harvest. A part of what we were celebrating was the goodness of farming, of cultivation, of nurturing from the earth its bounty and its riches. The other day, a farmer with no sons out on the Fens near March decided that the time had come when he must retire. Three generations had lived on that farm, and he wanted to thank God for the goodness of that life which they
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had enjoyed, the privilege of farming that land, and the productivity of that deep Fenland soil. On a sunny afternoon, a brief service was held in one of the fields; that was a moment more eloquent than any words of your preacher of the goodness of farming. For generations, the Church and the farming community have walked together not without their difficulties, I might add. Tithe charges seem a uniquely designed instrument to fracture that relationship. The poor Archbishop of Canterbury was constantly being burnt in effigy the last time being at Holbeach Farm, Westwell, near Ashford on 5th April 1935. It is therefore historically apt and appropriate that it was the present Archbishop who led the Churchs response to the tragedies of this year, calling for prayer, for Church bells to be rung at twelve noon on Sundays, and facilitating the setting up of the ARC-Addington Fund, which has raised 8 million. But farming is essentially a local activity, and it has been the ministry of clergy and lay people, men and women, in their parishes across the country that has been so deeply appreciated; an appreciation which so many people have spoken to me about as Ive moved around the farming community. How shall we sing the Lords song in a strange land? During this year there have been many victims. First and foremost, the animals themselves four million slaughtered almost defies comprehension and understanding. The scenes of burial and burning appear to belong to some medieval battlefield the suffering has been immense and continues. But animals have not been the only victims, for the farming community itself has suffered most appallingly. Its not possible to celebrate this occasion without remembering before God those who planted seed, but did not live to see it harvested. That one county has had nearly fifty farmer suicides may or may not be true, but what is so appalling, is that the circumstances have been such that many believe that it is true. God and Nature have been among the prime candidates for blame, and a number of media pieces have suggested that Foot and Mouth is some sort of divine vengeance for all that is perceived to be wrong in modern farming. Such misrepresentations need to be seriously confronted; for this is not the God who shows his true nature in Jesus Christ, and who on the Cross stretches out his arms to accept all the suffering and wrong in the world, and the Cross assures us that he suffers with us in the vicissitudes and disasters of life. A Fenland farmer told me the other day that he felt the world had turned against him, but the truth is that farmers are the victims of this appalling catastrophe. However, it is hard to read a paper or to hear a media piece from one of the ranks of newfound rural experts which doesnt demonise the farming community, and we must not collude in this. How do we sing the Lords song in a strange land? At Harvest Festival we look backwards with thanksgiving, and forwards with hope. But perhaps the greatest of all victim of this disaster has been the loss of hope and confidence which alone forms the soil in which trust and truth can grow. In the countryside today there has been a near-total evaporation of trust, confidence, understanding and truth. Nobody trusts anyone any more; scientific advice is often ambiguous and contradictory; decisions appear to be taken for political and presentational reasons; accounts of who knew what when seem to vary significantly, and we lack the prospect of a single, independent public inquiry, which could form part of the process by which that atmosphere of trust and truth could be re-established. At meetings of the Royal Agricultural Societys Council, duller moments on the agenda are enlivened by studying that huge picture of the 1842 Royal Show outside Bristol. Everything in that picture exudes Victorian confidence, and a part of that confidence lay in the utilisation of innovations in agricultural science and technology to improve farming. Today we are in danger of losing that confidence in the God-given ability of science to unlock the treasures of his created world. One of the fascinating aspects of becoming Bishop of Ely is to minister to the city which has produced Stephen Hawking, the Double Helix, the Human Genome Project, and many of the advances in biotechnology, particularly as they affect agriculture. We believe in a God who is both Creator and Sustainer of the universe and all that is contained in it, and therefore true science can never be incompatible with a Christian understanding. There are profound questions to be asked about the implementation of much of this research, but the Church must not collude with some of the anti-science views of nature have gained such prominence in recent years. Static views of nature, which seem to condemn all development and all human intervention, ignore the fact that all farming is an intervention in the natural world, and the serious ethical questions are about how its done, and what is its effect. Science is not the enemy of a Christian understanding of these matters, it is the way in which we unlock the God-given potentiality of his creation, of which GM technology will be of increasing significance in the future. With the possible exception of the yellow of oilseed rape, nothing has changed the look of the English countryside in recent years as dramatically as the loss of twenty-five million elm trees. The recent development of elm trees resistant to Dutch Elm Disease by GM technology (Professor Gartland Dundees Abertay University) opens new and interesting perspectives, as biotechnology and conservation begin to move towards each other.
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 How shall we sing the Lords song in a strange land? This has been a strange year, full of difficulty and anguish, but these were the same circumstances out of which the exiled author of this verse originally wrote, and he gives the answer which has eternal validity, to hold to the faith that God is sovereign, to hold to the values which we know to be true, and to believe that in his own way and in his own time, God will deal with all things. And in the meanwhile the righteous shall live by faith. The Welsh parson-poet, R.S. Thomas, depicts in a poem an old man looking down a valley, seeing the stream and hearing the sound of childrens voices. He looks to the sky and the poem ends His grandson is there ploughing; his young wife fetches him cakes, tea and a dark smile. It is well. Through trial and tribulation, we hold to the belief that all will be well, and as God has promised, seed time and harvest will never fail; in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. Amen.",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,Anglican Bishop Sees Place For Biotech In UK Farming,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Harvest Festival, National Agricultural Centre, Royal Agricultural Societys Council.",NULL,2001-10-12,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,1st,NULL,2001-10-12,NULL,NULL,Church of St Mary & St Michael,NULL,NULL,http://www.ely.anglican.org/parishes/trumpington/,NULL,Anglican Bishop Sees Place For Biotech In UK Farming,5876,uk,NULL "A survey of Irish public attitudes towards farming and food production, conducted last August by the Rural Development Unit of UCD, has produced reassuring messages for the agricultural sector and will help to underpin some of the key initiatives taken by the EU Commissioner for Health and Consumer Protection, Mr David Byrne. ",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-12,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C1,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,C8,NULL,"A survey of Irish public attitudes towards farming and food production, conducted last August by the Rural Development Unit of UCD, has produced reassuring messages for the agricultural sector and will help to underpin some of the key initiatives taken by the EU Commissioner for Health and Consumer Protection, Mr David Byrne. Central to the findings is a desire by Irish consumers for a proper food labelling and tracability system, with four out of five people prepared to pay more if that would guarantee food safety. The five most important considerations in buying food were listed as: quality, price, health, taste and safety. The editorial says that while the sampling points chosen for the survey, and the methodology used, might be viewed as favouring a ""rural bias"", the overall results in terms of consumer attitudes show a high level of satisfaction with food safety standards here. At the same time, however, two-thirds of those surveyed identified the risk from genetically modified foods as a ""major concern"" while the figure fell to 42 per cent where the risk from BSE was concerned. Some 47 per cent said they had changed their eating patterns as a result of BSE, but beef was still the most commonly eaten meat. And a staggering 95 per cent said they ate meat products more than three times a week. At a time when agriculture and food production is under scrutiny as never before, the results of this survey should, the editorial says, reassure farmers and encourage young people to become involved in the industry. Changes in the Common Agriculture Policy (CAP), with greater emphasis being placed on stricter rules and controls will involve the introduction of costly checks such as animal tagging and tracability. The need to monitor and regulate factory farming methods, which were the source of disease outbreaks in Britain and on the Continent, is also widely accepted at EU Commission level. On the basis of this survey, there would appear to be considerable support in Ireland for a shift in financial resources from traditional market supports to rural development aid so as to reward farmers for the many services they provide to the community.",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g15,g16,g17,g18,NULL,NULL,g20,NULL,g4,NULL,g6,g7,g8,g9,The Safety Of Our Food ,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Rural Development Unit of UCD, EU, food safety, genetically modified foods, BSE.",NULL,2001-10-12,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-11,NULL,NULL,Irish Times,NULL,NULL,http://www.ireland.com/,NULL,The Safety Of Our Food,5877,uk,NULL "Biotechnology holds promise for producing allergen-free foods, but before these genetically enhanced foods are introduced, they must undergo strict scientific safety assessments and regulatory approvals from around the world, according to Steve L. Taylor, Ph.D., a leading expert in agricultural biotechnology.",NULL,NULL,Steve L. Taylor,NULL,2001-10-12,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,C8,C9,"Biotechnology holds promise for producing allergen-free foods, but before these genetically enhanced foods are introduced, they must undergo strict scientific safety assessments and regulatory approvals from around the world, according to Steve L. Taylor, Ph.D., a leading expert in agricultural biotechnology. ""I think in the long term, we will have foods that are less hazardous because biotechnology will have eliminated or diminished their allergenicity,"" says Dr. Taylor, head of the department of food science and technology and director of the food processing center at the University of
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Nebraska in Lincoln. Dr. Taylor spoke today at an American Medical Association media briefing on food biotechnology. In addition, Dr. Taylor says biotechnology is the only new technology that holds any promise of being able to fulfill global nutritional needs in the face of decreasing agricultural land and growing population.""I think we are going to increasingly need this technology and I believe it will become the standard in the long term. Virtually all allergens are proteins. When a food is genetically modified, a new, novel protein can be introduced into the resultant food.""Fortunately, very few proteins in nature are allergens. There are perhaps 50 to 100 known allergenic proteins in foods. Most commonly allergenic foods contain more than one allergenic protein. We have perhaps identified half of the major allergens that exist in allergenic foods but many of the unidentified food allergens are likely, in my opinion, to be very similar to already identified allergens from other related foods. For example, the trout allergen is unlikely to be very different from the salmon allergen because these two species are cousins. Consequently, the chances of creating an allergen are quite small, according to Dr. Taylor. ""Therefore, the allergenic risk of genetically modified foods is quite low,"" states Dr. Taylor.""There are good ways of predicting the potential allergenicity of a genetically modified food, and these methods have been subject to considerable discussion around the world. Some agreement is being reached on approaches that can and should be taken. As a participant in those discussions, I am an advocate for commercial enterprise undertaking appropriate allergenicity assessments using approaches that have been discussed internationally and agreed upon."" The greatest risk for creating an allergen occurs when a gene is taken from a source that is known to be allergenic. The gene from the allergenic source could produce a novel protein in the new food that contains the allergen from the original source.""However, it is quite easy to determine if a known allergen has been introduced. The blood serum of subjects who are allergic to the source material can be tested to see if the allergen has been transferred. I find it difficult to believe that we are going to introduce known allergens through biotechnology, Dr. Taylor asserts. ""Modifying foods with genes derived from nonallergenic sources is the common circumstance in commercial biotechnology. Scientists compare the structure of the novel protein to the structure of known allergens. If similarities are found, they should discard it because it is going to be costly to develop, comments Dr. Taylor.""If the novel protein passes these rigorous tests, I believe it is safe to add them to the food chain, from an allergenicity point of view. If it fails any one of these tests, then I would vote against including it in the food supply for human or animal consumption."" ""There is active research underway at Alabama A&M University to decrease the allergenicty of peanuts by removing one of the three major peanut allergens. This would not make peanuts hypo-allergenic, but it would decrease the likelihood of infants becoming sensitized to peanuts. Biotechnology may also be used to alter food allergens in a way that they can be used to make vaccines that promise to perhaps lead to cures for food allergies. However, much research remains to be done in this area,"" Dr. Taylor cautions. ""Scientists are also trying to completely remove food allergens through biotechnology. Unfortunately, we have no current examples because this is a rather difficult thing to do, explains Dr. Taylor.""Progress is being made with the peanut. It will likely take some years before there any real results to report. More research funding and emphasis on this area would be helpful to speed progress. ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g6,NULL,NULL,NULL,Genetic Enhancement Guards Against Food Allergies,yes,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"food allergies, biotechnology, allergen-free foods, genetically enhanced foods, Steve L. Taylor, American Medical Association, proteins, allergies.",NULL,2001-10-12,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-12,NULL,NULL,American Medical Association,NULL,NULL,http://www.ama-assn.org,Rigorous testing provides necessary safeguards,"Genetic Enhancement Guards Against Food Allergies ",5878,uk,NULL "Information about Bt corn\'s impact on monarch butterflies is now available on the USDA website.",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-12,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,C2,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C8,N about Bt corn's impact on monarch butterflies is now available on a web page <a href=""http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/br/btcorn"" target=""_blank"">http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/br /btcorn </a> from the Agricultural Research Service. The core of the web page is research coordinated by ARS and recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. That Bt corn might present a risk became a matter of scientific and public concern when a small study in 1999 indicated caterpillars suffered when given no choice but to feed on milkweed leaves heavily dusted with Bt corn pollen. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a soil bacterium used as an effective alternative to chemical insecticides for controlling moth pests. 
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Two major questions needed to be scientifically answered to establish whether Bt corn actually posed a threat to monarch caterpillars--the direct toxicity of Bt pollen for caterpillars and the likelihood that caterpillars might be exposed to that much pollen, according to entomologist Richard L. Hellmich with the ARS Corn Insects and Crops Genetics Research Unit in Ames, Iowa. (<a href=""http://cicgr.agron.iastate.edu/CICGR/home.html"" target=""_blank"">http://cicgr.agron.iastate.edu /CICGR/home.html </a>) The studies found monarch caterpillars are not very sensitive to pollen from most types of Bt corn, and that caterpillar exposure to Bt pollen is low. It took pollen levels greater than 1,000 grains of pollen per square centimeter (cm2) before there were any toxic effects in monarch caterpillars, and even greater levels before the effect was significant. Caterpillars were found on milkweed in cornfields during the 1-2 weeks pollen is shed by corn, but corn pollen levels on these plants were found to average only about 170 pollen grains per cm2. Less than 1 percent of the milkweed leaves in cornfields had pollen levels exceeding 1000 grains per cm2 during pollen shed. One variety of Bt corn--Bt 176--did have a toxic effect with pollen doses as small as 10 pollen grains per cm2. Bt 176 is one of the earliest forms of Bt corn and has never been planted on more than 2 percent of the corn acres. It will be completely phased out by 2003.",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g4,g5,g6,g7,NULL,g9,USDA/ARS Web Page Available On BT Corn Risk To Monarch Butterflies,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Bt corn, monarch butterflies, ARS, Bt 176, National Academy of Sciences, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bt pollen, monarch caterpillars, ARS Corn Insects and Crops Genetics Research Unit.",NULL,2001-10-12,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-10,NULL,NULL,USDA,NULL,NULL,http://www.ars.usda.gov Web Page Available On BT Corn Risk To Monarch Butterflies,5879,NULL,NULL "El grupo qumico y farmacutico alemn Bayer inform ayer que alcanzar unos 500 millones de euros (83.193 millones de pesetas) por las sinergias derivadas de la adquisicin de Aventis CropScience, la divisin agraria de Aventis, por 7.250 millones de euros (1,206 billones de pesetas), incluidas las deudas acumuladas.",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-14,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C4,NULL,NULL,NULL, grupo qumico y farmacutico alemn Bayer inform ayer que alcanzar unos 500 millones de euros (83.193 millones de pesetas) por las sinergias derivadas de la adquisicin de Aventis CropScience, la divisin agraria de Aventis, por 7.250 millones de euros (1,206 billones de pesetas), incluidas las deudas acumuladas. Bayer confirm a la Comisin Nacional del Mercado de Valores (CNMV) que las negociaciones con los actuales propietarios de la filial de productos fitosanitarios de Aventis, Schering (24 por ciento) y Aventis (76 por ciento), para su adquisicin han culminado con la firma del contrato correspondiente. Destac que esta operacin, la mayor en la historia de Bayer, supondr una ""considerable ampliacin"" de los negocios de fitosanitarios, al tiempo que aadi que en el futuro esta actividad estar centrada en una sociedad independiente bajo el nombre Bayer CropScience, ""que reflejar la nueva orientacin estratgica"". Bayer inform de que Jochen Wulff, actual responsable de la divisin fitosanitaria de la compaa se har cargo de la nueva sociedad y matiz que el proceso de integracin ser gestionado conjuntamente por Wulff y Bertrand Meheut, presidente del Consejo de Administracin de Aventis Cropscience. La compaa prev que Bayer CropScience -que abarcar todas las actividades del ramo, incluida la biotecnologa y el campo de las semillas- alcanzar una facturacin de entre 6.500 y 7.000 millones de euros en 2001.
La filial de fitosanitarios de Aventis, que tiene una plantilla de 15.300 personas en ms de 120 pases, factur 4.000 millones de euros en 2000 y, segn las previsiones, su rentabilidad aumentar un dos por ciento anual en el prximo quinquenio.",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g7,NULL,NULL,Bayer culmina el contrato de compra de la divisin agraria de Aventis CropScience,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,l5,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-10,N culmina el contrato de compra de la divisin agraria de Aventis CropScience,5883,NULL,NULL "Scientists are developing safe, inexpensive, plant-based vaccines to protect against diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B and rabies, according to Alexander V. Karasev, Ph.D., a leading expert in biotechnology vaccine research.",afr,NULL,Alexander V. Karasev,NULL,2001-10-12,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,C8,NULL,"Scientists are developing safe, inexpensive, plant-based vaccines to protect against diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B and rabies, according to Alexander V. Karasev, Ph.D., a leading expert in biotechnology vaccine research. ""Plant-based vaccines represent the way of the future primarily because of two considerations cost and safety, says Dr. Karasev, an assistant professor in the department of Microbiology and Immunology Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia and part of the Biotechnology Foundation Laboratories at Thomas Jefferson University. Dr. Karasev spoke today at an American Medical Association media briefing on food biotechnology. ""When fully developed, plant-based vaccines will be much less expensive than current vaccines. Today, fully immunizing one person against hepatitis B can cost as much as $450. In the future, thanks to plant-based vaccines, the same immunization will cost a fraction of that and, therefore, be available to more people."" ""Plants are also the safest vaccine delivery vehicle imaginable. When produced in animal tissue culture and in human cells, each vaccine lot requires extensive testing for safety reasons. One concern is contamination by unknown pathogens, Dr. Karasev explains.""These necessary safety measures add to the cost of our current vaccines."" ""Plant-based vaccines are more like a prescription drug than a food. When people think about drugs, they are less concerned about genetic
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manipulation, and their main concern is whether it works or not,"" Dr. Karasev adds. Dr. Karasev is a member of a scientific team working under the direction of Hillary Koprowski, M.D. Their laboratory is focused on developing vaccine components in edible plants primarily spinach, lettuce and soybeans that can be grown in developing countries fighting infectious diseases, according to Dr. Karasev. The laboratory is readying spinach to administer a HIV vaccine.""If the magic bullet for HIV is found, we can quickly incorporate it into our production system. So far the two best targets for HIV-1 are the envelope protein and the HIV-1 transcriptional trans-activator protein (tat), which is a small regulatory protein that is a key component to the replicative machinery of the virus. We expressed the small tat protein in the virus vector, and we can produce it in a very high yield in plants. At this particular point we are testing these plants as antigens, Dr. Karasev reports. The researchers have successfully cloned the standard gene currently used in the recombinant hepatitis B vaccine into the lettuce genome using traditional methods of transgenic plant generation. The transgenic lettuce was fed to a group of volunteers in Poland who demonstrated a good immunization boost response after the initial application of the lettuce. The vaccine is about two to three years away from being fully developed. ""The current hepatitis-B vaccine is expensive and requires three different injections at $150 each. Eliminating even one injection decreases the cost of delivering the vaccine by 30 percent,"" Dr. Karasev states. The laboratory has created a rabies vaccination using spinach. Dr. Karasev says study subjects have demonstrated a good response to three doses of the spinach-delivered rabies vaccine. The first human trial involved eight people and the second trial involved 16 subjects divided into a control group and an experimental group that ate about 150 grams of spinach leaves. When tested, their antibodies were boosted. The rabies vaccine will be fully developed in the next two to four years. ""There is a great need to develop a relatively simple vaccine for rabies, especially in India. The current vaccine is an old Pasteur vaccine that is used for post-exposure treatment only after someone has already been bitten by a rabid animal, states Dr. Karasev. Agribusiness and agriculture can produce a large volume of inexpensive vaccines in edible plants. Dr. Karasev says pills will be made from dehydrated vaccine plants to assure delivery of constant amounts of the vaccine.""Eliminating infectious diseases through plant-based vaccines will tremendously help people in developing countries, notes Dr. Karasev. ""We have to support it as a government and as a people in order to help developing countries plagued with these pestilence and their dramatic sicknesses and emotional discomfort."" ",Speeches,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g15,g16,g17,g18,NULL,NULL,g20,NULL,g4,g5,g6,g7,g8,g9,Plant-based Vaccines Show Promise Against Infectious Diseases,yes,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"vaccines, human immunodeficiency virus, HIV, hepatitis B, rabies, Alexander V. Karasev, biotechnology, Biotechnology Foundation Laboratories, American Medical Association, animal tissue culture, human cells, pathogens, Hillary Koprowski, transcriptional trans-activator protein, tat, antigens, Pasteur vaccine.",NULL,2001-10-12,NULL,pak,NULL,1st,NULL,NULL,1st,1st,2nd,NULL,2001-10-12,NULL,NULL,American Medical Association,NULL,NULL,http://www.ama-assn.org,Benefits include heightened vaccine safety and lower cost,"Plant-based Vaccines Show Promise Against Infectious Diseases ",5880,uk,NULL "Development of food biotechnology, if strategically targeted, can help nourish the poor in developing nations, according to Channapatna S. Prakash, Ph.D., a leading expert in agricultural biotechnology. ",afr,NULL,C.S. Prakash,NULL,2001-10-12,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,C8,NULL,"NEW YORK Development of food biotechnology, if strategically targeted, can help nourish the poor in developing nations, according to Channapatna S. Prakash, Ph.D., a leading expert in agricultural biotechnology. Agricultural development will be critical in meeting future world food needs, reducing poverty and protecting the environment, says Dr. Prakash, professor of Plant Molecular Genetics and the director of the Center for Plant Biotechnology Research at Tuskegee University in Alabama.""To further increase agricultural productivity equitably in an environmentally sustainable manner in the face of diminishing land and water resources is a highly challenging task. Dr. Prakash spoke today at an American Medical Association media briefing on food biotechnology. Science has brought profound benefits to humanity, especially in the past century and has doubled the lifespan of people even in the poorest countries. Continued applications from science, especially those that target poor countries in their ability to produce more food in an environmentally sustainable manner, is going to be critical in the future, Dr. Prakash asserts. Developing countries can produce more food from crops enhanced through biotechnology and achieve the following: 
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* Diminish crop loss from pests and diseases * Decrease amounts of fertilizer and pesticides used * Stem destruction of tropical rainforests and enhance biodiversity * Increase shelf-life of food by curtailing spoilage * Improve food quality and nutrition * Strengthen crops to better tolerate adverse conditions such as drought and poor soil * Boost local food production * Bring profitability to farming through novel products; including industrial and pharmaceutical products Approximately 774 million people go to bed hungry nightly, and nearly 30,000 peoplehalf of them childrendie every day due to hunger-related causes. By 2020, the number of undernourished people in sub-Saharan Africa is expected to increase dramatically, according to Dr. Prakash. Development of high-yielding grain varieties has improved conditions in parts of the developing world by creating an enhanced, affordable food supply and boosting incomes for millions of farmers. It has also reduced the incidence of famine and starvation despite the population growth in the past few decades. Nevertheless, insecurity regarding food supplies and malnutrition persists in much of the developing world, according to Dr. Prakash. Biotech corn, already widely used in the United States, produces its own protection against the corn borer. Research is under way on sweet potatoes that protect themselves against viruses, and on rice, beans, cassava and other staple foods with enhanced natural tolerance to diseases, pests and physical stresses, says Dr. Prakash. ""We are also helping to eliminate nutritional deficiencies through biotechnology. Biotechnology can expedite the development of new varieties and enhance marginal crops like millet, plantain, grains, legumes, cassava and sweet potatoes that are important staples in the developing world, comments Dr. Prakash."" In 1997, the World Bank Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research estimated that biotechnology could help improve world food production by up to 25 percent."" Golden Rice, which is genetically fortified with vitamin A, may soon address vitamin A deficiency, a condition for which 200 to 400 million children are at risk. About a half-million children lose their vision yearly as a result of vitamin A deficiency, according to Dr. Prakash. People living in poverty are especially at risk for vitamin A deficiency because they have access to very few fruits and vegetables and consume mostly rice. Golden Rice will eliminate at least a part of this problem without changing crop patterns, eating habits or implementing expensive logistical interventions. Biotechnology can partially help eliminate hunger by simply increasing the availability of locally grown, affordable food. Technology can help reduce hunger, poverty, malnourishment and micronutrient deficiencies, while potentially empowering people.""Biotechnology by itself will not eliminate hunger or poverty, Dr. Prakash cautions.""It is only a tool that, along with other options, can be a powerful element of change and can help catalyze developing nations to advance. ""The challenge of the future is helping policymakers move forward. Information, hope and optimism will provide a base for responsible change. The first step will be the biggest challenge. The elements that are needed to put policies in place in food biotechnology are money, technical expertise, biosafety and intellectual property laws, and mechanisms to facilitate technology transfer and generation,"" concludes Dr. Prakash. ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g16,g17,g18,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g4,g5,g6,g7,NULL,NULL,World Without Hunger May Be Within Reach,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"hunger, food biotechnology, malnutrition, starvation, Channapatna S. Prakash, agricultural biotechnology, Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Plant Biotechnology Research, American Medical Association, fertilizer, pesticides, tropical rainforests, biodiversity, drought, industrial products, pharmaceutical products, famine, starvation, malnutrition, developing world, biotech corn, corn borer, World Bank, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, Golden Rice, vitamin A, malnourishment, micronutrient deficiencies. ",NULL,2001-10-12,NULL,pak,NULL,1st,NULL,NULL,NULL,1st,NULL,NULL,2001-10-04,NULL,NULL,Tuskegee University,NULL,NULL,http://www.tusk.edu/,Food biotechnology may provide an answer to overcoming forces of,"World Without Hunger May Be Within Reach ",5881,NULL,NULL "Preliminary research results confirm the major benefits biotechnology has already brought to growers of crops such as soybeans, corn and cotton, reducing pesticide use and lowering grower production costs, according to Leonard Gianessi, a leading expert in pest management.",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-12,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,C8,NULL,"Prelim research results confirm the major benefits biotechnology has already brought to growers of crops such as soybeans, corn and cotton, reducing pesticide use and lowering grower production costs, according to Leonard Gianessi, a leading expert in pest management. For the first time, the study [The Potential for Biotechnology to Improve Crop Pest Management in the United States] begins to quantify the potential value and benefits of biotechnology for growers of a wide range of other important U.S. crops, including papaya, citrus and raspberries among others, says Gianessi, Senior Research Associate at the National Center on Food and Agricultural Policy. 
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Gianessi spoke today at an American Medical Association media briefing on food biotechnology. Gianessi says that the economic and environmental benefits of agricultural biotechnology have been widely publicized for several years, focusing on commodity crops such as soybeans, cotton and field corn. Gianessis study, co-authored by Cressida S. Silvers, leads this conversation in a new direction with an analysis of many novel crops, regions and applications. Overall, the study encompasses 30 different crops and 44 separate case studies. The final report will be released in December; Gianessi showcases eight of the case studies at the AMA media briefing. Weve established that biotechnology can deliver substantial benefits to growers of corn, soybeans and cotton, Gianessi explains.""This new study confirms that these benefits can also be realized by growers for a wide range of crops across diverse growing regions. In many cases, biotechnology may even save an entire industry in a state or region, such as the papaya industry in Hawaii or the citrus industry in Texas. Case histories illustrate variety of crop benefits Gianessis preliminary findings indicate a wide array of current and potential benefits: <UL> <LI>Herbicide tolerant soybeans: 30 States Genetically engineered herbicide tolerant soybeans have decreased growers annual costs by $15 per acre, which represents $735 million across 49 million acres. <LI>Herbicide tolerant tomatoes: California Growers could realize savings of $30 million per year in handweeding, cultivation and pesticide costs and a 4.3 million pound per year reduction in pesticide use. <LI>Insect resistant cotton: United States U.S. growers have earned an additional $99 million in annual net revenue by producing an incremental 260 million pounds per year of insect-resistant cotton, eliminating 2.7 million pounds of pesticide use annually. <LI>Insect resistant sweet corn: Florida Florida growers could see increased production of 22 million pounds per year, with an increased value to growers of $3.9 million per year. This would result in a 79% percent reduction in insecticide use. <LI>Virus resistant papaya: Hawaii Biotechnology is credited with saving the Hawaiian papaya industry, which produces 53 million pounds with a value of $17 million annually. <LI>Virus resistant citrus: Texas This technology is likely to help prevent the loss of the Texas citrus industry, which annually produces a total of 622 million pounds with a value of $48 million. <LI>Virus resistant raspberry: Oregon/ Washington Using biotechnology, growers could save 10 million pounds of raspberries per year from viral damage, add $11 million of production value, and reduce fumigant use by 50 percent (371,000 pounds per year). <LI>Virus resistant tomatoes: Florida Biotechnology could reduce insecticide use by 88,000 pounds per year, with a savings to growers of $10.7 million/year. </UL> ""This study confirms biotechnologys important role in food production. It can contribute to growing high quality food in ways that are environmentally attractive to growers and consumers alike. It also can help enhance the sustainability of farmers in many regions who are threatened with difficult economic and environmental pressures,"" Gianessi concludes.",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g16,g17,g18,NULL,NULL,g20,NULL,g4,g5,g6,g7,g8,g9,New Study Shows That Biotechnology Offers Significant Benefits To Diverse Crops,yes,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"biotechnology, corn, cotton, pest management, American Medical Association, soybeans. ",NULL,2001-10-12,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-12,NULL,NULL,American Medical Association,NULL,NULL,http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/article/4197-5326.html,"Preliminary Findings Of 30-Crop Study, Shows Significant Savings In Production Costs",New Study Shows That Biotechnology Offers Significant Benefits To Diverse Crops,5882,uk,NULL "Los cultivos con Organismos Genticamente Modificados (OGM) no presentan riesgos significativos para la salud, distintos a los \""imprevistos\"" de la agricultura convencional, segn los resultados de 81 proyectos de investigacin financiados por la UE.",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-14,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C2,C3,NULL,C5,C6,C7,NULL,C9,"Los cultivos con Organismos Genticamente Modificados (OGM) no presentan riesgos significativos para la salud, distintos a los ""imprevistos"" de la agricultura convencional, segn los resultados de 81 proyectos de investigacin financiados por la UE. La Comisin Europea present ayer un informe que rene las conclusiones de estos trabajos, desarrollados durante los ltimos 15 aos, en los que han participado 400 equipos de todas las regiones de la UE y que han contado con fondos comunitarios por valor de 70 millones de euros (11.646 millones de pesetas). Esta publicacin incluye investigaciones sobre microbios, alimentos, plantas, productos pesqueros y vacunas con modificaciones genticas.
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En estos ensayos sobre plantas con OGM y productos derivados, ""no se ha visto ningn riesgo para la salud ni para el medio ambiente, aparte de ciertos imprevistos propios de cualquier cultivo convencional"", indic el comisario de Investigacin Philippe Busquin. Adems, el uso de una tecnologa ms precisa y un mayor control hacen que sean ms seguros que las plantas y los alimentos convencionales, segn el informe. Busquin resalt que estas ""buenas noticias"" -en referencia a la ausencia de riesgos- no llegan siempre al debate pblico y poltico sobre los transgnicos. La publicacin de este informe coincidi con la puesta en marcha de un grupo de trabajo cientfico, promovido por el Ejecutivo de la UE, sobre OGM, que iniciar su actividad estudiando el maz de la variedad ""bt"", que se planta en Espaa y fue uno de las primeros transgnicos autorizados en la UE. Los Estados miembros han puesto rpidamente en marcha un programa de control para comprobar cmo reaccionan las plagas a este tipo de maz y de evaluacin de eventuales perjuicios para la salud humana y el medio ambiente, explic Busquin.
El profesor Phil Dale, especialista en gentica vegetal, opin que el maz bt, cultivado en Espaa, ""ha crecido desde 1997"" y tiene efectos positivos en el medio ambiente, como evitar que los insectos causen heridas en la planta. ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g4,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,Bruselas presenta un informe sobre 81 proyectos de investigacin de OGM que descarta riesgos para la salud y el medio ambiente,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,l5,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-10,NULL presenta un informe sobre 81 proyectos de investigacin de OGM que descarta riesgos para la salud y el medio ambiente,5884,NULL,NULL "Representantes del Ejecutivo comunitario y de los Quince celebrarn maana, martes, una reunin tcnica \""en la que la Comisin intentar potenciar un compromiso entre los pases para reactivar el debate sobre la autorizacin de nuevos OGM\"", informaron fuentes de la Comisin Europea.",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-15,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,N del Ejecutivo comunitario y de los Quince celebrarn maana, martes, una reunin tcnica ""en la que la Comisin intentar potenciar un compromiso entre los pases para reactivar el debate sobre la autorizacin de nuevos OGM"", informaron fuentes de la Comisin Europea. Esta reunin ser a nivel de expertos, por lo que no saldr ninguna decisin poltica definitiva, ""sino que el objetivo es reabrir el debate"", aunque en ella podra conocerse algn cambio de opinin entre los pases reacios a permitir nuevos OGM. Desde 1998 existe una moratoria ""de facto"" a la autorizacin de nuevos transgnicos, debido a la oposicin por parte de seis Estados miembros (Francia, Italia, Grecia, Austria, Luxemburgo y Dinamarca) a permitir la entrada en sus mercados de estos organismos. La Comisin Europea quiere plantear a los pases que con las nueva normativa sobre OGM hay garantas suficientes sobre el procedimiento de autorizacin de estos productos y sobre el control de las industrias. La Unin Europea aprob en febrero una nueva directiva que refuerza los requisitos de autorizacin de nuevos OGM, y, adems, el Ejecutivo de Bruselas ha presentado una propuesta, que an deben ratificar los Quince, para reforzar el etiquetado y el rastreo de estos organismos.
Recientemente, el comisario europeo de Investigacin, Philip Busquin, manifest, basndose en un informe sobre trabajos en esta materia realizados en la UE, que los transgnicos ""no tienen riesgos para la salud ni para el medio ambiente, aparte de ciertos imprevistos propios de cualquier cultivo convencional"".",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g4,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,Bruselas busca un compromiso de los pases miembros sobre los OGM,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,l5,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-15,NULL,NULL busca un compromiso de los pases miembros sobre los OGM,5885,NULL,NULL "El Instituto de Biologa Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB), dependiente del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientficas (CSIC), ha presentado un mtodo que permite detectar si los productos alimentarios contienen en su composicin hasta un 0,01% de organismos modificados genticamente (OMG). ",NULL,NULL,R. Carrasco,NULL,2001-10-15,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C2,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C8,C9,"El Instituto de Biologa Molecular de Barcelona (IBMB), dependiente del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientficas (CSIC), ha presentado un mtodo que permite detectar si los productos alimentarios contienen en su composicin hasta un 0,01% de organismos modificados genticamente (OMG). Este sistema pionero ""delatar"" aquellos productos que contengan productos transgnicos sin informar al consumidor de ello, algo que no es ilegal ahora (los fabricantes no tienen obligacin de advertir sobre el origen total o parcialmente transgnico de un alimento) pero que ser sancionado en los prximos aos, al menos, en la Unin Europea. Una propuesta de directiva que la Comisin y el Parlamento europeos llevan varios aos discutiendo propone -en su actual redaccin- que se informe al comprador sobre la presencia de ingredientes transgnicos siempre que stos sobrepasen el 1% del alimento. Por ahora, sin embargo, el derecho de eleccin reclamado por numerosas asociaciones de consumidores brilla por su ausencia. Estas organizaciones han denunciado que ya estn a la venta alimentos manipulados genticamente sin que los consumidores sean conscientes de ello ni tengan la posibilidad de rechazarlos por sus posibles efectos en la salud humana y en el medio ambiente. Hace dos aos, por ejemplo, Ecologistas en Accin anunci que varias marcas de galletas contenan entre sus ingredientes almidn de maz modificado genticamente. El sistema desarrollado por el CSIC permitir confirmar datos de este tipo con mucha ms precisin y sin ningn gnero de dudas. Segn informa Europa Press, el mtodo, que el laboratorio utiliza desde hace ao y medio, se basa en la tcnica de PCR cuantitativo, lo que aporta tres ventajas respecto a los mtodos actuales para detectar transgnicos: permite saber la cantidad exacta de materia prima modificada en un alimento; es ms rpido que los actuales puesto que se realiza en cinco horas; y capta un porcentaje de hasta el 0,01%. Sin embargo, el mtodo PCR tiene dificultades para detectar OMG en algunos productos, como aditivos, copos de maz, margarinas de maz, mahonesas y alcohol de alta graduacin, segn seal el director del IBMB-CSIC, Pere Puig Domnech. Actualmente, el IBMB realiza entre siete y ocho anlisis de deteccin de OGM cada semana para descubrir la presencia de maz Bt 176 o de soja Roundup Ready, las dos nicas semillas transgnicas autorizadas en Espaa. ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g11,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,El CSIC crea un sistema que descubre cantidades nfimas de transgnicos
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,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,l5,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-12,NULL,NULL,Di 16,NULL,NULL,http://www.diario16.es,NULL,El CSIC crea un sistema que descubre cantidades nfimas de transgnicos,5886,NULL,NULL "Right now in some of California\'s most scenic areas, thousands of beautiful, stately oak trees are dying from a new disease never seen before in the U.S.; and scientists have few clues about how to stop it. ",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-16,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,C2,C3,NULL,C5,NULL,C7,C8,NULL,"Right now in some of California's most scenic areas, thousands of beautiful, stately oak trees are dying from a new disease never seen before in the U.S.; and scientists have few clues about how to stop it. In Florida, more than $200 million has been spent trying to control Citrus canker, another plant disease new to this country. Yet, despite intense efforts the disease keeps spreading. Problems like these may become more common, say plant health scientists, as new diseases make their way into the U.S. In an effort to assist regulators, the world's largest organization of plant health scientists, the American Phytopathological Society, is preparing a ""Most Wanted"" list of diseases posing the greatest threat to U.S. agriculture and forestry. ""We have always been vulnerable to diseases from other countries,"" states Dr. Larry Madden, a plant pathologist at Ohio State University. ""But with increasing world trade and more people traveling, the threat has increased substantially in recent years."" Imposing trade regulations to hinder the diseases' spread seems most appropriate, and some have helped. But in order to enact them, the World Trade Organization, whose task is to facilitate international trade by standardizing approaches to certain trade policies, requires valid scientific evidence for any requested restriction. While APHIS routinely conducts risk assessments for various diseases, there are so many potentially threatening ones, that a detailed analysis of each of them is virtually impossible say scientists. ""Simply because a pathogen is identified as a threat does not mean it willever appear, and if it does, that it will do so in a way that causes substantial destruction,"" states Madden. ""The reverse is true as well,"" he adds, ""with diseases of seemingly small impact sometimes surfacing to cause great damage."" This puts enormous pressure on regulatory agencies, primarily the USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), to develop sound and defendable regulations.
To help agencies like APHIS, plant health scientists with the American Phytopathological Society (APS) began work last year on a ""most unwanted"" list of diseases. Led by Madden, an APS member, and composed of scientists and government regulators, the group identified 42 possible diseases of concern. ""The tough part now,"" says Madden, ""will be determining which diseases pose the greatest threat."" Previous attempts to predict such things have been difficult. According to Madden, a more accurate assessment of a disease's possible threat often arises when a greater number of people can be involved in the discussion. With that in mind, APS has recently posted its list online and is inviting comments from its members and others with a special interest in this area. ""This is a challenging task; but not an impossible one,"" notes Madden. ""Our goal is to end up with a 'live' online list that can be continually monitored and updated as new information is received. We've made substantial progress, but we still have a lot of work to do."" ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g4,g5,g6,g7,NULL,g9,Plant Scientists Work To Protect U.S. From Foreign Diseases,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"American Phytopathological Society, Most Wanted list of diseases, Ohio State University.",NULL,2001-10-17,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-15,NULL,NULL,Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service,NULL,NULL,http://www.aphis.usda.gov/,NULL,Plant Scientists Work To Protect U.S. From Foreign Diseases,5887,uk,NULL "Creating salt-tolerant plants through gene modification can boost Agricultural productivity, especially in areas with high-salt soils.",afr,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-16,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,C2,C3,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL," salt-tolerant plants through gene modification can boost Agricultural productivity, especially in areas with high-salt soils. Until now, Scientists thought that salt tolerance could be engineered, but at the expense of Something else. For example, engineered salt-tolerant canola plants might have a Poor oil quality or poor oil yield. Now, in Article #4764, researchers at the University of Toronto and the University of California at Davis show that if the Right gene is chosen you can have your cake and eat it too: salt tolerance, high quality, and high yield. The researchers took AtNHX1, a gene encoding a protein that transports salt into the internal compartments of the plant cell, from a salt-tolerant plant species and inserted it into the canola plant genome. The modified canola plants were able to grow, flower, and produce seeds in concentrations of salt that would normally inhibit the growth of most crop plants. The amount of growth was directly associated with the amount of AtNHX1 protein produced. Additionally, the quantity and fat content of the Seed oil were not altered, suggesting that the oil produced from the genetically engineered plants is the same as that of normal plants. These findings suggest that it is possible to produce salt-tolerant crop plants that have fewer undesirable traits than expected, and that this can be achieved by altering the expression of a single gene. This work was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and the Will W. Lester Endowment from the University of California. ""Engineering salt tolerant Brassica plants: Characterization of yield and seed oil quality in transgenic plants with increased vacuolar sodium accumulation,"" by Hong-Xia Zhang, Joanna N. Hodson, John P. Williams, and
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Eduardo Blumwald. <HR>MEDIA CONTACT: Patricia Bailey, senior public information representative, University of California, Davis; tel. (530) 752-9843, or e-mail <pjbailey@ucdavis.edu>. ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g15,g16,g17,g18,NULL,NULL,g20,NULL,g4,g5,g6,g7,g8,g9,New Genetically Modified Plant Has It All,yes,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"salt-tolerant plants, yield and seed oil quality, the University of California at Davis.",NULL,2001-10-17,NULL,pak,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-16,NULL,NULL,Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ,NULL,NULL,http://www.pnas.org/,NULL,"New Genetically Modified Plant Has It All ",5889,uk,NULL "At the same time that many of the Triangle\'s technology companies have fallen on hard times, a new crop of biotech companies with links to the state\'s rich agricultural heritage are taking root. ",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-16,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,C2,C3,C4,C5,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"At the same time that many of the Triangle's technology companies have fallen on hard times, a new crop of biotech companies with links to the state's rich agricultural heritage are taking root. These agricultural biotechnology startups aim to thrive in a region that has proven to be fertile ground for three behemoths of the agribusiness industry: Aventis CropScience, BASF and Syngenta. The three have a major presence in Research Triangle Park. Aventis, which is being acquired by Bayer, has 600 workers; BASF has 420; and Syngenta Biotechnology, formerly Novartis, has 265. The startups and giants combined add up to the greatest concentration of agribusiness companies anywhere, according to industry executives. Agribusiness is a broad term that includes agrochemicals --herbicides, insecticides, fungicides and seeds; and, more recently, agricultural biotechnology, which encompasses genetically modified plants. This is not to say that agbio companies are cropping up like kudzu in the Triangle. On the contrary, in recent years a modest number, a half-dozen or so, have sprouted. But in an industry dominated by a handful of giants, this startup activity appears to be unprecedented. ""I think the RTP area may be getting more than its fair share of agbio companies,"" said venture capitalist Dennis Dougherty of Intersouth Partners in Durham. The new companies include Paradigm Genetics, which went public last year; Athenix, which last month raised $8 million in venture capital to develop genetically modified crops; Cropsolution, which boasts that it offers a better way to discover new agrochemicals; AgraSoL, which sells a natural fungus used by the pulp and paper industry; Insect Biotechnology, which is awaiting regulatory approval for an all-natural insecticide; and Sun Dance Genetics, which is breeding insect-resistant corn. The first agribusiness giant to begin operations in the Triangle was a predecessor of Syngenta, Ciba-Geigy, which set up shop here in 1983. The advantages that Ciba-Geigy saw then still exist today, said Stephen Evola, president of Syngenta Biotechnology in RTP. They include: three excellent research universities from which to draw talent; a reasonable cost of doing business; an attractive place to live; and a rich agricultural past. ""It's a better environment for doing agricultural work than being in a big city,"" Evola said. Syngenta also has performed field trials on state farmland and has a breeding facility for seeds in Winterville. The presence of other agribusiness companies, especially the giants, also feeds on itself. ""A lot of the people you want to do business with are E in the area,"" said Mike Koziel, Athenix's chief executive. The new companies have the same goal as their established brethren: profiting from products that improve agriculture by boosting crop yields, food quality and the productivity of farmland. Rather than compete against the giants, however, many startups aim to work alongside them in one way or another, such as forming strategic partnerships or licensing their products to them. ""There is an opportunity for small, very focused companies to create innovations,"" said Scott Johnson, a director at Aventis CropScience's bioscience unit in RTP. ""The big guys, like Aventis, are much better on the development and marketing side than we are."" More important to the region's economy than the number of companies is their growth potential. The role model is Paradigm Genetics. The 4-year-old
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business, based in RTP, is a publicly traded company with 240 employees. Its strategic partners, Bayer and Monsanto, are relying on the company's expertise in functional genomics to help them develop new products. Paradigm's market cap, or the total value of its outstanding stock, is more than $175 million. ""The good thing that Paradigm did locally is that it convinced local investors they could make money on this,"" said John Ryals, Paradigm's president and chief executive officer. Venture capitalists, he said, profited handsomely from their investments in Paradigm. Paradigm was formed in September 1997 by Ryals and other executives who had worked at Novartis. That made it the first of several local startups with ties to Novartis and its successor and predecessor companies -- Syngenta and Ciba-Geigy. Two Athenix founders previously worked at Syngenta/Novartis/Ciba-Geigy, including Koziel, who led the Ciba-Geigy team in RTP that in 1995 produced the world's first genetically modified corn. Eric Ward, chief executive of Cropsolution, is former co-president of Novartis Agribusiness Biotechnology Research in RTP. Scott Uknes, president and co-founder, was at Novartis before becoming a founder and vice president of business strategy at Paradigm. AgraSoL, meanwhile, received funding from Novartis' venture-capital fund and acquired technology from Novartis. In addition, two of the company's founders are Novartis alumni. ""We take pride in the fact that we have excellent scientists with good ideas and who are able to sell their ideas to the venture capitalists,"" said Syngenta's Evola. ""It means we have quality people and are attracting a certain entrepreneurial personality."" Syngenta is adding a $3 million, 25,000-square-foot building to its complex along Cornwallis Drive in Research Triangle Park, where it has an acre's worth of experimental crops under greenhouse glass. Agribusiness startups are a relatively recent phenomenon. The advent of new technologies, combined with the popularity of genetically modified crops, has convinced venture capitalists that throwing millions into agribusiness startups could yield lucrative returns. About 28.3 million acres of U.S. farmland -- and 39.2 million acres worldwide -- have been planted with genetically modified crops, according to an industry report by Deutsche Bank. Neither controversy about the environmental impact of genetically modified crops nor outright resistance to such crops in Western Europe and elsewhere has deterred investors. The consolidation that is rapidly shrinking the industry also has created new opportunities for startups. ""As the big boys get fewer and bigger, the niche markets get bigger,"" said Dean Bushey, a manager of genomics technology at Aventis. Consolidation has already had an effect on the Triangle. In addition to the mergers and acquisitions that created Syngenta, Aventis CropScience is in the process of being acquired by Germany's Bayer for about $6.5 billion. And BASF acquired American Cyanamid last year. ""What used to be the top 20 is now the top 10,"" said Ward of Cropsolution. EMERGING AGRIBUSINESSES: The early success of Paradigm Genetics, which went public last year, demonstrates that nimble entrepreneurial companies can thrive in the shadows of the agribusiness giants. Here are other emerging agribusinesses in the Triangle: AgraSoL: The 2-year-old company has three employees and sells a natural fungus, called Cartapip 97, that pulp and paper mills spray on piles of wood chips. The fungus, which has been specially bred to be colorless, prevents staining or degrading of the wood. It is seeking $1.5 million in funding to boost its marketing and develop new
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products. Those products will draw on technology, including genetic modification technology, acquired from Novartis and Clariant, said Peter Isaac, chief executive. Athenix: Athenix, which now has 11 employees, expects to grow to 25 within the next year after raising $8 million in venture capital, an unusually large amount for a company's first outside financing. The company intends to use its gene-discovery technology to identify plant genes with special traits, then create genetically modified plants. Cropsolution: Cropsolution is seeking $8 million to $10 million in venture capital to develop its proprietary method of speeding up the process of discovering agrochemicals. Cropsolution has 14 employees, half of whom are Novartis alumni. It is a subsidiary of Colorado-based Invenux, but will spin off into a separate company when it raises new financing. Insect Biotechnology: Insect Biotechnology applied for regulatory approval of its first product -- Skeetercide, an insecticide aimed at mosquitoes -Sept. 27. Skeetercide is a cloned version of a hormone produced by female mosquitoes that regulates the production of enzymes that control digestion. The result: the mosquitoes can't digest and ultimately starve to death. The company is headed by John Bennett, former chief executive of Protein Delivery (now Nobex), who also co-founded the business. It has four employees and has raised $4.8 million in venture capital. Rather than go on a hiring spree, it has advanced its technology by sponsoring research at N.C. State University and the University of Florida. It is holding discussions with established pesticide companies that could market Skeetercide, and is developing an insect repellent, Skeetershield. Sun Dance Genetics: Marrying the insect resistance of wild grasses with commercial corn is the goal of Sun Dance Genetics. But the way Sun Dance is accomplishing this, although patented, uses conventional breeding methods. ""This is an alternative to GMOs,"" or genetically modified organisms, said Mary Eubanks, who heads the company and is its only employee. Sun Dance has $822,000 in government grants to develop a maize resistant to corn rootworm, a beetle whose larvae feed on corn roots. The pest costs U.S. farmers an estimated $1 billion annually in crop losses and insecticide costs. Eubanks said that, if all goes well, the technology could be ready for commercialization in about a year. She intends to license the technology to an established company.",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g6,g7,NULL,NULL,"Agricultural Biotechnology Firms Make Their Mark in Raleigh, N.C., Area",NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Aventis CropScience, BASF and Syngenta, Research Triangle Park, Agribusiness startups.",NULL,2001-10-16,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-16,NULL,NULL,KnightRidder,NULL,NULL,http://www.knightridderdigital.com,NULL,"Agricultural Biotechnology Firms Make Their Mark In Raleigh, N.C., Area ",5888,uk,NULL "Genetic engineering may help to reclaim agricultural land lost due to salinisation. ",afr,NULL,Susan Owens,NULL,2001-10-16,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,C2,C3,C4,NULL,C6,C7,C8,NULL,"Genetic engineering may help to reclaim agricultural land lost due to salinisation. During medieval times, salt was a precious commodity that was traded weight for weight with gold. Arab traders with salt caravans of up to 300 camels crossed the desert for days to communities such as the mystical Timbuktu, which rose to glory because of this lucrative trans-Saharan salt trade. But salt can be more of a threat than an asset, and it lies at the heart of one of todays major agricultural problems. Excess salinity in soil has devastating effects on plant growth, reducing crop yields worldwide and even leading to complete crop failure in the worst-affected areas. To overcome these limitations, plant breeders have long been trying to generate more salt-tolerant crops, largely without success. Now, researchers from the University of Toronto and the University of California in Davis have genetically engineered plants to withstand significantly higher salt concentrations than their wild-type counterparts. Through the manipulation of just one gene, they have shown that plants are able to thrive in saline conditions that would otherwise be sufficient to class a soil as useless. Salinisation is indeed a growing problem worldwide. Christopher Leaver of the Department of Plant Sciences in Oxford, referring in particular to
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Western Australia, commented, I have seen the problems of dry land salinisation and it is frightening. And it comes at a time when food production is under great pressure. Global food supply is at risk from farming methods that have degraded soils, depleted aquifers, polluted waters and caused the loss of animal and plant species. With the projected increase in population of 1.5 billion people over the next two decades coupled to increased urbanisation in developing countries, world agriculture is faced with an enormous challenge simply to maintain, let alone increase, our present level of food production. Ways must be found to achieve this without resorting to unsustainable farming practices and without major increases in the amount of new land under cultivation, which would further threaten forests and biodiversity. It is estimated that productivity will need to increase by 20% in the developed world and by 60% in the developing world; therefore, the best possible use must be made of these once productive soils. Salinisation can take one of two forms: primary salinity is due to natural causes such as salt carried in the air, while secondary salinity is due to mans effect on the environment. The latter problem is larger and more widespread since changing land use and management in connection with industrialised agriculture has often disturbed the delicately balanced salt cycle of the earth. Secondary salinisation stems most often from the over-irrigation of land, which is ironic given that this commonly occurs in countries where water supply is a problem. In order to remove the uncertainty of an erratic climate, the standard practice in many arid and semi-arid zones of the world is to irrigate agricultural land with fresh water on a regular basis (see Figure 1). This water contains very low levels of ions such as sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sulfate and chloride, and as the water evaporates, these are left behind. Poorly drained soils are a particular problem where the water rises to the surface by capillary action and the land is never well flushed. The accumulation of salts wreaks havoc on most plants, causing dehydration due to osmotic stress and biochemical perturbations due to the influx of sodium ions. Estimates vary, but approximately one-third of the worlds irrigated land is now deemed useless due to its excess salinity and this area is constantly increasing. This translates to a complete loss of 10 million cultivatable hectares a year and crop yields are reduced on even more. Large areas of the Indian subcontinent, Chinas North Plain, Soviet Central Asia and parts of the Canadian prairies, the United States and Mexico are all severely affected. In other parts of the world, secondary salinisation can develop due to the policy of clearing lands, which raises groundwater levels and brings salt to the surface. This is particularly true for Western Australia, where the fundamental cause of salinity is the replacement of perennial, deep-rooted native vegetation with shallow-rooted annual crops such as wheat. The problem is further exacerbated by primary salinisation where salt in sea spray is carried inland by prevailing winds and deposited by rainfall at a level of up to 200 kg/ha/year in some coastal areas. The Dryland Salinity Assessment 2000 published by the Australian National Land and Water Resources Audit (http://audit.ea.gov.au/anra/land/docs/national/Salinity_Contents.html) referred to its findings as a wake-up call and stated that Australia is a vastly different continent to Europe and we need to change our European-based farming systems to work within the context of Australian soils, water resources and climate. Currently, 10% of Western Australias land is classified as affected (where potential yield is reduced by >50%) and this figure is projected to rise to 17% between 2010 and 2020, plateauing within 50 years at a potentially devastating 32%. Images as depicted in Figure 2 are commonplace. Phil Cocks from the University of Western Australia and an expert on salinity stress commented, Two million hectares of land in southwestern Australia are currently rendered less productive by salinity and a further 6 million are at risk. To address the problem, action is needed on most of the privately owned land in the region. In Australia as a whole, the National Farmers Federation and the Australian Conservation Foundation reckon that $65 billion of public and private investment is needed over the next 10 years. Over the last 50 years, crop breeders have been trying to cross salt-tolerant halophytes with salt intolerant glycophytes in order to produce cultivatable but more salt-tolerant progeny, but without success. To genetically engineer such a plant also seemed a formidable task since it was widely believed that salt resistance was due to a whole array of interacting gene products. However, plant scientists in Toronto and California have recently made a significant breakthrough and engineered a tomato to grow in water containing 200 mM salt50 times higher than plants can normally tolerate and almost half as salty as seawater. And all through the increased expression of just one gene. Back in 1999, the group isolated the gene coding for the membrane transporter AtNHX1 from Arabidopsis thaliana. This Na+/H+ antiport pumps sodium ions into the plant vacuole and their latest experiments published in the August issue of Nature Biotechnology clearly demonstrated that over-expression of the transporter in transgenic tomatoes significantly protects the plants in a salty environment. The sequestration of sodium away from the cytosol prevents perturbation of normal cellular metabolism and the osmotic gradient created causes the plants to take up water more effectively. The fruit tastes identical, the scientists claim, because the higher amount of sodium ions is matched by an increase in other osmotic active compounds, most notably sugars. Eduardo Blumwald who leads the group of researchers is now aiming to adapt this technology to other commercial crops. Ive already transformed tomato, tobacco and Canola. I believe I can
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transform any crop with this gene. Field trials are now planned for which the researchers are still seeking funding. Given all the unsuccessful attempts, Blumwalds approach seems strikingly simple and elegant. Its not the gene which is simple, but the hypothesis, commented Blumwald. Growth is a non-reversible thermodynamical process, once a step is taken the plant cannot go back. Thus, the use of energy is critical. Thats why our work appears to be so simple. What we are doing is giving the plant the chance to use a very cheap osmoticumsodium ions in the vacuoleto drive water uptake. However, to an outsider it could still appear strange that natural selection has not promoted the over-expression of this gene if the effects are so dramatic. Blumwald prefers to see it the other way around. Plants started in salty water. But then humans appeared and started domesticating the wild type plants (most of which were salt tolerant) in order to get bigger fruits, more seeds and grains and we grew them in low salt conditions. In other words, selection by conventional plant breeding is the root cause of the now minimal antiport expression seen in most cultivated plants. These findings have generated a flurry of media interest and Christopher Leaver is not alone in believing that this is potentially a very important discovery which suggests that under the high salt growth conditions used by Blumwald, over-expression of a single protein can produce salt tolerant plants which retain the ability to produce edible crops. Not only do the tomatoes thrive in the saline conditions, they also actively take up excess salt into their leaves. The possibilities, therefore, for bioremediation are obvious and indeed, Blumwald revealed that results in press show that plants can accumulate up to 67% of their dry weight as sodium. A farmer can clean the soil, grow a crop and make a profit all at the same time, he said. While this may be the first indication of a transgenic approach to re-utilise salt-stressed agricultural land, we cannot escape the fact that this is a genetically engineered plant that comes with all the stigma attached to that label. But with the current political climate against GM plants, the question is whether the public would accept a plant engineered to overproduce a natural endogenous protein as opposed to one producing a foreign protein such as the insecticidal Bacillus thuringiensis toxin. Blumwald himself says that the public reaction to his work is mixed. Unfortunately the lack of information made available to the public makes it worse. Public acceptance will be a function of how clear we are. In the meantime, the only drum they hear is the anti-GMO one. Indeed, Greenpeace and other environmental and consumer protection groups would likely be against any such introduction of transgenic plants into the environment, irrespective of the origin of the gene involved. Tomatoes have a high water requirement; continued irrigation of the salt-tolerant tomato is likely to only lead to further increase in the salt content of the soil, Greenpeace International pointed out. The salt-tolerant tomato is a technological quick-fix that will not be sustainable in the long-term and may even make the problem of salinity induced by irrigation worse. And despite the fact that this latest discovery has been hailed as a breakthrough, it certainly will not be the final answer to the problem. Salt tolerant plants merely address the symptoms. We need to reverse the hydrological imbalance, commented Phil Cocks. Plant breeding, whether conventional or otherwise, is only part of the answer, and probably a small part at that. We believe that re-introducing perennials is the best long-term answer. But this means a change in farming systems and the development of new products and is therefore likely to be a long and difficult process. Back in California, Blumwald predicts that, with sufficient funding, it would be possible to market such salt-tolerant plants within three years. Increasing yields from marginal soils by growing transgenically-adapted crops may not be an all-encompassing solution, but it could be one step towards solving the problem of feeding the worlds rapidly growing population. ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g15,g16,g17,g18,NULL,NULL,g20,NULL,g4,g5,g6,g7,g8,g9,Salt of the Earth,yes,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Salinisation, The Dryland Salinity Assessment 2000, Australian National Land and Water Resources Audit, salt-tolerant plants.",NULL,2001-10-17,NULL,pak,NULL,1st,NULL,NULL,NULL,1st,1st,NULL,2001-10-16,NULL,NULL,European Molecular Biology Organization,NULL,NULL,http://www.embo.org,NULL,"Salt Of The Earth ",5890,uk,NULL "Biotechnology will provide the most effective defence against bioterrorism, military and public health experts have told a major scientific conference in the United States.",NULL,NULL,Corinne Podger,NULL,2001-10-16,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C2,C3,NULL,C5,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Biotechnology will provide the most effective defence against bioterrorism, military and public health experts have told a major scientific conference in the United States. The completion of the human genome project, and developments in our understanding of diseases like anthrax and botulism, will help in developing tests and vaccines that will protect society against bioterrorist attacks as well as natural epidemics. The annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) heard from Colonel Edward Eitzen, head of the US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases. He said a release of anthrax bacteria near a city of half a million people would cause up to 90,000 deaths within a week. Part of the problem would be identifying anthrax as the cause of death, however. Dr Craig Venter, CEO of Celera Genomics, which has just published a version of the human DNA sequence, said new advances in biotechnology could
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speed up the process of identifying the nature of any attack from several days to just a few hours. ""The way people have detected bacteria in the past is that they have grown them, to see what they look like, smell like, what properties they have,"" he said. ""But with knowledge about the genetic code, we can multiply the amount of DNA in a specific species, so if it's smallpox, if it's meningitis, if it's anthrax, we can find it in a very precise fashion."" This could prevent massive casualties, Dr Venter said. Internet sourcing While the conference heard that the potential for bioterrorist attacks was considered unlikely, it could not be dismissed. Public health expert Dr Margaret Hamburg said lethal agents such as botulism, anthrax and bubonic plague could be purchased illegally over the internet, and might be more appealing to a would-be terrorist than conventional weapons. ""I think there's reason to think that biological weapons are going to be increasingly attractive,"" she said. ""I think that they're definitely cheaper, probably easier to get hold of, they're easier to conceal, there is information about them available on the internet and through other sources, and they are terrifying. ""All of these things together make them a pretty attractive weapon if your goal is to do harm, disrupt society as we know it, and make people afraid of you and the threat you represent."" The chance of biotechnology being abused to engineer new so-called ""super-diseases"" was dismissed by Dr Hamburg as being too time-consuming and expensive. She said biotechnology was more likely to be beneficial in defence, for protecting against outbreaks of disease, either from terrorist attacks, but more commonly in naturally occurring, freak epidemics. New vaccines Colonel Edward Eitzen said such outbreaks were considered more likely because of increased international travel and global trade. ""I think that there's a lot of concern today about the issue of emerging diseases, new diseases that cross borders and come into our country. ""One of the agents that we worry about is a group of toxins called the botulinum toxins. They're the causative agents of the condition we know as botulism, which normally occurs in humans from contaminated foods. ""However, this is a toxin that really is one of the most lethal toxins known to man, that could be used as a biowarfare or a bioterrorism agent. ""We're currently working on a vaccine that uses biotechnology to take a fragment of the toxin - a non-toxic fragment - and splits it off from the rest of the molecule. ""It creates a good antibody response and it also in animals protects against the lethal effects of the toxin itself. This is very exciting work. We can take a non-toxic fragment of the molecule and produce a safer, but still very effective vaccine that has no toxicity in and of itself."" International law The meeting also heard from Professor Matthew Meselson, a geneticist at Harvard University. He said the increased risk of bioweapon attacks suggested the need for new measures under international law to bring individuals suspected of bioterrorism to trial. ""There's a body of international law that covers crimes which are a threat to all - airline hijacking, torture, etc. ""This kind of law permits a country in which an individual is found, who is accused of any of those specific crimes, to exert jurisdiction over that individual whether he is a citizen or not, and regardless of whether the alleged crime has actually been committed. ""We hope that such a treaty could be fashioned for the crime of developing or using biological weapons."" ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g6,NULL,NULL,NULL,Biotechnology In The Front Line ,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"anthrax, botulism, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Colonel Edward.",NULL,2001-10-16,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-02-20,NULL,NULL,BBC News,NULL,NULL,http://news.bbc.co.uk,(Against Bioterrorism),"Biotechnology In The Front Line (Against Bioterrorism) ",5891,NULL,NULL "The UK farming industry was cited as calling on the Government to introduce new laws to protect GM crop trials in the wake of today\'s High Court ruling, which said that public order laws cannot be used against campaigners who damage or destroy GM crops when no persons who might be intimidated by their activities are present in the fields. ",NULL,NULL,Simon Baker,NULL,2001-10-17,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C4,NULL,C6,C7,NULL,C9," The UK farming industry was cited as calling on the Government tonight to introduce new laws to protect GM crop trials in the wake of today's High Court ruling, which said that public order laws cannot be used against campaigners who damage or destroy GM crops when no persons who might be intimidated by their activities are present in the fields. A spokesman for the Supply Chain Initiative on Modified Agricultural Crops (SCIMAC), which represents the food industry in the crop trials, was cited as saying that property must be protected, adding, ""There can be no justification for causing damage to private property, or for disrupting a legitimate programme of independent scientific evaluation. Clearly this ruling applies to one particular section of the law, and would suggest that
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other legal means of redress must be sought or introduced to deter future damage to GM crop trials."" He was further cited as criticizing anti-GM food campaigners for delaying the scientific process of discovering whether the crops were safe, stating,""SCIMAC remains disappointed that a very small number of individuals do not have enough confidence in the strength of their own arguments to let science decide. We have repeatedly condemned the actions of those responsible for causing damage to trial crops. But we are also encouraged that their efforts have not deterred growers from hosting trials or prevented the collection of data to assess the comparative biodiversity effects of GM and non-GM crops. We continue to believe that the public has a right to know the facts about this technology, based on independent scientific evidence."" ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g4,g5,g6,NULL,NULL,NULL,Call For New Laws After GM Ruling,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"uk, farming industry, gm crops, biotech, regulatory.",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,1st,NULL,2001-10-16,NULL,NULL,PA,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,Call For New Laws After GM Ruling,5892,uk,NULL "The US government renewed its approval for the use of genetically modified corn, saying it found no evidence of risks to human health or the environment. ",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-17,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,C8,C9," <center> Click <a href=""http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides/reds/brad_bt_pip2.htm"" target=""_blank""> HERE</a> for the EPA's official 'Biopesticides Registration Action Document On Bacillus thuringiensis Plant-Incorporated Protectants' </center> The US government renewed its approval for the use of genetically modified corn, saying it found no evidence of risks to human health or the environment. The story says that the Environmental Protection Agency decided that corn modified with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) -- which produces a protein toxic to certain insects -- can be used for another seven years before another review. ""Bt corn has been evaluated thoroughly by EPA, and we are confident that it does not pose risks to human health or to the environment,"" said. Stephen Johnson, assistant EPA administrator, was quoted as saying, ""Consumers should be assured that these corn varieties show no signs of any adverse effects to human health."" The story goes on to say that five Bt corn varieties approved for renewed use incorporates genetic material from a naturally occurring soil bacterium that produces a protein toxic to certain nsects, which has been used for many years to control insect pests. The EPA said companies marketing Bt corn seed ""will be required to monitor for the development of insect resistance, provide annual reports on the efficacy of resistance management plans, and implement remedial action plans in the event that resistance is detected among pest populations."" ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g15,g16,g17,g18,NULL,NULL,g20,NULL,g4,g5,g6,g7,g8,g9,US EPA Renews Approval Of Bioengineered Corn,yes,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"us, government, EPA, corn, bt, bt corn, risks, genetically engineered corn.",NULL,2001-10-25,NULL,pak,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-16,NULL,NULL,Agence France Presse ,NULL,NULL,http://www.afp.com,NULL,US EPA Renews Approval Of Bioengineered Corn,5893,uk,NULL "The professor of agricultural and applied economics at Virginia Tech says sorting out these social and economic effects may be critical to public acceptance of biotechnology. Without that acceptance, he fears, many potential benefits may be lost. ",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-17,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,C2,C3,NULL,C5,C6,C7,NULL,NULL," Biotechnology is also likely to produce winners and losers as a result of social and economic impacts, says George Norton. The professor of agricultural and applied economics at Virginia Tech says sorting out these social and economic effects may be critical to public acceptance of biotechnology. Without that acceptance, he fears, many potential benefits may be lost. Norton is heading an effort centered at Virginia Tech and including scientists worldwide that will investigate the social and economic effects of biotechnologies. The project is funded by a $1.1 million grant from the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The scientific achievements of biotechnology have been occurring at such an astounding pace that social and economic assessments have lagged behind, Norton says. ""There are major benefits that can be expected from agricultural biotechnology, but we expect to see distributional effects as well,"" Norton says. ""For example, early adopters of the technology may be in a stronger position than those who adopt it later."" The four-year project will investigate the impacts of biotechnology from a social science perspective. The faculty members involved will be able to draw on the expertise of Virginia Tech researchers who have pioneered key biotechnology procedures, especially in the area of generating human pharmaceuticals from plants and animals. ""We cant look into economics or social issues in a vacuum,"" Norton says. ""Well have to inform ourselves [about the scientific aspects of biotechnology] as we go ahead, but we also want to keep our perspective. We
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dont want to be an advocate for any side of this."" Other faculty members involved in the project at Virginia Tech include Brad Mills, Dixie Reaves, and Mike Ellerbrock in agricultural and applied economics; Laura Parisi in the Center for Interdisciplinary Studies; and Colette Harris in the Office of International Research and Development. Scientists at Virginia State University, North Carolina State University, the University of Tennessee, and at the International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines are also participating. ""The complexity of the issues requires a team approach,"" says Norton. ""Our group brings expertise in environmental mediation, the economics of tobacco and rice production, evaluation of agricultural research, gender issues, international political economy, and the study of the politics and economics of technology transfer and diffusion."" Much of agricultural biotechnology that has been marketed to date has been aimed at enhancing productivity. But increasingly, biotechnology is being applied to add to the value of crops, such as by increasing nutritional value, adding certain vitamins, or in coaxing plants to create substances that can be used in making pharmaceuticals. The study is concentrating on tobacco and rice because those crops are the focus of much biotechnology research. Tobacco is a plant whose genetics are relatively easily manipulated, making it an ideal candidate for producing compounds for use in creating pharmaceuticals that treat human diseases. Rice is a staple food for much of the worlds population, especially the poor. Biotechnology might be a boon to consumers around the globe, and it might help maintain the viability of farms producing the crops. ""We say might benefit because no one really has studied in detail who is likely to benefit and who is likely to lose,"" Norton says. He says the research is expected to generate information for policy-makers as well as the general public in the United States and abroad. The public has been bombarded by hype from both proponents and opponents of biotechnology. ""More informed public opinion may help smooth the way for adoption of socially-beneficial biotechnologies, and hinder the spread of ones where the risks appear to be unacceptable compared to the potential benefits,"" Norton says. The research will begin by collecting information concerning attitudes of producers and consumers through surveys and focus groups. Researchers will then develop a framework to assess economic and social impacts of agricultural biotechnologies. The group will then develop educational materials about the benefits, costs, and concerns associated with biotechnologies for students and the general public. Those educational materials will be distributed in K-12 educational programs, college courses, and to the general public through Web-based materials.",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g16,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g20,NULL,g4,g5,g6,g7,NULL,g9,"Virginia Tech Leads Project To Sort Out Social, Economic Impacts Of Agricultural Biotechnology",yes,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Virginia Tech Univ., George Norton, Social, economic impacts of agricultural biotechnology, tobacco and rice studies.",NULL,2001-10-25,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-15,NULL,NULL,Virginia Tech University,NULL,NULL,http://www.vt.edu/,NULL,"Virginia Tech Leads Project To Sort Out Social, Economic Impacts Of Agricultural Biotechnology",5894,uk,NULL "\""I am sitting in my office in Vancouver, Canada after Greenpeace activists in Paris successfully prevented me from speaking via videoconference to 400 delegates of the European Seed Association. The Greenpeacers chained themselves to the seats in the Cine Cite Bercy auditorium and threatened to shout down the speakers.\"" ",NULL,NULL,Patrick Moore,NULL,2001-10-17,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C3,NULL,C5,C6,NULL,NULL,NULL,"I am sitting in my office in Vancouver, Canada after Greenpeace activists in Paris successfully prevented me from speaking via videoconference to 400 delegates of the European Seed Association. The Greenpeacers chained themselves to the seats in the Cine Cite Bercy auditorium and threatened to shout down the speakers. The conference organizers decided to retreat to the Sofitel Hotel where many of them were staying. The auditorium is in a very important building and they did not want their conference to be associated with an incident there. As the Sofitel does not have videoconferencing capability my keynote presentation was cancelled. When I helped to create Greenpeace from a church basement in Vancouver in 1971 I had no idea that I would spend the next 15 years as an international director and leader of many Greenpeace campaigns. I also had no idea that after I left in 1986 they would evolve into a band of scientific illiterates who use Gestapo tactics to silence people who wish to express their views in a civilized forum. And I could never have guessed that my former colleague and then teen-age founder of Greenpeace France, Remi Parmentier, would be the one issuing the orders to silence me. Over the years Remi has risen to the title of Political Director for Greenpeace International. (Remi is so political that when Francois Mitterand led the socialists to power in France he suddenly became a defender of French nuclear testing in the South Pacific) He has fought tirelessly against the reprocessing of nuclear waste, a campaign that I have some sympathy for. He has also directed the effort to prevent deep-sea disposal of harmless oil storage platforms in the Atlantic Ocean. This has resulted in hundreds of millions wasted for no good purpose. I imagine his intentions were good even though his priorities were misguided. But even if his intentions are good, he and his chain-gang have no right to deny freedom of assembly and freedom of speech by free people in a democracy. The issue, in this case, is the application of biotechnology to agriculture,
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genetic modification in particular. The conference in Paris was the coming together of delegates from seed companies, biotechnology companies, government agencies involved in regulation etc. from across Europe. The purpose of their gathering was to discuss the role of biotechnology in the future of agriculture, surely a topic covered by the rules of free speech. As a long-time leader of Greenpeace in its formative years, and someone who supports using biotechnology for the good of human welfare and the environment, I had been invited to give a presentation via videoconference from Vancouver. I would have told the assembled that the accusations of Frankenstein food and killer tomatoes are as much a fantasy as the Hollywood movies they are borrowed from. I would have argued that if putting a daffodil gene in rice can prevent half a million children from blindness each year then we should move forward carefully to develop the Golden Rice. I would have told them that Greenpeace policy on genetics lacks any respect for logic or science. A few days ago the European Commission released the results of 81 scientific studies on genetically modified organisms conducted by over 400 research teams at a cost of US$65 million. The studies, which covered all areas of concern, have not shown any new risks to human health or the environment, beyond the usual uncertainties of conventional plant breeding. Indeed, the use of more precise technology and the greater regulatory scrutiny probably make them even safer than conventional plants and foods. Clearly my former Greenpeace colleagues are either not reading the morning paper or simply dont care about the truth. And they choose to forcibly silence those of us who do care about the truth. In response to Greenpeaces scandalous attacks on the promising development of Golden Rice, one of its inventors, Dr. Ingo Potrykus, accused Greenpeace of crimes against humanity. I agree with him. But how can we fight back without resorting to crimes of our own? What if 100 research scientists walked into a Greenpeace International meeting, chained themselves to the place, then called the media and stated their demands? Among those demands would be a promise not to prevent people from free assembly and free speech. What if those same scientists were to hang huge banners reading Greenpeace is Wrong about Biotechnology, Fight Anthrax, Not Corn, Millions of Children Condemned to Blindness by Greenpeace, Stop Greenpeace Lies etc. I would be happy to help organize such an event.
<HR>Patrick Moore, Ph.D. (Ecology) Co-Founder of Greenpeace, President of Greenspirit ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g2,NULL,NULL,g4,NULL,g6,NULL,NULL,g9,Letter From Patrick Moore,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Greenpeace, Remi Parmentier, Dr. Ingo Potrykus.",NULL,2001-10-17,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-16,NULL,NULL,Greenspirit,NULL,NULL,http://www.greens /,NULL,"Letter From Patrick Moore ",5895,NULL,NULL "Using biotechnology, a group of French scientists are developing a potato that contains 19 times more fructose - the sweetest of all natural sugars than a conventional potato.",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-17,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,C2,C3,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C8,NULL, you have a sweet tooth there is probably nothing you enjoy more than finishing off a meal with a cup of rich, dark coffee and a slice of sweet, delicious potato? Using biotechnology, a group of French scientists are developing a potato that contains 19 times more fructose - the sweetest of all natural sugars than a conventional potato. And while it is not likely that potatoes will replace cakes and cookies in our daily craving for a sweet ""something,"" it could revolutionize how foods are sweetened and how we fuel cars are fueled. Until now, corn has been the main source of fructose, but extracting fructose from corn requires complicated processing. Processors use bacterial enzymes to convert the corn's starch into fructose. By contrast, the biotech potato converts starch into fructose by itself when it is heated and mashed, making expensive processing unnecessary. Researchers at the University of Picardie in France developed the new biotech potato by adding two enzymes that work together to convert potato starch into fructose. By the way, potatoes already contain a great deal of starch. Makers of soft drinks and sweeteners have expressed interest in the biotech potato. Others are excited because the biotech potato could lead to new production methods for low-cost ethanol, a clean-burning, alcohol-based fuel for cars.",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g2,NULL,NULL,g4,g5,g6,g7,NULL,g9,How Sweet It Is: A New Variety Of Biotech Potatoes Could Simplify Sugar Production,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"University of Picardie in France, biotech potato.",NULL,2001-10-17,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-16,NULL,NULL,Biotech and You,NULL,NULL,http://www.biotechandyou.com,NULL,"How Sweet It Is: A New Variety Of Biotech Potatoes Could Simplify Sugar Production ",5896,uk,NULL "In early 2001, the International Association of Culinary Professionals (IACP) conducted discussions on food biotechnology with panels of experts in six U.S. cities. ",afr,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-17,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,NULL,NULL,"In early 2001, the International Association of Culinary Professionals (IACP) conducted discussions on food biotechnology with panels of experts in six U.S. cities: Los Angeles; New York; Chicago; Dallas; Portland, Oregon; and Washington, D.C. Individuals ranging from consumers and ethicists, to chefs and scientists, and to organic farmers and opinion leaders held passionate dialogues in which they presented their various perspectives and views. This article highlights some of the views expressed at those sessions. At IACP in New York, Dr. Peter Day, head of the Biotechnology Center for Agriculture and the Environment at Cook College, Rutgers University,
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described food biotechnology as follows: ""We use living organisms to make beer and wine and cheeseOur ancestors were continuously engaged in selecting the best plants and cultivating their progeny, developing higher yields and improving their resistance to insects, to drought and to temperature extremesBiotechnology speeds the accuracy of the process and creates new opportunities for pioneer plant breeders."" The View of the Organic Industry: All six panels contained individuals who represented the Organic Trade Association's (OTA's) view of food biotechnology. In the discussion in Washington, D.C., OTA's view was summed up as follows: ""All Earth's inhabitants have the most to lose in the long run because little thought is being given to the consequences of what genetically engineered crops will do to the environment and to biodiversity. Earth's ecosystem could be turned upside down. There will be no way to undo the damage or recall new organisms that have been unleashed."" OTA has called for a moratorium on the agricultural production of crops through biotechnology. Brian Halweil of the Worldwatch Institute stated that: ""There is no question that biotechnology contains some real potential for agriculture, for instance as a supplement to conventional breeding or as a means of studying crop pathogens. The biggest hope for agriculture is not something biochemists are going to find in a test tube. The greatest opportunities will be found in what farmers already know, or in what they can readily discover on their farms."" Because Something Might Happen, Does Not Mean That it Will Happen Passions were white hot among some advocates and critics of biotechnology, although remarkably, many more found they could comfortably support aspects of both sides of the debate. It became increasingly clear that there is no ""side"" to be on. There has also been some good news. According to the National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy, herbicide-resistant crops have led to an overall reduction in herbicide use and a switch to more environmentally friendly herbicides. Therefore, in the words of Irena Chalmers, culinary author and teacher at the Culinary Institute of America, ""It is difficult to understand why those who lined up against the use of pesticides are now voicing their opposition to NOT using them."" The View of Consumers: Despite all the ferment and angst among some, the International Food Information Council's (IFIC's) fifth survey of U.S. consumer attitudes toward food biotechnology found that more consumers than before (64 percent) are expecting benefits from biotechnology. In addition, the survey found that consumers may be surprisingly oblivious to the discussion of labeling of foods produced with the aid of biotechnology. The poll showed that three of four consumers could not think of any additional information that they would like to see on food labels. Support remained high (70 percent of respondents) for the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's labeling policy regarding food biotechnology, which requires no special labeling except when the use of biotechnology introduces an allergen or when it substantially changes a food's composition or nutritional content. (The survey was conducted in January 2001 by Wirthlin Worldwide, and was discussed in depth in the March-April 2001 issue of Food Insight.) The View of Scientists: Research undertaken by more than 400 scientists from Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the United States has produced an improved strain of rice that will eventually better the diets of nearly two and a half billion people. The rice's ability to produce beta-carotene (provitamin A) will help reduce the risk of severe vitamin A deficiency and the subsequent onset of blindness in infants. The United Nations Children's Fund says that more than a hundred million children suffer from vitamin A deficiency. The ""golden rice"" also contains three times more iron than other strains of rice, which will help prevent the anemia that is prevalent in women suffering from malnutrition. The Rockefeller Foundation, a nonprofit organization, provides the technology for golden rice at no cost to developing countries. Martina McGloughlin, director of the Biotechnology Program and Life Sciences Informatics Program at the University of California, Davis, stated simply that ""The many and varied tools of biotechnology hold great promise for increasing the efficiency and sustainability of agriculture, and assuring the abundance, variety, quality, and safety of food."" The View of Ethicists: Dr. Richard Sherlock, a professor of philosophy in the Department of Languages and Philosophy at Utah State University, addressed the issue head on. He declared unequivocally, ""The central anxiety is not about the science but a quasi-religious belief that may be nontheistic-or a thinking about the natural way of being. Many consumers believe-largely erroneously-that eating genetically enhanced food is dangerous Few people know what the data is. As a result, pastoral concerns are now being legislated."" Is Food Produced Through Biotechnology Safe?: Those concerned about biotechnology proclaimed that safety is a major issue, but it is one that is almost impossible to quantify, partly because security is a matter of perception. There are remarkable similarities between the controversy over foods produced through biotechnology and the one that raged in the early 1900s when evidence began mounting that there was a link between the consumption of raw milk and tuberculosis. The remedy (pasteurization) was bitterly criticized and tenaciously fought by its critics who said that pasteurization is little more than an excuse for the sale of contaminated
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milk and would discourage efforts to produce pure, fresh milk. Nevertheless, with the single exception of a clean water supply, this public health measure has saved more lives than any other. Caution is a good thing because genuine consumer concerns must be addressed before new ideas can be accepted and risks are taken only when they are outweighed by benefits. Safety concerns us all, yet as Irena Chalmers observed, ""While nearly 300 million North American consumers have been eating several dozen foods enhanced through biotechnology since 1994, not a single cough or cold or allergic reaction can be attributed to foods produced through biotechnology."" The World Health Organization, the American Medical Association, The National Academy of Sciences, The European Federation of Science and Technology, and dozens of other scientific and trade organizations, including the 28,000-member Institute of Food Technologists, endorse the safety of food produced through biotechnology. However, although safety is paramount, it is not absolute. Food choices have always been and will continue to be dictated not only by wholesomeness and nutritive value but also by history or geography and by custom or religious belief. Conclusion: When the sequence of the human genome was released in 2000, scientists were able to glimpse the infinite possibilities that lie ahead. Dr. Michael Lawton of Rutgers University summed up the current situation saying, ""When the dust has long settled on this argument, both biotechnology and organic farming will be viewed as useful and compatible approaches to improving agricultural produce and practice. The term 'genetic engineering', which at present induces a degree of discomfort in the publicwill be viewed neutrally as a technology that can be used for purposes both noble or base, for profit or not, to improve the crunch in breakfast cereals or help feed the world.""",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g4,g5,g6,g7,NULL,g9,IACP On Tour: Exploring the Issues of Food Biotechnology,yes,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"IACP, food biotechnology , View of Organic Industry, Consumers, Scientists, Ethicists.",NULL,2001-10-17,NULL,pak,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-15,NULL,NULL,International Food Information Council Foundation,NULL,NULL,http://ific.org/,Food Insight,"IACP On Tour: Exploring The Issues Of Food Biotechnology Food Insight",5897,uk,NULL "The global area of transgenic crops, often referred to as genetically modified or GM crops, is likely to reach 50 million hectares, or 125 million acres, at the end of 2001. ",afr,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-18,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,NULL,NULL,"The global area of transgenic crops, often referred to as genetically modified or GM crops, is likely to reach 50 million hectares, or 125 million acres, at the end of 2001. Preliminary information from a global survey conducted by Dr Clive James, Chairman of the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA), indicates that this is more than a 10 % year-on-year growth compared with 2000. Despite the on-going debate on GM crops, particularly in countries of the European Union, millions of large and small farmers in both industrial and developing countries continue to increase their plantings of GM crops. Since 1996, when the first commercial GM crops were grown, the global GM crop area has increased 30 fold, an unprecedented increase, reflecting grower satisfaction due to the significant and multiple benefits of GM crops. These benefits include: * more sustainable and resource-efficient crop management practices that require less fuel, conserve vital soil moisture and control erosion * less dependency on conventional pesticides, that can be a health hazard to resource-poor small farmers in developing countries applying pesticides with hand sprayers, and also result in environmental residues * safer food and feed from products, such as pest-resistant Bt maize which contains less mycotoxin than conventional maize * Collectively, these benefits offer growers and society more efficient and higher crop productivity that help contribute to a more sustainable agriculture and to the formidable challenge of ensuring global food, feed and fiber security in the future. In the early 1990s, many critics of biotechnology were skeptical that GM crops could deliver improved products and make an impact in the near-term at the farm level. There was even more doubt about the appropriateness of GM crops for countries of the developing world. The experience of more than 15 countries including Argentina, Australia, Canada, China, South Africa and the USA during the last six years, 1996 to 2001, has demonstrated that the early promises of GM crops are meeting expectations in both industrial and developing countries. These countries have grown a cumulative total of 175 million hectares (over 400 million acres) of GM crops. Legions of discerning farmers around the world, who have to practice risk aversion daily in order to survive, have all made independent decisions to increase their GM crop areas by almost 30-fold. The collective judgment of millions of farmers speaks volumes of the confidence and trust they have placed in GM crops that can make a vital contribution to global food, feed, and fiber security. Governments, supported by the global scientific and international development community, must ensure continued safe and effective testing and introduction of GM crops and implement regulatory programs that inspire public confidence. Leadership at the international level must be exerted by the international scientific community and development institutions to stimulate discussion and to share knowledge on GM crops with society. The latter must be well informed and engaged in a dialogue about the impact of the technology on the environment, food safety, sustainability and global food security. Societies in food surplus countries must ensure that access to GM crops is not denied or delayed to developing countries seeking to access the new technologies in their quest for food security. The most compelling case for biotechnology, particularly GM crops, is its potential vital contribution to global food security and the alleviation of hunger in the Third World. We must ensure that society will continue to benefit from the vital contribution that plant breeding offers, using both conventional and biotechnology tools. Improved crop varieties are, and will continue to be the most cost effective, environmentally safe, and sustainable way to help ensure global food security in the future. <HR>ISAAA will release the 2001 Global Review of GM Crops when it is completed later this year. Copies will be available from ISAAA's Center in SouthEast Asia.
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 Please send questions, suggestions, and comments, to ISAAA SEAsiaCenter, c/o IRRI DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines. Phone: +63 2 8450563; Fax: 845 0606; Telefax: +63 495367216; Email: knowledge.center@isaaa.org ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g15,g16,g17,g18,g19,NULL,g20,NULL,NULL,NULL,g6,g7,NULL,g9,"Global GM Crop Area Continues To Grow: Likely To Reach 50 million Hectares, Or 125 Million Acres, In 2001",yes,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"GM crops area, Dr Clive James, benefits, Third World.",NULL,2001-10-25,NULL,pak,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-18,NULL,NULL,Information Service for the Acquisition of Agro-biotech Applications,NULL,NULL,http://www.isaaa.org/,NULL,"Global GM Crop Area Continues To Grow: Likely To Reach 50 million Hectares, Or 125 Million Acres, In 2001 ",5900,uk,NULL "One hundred and fifty, farmers, teachers, scientists and agri-industry professionals meeting at a recent gene technology workshop held at Lincoln University, strongly agreed that New Zealand\'s future lay with wise stewardship of genetic modification technologies. ",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-17,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,C2,C3,C4,C5,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"One hundred and fifty, farmers, teachers, scientists and agri-industry professionals meeting at a recent gene technology workshop held at Lincoln University, strongly agreed that New Zealand's future lay with wise stewardship of genetic modification technologies. Sponsored by the New Zealand Institutes of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences and AGMARDT and Wrightson, the workshop involved addresses from leading professionals including Dr Morgan Williams, Commissioner for the Environment. Workshop sessions also identified consumer attitudes, trade, risk management, environment, and food safety as being key issues needing to be addressed. The meeting is sending its three major recommendations to the Government. That the current moratorium on contained field trials must be halted to ensure the knowledge base moves forward. That the ""precautionary approach"" of the Royal Commission is the most viable alternative for the use of GM technology in New Zealand. That scientists be encouraged to play a more active education role in providing information to the media and the public, and to better understand the emotional basis for public concerns about genetic modification. Dr John Keoghan and David Harrison convenors of the meeting said that there was a great deal of unanimity among participants and an appreciation of the complexity of the issues. However, there was a clear indication that the risk of moratoriums and/or not using the technology, was far greater than the well managed introduction of the technology, they said. ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g15,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g4,NULL,g6,g7,NULL,NULL,Stewardship Of Genetic Modification,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"scientists and agri-industry professionals meeting, Lincoln University, AGMARDT,Wrightson.",NULL,2001-10-24,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-17,NULL,NULL,New Zealand Institute of Agricultural Science,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,Stewardship Of Genetic Modification,5899,uk,NULL "The National Science Foundation (NSF) has awarded $55 million in research grants to discover the relationships between living things and their environment. ",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-18,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,C8,NULL,"The National Science Foundation (NSF) has awarded $55 million in research grants to scientists, engineers, and educators to discover the relationships between living things and their environment. Explains NSF Director Rita Colwell, ""Earth is a living, ever changing planet, with interconnecting threads everywhere. Complexity is a defining characteristic of these threads. All levels of biological organization are more than the sum of their parts. Understanding how complex systems develop from the interactions of living things and their environment is critical to an understanding of how our planet supports life."" Investigations of biocomplexity in the environment, says Colwell, provide science a more complete understanding of natural processes, of human behaviors and decisions in the natural world, and of ways to use new technology effectively to observe the environment and sustain the diversity of life on earth. Scientists, engineers, and educators must work in teams across diverse fields, says Colwell, that go well beyond biology to include, for example, physics, systems engineering, mathematics, economics, and geochemistry on studies that extend from the submolecular to changes in the world's climate. ""The biggest, most exciting scientific questions are now at the interfaces of traditional disciplines, such as biological chemistry, computational ecology, and environmental genetics,"" she says. This special competition, called Biocomplexity in the Environment: Integrated Research and Education in Environmental Systems 2001, is the third phase of a multi-year effort supporting full research projects and smaller exploratory projects, workshops and planning activities. In the competition, 32 research projects and 41 exploratory projects were funded, with support from all NSF research directorates and offices. Four subcategories of awards were made: Dynamics of Coupled Natural and Human Systems (CNH); Coupled Biogeochemical Cycles (CBC); Genome-Enabled Environmental Science and Engineering (GENEN); and Instrumentation Development for Environmental Activities (IDEA). Research project topics include: modeling the interactions among urban development, land cover change, and bird diversity; coupling rhizosphere biogeochemical cycles to plant growth under differing levels of carbon dioxide; meta-genome analysis of extreme microbial symbiosis; and developing instrumentation to measure the emission and transport of biological aerosols into the atmosphere. Exploratory projects include: sustaining multiple functions for urban wetlands; simplification and recovery of soil biocomplexity following
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agricultural cultivation and forest logging; complementary development of new chemical sensor and probe microscopy techniques for environmental research in hydrothermal ecosystems; and developing portable devices to map the distribution of arsenic in groundwater in Bangladesh.
",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g6,g7,NULL,NULL,NSF Awards $55 Milliom In Grants To Study Biocomplexity In The Environment,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"NSF, Rita Colwell, Biocomplexity in the Environment.",NULL,2001-10-24,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-17,NULL,NULL,National Science Foundation,NULL,NULL,http://www.nsf.gov/,NULL,NSF Awards $55 Milliom In Grants To Study Biocomplexity In The Environment,5901,uk,NULL "The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) is holding a Public Forum on the evening of October 30, 2001, in Ottawa, to solicit the public\'s views on plant molecular farming. ",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-19,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,C3,C4,C5,C6,NULL,NULL,NULL,"The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) is holding a Public Forum on the evening of October 30, 2001, in Ottawa, to solicit the public's views on plant molecular farming. Plant molecular farming uses the science of genetic engineering to produce substances for scientific, medical or industrial use. Some potential products of molecular farming are antigens for vaccines that can be mass produced in plants and used to respond to diseases such as cancer, diabetes, rabies, foot and mouth disease and the common cold. Plant molecular farming is still at the experimental stage and currently there are no plants for molecular farming approved for commercial release in Canada. The forum will be overseen by a moderator and will include short presentations given by selected panelists. The presentations will be followed by questions and comments from the audience. Panelists are being invited to present a variety of points of view, including those of industry, producers, the academic/scientific community, and environmental groups. Presentations and discussion will begin at 7:00 P.M. in the auditorium of the Museum of Nature in Ottawa. Following this, refreshments will be served in the museum atrium, and panelists and audience members will have the opportunity to interact more informally. The Issue: The CFIA, which is responsible for regulating plants with novel traits, recognizes that plant molecular farming poses a number of regulatory challenges. The Agency is conferring with a wide range of people now, while products of molecular farming are still years away from the marketplace. The Public Forum will provide people with an opportunity to learn about molecular farming and express their views and concerns about the regulation of plants used in molecular farming in Canada. The CFIA intends to take into account all stakeholders' input when drafting new guidelines that are anticipated to be in place by spring 2002. Following the Public Forum, a three-day technical consultation meeting will be held in Ottawa, including representatives from academia, government, industry, provinces and non-governmental organizations interested in health and the environment. The consultation is intended to assist in the development of guidelines specifically related to plant molecular farming. This consultation will also address regulatory procedures for Health Canada to participate in the risk assessments. ",All,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g6,NULL,NULL,g9,Plant Molecular Farming - Government Seeks Public Views,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"CFIA, Plant molecular farming, vaccines, development of guidelines, regulatory challenges.",NULL,2001-10-24,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-18,NULL,NULL,Canadian Food Inspection Agency ,NULL,NULL,http://www.cfia-acia.agr.ca/,NULL,Plant Molecular Farming - Government Seeks Public Views,5902,uk,NULL "According to Canola Council of Canada statistics, farmers in Western Canada appear to be following the international trend of growing more genetically modified crops, with 61 per cent of the 9.9 million acre canola crop in the west this year GM, up from 55 per cent in 2000 and 53 per cent in 1999. ",NULL,NULL,Michelle Lang,NULL,2001-10-22,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,C8,NULL,"According to Canola Council of Canada statistics, farmers in Western Canada appear to be following the international trend of growing more genetically modified crops, with 61 per cent of the 9.9 million acre canola crop in the west this year GM, up from 55 per cent in 2000 and 53 per cent in 1999. Joanne Buth of the Canola Council of Canada was quoted as saying, ""Since the initial release of GM canola in 1996, its use has increased dramatically. We did a survey on why farmers are growing more transgenic crops and the primary reason is weed control. Both of the available varieties of GM canola are herbicide tolerant so farmers are seeing some real benefits with hard to control weeds."" A new study by the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications supports that it's part of a global move toward more GM crops, with the organization saying that GM acreage will reach 125 million acres by the end of 2001, representing a 10-per-cent year-over-year increase. Canola is the major GM crop produced on the Prairies. The two other main GM crops in Canada, corn and soybeans, are primarily grown in Ontario. Buth, however, was cited as saying that a survey of GM canola use suggested farmers are finding a $6-per-acre increase in their profit margin and that
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there are increased fuel savings because of less tillage and a reduction in the amount of herbicides used overall. But Buth acknowledges there have been some problems with controlling volunteer GM canola, particularly in Manitoba this year. She said some farmers who had planted GM canola in 2000 and were unable to seed early in 2001 because of wet conditions experienced volunteer canola growing past the stage where it could be controlled.
",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g15,g16,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g4,g5,g6,g7,NULL,g9,Western Canadian Farmers Growing More GM Crops,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Canola Council of Canada statistics, Joanne Buth , transgenic crops study, Shannon Storey, National Farmer's Union.",NULL,2001-10-24,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,1st,NULL,2001-10-20,NULL,NULL,Leader-Post Regina,NULL,NULL,http://www.canada.com/regina/,NULL,Western Canadian Farmers Growing More GM Crops,5903,uk,NULL "World Food Prize laureate Per Pinstrup-Andersen said at the World Food Prize symposium that rich nations should invest their money in eradicating the roots of terrorism - hunger, poverty and human misery. ",afr,NULL,Jerry Perkins,NULL,2001-10-22,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,NULL,NULL,NULL,"World Food Prize laureate Per Pinstrup-Andersen said at the World Food Prize symposium that rich nations should invest their money in eradicating the roots of terrorism - hunger, poverty and human misery. ""It will be a mistake to try to build taller walls around ourselves,"" Pinstrup-Andersen said. ""We cannot protect ourselves from mad acts."" A better and more realistic way to deal with terrorism is to invest in ending world hunger. ""We won't live in peace without removing the causes of terrorism,"" Pinstrup-Andersen said. ""We will live in fear if we don't."" Pinstrup-Andersen, director of the International Food Policy Research Institute in Washington, D.C., was awarded the 2001 World Food Prize for influencing global food policies that have improved the lives of millions of people. In his laureate's address, Pinstrup-Andersen said the world's political stability is threatened by the widening gap between the haves and the have-nots. He cited statistics showing that the income of the world's richest 1 percent equals the income of the poorest 57 percent. More than 800 million people go to bed hungry every night, Pinstrup-Andersen said, and 166 million of them are children. Seven million children die from hunger every year. ""All that can be avoided,"" the laureate said, by investing in agricultural research, clean drinking water, primary education, rural roads and irrigation. Using the money from one week of the world's military expenditures would be enough to fund all five investments, he said. Pinstrup-Andersen said science and technology should be made available to the world's poorest people to help them feed themselves - if they want to use it. ""If biotech crops are best for them, then the people in poor countries should be able to choose to plant them,"" he said. Pinstrup-Andersen said opponents of genetically modified crops in rich countries shouldn't tell farmers in developing countries whether they should or should not grow biotech crops. He said more research should be directed to the problems small farmers in poor countries face, and world trading rules also need to be monitored for the impact they have on developing countries. ""Globalization is like a knife: It can slice your bread or kill you,"" Pinstrup-Andersen said. If the markets of developing countries are open to goods produced by the rich countries, he said, then developing countries also should have access to rich countries"" markets ""That is free trade with a human face,"" Pinstrup-Andersen said. Health crises such as AIDS-HIV, malaria and tuberculosis also need to be dealt with, especially in Africa, where disease is making food production much more difficult. Health and food production are linked, Pinstrup-Andersen said. One problem can't be solved without dealing with the other.
",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g16,g17,NULL,NULL,NULL,g20,NULL,NULL,NULL,g6,g7,NULL,NULL,Laureate Urges End To Hunger: Ties Hunger To Roots Of Terrorism,yes,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"International Food Policy Research, 2001 World Food Prize , biotech crops,Health, Poor Countries.",NULL,2001-10-24,NULL,pak,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-20,NULL,NULL,Des Moines Register,NULL,NULL,http://www.dmregister.com/,NULL,Laureate Urges End To Hunger: Ties Hunger To Roots Of Terrorism,5904,uk,NULL Edible vaccines might hold the key for global vaccine distribution and the eradication of hepatitis B virus (HBV).,NULL,NULL,"Sonia Nichols, NewsRx.com",NULL,2001-10-22,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,C2,C3,NULL,C5,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"In the not so distant future, hepatitis B vaccinations could be dispensed at the farmer's market instead of the doctor's office. Researchers used uncooked and unprocessed potatoes expressing recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) to boost immune response in mice. Edible vaccines might hold the key for global vaccine distribution and the eradication of hepatitis B virus (HBV), the vaccine's developers have proposed. Investigators at New York's Roswell Park Cancer Institute in Buffalo, in conjunction with colleagues at the Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, also of New York, and Arizona State University in Tempe, Arizona, developed the oral vaccine. They compared its efficacy in mice with another oral HBsAg vaccine derived from yeast, using an oral adjuvant composed of
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cholera toxin to boost vaccine efficacy. ""Transgenic plant material containing hepatitis B surface antigen was the superior means of both inducing a primary immune response and priming the mice to respond to a subsequent parenteral injection of HBsAg,"" said Qingxian Kong and colleagues of Roswell Park Cancer Institute. The scientists say HBsAg becomes encapsulated in plant cells, affording protection for the antigen during the trip through the digestive tract until the cells can reach an immune effector site and be degraded. After study mice ate the HBsAg-transgenic potatoes, they developed antibody titers that were comparable with or better than protective titers in humans. When the mice were then immunized with booster doses by injection, they developed a long-term secondary antibody response, Kong and coworkers noted. In other portions of the study, parenteral priming by injection followed by oral booster dosing also produced long-term protection (Oral immunization with hepatitis B surface antigen expressed in transgenic plants, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, September 2001;98(20):11539-11544). ""The demonstrated success of oral immunization for hepatitis B virus with an ""edible vaccine"" provides a strategy for contributing a means to achieve global immunization for hepatitis B prevention and eradication,"" said Kong and coauthors. <HR>The corresponding author for this study is Yasmin Thanavala, Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA. E-mail: yasmin.thanavala@roswellpark.edu. Key points reported in this study include: * U.S. researchers have developed a oral transgenic potato vaccine containing hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) * The oral vaccine was effective for priming immune response to HBV antigen in mice and for inducing the production of protective antibody titers * An oral HBV vaccine could be disseminated globally and might eventually contribute to the eradication of HBV This article was prepared by Gene Therapy Weekly editors from staff and other reports. ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g4,g5,g6,g7,NULL,NULL,"Edible Hepatitis B Vaccine May Be on the Horizon, Could Eradicate Virus",NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Roswell Park Cancer Institute , HBsAg, HBsAg-transgenic potatoes, hepatitis B .",NULL,2001-10-25,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-19,NULL,NULL,NewsRx,NULL,NULL,http://www.NewsRx.com /,NULL,"Edible Hepatitis B Vaccine May Be on the Horizon, Could Eradicate Virus",5905,uk,NULL "La socit Monsanto Corporation a de nouveau obtenu une homologation de la part de l\'Agence amricaine pour la Protection de l\'Environnement (EPA) pour son mas protg contre les insectes. Cette homologation prolonge la dure d\'autorisation de vente pour le mas YieldGard protg contre la pyrale, insecte nuisible des cultures de mas, de sept annes supplmentaires. ",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-22,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,NULL,NULL,"La socit Monsanto Corporation (NYSE : MON) a de nouveau obtenu une homologation de la part de l'Agence amricaine pour la Protection de l'Environnement (EPA) pour son mas protg contre les insectes. Cette homologation prolonge la dure d'autorisation de vente pour le mas YieldGard protg contre la pyrale, insecte nuisible des cultures de mas, de sept annes supplmentaires. Cette r-homologation est une bonne nouvelle pour plus de 150 compagnies semencires et des dizaines de milliers dagriculteurs amricains qui cultivent ces mas hybrides amliors par biotechnologie. a dclar Steve Rosenbloom, Directeur Marketing pour la Gntique du Mas chez Monsanto. Cette technologie permet de rduire les cots dinvestissement, et les quantits dinsecticides utiliss et damliorer les revenus, tout en assurant le contrle des nuisances causes par la pyrale. La dcision de lEPA conclue un processus complet de r-valuation du mas YieldGard comprenant de nombreuses tudes de scurit du produit, le suivi des effets environnementaux, et une valuation des pratiques ncessaires daccompagnement. Dans ce processus de r-valuation, lEPA a tout particulirement considr un certain nombre de questions cl, savoir, limpact du mas YieldGard sur les insectes non-cibles tels que le papillon Monarque et les espces en danger, lefficacit et le suivi des programmes de gestion de rsistance des insectes sur le plan de la scurit environnementale, et le potentiel dallergnicit sur le plan de la scurit alimentaire. A travers cette r-homologation, lEPA confirme de nouveau la scurit du mas YieldGard pour une utilisation dans lalimentation humaine et animale et pour lenvironnement, et reconnat les avantages de cette technologie pour les agriculteurs, lenvironnement et les consommateurs. Cette technologie a t et continuera dtre un outil qui contribue une meilleure productivit des agriculteurs. a ajout Rosenbloom. De nouvelles tudes scientifiques publies confirment que le mas Bt na pas deffet sur les papillons Au-del du fait dassurer les agriculteurs quils continueront bnficier de cette technologie, lun des rsultats les plus importants de ce processus de r-valuation tait dapporter une conclusion ce dbat autour du mas Bt et du papillon Monarque. a affirm le Dr. Eric Sachs, Directeur Scientifique chez Monsanto. Les tudes menes sur le Monarque soutiennent clairement la conclusion que le mas Bt ne reprsente pas de menace pour ce papillon a ajout Sachs. Les rsultats de cette recherche conduite en collaboration entre des universits et des instituts aux Etats-Unis et au Canada valuant le risque du mas Bt pour le papillon Monarque ont t mis en ligne par la revue scientifique PNAS (Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences) le 14 Septembre et sont disponibles dans son dition du 9 Octobre. 
LEPA affirme la continuation des programmes de suivi
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Une part importante du suivi du mas protg contre les insectes est la mise en pratique des programmes de gestion de rsistance des insectes. Ces plans sont conus pour viter que les insectes nuisibles ne dveloppent de rsistance la technologie, de faon ce que cela reste un outil de contrle efficace. De la mme manire que par le pass, ces plans ncessiteront la plantation dun refuge de mas conventionnel autour du champ de mas Bt. Ces plans de gestion de rsistance pour les cultures transgniques (dont le mas, le coton, et la pomme de terre) ont t labors conjointement par les industriels, la communaut scientifique, les syndicats dagriculteurs, le Ministre amricain de lAgriculture et lEPA. Ces programmes complets de gestion de rsistance resteront en place pendant toute la dure de lhomologation du mas protg contre les insectes.
<HR> Contact Presse : Monsanto Agriculture France SAS Service Communication Tl. : 04-72-14-40-51 Fax : 04-72-14-41-50 ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,frpr,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g2,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g6,NULL,NULL,NULL,L\'EPA Renouvelle L\'Homologation De La Technologie Monsanto De Protection Contre Les Insectes Applique Au Mas,NULL,NULL,l2,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"EPA, mas YieldGard, pyrale, mas Bt, papillon Monarque, programmes de suivi.",NULL,2001-10-22,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,1st,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-19,NULL,NULL,Monsanto Co.,NULL,NULL,http://www.monsanto.com/,NULL,L\'EPA Renouvelle L\'Homologation De La Technologie Monsanto De Protection Contre Les Insectes Applique Au Mas,5906,NULL,NULL "Early data from the first human trials of a potato-based edible vaccine against hepatitis B are encouraging says the vaccine\'s developer Hugh Mason,plant geneticist at the Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research at Cornell University. ",NULL,NULL,Julie Clayton,NULL,2001-10-22,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,NULL,NULL,"Early data from the first human trials of a potato-based edible vaccine against hepatitis B are encouraging says the vaccine's developer Hugh Mason,plant geneticist at the Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research at Cornell University. Unpublished data reveal promising levels of antibodies in volunteers, Mason told BioMedNet News. The commercially available, injectable vaccine for hepatitis B is expensive to produce and requires refrigeration during transport and storage. Plant vaccines are cheaper, can be grown locally, and bypass the need for needles, making them particularly suitable for use in developing countries. Data published last month in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences demonstrated the successful oral immunization of mice using the same vaccine. Mason presented his latest results yesterday at the meeting, Vaccines of the future: From rational design to clinical development, at the Pasteur Institute in Paris. Following the fanfare that accompanied the first clinical tests of edible plant vaccines in the late 1990s, researchers retreated to their labs to develop ways to improve both the dose and delivery of plant-derived antigens across the gut wall. Mason was one of the team that developed the first plant vaccine to be tested in humans; he engineered potatoes to express the B toxin of the diarrhoea-causing bacterium Escherichia coli.His team is now conducting the first human trials of potatoes engineered with an antigen from hepatitis B, the virus that causes fatal liver disease. But future trials of this and other plant vaccines will depend on producing vaccines that contain sufficiently high doses of antigen to stimulate protective immune responses. In addition, in order to protect the antigens from digestion, and to facilitate their passage across the gut lining, the expressed genes and their viral vectors need to form large numbers of virus-like particles within plant cells. ""We need to figure out some way to increase the efficiency of that assembly,"" said Mason. Previous attempts at boosting the dose of hepatitis B antigen in potato plants often led to stunted growth of the plants and reduced tuber formation. Too much messenger RNA from the transgene was causing gene silencing in the plant genome, says Mason. His solution is to devise a gene amplification system that is silent until the latest possible stage in plant development. This is being tested in tomato plants, as the fruits ripen. His real goal, however, is to adapt it to potato tubers, as a more practical crop plant for developing countries. Mason's team are developing the system using promotor elements of the Bean Yellow Dwarf Virus together with reporter genes GUS and GFP. He will substitute the reporter genes with target antigen genes once the system works. ""We hope to produce many copies of the expression cassette, and at high levels of expression, at least for a few days,"" he said. Antigen dose in plant vaccines is an important issue, agrees Schuyler Korban, professor of plant genetics at the University of Illinois. Mason's system ""is a good way to go,"" he said. Korban's team is trying to develop a palatable apple juice-based vaccine against the highly contagious respiratory syncytial virus, which kills up to 5,000 children in the USA each year. So far the vaccine is being developed in tomato and potato plants, and shows encouraging results in mice. Korban hopes to begin clinical trials within two years. Addressing concerns about the use of GM food, Mason stresses that there will be stringent controls on the growth and processing of plant vaccines to ensure that they never enter the food supply. These will include greenhouse segregation of medicinal from food crops to prevent outcrossing, and separate storage and processing facilities. ",Articles/Op
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Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g15,g16,g17,g18,NULL,NULL,g20,NULL,g4,g5,g6,g7,g8,g9,The Time Is Ripe For Edible Vaccines,yes,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Hugh Mason, potatoes, hepatitis B, Bean, Schuyler Korban, developing countries.",NULL,2001-10-25,NULL,pak,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-19,NULL,NULL,BioMedNet News,NULL,NULL,http://news.bmn.com/,NULL,The Time Is Ripe For Edible Vaccines,5907,uk,NULL "La socit Monsanto Company (NYSE : MON) a de nouveau obtenu une homologation de la part de l\'Agence amricaine pour la Protection de l\'Environnement (EPA) pour son coton Bollgard protg contre les insectes.
",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-23,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C3,C4,C5,C6,NULL,NULL,NULL," ST. LOUIS, 1 octobre 2001 La socit Monsanto Company (NYSE : MON) a de nouveau obtenu une homologation de la part de l'Agence amricaine pour la Protection de l'Environnement (EPA) pour son coton Bollgard protg contre les insectes. Cette homologation prolonge la dure d'autorisation de vente pour le coton Bollgard de cinq annes supplmentaires. "" Cette r-homologation confirme les valuations de l'EPA sur les plans de la scurit sanitaire et de l'environnement, de l'efficacit et des avantages de cette technologie. "", a dclar Randy Deaton, Chef Produit ""Coton"" chez Monsanto. Autoris pour la premire fois en 1995, "" le coton Bollgard, cultiv depuis six annes travers la Cotton Belt, a permis une augmentation de rendement de 7% en comparaison avec le coton conventionnel. "", a dclar Randy Deaton. "" De plus le coton Bollgard de Monsanto est un excellent exemple pour montrer comment les biotechnologies peuvent permettre la rduction des quantits appliques de pesticides sur une culture spcifique. Selon le Service National des Statistiques Agricoles aux Etats-Unis, les agriculteurs auraient utilis 907.000 kg d'insecticide en moins depuis l'introduction des cultures de coton Bt. "" Gestion de rsistance des insectes et lments cl pour l'homologation Outre l'valuation de la technologie en elle-mme, l'homologation comprend galement le suivi continu des effets environnementaux, mais galement le perfectionnement, en matire de gestion des rsistances, des pratiques ncessaires d'accompagnement dj existantes. Un part importante du suivi du produit est consacre aux plans de gestion de rsistance d'insectes de manire contrler le dveloppement potentiel de rsistance chez les insectes Heliothis virescens (Fabricius), Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), et Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). Les plans de gestion de rsistance sont conus pour empcher ces insectes nuisibles cibls de dvelopper une rsistance la technologie, de faon ce que cela reste un outil efficace de contrle. De la mme manire que par le pass, ces plans ncessiteront la plantation d'un refuge de coton conventionnel autour du champ de coton Bt. A ce jour, en six ans de culture commerciale de la technologie Bollgard, aucune rsistance n'a t dmontre. Pendant ce mme laps de temps, la technologie Bollgard a t seme sur plus de 8 millions d'hectares aux Etats-Unis. Les lments cl du renouvellement de l'homologation <blockquote><LI>Le terme de la r-homologation est de 5 ans de nouveau, avec les mmes options de gestions de rsistance qu'auparavant. L'EPA reverra l'efficacit de l'une de ces options en 2004 et jugera de sa poursuite l'chance de la saison.</LI> <LI>Une tierce personne mnera une enqute annuelle pour valuer la comprhension et le bon respect des exigences imposes par les programmes de gestion des rsistances de la part des agriculteurs, comme cela est fait actuellement pour le mas protg contre les attaques d'insectes, et l'EPA demandera aux agriculteurs de faire part de leurs observations de faon annuelles conformment aux exigences.</LI> <LI>Les agriculteurs peuvent continuer d'utiliser un "" refuge de communaut "", suivant un guide spcifique, plutt que de demander chaque agriculteur de planter de son ct une zone de coton conventionnel dans leur propre champ. </LI></blockquote> La socit Monsanto est l'un des principaux fournisseurs de solutions technologiques et de produits agricoles visant amliorer la productivit. Pour plus d'informations sur Monsanto, rendez-vous l'adresse: http://www.monsanto.com <HR>Contact presse: Monsanto Agriculture France, SAS Service Communication Tl: 04-72-14-40-51 Fax: 04-72-14-41-50
",All,NULL,NULL,frpr,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g6,NULL,NULL,NULL,L\'EPA Renouvelle L\'homologation Du Coton ,NULL,NULL,l2,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"EPA, coton Bollgard, Heliothis virescens (Fabricius), Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders).",NULL,2001-10-23,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-01,NULL,NULL,Monsanto Co.,NULL,NULL,www.monsanto.com,NULL,"L\'EPA Renouvelle L\'homologation Du Coton Bollgard Intgrant La Technologie Bt ",5908,NULL,NULL "Au mpris de la loi, des groupuscules se rclamant de la Confdration Paysanne, des Amis de la Terre, d\'ATTAC, des Verts et de Sud-PTT, ont rcidiv. Ils ont une nouvelle fois saccag un champ d\'exprimentation de mas gntiquement modifi chez un agriculteur, Labrihe dans le Gers. ",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-23,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C3,NULL,C5,C6,NULL,NULL,NULL," BRON, 28 aot 2001 Au mpris de la loi, des groupuscules se rclamant de la Confdration Paysanne, des Amis de la Terre, d'ATTAC, des Verts et de Sud-PTT, ont rcidiv. Ils ont une nouvelle fois saccag un champ d'exprimentation de mas gntiquement modifi chez un agriculteur, Labrihe dans le Gers. Monsanto France en appelle aux pouvoirs publics pour qu'ils mettent fin des pratiques qui relvent d'actes de provocation et de dlinquance. Monsanto France, socit de droit franais, respecte pour sa part le droit, les rglements franais et europens, et n'entend pas y droger. Monsanto France rappelle, pour reprendre la formule du Ministre de la Sant, Monsieur Bernard Kouchner, que ces actes constituent une ngation du progrs scientifique dans des domaines o la recherche est indispensable au progrs de l'industrie agroalimentaire dans sa globalit et de la dcouverte mdicale. La collectivit dans son ensemble peut-elle accepter que les agissements de groupuscules aboutissent tablir des zones de non-droit dans des domaines aussi sensibles et emblmatiques que l'Agriculture et la Sant? Monsanto France emploie 450 collaborateurs. Filiale 85% de Pharmacia, Monsanto est un des leaders mondiaux de l'agrofourniture, capable de fournir des solutions technologiques et des produits agricoles qui amliorent la productivit des cultures et la qualit des aliments. Pour de plus amples informations sur Monsanto, veuillez
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consulter le site www.monsanto.fr. <HR>Contact presse: Monsanto Agriculture France, SAS Service Communication Tl: 04-72-14-40-51 Fax: 04-72-14-41-50 ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,frpr,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g2,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,Monsanto France En Appelle Aux Pouvoirs Publics Pour QuIls Mettent Fin Aux Destructions Des Champs D\'Exprimentation ,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Confdration Paysanne, Amis de la Terre, ATTAC, Verts, Sud-PTT, destructions des champs d'exprimentation.",NULL,2001-10-24,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-08-28,NULL,NULL,Monsanto Co.,NULL,NULL,www.monsanto.com,NULL,"Monsanto France En Appelle Aux Pouvoirs Publics Pour QuIls Mettent Fin Aux Destructions Des Champs D\'Exprimentation ",5909,NULL,NULL "Le 26 aot 2001, un groupuscule de militants se dclarant anti-OGM a saccag chez un agriculteur, Salettes dans la Drome, un champ d\'exprimentation de mas gntiquement modifi. ",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-23,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C3,C4,C5,C6,NULL,NULL,NULL," BRON, 26 aot 2001 Le 26 aot 2001, un groupuscule de militants se dclarant anti-OGM a saccag chez un agriculteur, Salettes dans la Drome, un champ d'exprimentation de mas gntiquement modifi. Monsanto France dnonce une nouvelle fois une telle pratique, parce qu'elle est contraire au droit et qu'elle participe d'un acte de dlinquance publique. Monsanto France rappelle que cette exploitation de mas gntiquement modifi bnficie de toutes les autorisations des Ministres de l'Agriculture et de l'Environnement, et de toutes les prcautions exiges par la Commission du Gnie Biomolculaire. Monsanto France dplore une fois encore <blockquote><LI>que ces mthodes contraires au droit et l'esprit dmocratique ne permettent pas d'instaurer un dbat serein, scientifique, et videmment contradictoire, qu'elle appelle de ses vux, au bnfice des consommateurs et des citoyens; </LI> <LI>que la recherche et le dveloppement se trouvent de facto entravs sans autre forme de procs. </LI></Blockquote>
 Les scientifiques et les chercheurs, eux non plus, ne sauraient accepter que leur vocation et leurs travaux soient purement et simplement escamots par des minorits qui ont dcid de nier le progrs scientifique sur fond d'idologie voire d'intrts lectoraux. Monsanto France emploie 450 collaborateurs. Filiale 85% de Pharmacia, Monsanto est un des leaders mondiaux de l'agrofourniture, capable de fournir des solutions technologiques et des produits agricoles qui amliorent la productivit des cultures et la qualit des aliments. Pour de plus amples informations sur Monsanto, veuillez consulter le site <ahref=""mail to:www.monsanto.fr>. <HR>Contact presse: Monsanto Agriculture France, SAS Service Communication Tl: 04-72-14-40-51 Fax: 04-72-14-41-50 ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,frpr,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g2,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,La recherche agricole franaise une nouvelle fois frappe ,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"champ d'exprimentation sacag , Salettes.",NULL,2001-10-23,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-08-26,NULL,NULL,Monsanto Agriculture France,NULL,NULL,http://www.monsanto.fr/,NULL,La recherche agricole franaise une nouvelle fois frappe,5910,NULL,NULL "Following criticism over its latest GMO campaign, Kamol Sukin interviews Greenpeace Southeast Asia chief executive Dr Jiragorn Gajaseni to find out what lies behind the campaign. ",NULL,NULL,Kamol Sukin,NULL,2001-10-23,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,NULL,NULL,"Following criticism over its latest GMO campaign, Kamol Sukin interviews Greenpeace Southeast Asia chief executive Dr Jiragorn Gajaseni to find out what lies behind the campaign. How do you explain the criticism that Greenpeace has a hidden agenda in running the GMO campaign? Yes, there were questions that we targeted particular companies to attack, declaring their products contained GMOs. But it is not true. Take the latest case of Charoen Phokphand (CP) as obvious proof. We listed its Vienna sausage on the black list to inform the public that we found GM contamination in the product and because the company did not declare a clear policy over the use of GMOs. But since CP contacted us and declared its non-GM policy and a promise to inspect and remove the GM contamination, we decided that we will move the product to the green list as soon as this policy has proven to be implemented. Neither the organisation nor staff here has ever been found to be involved in doing anything to benefit anybusiness in the office's two-year history in Thailand, and 30-year international history. Our work is transparent and we are ready for any kind of inspection or monitoring. In the broad picture, there have been some ""green parties"" that have worked with Greenpeace before but they are not related to Greenpeace. This organisation is not aligned with any particular green party in any country. Greenpeace is a non-profit organisation that survives thanks to the support of some three million members. Why did Greenpeace run the GMO campaign? We stand by consumers' rights to be informed and to have a choice over GM
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products. We fight for labelling standards in this region, including Thailand. We believe people will choose the non-GMO option if they know and have choice. It makes many pro-GMO people push very hard to block consumers from being informed or having a choice. We want the Thai public to question whether GM food is necessary to them. They should know that GM promotion is backed by big business and does not occur naturally and that they should be aware. Is the campaign too aggressive for Thai culture? It might be considered aggressive sometimes, but I don't think we go over the top or have done anything wrong. We did the sample test and announced publicly that these are GM-contaminated products. It is to the benefit of the consumer. In fact, it is a direct duty of the authorities to do this but I have never seen any public reports from them, even though I had heard they had declared the intention of conducting tests. Most relevant authorities seem to support GM food at a certain level while they have a duty to present both the good and bad side to the public for consideration. ",All,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g16,g17,NULL,NULL,NULL,g20,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g7,NULL,NULL,Greenpeace Denies \'Hidden Agenda\',NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Dr Jiragorn Gajaseni, GMO campaign, Thailand.",NULL,2001-10-24,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-22,NULL,NULL,The Nation,NULL,NULL,http://www.nationaudio.com/News/DailyNation/Today/,NULL,Greenpeace Denies \'Hidden Agenda\',5911,NULL,NULL "Agricultural researchers in developing countries are working to increase the nutrient content of several basic food crops to help boost the body\'s immune system, a concept known as biofortification. The release of new maize varieties that deliver more protein should help people at risk to fight off HIV infection. ",afr,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-24,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,NULL,NULL,"Agricultural researchers in developing countries are working to increase the nutrient content of several basic food crops to help boost the body's immune system, a concept known as biofortification. The release of new maize varieties that deliver more protein should help people at risk to fight off HIV infection. To reduce the transmission of the virus from mother to child, efforts are also being made to popularize protein-rich crops such as soybean and new varieties of high-vitamin A sweet potatoes. The absence of sufficient vitamin A in the diets of pregnant women and lactating mothers is believed to contribute to HIV transmission from mother to child. The biggest challenge, however, will be to halt the overall decline in food production in sub-Saharan Africa. A network of 16 food and environmental research centers, known as the Future Harvest Centers, is currently working to develop a common, integrated response to promote learning between regions and localities, to prevent catastrophes by raising awareness in areas new to the AIDS epidemic, and to raise funds needed to address the issues of AIDS and agriculture. The new initiative will be facilitated by the West African Rice Development Association in Cte d'Ivoire and will bring together scientists and researchers from each of the Future Harvest centers, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and other leading development agencies. Future Harvest Centers are supported by 58 governments, private foundations, and international and regional organizations known as the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). Spokespersons for the centers include former U.S. President Jimmy Carter, former U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, 1970 Nobel Peace Prize winner Norman Borlaug and 1984 Nobel Peace Prize winner Archbishop Desmond Tutu. AIDS affects all regions of the world, but is at its worst in sub-Saharan Africa where 80 percent of all AIDS-related deaths have taken place. Of the nearly 14 million Africans who have died from the disease, more than 60 percent lived in rural areas and were engaged in agriculture. According to FAO estimates, AIDS has killed some 7 million of Africa's agricultural workers and could result in 16 million more deaths by 2020. At current rates of infection, nearly a quarter of African agricultural workers could be sick or dead from AIDS-related cause within 20 years. ""HIV/AIDS is no longer just a health issue,"" says Marcela Villarreal, FAO's focal-point person for HIV/AIDS. ""It is having a devastating effect on food security and rural development. Agricultural labor is being lost at a rapid rate, and mechanisms for transmitting knowledge and know-how are being undermined."" Thousands of farm families afflicted by the AIDS virus have stopped planting traditional food crops, which are high in protein and nutrients, replacing them with less nutritious root crops that are easier to produce. To make ends meet, many families are simply selling off livestock, including draft animals used to prepare land for planting. The practice, known as ""capital stripping,"" is normally seen only in times of famine. Thousands of farm households in Africa are now headed by surviving teenagers, who have little knowledge of agriculture. Accordingly, Future Harvest scientists are working
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to produce crops that require less labor, smaller amounts of water, and fewer agricultural chemicals. Included are specially bred rice varieties that are well adapted to local conditions. For more information see the FutureHarvest.org Web site.
",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g15,g16,g17,NULL,NULL,NULL,g20,NULL,g4,g5,g6,g7,NULL,g9,Biofortified Crops May Help Battle AIDS,yes,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"biofortification, sweet potatoes, Future Harvest Centers, West African Rice Development Association , FAO.",NULL,2001-10-24,NULL,pak,NULL,1st,NULL,NULL,NULL,1st,NULL,NULL,2001-10-22,NULL,NULL,AgJournal,NULL,NULL,http://www.agjournal.com /,NULL,Biofortified Crops May Help Battle AIDS,5912,uk,NULL "More than 850 prominent New Zealanders have endorsed a Communique calling on the Government to implement the Report of the Royal Commission on Genetic Modification. ",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-24,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,C2,C3,C4,C5,NULL,C7,NULL,NULL,"More than 850 prominent New Zealanders have endorsed a Communique calling on the Government to implement the Report of the Royal Commission on Genetic Modification. The Communique was delivered to the Prime Minister in Wellington this afternoon. 'The Report of the Royal Commission was a balanced, thorough and informed examination of the strategic issues inherent in the use of genetic modification in New Zealand,' the Chairman of the Life Sciences Network Dr William Rolleston, said this afternoon. 'Many New Zealanders are concerned that the Government should not restrict our opportunities for responsible and cautious use of this new technology. The prominent New Zealanders who have endorsed the Communique speak on behalf of a much wider community,' concluded Dr Rolleston. Among prominent New Zealanders who endorsed the communique are: Alison Holst Sir Angus Tait Sir Gil Simpson Sir Ronald Trotter Sir Tipene O'Regan Buddy Mikaere Bronwyn Monopoli Beverley Wakem Sir John Scott Professor TW Walker Dr James McWha Dr Jim Sprott Dr Ian Warrington Alistair Polson Bruce Munro Rick Christie ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,Prominent New Zealanders Call On Government To Implement Royal Commission Report,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Report of the Royal Commission on Genetic Modification, Dr William Rolleston.",NULL,2001-10-24,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-24,NULL,NULL,New Zealand Life Sciences Network ,NULL,NULL,http://www.lifesciencenz.com/,NULL,Prominent New Zealanders Call On Government To Implement Royal Commission Report,5914,uk,NULL "Heads of government meeting at the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) endorsed a proposal by the United States to establish a new high level policy dialogue on biotechnology. The APEC leaders are expected to \""exchange views and pursue cooperative activities on a wide range of issues relating to biotechnology development, regulations governing new products, implications for trade, and effective communications strategies.\"" ",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-24,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,NULL,NULL,"Heads of government meeting at the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) endorsed a proposal by the United States to establish a new high level policy dialogue on biotechnology. The APEC leaders are expected to ""exchange views and pursue cooperative activities on a wide range of issues relating to biotechnology development, regulations governing new products, implications for trade, and effective communications strategies."" APEC officials plan to hold the first session of the biotechnology dialogue in Mexico City in February 2002. A statement issued by the White House says, ""Biotechnology can help developing economies increase crop yields, while using fewer pesticides and less water than conventional methods."" The United States believes that the high-level policy dialogue will help officials ""harness this new technology and capitalize on its benefits."" The dialogue will also facilitate the discussion of those issues in other international arenas. The U.S. position supports the U.S. based multi-national biotechnology corporations and that goes against the grain for pure foods campaigners who believe that transgenic foods could be harmful to public health and the environment. Ronnie Cummins, of the Organic Consumers Association, a U.S. based pure foods advocacy group says, ""Life science corporations proclaim, with great fanfare, that their new products will make agriculture sustainable, eliminate world hunger, cure disease, and vastly improve public health. In reality, through their business practices and political lobbying, the gene engineers have made it clear that they intend to use genetic engineering to dominate and monopolize the global market for seeds, foods, fiber, and medical products."" Most APEC nations are developing domestic regulatory, trade, and scientific policies to address the emerging field of agricultural biotechnology. The White House says the high-level dialogue will allow policy.. [there is a gap in the original story here] The APEC Leaders' Declaration calls for more capacity building activities to help member economies develop agricultural biotechnology. The administration of U.S. President George W. Bush is already enhancing technical assistance to support U.S. trade in transgenic crops through a number of public and private sector programs. A joint project by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the U.S. Geological Survey, and U.S. and Chinese universities is underway to establish ""centers of excellence"" in China to further capacity building and information exchange on ""best agricultural practices,"" the White House said. There are programs to develop disease-resistant crops, such as the U.S.-Mexico project on genetic patterns of wheat viruses, which aims to improve wheat resistance to infection. There are programs to develop crops with enhanced nutritional value, such as a multi-nation project to develop staple crop varieties to address malnutrition.
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A public-private sector cooperative exchange program on food research is in the works focusing on developments in agricultural biotechnology. An initial program, funded by the U.S. Trade Development Agency and the private sector, is being organized by the Danforth Research Center in St. Louis, Missouri, the Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, and the U.S. National Center for APEC. An exchange program for food safety and a public-private dialogue on biotechnology regulation is ongoing. It is supported by the U.S. Trade and Development Agency, with the assistance of the Council for Agricultural Science and Technology and the U.S. National Center for APEC. This project will help build capacity in the region to formulate ""sound, science-based regulatory policies, in areas such as phytosanitary regulations, risk assessment, and testing and certification requirements, that will ensure the environmental and food safety of all food products,"" the White House says. Meanwhile, in Rome, governments will meet beginning October 25 to formulate a legally binding treaty that scientists believe is a prerequisite for future agricultural development. Known as the International Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, it will lay down the rules for the scientific exchange of crop germplasm - the genetic material needed to adapt crops to global warming, and to counter new pests and diseases. Europe, for years the scene of consumer protests against transgenic crops, may be moving towards lifting its moratorium on testing genetically engineered foods. In September, the European Commission has made its strongest call yet for the ban on new genetically engineered crop approvals to be dropped as it prepares to restart the authorization process. The European Union regulatory committee that decides whether to grant market licenses for new transgenic crops will be convened before the end of the year and asked to approve a host of applications. ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g10,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g18,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g4,NULL,g6,NULL,NULL,NULL,U.S. Wins Asian Approval For Agricultural Biotechnology,yes,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"APEC, policy dialogue on biotechnology, disease-resistant crops, International Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.",NULL,2001-10-25,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-22,NULL,NULL,The Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy,NULL,NULL,http://www.iatp.org/,NULL,U.S. Wins Asian Approval For Agricultural Biotechnology,5913,uk,NULL "U.S. wheat growers will realize larger profits if they are first movers in adopting genetically modified varieties, but there are a lot of assumptions, say a group of North Dakota State University, Fargo, economists. ",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-25,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,NULL,NULL,"U.S. wheat growers will realize larger profits if they are first movers in adopting genetically modified varieties, but there are a lot of assumptions, say a group of North Dakota State University, Fargo, economists. The biggest assumption is a 4.8 percent cost savings for using so-called Roundup Ready technology, which means crops are resistant to glyphosate, a kind of herbicide. The cost savings is a shot in the dark, acknowledges Eric DeVuyst, who has been working on the computer model since last spring. If that cost saving comes about, U.S. producers do stand to gain, DeVuyst says. But to be honest, we don't know what seed cost is going to be, or the cost of glysophate - whether it's Roundup or some other generic label. The analysis Co-authors in the study are colleagues Won Koo, Cheryl DeVuyst and Richard Taylor, all of the Center for Agricultural Policy and Trade Studies within NDSU's department of agribusiness and applied economics. The 4.8 percent advantage assumes a relatively low cost of conventional herbicides at $10 to $11 an acre, but also assumed costs for glyphosate and Roundup Ready seed royalties. Although Monsanto no longer is charging tech fees for Roundup Ready corn and soybeans, DeVuyst assumes some part of the royalty charges for Roundup Ready wheat will be passed to farmers. Worldwide, consumers will benefit from GM wheat, although most benefits will come in less-developed countries, the economists say. U.S. farmers enjoy additional profits in all but the most widespread adoption scenarios. As Canada, Argentina and China are added, the U.S. advantage diminishes. As the European Union and Australia are added, the advantage goes slightly negative. The widespread adoption of GM wheat reduces world wheat prices to a level where all producing nations lose profits, the report says. The downside potential is if other export markets don't take our grain because they lose confidence that the U.S. can't segregate it in the market, DeVuyst says. The report says genetically modified wheat varieties could be available for the 2002 or 2003 growing seasons, but DeVuyst says that Monsanto officials told him 2002 is out, that 2003 is possible but unlikely and the likelier release in 2004 or 2005. The study calls into question efforts to ban GM wheat production without further study, DeVuyst says. One such bill was attempted in the 2001 North Dakota Legislature. The 4.8 percent cost saving for GM vs. non-GM wheat was based on North Dakota Farm and Ranch Management participants' actual
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cost of production data from the 1999 growing season. That year, herbicide costs for conventional, non-GM wheat on cash-rented land averaged $11.36 an acre and total direct expenses were $92.86 per acre. Another NDSU study showed that a single application of Roundup costs about $6.90 an acre, with a cost savings of $4.45 an acre, or 4.8 percent of direct costs. The economists say foreign consumers of wheat particularly in lesser-developed countries, would the largest beneficiaries of GM wheat introductions, in any scenario. They have a higher concern for food availability than food safety concerned. If you're hungry, you're going to eat the food for the most part, DeVuyst says. Scenarios The researchers played the issue out in five different scenarios. Under Scenario 1, only the U.S. adopts the technology. The study calculates that more than half the U.S. production shifts into GM wheat, initially. Seed availability may limit the production of GM wheat, like in other crops, DeVuyst says, but the study assumes long-term equilibrium, or that enough seed is available to supply whoever wants to grow it. Demand is weighted depending on the country and acceptance. As more producers get into GM wheat, the cost of production declines and more wheat is produced, the economists say. The United States accounts for 36 percent of world exports and increased production would drive down prices. For consumers, about 19 percent of the cost benefit is in advanced countries and 81 percent of the benefit is in developing countries/regions where it is most needed. In Scenario 2, the United States is joined in GM wheat production by Canada, Argentina and China. Those three countries already produce large quantities of other GM crops. In Scenario 3, there is fuller consumer acceptability and in Scenario 4, there is full adoption by all exporting countries and full world-wide acceptance. Consumer benefits in scenarios 2, 3 and 4 are greater in each succeeding case, the authors say. In all three cases, however, collectively, producers are unambiguously harmed by the GM adoption, the authors say. This is because of wheat prices falling more than the farmers are saving in cost of production. Scenario 5 attempts to predict what happens if the United States loses a large export market. The economists chose the loss of the Mexican market - chosen only because of its size and proximity to the United States, not because of its likelihood of rejecting GM crops. Without the Mexican market, producers still gain profits, but this assumes that other markets still would accept it. The researchers acknowledge that little quantitative information is known about consumer willingness to pay for genetically modified foods. ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g6,g7,NULL,NULL,GMO Wheat May Benefit Producers and Consumers,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Roundup Ready technology, cost savings , Center for Agricultural Policy and Trade Studies , Monsanto, Cheryl DeVuyst.",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-22,NULL,NULL,AgWeek,NULL,NULL,http://web.northscape.com /content/gfherald/2001/10/22/agweek/,NULL,GMO Wheat May Benefit Producers and Consumers,5916,uk,NULL "Biotechnology researchers may yet enter unchartered realms of reality turning biologists flights of fantasy to matters of now and here, while daring visionaries to dream, defying imagination to transcend barriers of time, space and substance. ",NULL,NULL,Gurumurthy Natarajan,NULL,2001-10-24,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,C2,C3,NULL,C5,C6,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Biotechnology researchers may yet enter unchartered realms of reality turning biologists flights of fantasy to matters of now and here, while daring visionaries to dream, defying imagination to transcend barriers of time, space and substance. In the pipeline are bacteria that detect land mines, spider silk made from goats milk, fish that sniff out pollutants and, lo and behold, swaying fields of corn that may one day assist in arresting the uncontrolled population explosion among humans. Looking down the road at what is in store from this powerful technology, one never ceases to admire the myriad of novel traits and the innumerable benefits that they can bestow upon this planet, all calculated to enhance the quality of life without a wee bit compromising on biosafety or sustainability of the environment. Spider silk is one of the strongest natural materials known to man that can be used in the sewing of a bullet-proof vest but cannot be grown in sufficient quantity to make it commercially viable. Scientists have now
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cracked the code by using a protein from goats milk spliced with a spider gene and soon the ones that need such additional protection may be able to do so without the extra weight about their rib cage. To the rice plant has already been engineered two genes from the daffodil and a bacteria that enables the single most favourite source of energy and nutrition among more than one half of the global population to produce beta carotene, a precursor to Vitamin A, otherwise not present in the native plant. This single technological innovation would help benefit at least 400 million of the worlds population that suffer from vitamin A deficiency. It would also save more than half a million children that go blind each year and are at increased risk of diarrhoea and respiratory diseases also due to Vitamin A deficiency. Likewise the introduction of the ferritin gene from soya to rice has helped the rice plant produce grains with up to three times the iron content more than the non-transformed control. According to an FAO study, over two billion of the worlds population is iron-deficient with consequent impairment of intellectual performance and work skills besides increased susceptibility to infections and lead poisoning. Explosives as TNT used in land mines can now be detected by genetically modified bacteria that begin to glow when exposed to this deadly explosive, thanks to the insertion of a gene from a jelly fish, thus saving thousands of innocents that get killed or maimed when they walk along unsuspecting fields, marauded by modern day terrorists. Zebra fish have, likewise, been modified to act as biosensors for water-borne pollutants as PCBs and dioxins that diminish aquatic flora and fauna. Banana, potato and cassava can now carry edible vaccines, obviating the need for costly vaccinations against deadly diseases as cholera, small pox and hepatitis besides saving millions of our population from getting secondary infections from improper sterilisation of needles that are used to provide these vaccinations. Additional advantages accrue from lower cost of administering these vaccines by obviating the need for the cold chain, so essential to preserve its integrity but a serious infrastructure nightmare in developing countries where such interventions are needed the most. Malaria-resistant mosquitoes and other insects are being looked upon as potential biocontrols of insect diseases in plants without having to resort to the use of polluting chemicals. By far the most interesting of these developments in the brave new world of science is the one involving the corn plant in which scientists of San-Diego based biotech company Epicyte have discovered a rare class of human antibodies that attack the sperm. Genes that regulate the manufacture of these antibodies have been engineered into corn plants that now produce this contraceptive, all naturally! The company has also created a corn plant that makes antibodies against the herpes virus. A plant- based jelly that not only prevents unwanted pregnancy but also protects against herpes, a sexually transmitted disease, can now be stacked in a corn plant. Contraceptive corn borrows from immune infertility, a rare condition, where a woman makes antibodies that attack the sperm. The antibodies simply latch on to surface receptors on the sperm, rendering them heavier and less motile and incapable of fertilising the egg. The company will launch clinical trials in a few months. Such are the treats waiting to be discovered from the treasure-trove of modern biotechnology. Science and technology deserve a chance to be harnessed for the beneficial uses of mankind without the dubious distractions of doomsday predictions and misinformation campaigns from vested interests.
",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g6,NULL,NULL,NULL,"How Biotech Can Engineer Corn Contraceptives, Edible Vaccines",NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Spider silk , ferritin gene , FAO , Zebra fish , Epicyte .",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-24,NULL,NULL,Economic Times ,NULL,NULL,http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/today/pagehome.htm,NULL,"How Biotech Can Engineer Corn Contraceptives, Edible Vaccines ",5915,uk,NULL "In an effort to contribute to a meaningful dialogue on scientific issues and consumer concerns about rDNA biotechnology, the Institute of Food Technologists conducted a comprehensive review of the scientific evidence related to biotechnology and foods.",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-25,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,C1,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,NULL,C9,"In an effort to contribute to a meaningful dialogue on scientific issues and consumer concerns about rDNA biotechnology, the Institute of Food Technologists conducted a comprehensive review of the scientific evidence related to biotechnology and foods. Introduction The use of modern biotechnology (recombinant DNA technology) to produce foods and food ingredients is a subject of heightened interest among consumers and public policy makers, and within the scientific community. As a result, the news media have extensively covered the subject, seemingly with each development. Eager to contribute to a meaningful dialogue on scientific issues and consumer concerns about rDNA biotechnology, the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT), the 29,000-member nonprofit society for food science and technology, implemented a new initiative. IFT's leaders provided the impetus and strategies, including establishment of a Task Force, for the initiative. The Biotechnology Task Force identified the overall goal of providing science-based information about this modern tool to multiple audiences, e.g., its members, journalists, and the general public. The Task Force identified issues within three main topics 'safety, labeling, and benefits and concerns' and decided that each would be addressed within a comprehensive, scientific report.
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IFT convened a panel of experts, comprising IFT members and other prominent biotechnology authorities, to prepare report sections on each of the three main topics. Each panel con-tributed to an Introduction section. Thus, this scientific report consists of four parts: Introduction, Safety, Labeling, and Benefits and Concerns. Members of the panels of experts are identified within each report section. IFTs Office of Science, Communications, and Government Relations coordinated the development of the report. The report focuses on rDNA biotechnology-derived foods, food ingredients, and animal feed of plant origin, and on the use of rDNA biotechnology-derived microorganisms such as yeasts and enzymes in food production. Milk from cows that have received rDNA biotechnology-derived hormones is discussed; transgenic animals resulting from the application of rDNA biotechnology techniques to animal production are not addressed. The Introduction presents background information to help readers understand rDNA biotechnology-derived foods and federal regulation and oversight of rDNA biotechnology. The Safety section discusses issues relevant to evaluation of rDNA biotechnology- derived foods, including the concept of substantial equivalence, introduced genetic material and gene products, unintended effects, allergenicity, and products without conventional counterparts. The international scientific consensus regarding the safety of rDNA biotechnology-derived foods is also discussed. The Labeling section provides an overview of the relevant United States food labeling requirements, including constitutional limitations on the governments authority to regulate food labeling and specific case studies relevant to labeling rDNA biotechnology-derived foods. The Labeling section also discusses U.S. and international labeling policies for rDNA biotechnology-derived foods and the impact of labeling distinctions on food distribution systems. Consumer perceptions of various label statements are also discussed. The Benefits and Concerns section considers in detail numerous specific benefits regarding plant attributes; food quantity, quality, and safety; food technology and bioprocessing; animals; the environment; economics; diet, nutrition, and health; and medical benefits. Concerns addressed include economic and access-related concerns, research incentives, environmental concerns, monitoring, allergenicity, antibiotic resistance transfer, and naturally occurring toxicants. The report sections were published in three issues of Food Technology. The first page of each report section identifies the Food Technology publication volume, month, and page numbers. IFT extends its deep gratitude to each of the panelists. These experts traveled to full-day meetings in Chicago and devoted many other hours to drafting their respective sections of the report, participating in multiple conference calls to discuss drafts, and reviewing the other report sections. IFT appreciates their invaluable dedication to furthering the understanding of rDNA biotechnology, a tool that is vital to enhancing the world's food supply. Founded in 1939, the Institute of Food Technologists is a nonprofit scientific society with 29,000 members working in food science, technology, and related professions in the food industry, academia, and government. As the society for food science and technology, IFT brings sound science to the public discussion of food issues.
",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g6,NULL,NULL,NULL,Expert Panel Report On Biotechnology And Foods: Institute Of Food Technologists ,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"IFT, rDNA biotechnology-derived foods, federal regulation, oversight of rDNA biotechnology.",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-25,NULL,NULL,Institute of Food Technologists ,NULL,NULL,http://www.ift.org,NULL,Expert Panel Report On Biotechnology And Foods: Institute Of Food Technologists,5917,uk,NULL "The Sharad Joshi-led Shetkari Sangathan has rallied support for cotton farmers in Gujarat who are being threatened that their standing crops would be destroyed because they had used an unapproved hybrid variety of genetically engineered seeds. ",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-25,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,C3,C4,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"The Sharad Joshi-led Shetkari Sangathan has rallied support for cotton farmers in Gujarat who are being threatened that their standing crops would be destroyed because they had used an unapproved hybrid variety of genetically engineered seeds. Joshi, in a statement on behalf of the Kisan Coordination Committee (KCC), said the Khedut Samaj of Gujarat would hold a kisan rally in Bharuch on October 30 on this issue. The rally will be addressed by Sharad Joshi, Bhupender Sing Mann (Punjab) and Prem Simha Dahiya (Haryana), among others. Joshi said Gujarats farmers had been able to save their crop of cotton from the attack of bollworms, thanks to the use of a special seed. The crops from all other seeds have been devastated by the pest. Use of Bt-gene cotton seed in India was blocked by the Union ministry of environment and forests last May, even though other cotton-producing countries have gone ahead with the use of transgenic cotton. Joshi said the green lobby in India is all out to have the plots in question uprooted. This lobby, led by Vandana Shiva and Karnataka Rajya Ryot Sangh president Nanjunda Swami, have been uprooting trial plots of Bt-gene cotton and are happy that the government security forces are doing the uprooting now. The KCC, he said, had always stood for freedom of access to markets and to technology for Indian farmers. The KCC had strongly protested against the blocking of the Bt-gene seed and had alleged that the governments decision is equivalent to sending the jawans to Kargil armed with .303 rifles to face the enemy wielding automatic machine guns. He said the governments decision to destroy the standing crop without any compensation was entirely unjust. The farmers used the seeds that they could procure through normal channels and could not be faulted if the seed eventually turned out to be of transgenic variety. It was governments duty to ensure that the proscribed seed was not marketed. This year, cotton crop has failed in Gujarat with the exception of that form the proscribed variety. ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g16,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,Sharad
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Joshi Tells Farmers To Protect Bt Gene,yes,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Bt-gene cotton seed, cotton farmers in Gujarat, India, KCC.",NULL,2001-10-25,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-25,NULL,NULL,Times of India,NULL,NULL,http://www.timesofindia.com/,NULL,Sharad Joshi Tells Farmers To Protect Bt Gene,5918,NULL,NULL "The federal environment ministry has yet to approve the draft biosafety guidelines for commercial use of biotechnology in agriculture (and industry) in Pakistan. ",NULL,NULL,Nasir Jamal,NULL,2001-10-26,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,NULL,NULL,"The federal environment ministry has yet to approve the draft biosafety guidelines for commercial use of biotechnology in agriculture (and industry) in Pakistan. ""We're eagerly waiting for the approval of the guidelines, and enactment of a law based on them in order to begin marketing of genetically modified organisms in Pakistan,"" officials of a multinational company told Dawn. The guidelines were drawn up earlier this year by the National Biosafety Committee constituted by the environment, local government and rural development ministry. The need for guidelines, said the industry sources, ""arose from the necessity of having appropriate biosafety procedures for guiding researchers in their laboratory work to develop GMOs, and to enable the eventual use of GMOs, and the products for economic gains"". The purpose of the biosafety procedures is to ""discern harmful potential to the environment or to human beings stemming from GMOs and the products thereof"". Their scope embraces all the work related to the gene manipulation in microbes, plants, and animals in the laboratory research, field testing, and commercial uses. The document also outlines special requirements for laboratory genetic manipulation works involving hazardous genetic fragments, the use of live viral vectors, engineering of transgenic animals, work with whole plants, and genetic engineering of the infectious animals. Moreover, the draft proposes regulations for movement of regulated materials and sanctions on those who violate the safety guidelines and measures. The draft calls for three-tier monitoring and implementation of the policy rules and procedures by the institutional, ministerial and national biosafety committees. The committees, as proposed in the draft, will comprise persons suitably qualified to understand the possible risks (associated with GMOs) and evaluate them"". The institutional biosafety committee would ""enforce all regulations and disallow a project found to be a threat to public, environment or lab personnel"". The (inter)ministerial committee would enforce all measures needed to eliminate any threat to safety of personnel, community, or environment from projects that fall under its jurisdiction. It will have powers to stop a project on the recommendations of IBC. The national committee would draft and adopt legislation or measures to ensure safety of the human beings and environment. It would have powers to shelve a project through the relevant ministerial committee if it is unsafe. It will approve ""deregulation of all regulated material for free movement and commercial release on the recommendation of the ministerial committee"". The use of biotech crops is stated to be increasing across the globe with 14 countries growing eight ""genetically improved"" crops including maize, soybean, potato, corn, tomato, canola, and maize. The global area under transgenic crops grew to 44.2 million hectares in 2000 from 1.70 million hectares in 1996. The US alone grows transgenic crops on 30.3 million hectares. Argentina has the second largest area under transgenic crops with 10 million hectares. ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g20,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g7,NULL,NULL,BioSafety Guidelines Yet To Be Approved,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Pakistan, National Biosafety Committee, biosafety procedures , laboratory genetic manipulation, regulations.",NULL,NULL,NULL,pak,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,1st,NULL,NULL,2001-10-25,NULL,NULL,Daily Dawn,NULL,NULL,http://www.dawn.com/2001/10/26/welcome.htm,NULL,Bio-Safety Guidelines Yet To Be Approved,5919,NULL,NULL "\""The Green Party\'s support for a ban on water in New Zealand shows how naive and unscientific the Greens are and illustrates why the Government should ignore their extreme views to ban genetic technologies from New Zealand\"", says National\'s Environment spokesperson Nick Smith. ",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-26,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,NULL,NULL,"""The Green Party's support for a ban on water in New Zealand shows how naive and unscientific the Greens are and illustrates why the Government should ignore their extreme views to ban genetic technologies from New Zealand"", says National's Environment spokesperson Nick Smith. In an email response to a spoof highlighting all the dangers and deaths from dihydrogen monoxide (H20 or in laymens terms, water), Green MP Sue Kedgley's office said she was 'absolutely supportive' of a ban on dihydrogen monoxide in New Zealand. ""The Greens' support for a ban on dihydrogen monoxide shows just how scientifically illiterate the party is. They would ban anything if it has a slightly scientific name, regardless of the fact that all life would cease without water,"" Dr Smith said. The email on dihydrogen monoxide points out it is a colourless, odourless, tasteless chemical used in all sorts of dangerous industries and that in gaseous form it causes thousands of burns; in liquid form millions of deaths from overdose (drowning), and in its solid state causes tissue damage. ""This
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spoof pulled on the Greens is not indifferent to that which they have pulled on New Zealanders in their campaign against gene technology. They have highlighted all of the dangers of gene technology, but ignored the huge benefits the new technology can offer to mankind. The 31,000 diabetics who survive because of GM-produced insulin is just one example. ""Gene technology, just like water, offers both benefits and risks. The Government must reject the scientifically illiterate Greens and instead support the Royal Commission's proposals for sensible controls on this new technology,"" Dr Smith said. ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g15,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,Greens Support Ban On Water!,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Nick Smith, ban on dihydrogen, New Zealand.",NULL,2001-10-26,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-25,NULL,NULL,New Zealand National Party,NULL,NULL,http://www.national.org.nz/,NULL,Greens Support Ban On Water!,5920,NULL,NULL "The USDA awarded the grant to the Food Policy Institute, a multi-disciplinary and multi-institutional institute based at Cook College and the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station. The objective is to maximize the quality of decision-making for industry executives and government regarding food production, distribution and consumption. ",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-26,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,NULL,NULL,"What do we know about how the public perceives biotechnology, and to what degree does our understanding help to guide policy makers, regulators, consumers, farmers, food firms, and those in the biotechnology industry? Unfortunately, the answer is, ""not much,"" says Dr. Bill Hallman, principal investigator of a $2.5 million project to evaluate consumer acceptance of biotechnology in the United States. The USDA awarded the grant to the Food Policy Institute, a multi-disciplinary and multi-institutional institute based at Cook College and the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station. ""Significant decisions made in the coming years by policy makers, regulators, consumers, farmers, food processors, food preparers and distributors, and those in the biotechnology industry will define the direction of food biotechnology in the United States. From an economic, environmental, and public health perspective, the implications of such decisions will be far reaching for American society,"" says FPI founder and Director, Dr. Adesoji Adelaja. ""A little over a year ago, our board identified consumer perception about biotechnology as a key issues facing the food industry and the public and charged the FPI to form a national study team to investigate it, says Dr. Adelaja."" By pulling together some of the leading scholars around the country and internationally to work on this issue, the FPI was competitive in attracting USDA funding. Central to the research project is the gathering and assessment of information about consumer perceptions of food biotechnology. The information will help farmers, food and biotechnology firms, extension professionals and policy makers as they make decisions relating to food biotechnology. The information will be gathered through structured interviews with stakeholder groups and through a series of national surveys. The research will be used to assess and monitor American consumer knowledge, awareness, and perceptions of food biotechnology over time, and within an international context. The role specific product characteristics play in public acceptance of food biotechnology will be examined using consumer preference modeling, mental modeling, consumer panels, and experimental approaches. Mental modeling will also provide more in-depth understanding of differences in stakeholder groups' perceptions of food biotechnology. The role of media coverage in shaping consumer awareness and attitudes will also be explored. ""Decisions about the applications of biotechnology require rigorous scientific evidence regarding the potential risks, costs, and benefits to health, society, and the environment,"" says Hallman. ""However, because of their broad consequences, it is also clear that decisions about biotechnology transcend science and will be significantly influenced by public opinion. As such, it is important to both develop a deep understanding of the opinions of consumers, as well as to understand the key influences on public opinion about food biotechnology."" ""Biotechnology is a defining technology for the future of food and agriculture,"" notes Hallman. ""Science and industry are poised to bring consumers a wide variety of products that have potential for meeting basic food needs, as well as delivering health, environmental, economic, and other benefits."" Billions of dollars have already been spent on biotechnology to develop new and improved foods, fuels, feeds, fibers, pharmaceuticals, and nutraceuticals. However, the fact that consumer reception has been decidedly mixed, especially in Europe, has led both the private and public sectors to be cautious and critical in embracing biotechnology. Indeed, some have already rejected it altogether. ""The knowledge generated through this program will aid companies and the agricultural community in their understanding of factors driving consumer attitudes toward food biotechnology, inform policy makers of the concerns and needs of consumers, and help in the design and delivery of an appropriate message and awareness campaigns,"" says Adelaja. ""The program will ultimately enable consumers to make more informed decisions about food products produced through biotechnology."" The FPI is a unique partnership created to focus on policy issues and
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challenges facing the food industry and food consumers in the mid-Atlantic region. Based at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, the mission of this recently founded institute is to develop timely and relevant research programs that address pressing food policy issues and to engage in outreach and education to industry, consumers, and policy makers. The objective is to maximize the quality of decision-making for industry executives and government regarding food production, distribution and consumption. ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g6,NULL,NULL,NULL,Rutgers\' Food Policy Institute Awarded 2.5 Million From USDA For Food,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Food Policy Institute , USDA, Dr. Adesoji Adelaja, information about consumer perceptions of food biotechnology.",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-26,NULL,NULL,Ascribe News,NULL,NULL,http://www.ascribe.org,NULL,"Rutgers\' Food Policy Institute Awarded 2.5 Million From USDA For Food Biotechnology Research ",5921,uk,NULL " The United States and Europe appear to be on a collision course over the regulation of genetically modified food, according to senior government policy advisors speaking today at a Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology dialogue entitled Are the US and Europe Heading for a Food Fight Over Genetically Modified Food? ",afr,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-26,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,NULL,NULL,"The United States and Europe appear to be on a collision course over the regulation of genetically modified food, according to senior government policy advisors speaking today at a Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology dialogue entitled Are the US and Europe Heading for a Food Fight Over Genetically Modified Food? Both the U.S. and EU governments have the same goal regarding food policy: ensuring food and environmental safety, said Michael Rodemeyer, executive director of the Initiative. However, each government has embarked on a disparate approach to the issue, reflecting different experiences, political philosophies and cultures. As a result, it may be hard to avoid a major food fight over agricultural biotechnology commodities. The value of US-European agricultural trade is estimated at $57 billion, and some in the U.S. agriculture community are concerned that a new European Union proposal could be a barrier to much of that trade. The EU proposal, adopted by the European Commission (EC) this summer and now pending in Parliament, which is expected to be implemented by early 2003, requires that all food/feed containing or derived from genetically modified organisms be labeled. It would also require documentation tracing biotech products through each step of the grain handling and food production processes. The proposal would particularly affect US corn gluten and soybean exports because a high percentage of those crops are genetically modified (26 percent of US corn and 68 percent of soybeans are genetically modified). David Hegwood, Trade Advisor to U.S. Department of Agriculture Secretary Ann Veneman said, Our government has an effective regulatory system to ensure the safety of foods derived from modern biotechnology. We believe biotechnology is an important tool that can help to increase food production, preserve natural resources, and improve health and nutrition throughout the world. We continue to express serious concerns about the EC s July 25th proposal for traceability and mandatory process-based labeling. We believe the EU proposal would disrupt international trade without serving any legitimate food safety or environmental safety objectives. Tony Van der haegen, Minister-Counselor for Agriculture, Fisheries and Consumer Affairs of the EC said, ""Unless we restore EU consumer confidence in this new technology, genetic modification of food is dead in Europe. The Commissions July labeling and traceability proposal is intended to be a first step to increase that confidence."" European experience with food safety and environmental issues is quite different than the American experience: consumer confidence has been eroded due to food scares in the past, in addition to the way the biotech industry has handled the issue in Europe. Moreover, serious scientific mistakes were made (BSE or mad cow could not jump the species barrier, so said the scientists, who were later proven wrong). As a result, science is no longer a quality label any more in Europe. Although genetically modified foods may even be safer than conventional products, our consumers are nevertheless demanding that we in government protect their right to know the content and origin of the food they consume. Until now, in a context of food surplus, GM food has no added value, so why take the risk, the EU consumer is asking. Julia Moore, a public policy scholar at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, said, ""In Europe there is a crisis of confidence in both science and government. A large percentage of the public does not agree with the national and international science and regulatory bodies that deem GMOs safe. If a trade war is looming, it will not be about food. Rather, it will be about who the public trusts to make choices about 21st century technologies and who they see benefiting from the science."" Fred Yoder, president-elect of the National Corn Growers Association, and a farmer from Plain City, Ohio, said, ""There are real benefits to biotech corn, which is why so many American farmers have been quick to adopt the technology. But U.S. corn producers have been hurt in the European export market due to concern and misconceptions over biotechnology. American producers are willing and able to meet the demands of our international
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customers. However, constructing a system to keep these conventional and biotech crops separate as they move from the farm to the consumer's table will cost more and subsequently require higher prices. Most importantly, we need customer acceptance and market access for our products."" The policy dialogue, one in a series hosted by the Initiative, was hosted in an effort to stimulate an informative discussion about the political, economic and cultural differences between the European Union and the United States regarding the regulation of genetically modified food, in the hope that the Initiatives participation will help frame the international debate. It was moderated by David Gergen, counsel to four presidents and author, Eyewitness to Power: The Essence of Leadership from Nixon to Clinton. <HR>To read more about the dialogue or to watch the webcast of the event, go to http://www.connectlive.com/events/pewagbiotech/ The Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology is a nonprofit, nonpartisan research project whose goal is to inform the public and policymakers on issues about genetically modified food and agricultural biotechnology, including its importance, as well as concerns about it and its regulation. It is funded by a grant from The Pew Charitable Trusts to the University of Richmond. ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,g10,g11,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g2,NULL,g3,g4,NULL,g6,NULL,NULL,NULL,Consumer Trust In Government Is Key To Policies On Genetically Modified Food -- On Both Sides Of The Atlantic,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"United States, Europe, regulation, genetically modified, safety.",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-24,NULL,NULL,The Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology ,NULL,NULL,http://www.connectlive.com/events/pewagbiotech/,"Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology policy dialogue probes trade, cultural economic issues.","Consumer Trust In Government Is Key To Policies On Genetically Modified Food -- On Both Sides Of The Atlantic ",5922,uk,NULL "In the \""precautionary principle\"", Goklany shows that the current use of the precautionary principle to justify such policies is flawed and could be counterproductive because it ignores the possible calamities those very policies might simultaneously create or prolong. ",NULL,NULL,Indur M. Goklany,NULL,2001-10-26,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,NULL,NULL,"The ""precautionary principle""the environmental version of the admonition first, do no harmis now enshrined in numerous international environmental agreements including treaties addressing global warming, biological diversity, and various pollutants. Some environmentalists have invoked this principle to justify policies to control, if not ban, any technology that cannot be proven to cause no harm. In this innovative book, Goklany shows that the current use of the precautionary principle to justify such policies is flawed and could be counterproductive because it ignores the possible calamities those very policies might simultaneously create or prolong. The precautionary principle, unfortunately, does not provide any method of resolving such dilemmas, which are commonplace in the field of environmental policy. To address that problem, Goklany develops a framework consistent with the precautionary principle to resolve such dilemmas. That framework ranks potential threats to the environment on the basis of their nature, magnitude, immediacy, uncertainty, persistence, and the extent to which they can be alleviated. Applying that framework to three contentious environmental policy issues facing humanity and the globeDDT, bioengineered crops, and global warmingGoklany shows that some popular policy prescriptions, despite good intentions, are in fact likely to do more harm than good. ""Any policy analyst worth his salt would investigate the costs and benefits of a policy before judging whether or not the policy has passed or failed a rationality test. But an ever-increasing array of policies, domestic and global, invoke guiding principles that are ill-defined, vacuous, or unworkable. Such is the precautionary principle. Indur Goklany dissects the good from the bad and attempts a reconstruction. Agree or disagree with his judgments, this is a provocative and challenging read. Highly recommended."" David Pearce, OBE, Professor of Environmental Economics University College, London ""The debate over the precautionary principle will benefit greatly from Dr. Goklany's superb and original contribution. His framework for evaluating multiple factors for and against regulatory actions is eminently reasonable. A ""must read"" for all policymakers, regulators, and environmentalists who invoke the precautionary principle to ban, eliminate, or restrain activities and technologies that benefit mankind."" Donald R. Roberts, Professor of Tropical Public Health, Uniformed Services University, DoD ""A masterpiece that is tremendously valuable in understanding a rather nebulous principle that has become a tool for risk-averse neo-Luddites who want to stop or slow down technological progress. Indur Goklany helps us through the decision-making process by providing a framework for careful analysis of the threats posed by various technologies while keeping the larger perspective of the gains they can offer."" Prof. C. S. Prakash, Tuskegee University ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g6,g7,NULL,NULL,"Book Review: \""The Precautionary Principle: A Critical Appraisal of Environmental Risk Assessment\""",NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Goklany, precautionary principle , DDT,
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bioengineered crops, global warming.",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-00,NULL,NULL,Cato Institute ,NULL,NULL,http://www.cato.org,NULL,"Book Review: \""The Precautionary Principle: A Critical Appraisal of Environmental Risk Assessment\"" ",5923,uk,NULL "Three myths are showing that any potential problem about GM food was a function of picking what gene to splice; meaning there\'s nothing intrinsically harmful in GM technology itself. Those myths are to be found in The Skeptical Environmentalist a new book by Bjorn Lomborg that tackles a swath of fallacies. ",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-26,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,NULL,NULL,"World Food Day just ended. According to this story, if you live in Hong Kong, you may have run into Greenpeace protesters who had been slapping warning labels on supermarket products they claimed were made from genetically modified ingredients. Each year, the anti-GM-food lobby gains more converts, even in Asia. The story says that they succeed through stunts like this one, and by perpetuating myths that are unwittingly embroidered with each telling. With each new convert, the greater is the delay in introducing more GM food with its lower cost of production. And this only hurts the poor, many of whom live in Asia. KILLER BEANS Each time we visit the issue of GM food, we're flooded with letters. Invariably, someone asks: What about that death from the ingestion of food laced with genes from the Brazil nut? Well, folks, it never happened. A pro-organic food NGO (another common misnomer -- all foods are organic) wrote that ""a major {genetically engineered} food disaster was narrowly averted when Nebraska researchers learned that a Brazil nut gene spliced into soybeans could induce potentially fatal allergies."" From this may have evolved the myth of killer GM food. The truth is far less dramatic. Beans are a nutritious staple in many parts of the developing world, but they lack two useful proteins. Incidentally, these are highly concentrated in nuts, especially Brazil nut. So researchers thought, why not splice the Brazil nut genes into beans? But this GM bean was never made. It was quickly realized that splicing a gene from a known allergy source to a major food crop was dangerous. Later, another group pondered animal-feed crops. Animal feed usually has one of the two proteins added in to spur growth. Again, the Brazil nut came up. Again, because of allergenic fears, the project was scrapped. So, let us say this again: No one died from nut-engineered soybeans or other crops. There's no such thing. POISON POTATOES The poisoned-food scare may have started with a British TV documentary in which a scientist declared that GM potatoes stunted growth and suppressed immunity in rats fed on them. He also said he wouldn't eat GM foods and questioned their safety. The ensuing controversy prompted the Royal Society to review the GM potato data, which it found to ""provide no reliable or convincing evidence of adverse (or beneficial) effects."" The potato used in the study could well have caused damage -- the data isn't conclusive. But if so, that shouldn't be a surprise. The rats were fed a potato genetically modified with a gene for lectin, a protein that binds carbohydrates. Lectins can be poisonous -- a lectin was used in the infamous 1978 umbrella-tip assassination of a Bulgarian dissident. So if there was any toxicity in the potato, this was because of choosing a toxic gene to introduce, not because GM technology invariably leads to bad things. BUTTERFLIES Because the main pest for corn, the European corn borer, spends much of its life in the plant, Insecticides, usually a soil bacterium called bacillus thuringiensis, or Bt, must be sprayed heavily. So why not put the gene for Bt into corn? This was done, and it worked. Then came the butterflies. Cornell researchers dusted Bt corn pollen on leaves and fed these to Monarch caterpillars in the lab. Nearly half died in days. Horror. But what the myth fails to mention is that corn pollen is dispersed at a different time from when these caterpillars feed. In nature, they're unaffected. Again, nothing wrong with GM technology. It was only that the choice of Bt could have caused a problem -- but not in nature. Indeed, butterfly mortality would be as much a problem in wrongly timed organic Bt spraying (which Rachel Carson of the anti-DDT Silent Spring advocated). DISCLOSURE STATEMENT The truth behind all three myths is that any potential problem was a function of picking what gene to splice; meaning there's nothing intrinsically harmful in GM technology itself -- any dilemma associated with it would have been faced by those seeking the same traits through conventional grafting. Moreover, no one died from GM food, because the scientific safety checks were, and continue to be, in place. The science is responsible. Now, many of the points we raise above are to be found in The Skeptical Environmentalist, a new book that tackles a swath of fallacies. But lest you mistake its author, Bjorn Lomborg, for a Big Business lobbyist, he describes himself as an ""old left-wing Greenpeace member."" Indeed, this statistics professor is convinced there are environmental problems, but that fixing them requires facts. And that makes him our kind of environmentalist. ",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,g1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g18,g19,NULL,NULL,NULL,g4,NULL,g6,g7,NULL,NULL,GM Food: Fact Versus Myth -- Ignore The Stories. Food-Crop Genetic-Engineering Technology Is Sound; Safety Checks Work,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Skeptical Environmentalist, Bjorn Lomborg, Brazil nut, allergenic fears, Bt. ",NULL,2001-10-26,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-11-01,NULL,NULL,Far
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Eastern Economic Review,NULL,NULL,http://www.feer.com/,NULL,"GM Food: Fact Versus Myth -- Ignore The Stories. Food-Crop Genetic-Engineering Technology Is Sound; Safety Checks Work ",5924,NULL,NULL "The staple foods of Africa (e.g. cassava, yam, cooking banana, plantain, cowpea) feed tens of millions of poor people daily yet receive relative little attention from the biotechnology industry, because they are not major cash crop commodities. The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) bridges this gap by linking advanced research institutions around the world to developing countries to help them share the benefits of biotechnology. ",afr,NULL,Rodomiro Ortiz,NULL,2001-10-29,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,NULL,NULL,"The staple foods of Africa (e.g. cassava, yam, cooking banana, plantain, cowpea) feed tens of millions of poor people daily yet receive relative little attention from the biotechnology industry, because they are not major cash crop commodities. These crops are mostly consumed in the home or villages. The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) bridges this gap by linking advanced research institutions around the world to developing countries to help them share the benefits of biotechnology. For example, molecular markers are being used to tag specific chromosome segments bearing the desired gene(s) to be transferred (or incorporated) into the breeding lines (or populations), i.e., finding genes with DNA markers and magnifying the power of selection in plant breeding. Likewise, IITA and research partners world-wide are transforming genetically crops to overcome pest and disease constraints or producing new diagnostic and fingerprinting tools for identifying pests and pathogens or dangerous food contaminants. Agro-Biotechnology advances and its applications in crop improvement will allow to: <LI>Accelerate progress by shortening the breeding cycle</LI> <LI>Transform crops to overcome pests and disease constraints</LI> <LI>Develop new diagnostic tools to identify food contaminants dangerous to human health</LI> <LI>Enhance genebank and agro-biodiversity management using new molecular tools</LI> <LI>Find genes with DNA markers and magnifying the power of selection in plant breeding</LI> <LI>Learn the language of resistance genes and putting it to use</LI> <LI>Use gene synteny and bioinformatics for gene discovery in other research-neglected tropical crop species</LI> IITA Strategic Plan 2001-2010 and Agro-Biotechnology While undertaking genomics and genetic transformation research, IITA addresses these questions: <LI>What kind of genomics and genetic transformation research IITA needs to fulfil its mission? </LI> <LI>Where are we, and what are the applied aspects of genomics and genetic transformation research for the improvement of crops in Sub-Saharan Africa? </LI> <LI>How IITA can benefit from specific partnerships with Advanced Research Institutes (ARIs) or global initiatives involving ARIs and National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS) on both and how they should be able to attract funding from development investors? </LI> The answers are in the recent IITA Strategic Plan 2001-2010: ""IITA's role in research-for-development for agrobiotechnology in sub-Saharan Africa includes: (i) fostering of the international sharing of knowledge and skills in biotecchnology tools important to agriculture improvement in the continent; (ii) helping African national partners to negotiate acceptable terms on intellectual genetic, and other propietary biotechnology assets needed for crop breeding; and (iii) launching creative and innovative approaches such as molecular breeding of crops relevant to African agriculture."" On-going Agro-Biotechnology Research at IITA IITA considers the utilisation of advances in both cell and molecular biology for overcoming barriers to alelle transfer and for an appropriate targeted gene expression in the crops of sub-Saharan Africa. Likewise, with the advances in genome sequencing and functional genomics, germplasm collections held in trust in the IITA genebank and associated genotypes and phenotypic database are potential sources for gene discovery, which will become an important research area in international genomics initiatives, to gain a better understanding of available genes (and their functions) in key agricultural species. IITA organises its research agenda in agro-biotechnology in five areas: <LI>Tissue Culture</LI> <LI>Genetic Transformation</LI> <LI>Genomics, DNA Markers and Aided-Breeding <LI>Diagnostics and DNA fingerprinting of pest, pathogens and biological control agents</LI> <LI>Capacity Building, Biosafety and Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)</LI> I. Tissue Culture In vitro conservation and micro-propagation of vegetatively propagated crops (cassava, yams and Musa) are routine at IITA. Also IITA does research on cryo-preservation of cassava and yams. Most resources for tissue culture are from the unrestricted core.
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Sometimes special restricted funding (e.g. USAID-OFDA) becomes available for emergency micro-propagation of vegetatively propagated crops at IITA's Disaster Relief Unit or for delivery of new propagules to the farming systems (e.g. in USAID-funded project on plantain/banana hybrids in Nigeria). I. Genetic Transformation IITA works also on genetic engineering of banana/plantain, cassava and cowpea. Methods for transforming maize and soybean were developed in the 1990s in North American labs and may be included in the research agenda of IITA when needed, particularly for incorporating traits into the breeding populations, when such traits are not available in the genetic resources pool of each crop. Yams remain recalcitrant to-date for genetic transformation. Some of the advances, partnerships and funding in genetic transformation research are as follows: *IITA research-for development partners at the Katholieke Univ. Leuven (KULeuven) developed and improved methods for genetic transformation of banana and plantain in the 1990s. Some follow-up of this work was funded through a joint grant given by DGIC (Belgium). More recently with funding from the Gatsby Charitable Research Foundation to IITA, Musa researchers at the Ibadan laboratory were able to fine-tune one of their methods for an efficient genotype-independent in vitro regeneration protocol from apical shoot meristem. As a result, expression of GUS (uidA) was observed after Agrobacterium-transformation on Musa genotypes at this IITA Biotechnology Laboratory. * Through a special project funded by SDC (Switzerland), IITA and the Institute for Plant Science (ETH, Zurich) are working on a regeneration and transformation system for cassava. Cyclic somatic embryogenesis was successfully established and maintained for 11 Africa cassava genotypes on picloram-based embryo induction medium, and will provide source materials for genetic transformation of cassava. * With partial funding from the Gatsby Charitable Foundation, DGIC (Belgium) and Gov. of Italy, and in collaboration with researchers from the John Innes Centre (UK), Ghent Univ. (Belgium), Univ. of Naples (Italy) and Purdue Univ. (USA) efforts were made in the 1990s for developing efficient regeneration and transformation systems in cowpea using tissue culture dependent and de novo approaches. Among the target tissues investigated to date, cotyledons and their nodes appear to be the most promising tissues for Agrobacterium tumefasciens-mediated transformation. Progress has been made at IITA in the optimization of parameters for cowpea transformation through (a) transient GUS gene expression following Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, (b) establishment of antibiotic thresholds for selection of transformed cowpea tissues, and (c) development of shoot elongation and rooting media. IITA with kind funding support from USAID will start soon in collaboration with researchers from the University of California, Davis a new project on genetic transformation of cowpea. This project will have links to on-going I. Genomics, DNA Markers and Aided-Breeding IITA has the on-going projects on crop genomics for the following species: banana/plantain, cassava, cowpea, maize and yams, and soon to start on cocoa. Research on soybean genomics, particularly in the USA, converted this crop as one of the model plant species among legumes. IITA may capitalise on these advances for molecular breeding of this crop when needed. Some of the research advances are as follows: * DNA markers may assist plant breeders in shortening the time for getting new cultivars. Indeed, it will be a welcome development particularly for perennial crops, e.g. bananas or plantains. With special funding from DGIC (Belgium) Musa researchers at IITA have been working since the mid-1990s to identify DNA markers for fruit parthenocarpy and other traits, so they can select at the seedling stage in hybrid populations of a giant perennial crop whose first bunch emerges between 12 to 18 months after planting. At the beginning of this research they were kindly assisted by researchers from USDA-ARS (Beltsville, MD and Griffin, GA) for developing specific Musa microsatellite markers and by the Univ. of Birmingham (UK) -through a DFID (UK) holdback grant, and Ghent Univ. (Belgium) for other PCR-based markers. In the process, they identified RAPD markers for A and B genomes in Musa species and hybrids and with the collaboration of John Innes Center also adapted a FISH technique to determine Musa distinct genomes. They also assessed germplasm variation in Musa germplasm with many DNA marker systems, or use micro-satellites for genetic-aided analysis. Nonetheless, Musa breeders at IITA tried without great success to predict heterosis with microsatellites, but their research indicated that pedigree-based analysis may still prove useful for selecting parents of prospective Musa hybrid populations. More of their recent work led to the finding of an AFLP-band likely to be associated with fruit parthenocarpy, but they still rely on field testing and selection for getting new, elite plantain and banana hybrids. Perhaps, on balance so far, the main public good from this investment in Musa genomics at IITA, will be the abundant knowledge gathered from it and shared world-wide through many publications in reputed international refereed journals. This impressed very much the last External Program and Management Review of IITA that in their report indicated ""The
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published output on breeding methodology and genetics of Musa, about 12 articles per year, deserve particular attention."" IITA will provide technical backstopping for mapping banana weevil resistance in an IPGRI/INIBAP-led project likely to be funded by the Rockefeller Foundation. Likewise, IITA participates with IPGRI/INIBAP, ARIs and other NARS researchers in the recently launched Global Consortium for Musa genomics. * On cassava gene mapping research in collaboration with CIAT focuses on cassava mosaic disease (CMD). This research gets funding from the Rockefeller Foundation. Interval mapping with RFLP and microsatellite markers resulted in two flanking markers in between a dominant gene providing new sources of resistance to CMD. New research at ILTAB/Donald Danforth Plant Science Center (St. Louis, Missouri, USA) considers the potential cloning and sequencing of this ""gene"". Microsatellites are being useful to study diversity in Manihot gene pools and to identify duplicates in the genebank collection. More recently, IITA and North Dakota State Univ. researchers start developing expressed sequence tags (EST) and microarray techniques for cassava as part of the collaboration funded through an USAID US Univ. Linkage Grant. In collaboration with the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural Univ. (KVL, Denmark), two genes (CYP79D1 and CYP79D2) from a Colombian cassava cultivar and coding for the enzyme catalysing the first committed step of the biosynthesis of cyanogenic glucosides in cassava were tested positively in 46 African genotypes. The degree of expression of the two genes varied in each genotype, but the results were not clear enough to distinguish between low-cyanide and high-cyanide cassava cultivars. Preliminary research on this subject with RAPD markers (60 primers) provided encouraging results. Four primers show polymorphism and two of these were selected for further characterisation of cassava germplasm. * IITA researchers in collaboration with colleagues from the John Innes Centre (UK) and through a special grant from the Gatsby Charitable Research Foundation developed a preliminary cowpea genetic map. Recent research funded by CIDA (Canada) and in collaboration with researchers from the University of Saskatchewan (Canada) provided a new set of microsatellite markers that were added to this genetic map of cowpea. This map developed at IITA consists now of 171 RAPD, SSR and AFLP markers in 12 linkage groups (2269 cM), and was used for detecting quantitative trait loci (QTL) for 100 seed-weight (in chromosomes I and II) and resistance to a virus (CMeV) in chromosome III of V. vexillata. VM50, a microsatellite, appears to be closely associated with delay in emergence of bruchid adults, and two flanking DNA markers are about 10 cM on either side of this locus. Also IITA researchers determine genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among Vigna species with DNA markers. Recently, IITA in co-operation with researchers of the Univ. of Virginia (through a USAID Univ. Linkage Grant) were able to identify many of the strain-specific resistance genes to Striga in cowpea but legume breeders at IITA still need to test whether marker-assisted selection will assist more efficiently in pyramiding this resistance into single genotypes. IITA participates actively in the US-CGIAR Legume Genomics initiative, currently under development. *A joint project between IITA and CIMMYT, with funding from the Rockefeller Foundation, aims to map Striga resistance genes being introgressed into maize from teosinte. QTL associated with Striga damage rating, number of ears at harvest and grain yield were detected at four linkage groups when the mapping population was tested across three environments. These linkage groups accounted from 11 to 59% of the total variation in each trait. The QTL associated with emerged Striga plant count was only in linkage group I (but only significant in two of the three tested environments). Most of the selected markers associated to reduced Striga damage ratings were associated to increase grain yield. However, generally speaking until now DNA markers have not yet proven very useful in selecting for highly quantitative traits. Perhaps some of the shortcomings of marker-aided introgression relate to the genetics of the trait itself. IITA and Purdue Univ. researchers start recently their investigations on mechanisms of Striga resistance in maize with funding provided by an USAID US Univ. Linkage Grant. IITA together with other CGIAR centers, US Scientific Community and NARS participated in the planning and launching of the Cereals Genome Initiative in early 2001. * IITA has a special project on yam gene mapping with funding from the Gatsby Charitable Foundation. This project in collaboration with the John Innes Centre (UK) was able to identify some chromosome segments controlling host plant resistance to virus and other disease and to apply the knowledge gathered during mapping project on marker-aided breeding of white and water yams. An AFLP map of Dioscorea alata (water yam) with 338 markers on 20 linkage groups (1055 cM) and AFLP maps for D. rotundata (white yam) with 107 markers in 12 linkages (585 cM) for male and in 13 linkages (700 cM) for female were developed. One QTL for yam mosaic virus (potyvirus) in white yam was detected. Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relation-ships in Dioscorea were also determined with DNA markers. With these advances, IITA and CIRAD (France) are renewing their old partnership for strengthening research on yam genetics. * IITA will start soon a new project on cocoa genetics with funding from USAID, USDA and the chocolate industry (e.g. Mars) within the framework of the Sustainable Crop Tree Program. The aim of this work will be on cocoa germplasm transfer and analysis, plus fingerprinting and diversity
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assessment of cocoa germplasm from West Africa with DNA markers. Profiles will be developed of the key genes and properties of cocoa to assist in identifying potential candidate genes. The research program will be developed in collaboration with the USDA-ARS laboratory in Florida, in order to align this effort with a similar one already being implemented in Latin America. * With funding from USAID, CIAT, CIMMYT and IITA along with US Univs. will be working on biofortification and nutritional genomics of most important crops relevant to African agriculture. IITA will be working on biochemical screening for beta-carotene in cassava germplasm and on screening and marker-aided selection for iron and zinc in maize. I. Diagnostics and DNA Fingerprinting of Pests, Pathogens and Biological Control Agents: Diagnostic tools particularly for viruses in crops such as yams, cassava and plantain/banana or pathogen strain-fingerprinting were developed by IITA researchers and their partners through investments of unrestricted funds or some grants from a pool of donors (e.g., BMZ/GTZ, Danida, DFID, Gatsby Charitable Foundation, Rockefeller Foundation, USAID and other CGIAR investors) through specific parts of special projects. They are routinely used for indexing plant material, particularly in germplasm exchange or to detect pathogens and other pests in the research-for-development agenda of the Institute. For example, IITA researchers are working on the development of: * ELISA detection of cypoviruses in larvae of Maruca vitrata and similar work will be undertaken for Plutella xylostella * Routine diagnostics of baculoviruses by REN analysis Through the USAID Univ. Linkage Grant system, two new projects are being undertaken: * Genetic variability of the nematode S. bradys in yams with the Univ. of California, Davis * Markers for pathogenic strains of Neozygites with Cornell University
I. Capacity Building, Policy, Biosafety and Intellectual Property Rights (IPR): Partnerships with African colleagues are reinforced through group and individual training. Participants of this training form invaluable links between IITA and the national systems in joint research and the validation of technologies, as well as in providing feedback. The list below provide some of the on-going projects led by, or with IITA involvement: * Development and updating of skills of biotechnologists from Nigeria and Ghana to address farmers needs in collaboration and with funding from USDA/ARS-OIRP. This new project will: (i) implement biotechnology capacity building and research, (ii) adapt available and distinct approaches for developing markers to enhance bioinformatics databases, (iii) conduct research on risks associated with the introduction of transgenic crops into Africa. * Another USAID grant was given to the IITA-backstopped West and Central Africa Collaborative Maize Research Network (WECAMAN) for enhancing applications of maize biotechnology in the region. Selected NARS with needed equipment will be assessing germplasm variation with DNA markers, other national researchers will be trained in biosafety, and a maize biotechnology training workshop will be held for West and Central African breeders. * With recent advances in applied molecular biology, particularly in diagnostics and cassava genetic transformation, a new project will start soon in collaboration with ILTAB and funding from USAID. The project aims capacity building for the application of biotechnology to cassava in Africa and focusing on the control of the African Cassava Mosaic Disease (ACMD). * IITA provides technical backstopping, through its unrestricted funding, in the IPGRI-INIBAP-led project on novel approaches to the improvement of banana production in Eastern Africa-the application of biotechnological methodologies, mostly funded by the Government of Uganda. This project also aims to develop the capacity in the region for carrying out biotechnological research on bananas. * Through an USAID grant, a CORAF/WECARD-IITA Visiting Scientist will be assessing status of, and needs for agro-biotechnology in West and Central Africa. * A regional workshop on biosafety for sub-Saharan Africa with funding from the Gatsby Charitable Foundation will be held in the first quarter of 2002 at IITA headquarters. IITA will also participate actively with resource staff in another regional workshop on genetically modified organisms being organised by World Vision International and under the sponsorship of the Rockefeller Foundation. * IITA started discussing with Purdue Univ. its participation in a new project on environmental risk assessment of Bt cowpea (that includes cowpea gene flow analysis). The project to be funded by USAID has among other partners researchers from SARI (Tamale, Ghana), ICIPE and Monsanto Co. -<HR> IITA Staff working in Agro-Biotechnology Oversight Director * Rodomiro Ortiz (Per), Geneticist & Director, Crop Improvement Division Head of Biotechnology Laboratory * Ivan Ingelbrecht (Belgium), Molecular Biologist, Ibadan Team Coordinators (working in Crop Improvement and Plant Health Management) * S. Yong C. Ng (Hong Kong), Tissue Culturist, Ibadan, Tissue Culture * Paul Keese (Australia), Molecular Virologist, Ibadan, Genetic Transformation * Ivan Ingelbrecht (Belgium), Molecular Biologist, Ibadan, Genomics and DNA Markers
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 * Jacqueline d'A. Hughes (UK), Virologist, Ibadan, Diagnostics and DNA Fingerprinting * Christian Fatokun (Nigeria), Cowpea Biotechnologist/Breeder, Ibadan, Capacity Building, Biosafety, IPR Other core-members of agro-biotechnology research * Melaku Gedil (Ethiopia), Cassava Molecular Geneticist, Ibadan * Admasu Melake Berhan (Ethiopia), Maize Molecular Biologist, Ibadan * Leena Tripathi (India), Musa Molecular Biologist, Ibadan Under recruitment * Cocoa Geneticist, Ibadan * CORAF/WECARD-IITA Visiting Scientist, Ibadan Rodomiro Ortiz Director, Crop Improvement Division International Institute of Tropical Agriculture c/o L.W. Lambourn & Co., Carolyn House 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon CR9 3EE, England Tel: 234-2-2412626, Fax: 234-2-2412221, Email: r.ortiz@cgiar.org
",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g16,g17,NULL,NULL,NULL,g20,NULL,NULL,NULL,g6,NULL,NULL,NULL,IITA: Agro-Biotechnology For Improving Agriculture In Sub-Saharan,yes,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"staple foods, Africa, developing countries, cocoa genetics , USAID.",NULL,2001-10-29,NULL,pak,NULL,1st,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-29,NULL,NULL,International Institute of Tropical Agriculture,NULL,NULL,http://www.iita.org/,NULL,"IITA: Agro-Biotechnology For Improving Agriculture In Sub-Saharan Africa ",5925,uk,NULL "Former agriculture minister Bhupendrasinh Chudasma has favoured cultivation of genetically engineered cotton as its quality and yield were far better than traditional cotton produced in Saurashtra and central and south Gujarat districts. ",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-29,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,NULL,NULL,"Former agriculture minister Bhupendrasinh Chudasma has favoured cultivation of genetically engineered cotton as its quality and yield were far better than traditional cotton produced in Saurashtra and central and south Gujarat districts. While talking to TNN, Chudasma opined that ""There was nothing wrong in going ahead with cultivation of genetic cotton which has been accepted by several European countries and even China."" The state government, he said, should encourage the cultivation of such cotton on experimental basis and later the agriculture department and federation of cotton growers could study the results of a new experience and work out a plan for cultivation of genetic cotton. During his tenure as agriculture minister Chudasma had evinced keen interest in introducing high breed cotton seeds which have shown results and the production had increased considerably. A leading farmer and chairman of Gujarat State Co-operative bank Jayrambhai Patel has also endorsed the new technique saying that the government should come forward in supplying certified seeds of genetic cotton to avoid the current controversy on destruction of genetic cotton grown in thousands of acres in the state. Patel said that the government should direct the Gujarat Agricultural University to undertake a pilot project with the help of experts from various agricultural research institutes and later on evolve a policy on cultivation of cotton. Instead of going haphazard growing of genetic cotton the cotton growers should be educated about advantages and disadvantages of the new variety of cotton the yield of which was more than other varieties of the commodity. The Gujarat Cotton Growers Federation (GUJCOT) should also prepare its own report on feasibility of genetic cotton in the state and organise workshops and seminars to ascertain federation members' views on the new variety as cotton growers were scared of spurious seeds being marketed in the state.
",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g16,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g20,NULL,NULL,NULL,g6,NULL,NULL,NULL,Chudasma Endorses Genetic Cotton Seed For Its Yield,yes,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Chudasma, Patel, GUJCOT, Genetic Cotton Seed.",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-28,NULL,NULL,Times of India,NULL,NULL,http://www.timesofindia.com/,NULL,Chudasma Endorses Genetic Cotton Seed For Its Yield,5926,uk,NULL "The Donald Danforth Plant Science Center\'s $75 million research center will open Friday in Creve Coeur. Scientists armed with state-of-the-art labs and strong funding could improve the nutritional value of crops, increase agricultural production and help develop a more stable food supply. And the center will help solidify St. Louis\' importance in the biotech world. ",NULL,NULL,Tina
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Hesman,NULL,2001-10-29,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,C8,NULL,"Fire alarms set off by clouds of sawdust punctuate the low hum of activity at the Donald Danforth Plant Science Center as workers rush to complete a high-tech research building in time for its opening Friday. When the sawdust clears at the $75 million facility at Olive Boulevard and Warson Road, a team of 11 principal scientists will begin their work -revolutionizing plant research. If scientists at the Danforth Center succeed in their mission to increase the understanding of plant biology, their work could lead to improved nutritional quality in crops, increased agricultural production, a more stable food supply and entirely new uses for crop plants. Roger N. Beachy is the center's director. Beachy's work on plant viruses led to the creation of the first genetically engineered tomato. His work launched plant biotechnology and inspired the creation of crops genetically engineered to resist insects, viruses and other pest or to stand up to herbicides. Beachy envisions the Danforth Center as a research institution that will tackle overlooked and difficult problems in plant biology. And he intends to do it in a way that's never been tried in plant biology circles -- with a team of interdisciplinary scientists free from the often stifling confines of academic ivory towers. University researchers often complain of a lack of interaction among different labs, limited resources and the time-consuming quest for grants. The scientists Beachy selected for the center have training and interest in several different areas of science. Much of their research will focus on the relationship between the structure of a given protein and how that protein functions in a cell. Proteins do most of the chemical work in a plant or animal cell. How a protein works determines how cells work and, further, how an entire organism functions. The answers can't be found with one set of techniques, Beachy said. That's why the scientists will team up and combine skills. The faculty at the Danforth Center eventually will consist of 17 principal investigators, each with their own research staff. The United States Department of Agriculture will fund two of the faculty members to work specifically on improving the nutritional quality of soybeans. The remaining 15 will work in a variety of fields. Part of the center's work will focus on reducing hunger in developing nations. That research will center on crop plants that may not be important here but are major food crops in other parts of the world. Meet the scientists Figuring out just what a protein looks like can be a daunting task. But Jeffrey Skolnick and Thomas Smith have their own ways of lifting the veil and revealing a protein's true form. Smith is versed in X-ray crystallography. He shines X-rays through protein crystals and records the way they scatter. Smith then analyzes the pattern of X-rays and reconstructs the three-dimensional structure of the protein. The structure can reveal properties of a protein that genetics cannot, Smith said. For example, a toxin from the corn smut fungus that Smith studies had no obvious similarity to any other protein when the scientist compared the DNA sequence of the toxin gene to others. But the X-ray technique revealed that the fungal toxin looked very much like a scorpion poison. That knowledge could help scientists develop anti-fungal drugs for plants. Smith is also using the X-ray technique to figure out how some plant viruses work -- including cucumber mosaic virus, which strikes over 800 plant species. His work also could apply to the common cold virus. Smith will use X-ray crystallography to help fellow faculty members discover how other plant and virus proteins work.
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Skolnick uses a supercomputer capable of performing 335 billion mathematical operations per second to predict how hypothetical chains of amino acids will twist and turn to form a protein's final shape. Armed with that knowledge, biochemists like Jan Jaworski can test how making small changes in a protein could alter its shape, and thus its function. Jaworski will join the Danforth Center in January. He is trying to learn how plants make fatty acids. He hopes to design plant enzymes that can make high purity oils for use in producing industrial polymers or lubricants. It's a new use for food crops that most people don't consider, Jaworski said. That's largely because it's difficult to coax most plants into making a single type of fatty acid. The vegetable oils people eat are mixtures of many different fatty acids. Some plants do make high purity oils -- castor oil is about 95 percent pure. Jaworski said he is encouraged that one day canola or soy bean plants could churn out industrial oils with similar results. The researcher may use similar techniques to improve the nutritional quality of food oils. Canola or soy beans could one day make fatty acids similar to docosaheaenoic acid or DHA, a fish oil that may lower cholesterol levels in the blood and have other health benefits. Oliver Yu is also trying to learn how to manipulate plants to make them more nutritious. Yu is investigating how plants build molecules called isoflavones. Plants use the compounds are heart disease isoflavones could lead to human health. these compounds to help them communicate with soil bacteria. But also thought to protect against diseases such as osteoporosis, and some cancers. Knowledge of how plants synthesize a better understanding of the plants themselves and improve
Chemical signals are also important in defending against disease. Yiji Xia studies the biochemical and physical changes that a plant goes through when it is attacked. He wants to understand how the plant sends a signal from a wound to the rest of the plant to beef up defenses. That information could lead to pathogen-resistant crops. Going underground The plant science center already has its own underground movement -- a contingent of scientists dedicated to studying the way roots work. Roots are one of the most important parts of a plant, but because they are buried they have been nearly invisible to research scientists, said Daniel Schachtman. Roots draw minerals and other nutrients from the earth and convert them to a form that people and animals can absorb. But scientists still don't understand how roots do this. Schachtman is working with Smith to develop models of transporter proteins. Some of those proteins help the roots take up minerals such as zinc, while others keep salt out. Schachtman and Smith hope that spotting differences in the proteins' structures will help them understand why the transporters work differently. Christopher Taylor also wants to know how roots and chemicals function. Taylor analyzes not what plants take in, but what they put out. He wants to know how plants produce and release certain chemicals into the soil. Some of the chemicals deter pathogens from attacking the plant, some recruit helpful bacteria, and some cause the soil to release nutrients the plant needs to grow. Mark Running wants to know how roots and other plant parts form. He studies mutations in genes that change the way plants grow. These mutations in meristems -- small clusters of rapidly reproducing cells -- could reveal how plants send out shoots and roots and produce flowers or other organs. Microscopist Erik Nielsen investigates how plants create specialized tissues such as flowers, leaves, stems and roots. He is trying to understand the microscopic changes that take place as each of those parts develop. His work could lead to more protein-rich crops or disease or drought-resistant plants. A mission to feed the world One of the center's most important missions is training scientists from
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developing countries to use biotechnology in improving food crops, said Claude Fauquet, director of the International Laboratory for Tropical Agricultural Biotechnology. The laboratory is a research and training organization that helps promote biotechnology and tropical agriculture. The Danforth Center will be the new home for that laboratory and for the visiting scientists who come to learn how they might use molecular biology to solve agricultural problems in their own countries. Both Beachy and Fauquet speak passionately about the center's role in helping to establish scientific programs in the Third World. That work, they say, eventually could lead to a stable food supply, reliable income for farmers and better nutrition for everyone. Fauquet spent 14 years in Africa learning first-hand about how devastating viruses can be to staple food crops. In 1987, he and 275 scientists from 21 African countries gathered to talk about stemming the spread of viruses that attack cassava, a root better known to Americans as tapioca. The plant ranks behind only wheat and rice as food source for people around the world. A week after the meeting, Fauquet read Beachy's work on using genetic engineering to protect plants from viruses and thought he'd found a solution that could work for cassava. What followed was a long collaboration between the two men that will continue at the Danforth Center. Already Fauquet and the organization have trained 135 scientists from 19 countries. Most of those trainees were Asian scientists who came to learn about genetic engineering of rice. Scientists at the tropical plant lab were the first to develop a reliable method for introducing pieces of DNA into the rice genome. Now more than 140 labs around the world are capable of genetically engineering rice, Fauquet said. He hopes to repeat that success with cassava and other food crops important in the developing world. The effort at the Danforth Center is just a drop in the ocean, Fauquet says, but he's hopeful that others will emulate the program. ""If the droplet is shiny enough and a good example, we're going to get more droplets in the coming years,"" he said. THE NEWS: The Donald Danforth Plant Science Center's $75 million research center will open Friday in Creve Coeur. THE IMPACT: Scientists armed with state-of-the-art labs and strong funding could improve the nutritional value of crops, increase agricultural production and help develop a more stable food supply. And the center will help solidify St. Louis' importance in the biotech world.
",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g16,g17,NULL,NULL,NULL,g20,NULL,NULL,NULL,g6,g7,NULL,NULL,Sowing The Seeds Of Revolution,yes,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"high-tech research, Roger N. Beachy, X-ray crystallography, Oliver Yu, developing countries.",NULL,2001-10-29,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-28,NULL,NULL,Donald Danforth Plant Science Center ,NULL,NULL,http://www.danforthcenter.org/,NULL,"Sowing The Seeds Of Revolution ",5927,uk,NULL "A survey conducted for the International Food Information Council (IFIC) found that most Americans (61%) believe and can state how biotechnology will benefit them or their families in the next five years. ",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-29,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,C1,NULL,C3,C4,C5,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"A survey conducted for the International Food Information Council (IFIC) found that most Americans (61%) believe and can state how biotechnology will benefit them or their families in the next five years. Consumers anticipate benefits including: improved health and nutrition (30%); improved quality, taste, and variety of foods (30%); reduced chemical and pesticide use on plants (20%); reduced cost of food (8%); and improved crops and crop yields (8%). Support for these benefits is also seen in the total number of Americans (65%) who would be likely to purchase a variety of produce-such as tomatoes or potatoes-that have been modified through biotechnology to be protected from insect damage and require fewer pesticide applications. In addition, 52% of consumers are likely to purchase the same produce if it has been modified through biotechnology to ""taste better or fresher."" The ability to foresee and support benefits of biotechnology may be in large part related to the amount of information consumers are receiving concerning the issue. Consumer awareness remains stable, with 74% of respondents saying they have read or heard ""a lot,"" ""some,"" or ""a little"" about biotechnology.
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The survey also found that 78% of consumers could not think of any information ""not currently included on food labels"" that they would like to see added and only 1% of consumers named ""genetically altered"" as an item they would like to see added to a food label. Additionally, 65% of consumers surveyed either support or do not oppose the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) policy on the labeling of foods produced through biotechnology; with a 2.5 to 1 ratio of people who ""strongly support"" the policy compared to those who ""strongly oppose"" it. The survey was conducted in September 2001 by Cogent Research and is the sixth consumer survey on food biotechnology IFIC has commissioned since 1997. Approximately 1,000 telephone interviews were conducted among a nationally projectable sample of adults 18 and older in the continental United States.
",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g6,NULL,NULL,NULL,IFIC Consumer Attitudinal Research: Most Americans Can,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"survey, biotechnology, IFIC, Cogent Research, information, FDA.",NULL,2001-10-29,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-29,NULL,NULL,International Food Information Council ,NULL,NULL,http://ificinfo.health.org/,NULL,"IFIC Consumer Attitudinal Research: Most Americans Can Articulate Expected Benefits Of Food Biotechnology ",5928,uk,NULL "Interview of Doug Gurian-Sherman and Gregory Jaffe, co-directors of the Biotechnology Project at the Center for Science in the Public Interest, publisher of Nutrition Action Healthletter. ",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-29,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,NULL,NULL,"Using biotechnology to produce food has enormous potential: safer pesticides and less harm to wildlife, more nutritious foods, and greater yields to help feed the worlds hungry nations. Its the risks of dicing and splicing Mother Nature that are harder to get a handle on. This month, we interview Doug Gurian-Sherman and Gregory Jaffe, co-directors of the Biotechnology Project at the Center for Science in the Public Interest, publisher of Nutrition Action Healthletter. Do You Take Insulin? Have you been vaccinated against hepatitis? Has anyone you know had a heart attack and been saved by a clot-busting drug? Genetic engineering has helped millions of people by turning gene-altered bacteria into microscopic factories that produce life-saving drugs. Nearly everyone welcomes those advances in medicine. But corn flakes, salad dressing, and other foods that contain genetically engineered ingredients have gotten a decidedly cooler reception. Using biotechnology to produce food has enormous potential: safer pesticides and less harm to wildlife, more nutritious foods, and greater yields to help feed the worlds hungry nations. Its the risks of dicing and splicing Mother Nature that are harder to get a handle on. This month, we interview Doug Gurian-Sherman and Gregory Jaffe, co-directors of the Biotechnology Project at the Center for Science in the Public Interest, publisher of Nutrition Action Healthletter. Q: What does it mean to genetically engineer something? DGS: It means to remove genes from one organisma plant, animal, or microbeand transfer them to another. Most genes are simply codes, or blueprints, that tell a cell to make a protein. So far, most genetically engineered food ingredients are made from plants. Theyre found in products like corn flakes made using genetically engineered corn, or salad dressing made with oil from genetically engineered soybeans. Gene-altered fish are in the works, while meat and poultry are years off. Q: Why transfer genes from one plant or animal to another? DGS: To give it some desirable trait. For example, a gene from a bacterium can enable corn and cotton plants to produce their own pesticide, one thats harmless to humans and to most insects that dont damage the crop. That allows farmers to use lessor less harmfulpesticides to get greater yields. Q: How widespread are genetically engineered crops in the U.S.? GJ: In 2001, over half of the cotton and soybean crops were genetically engineered. So was a quarter of our corn. Most of our corn and soybean crops are fed to animals, so the meat and poultry we eat is likely to come from animals raised on genetically engineered feed. Q: Should we be nervous about eating food that contains genes from another organism? GJ: No. In most cases, we arent eating those genes. For instance, by the time a genetically engineered corn plant has been processed into corn oil or high fructose corn syrup, virtually none of the genesor the proteins they produceare left in the food. But even if a foodlike the cornmeal used to make many cerealsdoes contain new genes or proteins, thats not necessarily a problem. We eat foods with new genes and proteins all the time. The tomatoes, potatoes, and wheat we buy in the supermarket have been genetically altered by breeding them with wild relatives. That kind of traditional cross-breeding, which weve been doing for decades, often produces foods that contain genes and proteins that people have never
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been exposed to before. And, like it or not, were constantly eating the genes and proteins of harmless bacteria that inadvertently end up on our food. Q: But a gene from an animal would never end up in a corn plant naturally, because the two organisms are too different to breed. GJ: Thats why we need to make sure that genetically engineered foods are safe before they reach the market. Its not inherently risky to mix genes from different organisms, but to play it safe, we should carefully test genetically engineered foods to ensure that they are safe. Is it Safe to Eat? Q: What should genetically engineered foods be tested for? DGS: Whenever you put a new gene into a food, either through traditional breeding or genetic engineering, there are at least two major concerns. One is whether the new genes or proteins might produce toxinsthat is, anything that can cause harm in the short or long term. The other concern is whether the new gene might produce a protein that triggers an allergic reaction in a person who eats the food. Q: Have new allergens ended up in a genetically engineered crop? GJ: Yes. It happened when scientists unwittingly transferred an allergen from brazil nuts to soybean plants. But a routine test detected the allergen, and the soy was never marketed. That just underscores why its so important that the government require companies to test genetically engineered foods for new allergens. Q: How good is that testing? DGS: It could be better. Unless were dealing with known allergens, like the one in the brazil nut, theres no way to be absolutely sure if a protein will or wont trigger an allergic reaction until a lot of people eat it. What the Food and Drug Administration or Environmental Protection Agency should do is require companies to test every newly introduced protein to see if it resembles known food allergens. Thats what happened with the infamous StarLink corn, which contains a gene taken from a bacterium. The gene produces a protein called Cry9C, which kills a major pest called the corn borer. So it looked promising to farmers. But because Cry9C passes through the digestive tract intact, it also looked like a potential allergen to the EPA, which approved its use only in animal feed. StarLink corn was never meant to be eaten by humans. Q: So how did it get into taco shells and other foods? GJ: Aventis, the company that created StarLink corn, didnt make sure that farmers and grain processors abided by government rules to keep StarLink separate from other strains of corn. As a result, tiny amounts of StarLink ended up in dozens of foods, and at least 44 people reported suffering possible allergic reactions after eating them. Q: So a genetically engineered food has given us a new allergen? DGS: Were not sure. When government scientists tested the blood of some of the people who reported allergic reactions, they couldnt detect any trace of a reaction to Cry9C. But those tests arent 100 percent reliable, so we dont know if the people reacted to Cry9C or not. In any case, the EPA has since decided that from now on it will only approve genetically engineered crops for animals that are also safe for people to eat. As for StarLink, its no longer being grown, so its rapidly disappearing from the food supply. Q: Could genetically engineered foods be toxic? DGS: Some could. When a gene is transferred from one organism to another, theres no way to know which chromosome the gene will end up on, where it will settle on that chromosome, or how it might alteror be altered bythe genes around it. We need to guard against unexpected toxins in genetically engineered plants because we know its happened with traditionally bred plants. Again, thats why these crops should be tested before we eat them. Q: Are genetically engineered foods less nutritious than conventional foods? DGS: No. They typically have the same amounts of vitamins, minerals, protein, and other major nutrients as conventional foods. Companies dont usually test for phytochemicals like lutein or lycopene because theyre not yet considered nutrients. But the FDA should consider changes in key phytochemicals when it decides whether to approve new foods. Q: If a corn plant were engineered with a gene from a cow, could a vegetarian eat it in good conscience? Or could a steak from a cow that was given a gene from a pig be eaten by an observant Jew or Muslim? GJ: Any genetic scientist would tell you that a corn plant with a gene from a cow hasnt been tainted by meat, and a cow with a gene from a pig hasnt been tainted by the pig. But when youre talking about religious or ethical beliefs, the science doesnt always rule. So Id say that those are decisions that every person has to make for him or herself. Good for Consumers?
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Q: Will U.S. consumers ever benefit directly from genetically engineered foods? DGS: Theyre already benefitting, at least indirectly, from the reduced use of pesticides. And as the techniques become more sophisticated, scientists may be able to introduce more complex changes that benefit consumers more directly. For instance, companies are working on developing fruit that can be picked ripe without becoming mushy, coffee thats naturally caffeine-free, and soybeans that dont trigger allergic reactions and that contain more healthful omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Foods like those wont show up in stores for many years. On the other hand, scientists may be close to creating genetically engineered foods that could make a difference in the lives of people in developing countries. Q: Foods like golden rice? GJ: Yes. An estimated half-million children in the world go blind every year because their diets dont contain enough vitamin A. Millions more die from infectious diseases that their immune systems might have been able to fight off with enough vitamin A. By inserting two genes from a daffodil and one from a bacterium into rice plants, scientists have created a rice with beta-carotene, which the body turns into vitamin A. Golden rice isnt a miracle food. It still needs to be grown and tested, which could take years, and people used to white rice might not accept its yellow color. And certainly, one food cant repair the damage caused by malnutrition and poverty. But it could be part of the solution. Q: Are any genetically engineered crops close to helping developing countries? DGS: Yes. Trials are under way in Kenya for virus-resistant sweet potatoes that may greatly increase yields. Sweet potatoes are a staple of the Kenyan diet. In China, more than a million acres are planted in insect-resistant cotton. And scientists are testing insect-resistant potatoes in Egypt. The potatoes may require less chemical pesticides in the field and in storage. Thats critical in countries that cant afford pesticides or the equipment to protect field workers from pesticides. Q: What about other types of genetically engineered crops? DGS: Scientists are working on crops that resist droughts and that can grow in salty, marginal soil. The result could be higher yields, greater productivity, and less destruction of virgin forest. Eventually, we may even see fruits and vegetables that contain more nutrients or possibly even vaccines. The potential is enormous, but well never realize it unless we make sure that farmers in developing countries have access to cheapor freegenetically engineered seeds, that the crops dont harm the local environment, and that the foods are safe. Q: Isnt that what worries many critics of biotechnology? The multinational corporations that sell the miracle seeds are in business to make money, not feed the world. DGS: That is a problem. As companies patent genetically engineered seeds, they gain increasing control over the worlds food supply. And mergers concentrate that control in even fewer corporate hands. That could narrow the gene pool of the major food crops, leaving them vulnerable to rare diseases or uncommon insect pests. And it could allow biotechnology companies to exert pressure on food prices worldwide. We need to make sure that doesnt happen, with seeds for either genetically engineered or conventional crops. Good for the Environment? Q: Are genetically engineered crops good or bad for the environment? GJ: So far, theyre a plus. Last year, for example, thanks to genetically engineered cotton that produces its own insecticide, farmers reduced their use of highly toxic insecticides by several million pounds. Thats impressive, because the cotton crop has accounted for four out of every ten pounds of insecticides used in the U.S. each year. And farmers who grow the most popular genetically engineered food crop, Monsantos Roundup Ready soybeans, spray their crops less often. So even if that doesnt reduce the amount of pesticides they apply, as some biotech critics have noted, theyre using a safer one. Roundup is much less toxic than many other herbicides. Farmers can also till the soil less often, which means less water pollution and soil erosion. Q: What are Roundup Ready soybeans? DGS: Theyre soybeans that are immune to glyphosate herbicides like Roundup. So when farmers spray Roundup Ready soybean plants with the herbicide, it kills weeds without harming the plants. The same gene has also been introduced into seed for corn, canola, and cotton. Q: What other genes are being genetically engineered into crops? GJ: One of the most popular is Bt, which is extracted from a bacterium called Bacillus thuringiensis. Organic farmers have been spraying Bt
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bacteria on their crops for years, because it produces a protein that poisons certain insect pests but is harmless to animals, people, and most other insects. Scientists have transferred the gene that makes the insect-killing protein from Bt bacteria to corn, cotton, and potatoes. So those engineered plants can make their own environment-friendly pesticide, and farmers dont need to use as much chemical pesticides, which are far more indiscriminate killers. Q: Is Bt in corn on the cob? GJ: No. The sweet corn that ends up as corn on the cob or frozen or canned corn isnt genetically engineered. Nor are the soybeans that go into tofu and soymilk. Q: Why arent they genetically engineered? DGS: Because farmers are worried that consumers wont buy them. And thats unfortunate. In Florida, where much of the countrys sweet corn is grown, the crop is often sprayed with insecticides 10 or 12 times every season. Why? Because farmers know that shoppers wont buy corn on the cob if its been chewed by insects. They could probably cut their spraying down to twice a season if they planted Bt corn. Thats one of the lost benefits of biotechnology. In addition, genetically engineered cropslike potatoes and sugar beetscould be grown with far less pesticides, soil erosion, and loss of innocent wildlife. But theyre not. Q: Because companies worry that people wont buy them? GJ: Thats right. Food manufacturers fear that some consumers wont buy foods made with genetically engineered ingredients. Potatoes are a great example. Scientists have genetically engineered some strains to kill insect pests and to resist two destructive viruses. But McDonalds wont buy genetically engineered potatoes because its afraid that biotech critics will mount a campaign against them. Risks to the Environment Q: Could genetically engineered crops harm the environment? DGS: Yes. Thats why the Environmental Protection Agency has to develop tests to ensure that they are safe. For example, in theory, the new genes in biotech crops could spread to other plants and create superweeds. Heres the scenario. If pollen from an herbicide-resistant plant gets carried by the wind, it could pollinate a weed thats a relative of the plant. That could make the offspring weeds resistant to the herbicide. Or genes that make a plant resistant to insects or viruses could cross-breed into the wild relative, increasing its ability to survive. Q: So we end up with more aggressive weeds? DGS: Yes, though so far thats only a risk for squash and possibly canola, which are the only genetically engineered crops with wild relatives in the U.S. It could be a bigger problem if farmers started planting genetically engineered wheat, sunflower, sorghum, or other crops that have wild relatives. But scientists dont yet know whether those plants would become more aggressive weeds. To find out, we need more and better research. Q: Can genetically engineered crops also become weeds? GJ: Yes. Lets say some seeds from an herbicide-resistant crop remain in the soil after the harvest. If a farmer rotates crops, those seeds could grow into plants that are immune to the herbicides that the farmer uses on the new crop. That seems to be happening with some genetically engineered herbicide-resistant canola plants in Canada, although it isnt clear if its a serious problem. Q: Do genetically engineered plants kill Monarch butterflies? DGS: Probably not. In 1999, a laboratory experiment showed that a heavy dose of pollen from Bt corn could kill caterpillars that develop into Monarch butterflies. Since then, however, studies in fields in Iowa, Nebraska, Maryland, and Ontario have found that the plants dont produce pollen thats toxic enough to kill the caterpillars. And dont forget: conventional insecticides kill all kinds of insects, not just Monarchs. Q: Can Bt or similar crops harm other good insects? DGS: In theory, yes. Insects like ladybugs, which help protect crops by eating insect pests, could be harmed by eating genetically engineered plants or pollen or by eating insects that have fed on genetically engineered crops. In the laboratory, scientists have managed to harm a few beneficial insectsbut not birds or other animalsby feeding them high doses of Bt or insect pests that had eaten Bt. But we wont know if its a problem in the real world until the EPA requires companies to conduct more field tests. Only then can we be confident that the crops are safe.
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Q: Could insects become resistant to the Bt pesticide thats made by genetically engineered corn and other crops? GJ: Eventually, insects can become resistant to almost any pesticide, genetically engineered or not. In the Philippines, for example, the Diamondback moth became resistant to Bt due to conventional spraying, not to genetically engineered plants. To prevent insects from becoming resistant, the EPA requires that farmers who grow genetically engineered Bt crops also plant conventional crops nearby as refuges where insects arent exposed to Bt. In theory, that should allow non-resistant insects to flourish, though no one knows how long the refuge strategy will work. Q: So if were not careful, the use of Bt to replace more-toxic pesticides will be lost? GJ: Thats right. Bt illustrates that the way we use biotechnology will determine how helpful it will ultimately be. Seed companies and many farmers want smaller refuges, because that means more genetically engineered seed sold and more crops grown. That may be good for profits in the short term. But if it meant that a relatively benign pesticide like Bt became worthless and farmers had to resort to far more damaging chemical pesticides, it could be disastrous in the long term. Q: Does the same balancing act apply to other genetically engineered crops? DGS: Yes. For example, aluminum-tolerant crops could allow farmers in developing nations to plant on marginal lands. But if farmers plant those crops in the aluminum-rich soil of tropical forests, well lose rain forest. And salt-tolerant tomatoes or a drought-tolerant crop could save precious water, but if theyre grown in semi-arid land that is currently not farmed, it could lead to further loss of natural habitats. Q: Could genetically engineered crops somehow harm the soil? DGS: In traditional agriculture, land can become less fertile over the years. Current biotech crops are likely to be safer for the soil. But scientists have recently discovered that the Bt pesticide made by at least one type of genetically engineered corn seems to leak into the soil. A recent study found that it didnt harm earthworms or several other creatures that live below ground. But its just one more reason why the EPA must develop tests that crops have to pass before they can be marketed. Q: Are organically grown crops better for people and the environment than genetically engineered crops? GJ: Organic is often best, and the government needs to help farmers move from conventional agriculture to organic. But thats no reason to reject biotechnology, which can also protect the environment. Organic and biotech are improvements over conventional agriculture. We need research and support for both. The Governments Role Q: How does the government regulate genetically engineered crops? GJ: The U.S. Department of Agriculture is responsible for making sure that they dont harm other crops. If a crop makes its own pesticide, the EPA has to review the companys tests and approve the pesticide as safe for humans and the environment. And that process is open to the public. Other genetically engineered food plants are regulated by the FDA, which does not formally approve crops before they can be grown, harvested, and sold. It should. Q: Does the FDA see any safety data? GJ: The agency encourages companies to voluntarily submit test results, but doesnt tell them which tests to carry out. It needs to. So far, biotech firms have submitted some results for all of their genetically engineered crops, probably to cover their behinds. The FDA says that it plans to require companies to provide safety data, even though it still wont formally approve crops. While thats better than keeping the process voluntary, its not the best way to protect people. Q: What should the government be doing? DGS: First, before any genetically engineered plant or animal is grown in a way that can affect the environment, it should have to pass a thorough review by the EPA. Second, before any genetically engineered crops are turned into food, the FDA should have to formally approve them, as it currently does with genetically engineered animals. That means requiring companies to show that their crops are not toxic, dont contain any allergens, and dont pose other risks. Finally, the FDAs review of genetically engineered plants and animals should be open to the public, and the tests that it and the EPA require should be recommended by an independent organization like the National Academy of Sciences. Q: Why dont labels disclose when foods contain genetically engineered ingredients? GJ: Because they dont have to. The governments position is that it cant require labeling because genetic engineering per se doesnt make foods substantially different from their non-biotech counterparts. And if a food
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were differentfor example, if it had more unsaturated fat than usual then its label would have to disclose that difference, but not that the food was genetically engineered. Nevertheless, the FDA needs to find a way to give consumers information about genetically engineered foods in an accurate, value-free way that doesnt raise the price of our food. It would be a shame to lose the benefits of biotechnology because of a backlash by consumers who feel that information is being hidden from them. The Bottom Line 1. The genetically engineered foods that are currently on the market are safe. By increasing yields and reducing the use of pesticides, they benefit farmers and the environment. 2. To ensure that new genetically engineered plants and animals are safe for humans and the environment, Congress should institute a mandatory government approval process that is open to public participation and review. 3. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) should monitor the environmental impact of genetically engineered crops. It should require more field testing, enforce insect refuges for Bt crops, and adopt other environmental safeguards. 4. The U.S. government should fund more research on genetic engineering, especially on fruits, vegetables, and other crops that are not of great commercial interest to the biotechnology companies. 5. To enable developing nations to benefit from biotechnology, the U.S. government should: fund research and the training of scientists, help countries develop regulations to ensure the safe use of genetic engineering to produce food, and press biotech companies to donate technologies and allow free access to patents that are used to produce genetically engineered seeds and animals.
",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g6,NULL,NULL,NULL,Nutrition Action Healthletter Cover Story: Genetically Engineered Foods: Are They Safe?,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"genes, test, EPA, FDA, allergen, Golden Rice, Roundup Ready Soybeans, Bt.",NULL,2001-10-29,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-11-01,NULL,NULL,Center for Science in the Public Interest,NULL,NULL,http://www.cspinet.org/,NULL,Nutrition Action Healthletter Cover Story: Genetically Engineered Foods: Are They Safe?,5929,uk,NULL "Federated Farmers of New Zealand President Alistair Polson has hailed the Government\'s GM decision as a victory for science and the future prosperity of New Zealand\'s biological based economy. ",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-30,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,C3,C4,C5,NULL,NULL,NULL,C9,"Federated Farmers of New Zealand President Alistair Polson has hailed the Government's GM decision as a victory for science and the future prosperity of New Zealand's biological based economy. ""The Government's essentially pragmatic decision means New Zealand can continue to move forward and maintain our international competitiveness and leading edge in biological sciences, said Mr Polson. ""The balanced criteria outlined today reinforces the Federation's gene policy which supports the need to assess and manage risks to the health and safety of people and the environment from the application of gene technology. ""The Government in its response to the Royal Commission's finding has firmly aligned itself with the Federation's position. In its submission to the Royal Commission the Federation pointed out the need to put conditions on the release of GM crops. The Government has picked up on this and plans to amend the legislation. ""The legislated constraint period on the commercial release of GMOs will provide Government with time to legislate the standards the Environmental Risk Management Authority must apply rather than allowing discretion in the exercise of its powers. ""It is pleasing that the Government has provided a clearly defined framework that will allow science to move forward and play a vital role in preserving New Zealand's future opportunities. ""The challenge ahead is to ensure that new compliance criteria does not become a default ban on continued innovation,"" Mr Polson concluded.
",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g15,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,GM Decision Keeps Options Open For NZ Farmers,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Alistair Polson, New Zealand, gene technology, Royal Commission.",NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-30,NULL,NULL,Federated Farmers Press Release,NULL,NULL,http://www.fedfarm.org.nz,NULL,GM Decision Keeps Options Open For NZ Farmers,5930,uk,NULL "On Friday, the Danforth Center will open its new building at 975 Warson Road in Creve Coeur. The opening marks a new chapter in the 3-year-old organization, bringing its scattered scientists and staff under one roof. ",NULL,NULL,Baldwin Gilbert,NULL,2001-10-30,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,yes,NULL,NULL,NULL,C3,C4,C5,C6,NULL,NULL,NULL,"In some ways, the Donald Danforth Plant Science Center resembles a private research university. But unlike Harvard or Washington University, the Danforth Center has no athletic fields, no course schedules, no graduation.
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Nor does it have many of the financial resources of a university. It has no tuition, no alumni who can be hit up for contributions, and its endowment is little more than a fund-raising plan. It is, instead, an independent, nonprofit, research institution -- similar to the much larger Scripps Research Institute in San Diego or the Stowers Institute for Medical Research that recently opened in Kansas City. Those centers do medical research. Roger N. Beachy, Danforth Center director, believes the Center may be unique among U.S. independent nonprofit research institutions, because it focuses solely on plant research as a way to improve the human condition. Independent research centers forge alliances with universities and corporations and receive government grants, but they operate independently and seek ways to transfer research into practice, often through the marketplace. On Friday, the Danforth Center will open its new building at 975 Warson Road in Creve Coeur. The opening marks a new chapter in the 3-year-old organization, bringing its scattered scientists and staff under one roof How it started In spring 1998, Monsanto Co., the Missouri Botanical Garden, Washington University and the University of Missouri at Columbia announced plans for a plant science research center. In August of that year, the University of Illinois joined the academic partners, and the Monsanto Fund and Danforth Foundation joined as financial supporters. The center was named for the late Donald Danforth, a former chairman of Ralston-Purina and the father of former U.S. Sen. John C. Danforth, R-Mo., and Dr. William H. Danforth, former chancellor of Washington University. John Danforth said at the time that the name was a fitting tribute to the man whose ""mission was to feed the world."" The center was launched and the building constructed with a blend of non-profit, corporate, academic and government contributions: * Monsanto Co. donated land worth $11.4 million. * The Monsanto Fund, a nonprofit foundation, donated $50 million. Of that, $40 million was donated through the Missouri Development Finance Board, for which the foundation received $20 million in tax credits that it sold to 26 buyers for an average price of 95 cents on the dollar. * The Danforth Foundation donated $60 million (including $5 million in annual operating funds through 2008). Of that, $10 million was donated through the center to the Missouri Development Finance Board, for which the Center received $5 million in tax credits. The center then sold those credits to two contributors for 95 cents on the dollar and used that money as well. * The Missouri Development Finance Board applied the tax-credit matches ($50 million) and $6.9 million in interest to construction costs of the center's building. * The Southwestern Bell Foundation gave $1.9 million for the center's auditorium. * The University of Missouri at St. Louis and the Nidus Center for Scientific Enterprise, near the plant science center, leased laboratory space. Washington University donated lab space and leased administrative office space Underwriting costs Now that the building is finished, the center will concentrate on establishing a solid operational footing. ""We are not underwritten by the state or an institution or a corporation,"" Beachy said. ""We are underwritten by the handiwork and innovation of our scientists."" Scientists must pay their way by winning grants and contracts for their research. So far, center scientists have won or anticipate getting grants from the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. Agency for International Development, and the
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Two of the principal investigators will be sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service. Contract income will come from corporations for whom the center does specific research. The center is projecting a budget in 2002 of nearly $15.5 million, growing to $22 million to $24 million by 2009. Besides paying for scientists' salaries and lab expenses, many grants also pay part of so-called ""indirect"" costs, such as administrative salaries and what a retailer would call overhead - janitorial services and building maintenance, greenhouse staff, utilities and depreciation. But usually the research institution is expected to foot some of the indirect costs. Beachy explained that for every $1 Washington University receives in grant money it spends an average of 56 cents on indirect costs. The Danforth Center expects to spend 85 cents on indirect costs for every $1 in grant money. Through 2008, the center may tap $5 million in annual operating funds from the Danforth Foundation. But by 2009, the center hopes to have a $100 million endowment from which it could draw an estimated $5 million annually, and to which it could reinvest some income to maintain the principal. The center has begun a ""friends"" program, for contributions of $1,000 or more. As the center becomes known for its research, it should catch the attention of international funding groups, Beachy said. Already, the center is the site of international conferences. About 30 scientists from around the world will be here this week for a conference sponsored by the Rockefeller Foundation to share research on drought-resistant plants. Next week, 100 scientists will share research on improving cassava, a tropical plant that ranks third after wheat and rice in feeding the world's people.
",Articles/Op Eds,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,g6,NULL,NULL,NULL,Danforth Plant Science Center Is Focusing On Research To Improve Human,NULL,l1,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,"Roger N. Beachy, plant research, human condition, background information, Monsanto.",NULL,2001-10-30,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,2001-10-30,NULL,NULL,St. Louis Dispatch,NULL,NULL,http://home.post-dispatch.com/,NULL,"Danforth Plant Science Center Is Focusing On Research To Improve Human Condition ",5931,uk,NULL
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Monsanto UK Hack

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Une tude de faisabilit a t demande

in the developing world, but it is a useful start.

<P><B>LEPA affirme la continuation des programmes de suivi</B>

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