Sensitivity Analysis using the Power Oscillation Flow Method

D. Villarreal-Martnez and D. Ruiz-Vega, Senior Member, IEEE

the existing controls and the design of supplementary control systems like power system stabilizers [1]. As an extension of modal analysis, the power oscillation flow method, gives us a normalized index that shows the way in which swing modes are affected by the active power flow that is transmitted through each transmission element and by the active power consumed by each one of the system loads. This method was originally proposed in [4]. Description of the method is improved in this paper, regarding its application to synchronous generators and static load models, which were not presented in detail in [4]. In addition, its use in assessing modal sensitivities of the system elements under variations of the system operating conditions, presented in this paper, show the importance of this modal sensitivity method and its potential use in stability constrained optimal dispatch. II. MODAL ANALYSIS A linear, stationary dynamical system could be described by the first order representation [5]: (1) x = Ax Eigenvalues i (i=1,..,n) are the roots of the equation [5]: (2) det [ I A] = 0

Abstract--The power oscillation flow method is a small signal sensitivity method which is able to determine an index that assesses the degree of participation of the power flowing at each transmission element, or being consumed at each load of the power system, in the formation of each swing mode. In this way, the power oscillation flow method is an extension of the participation factors traditionally used in Modal Analysis theory, which allow us to determine the way in which the swing modes are affected by the state variables of the synchronous machine and their associated control systems. In this paper we describe the basics of the power oscillation flow method and its application to a detailed power system model. The effect of different static load characteristics in the results of the method is assessed. In addition, we explore the sensitivity information provided by the method and its possible application to control power system poorly damped or unstable oscillation problems. Index TermsEigenstructure, Low Frequency Oscillations, Modal Analysis, Power Line Deviations, Power Load Deviations, Power Oscillation Flow Method, Small Signal Stability, Swing Modes.

I. INTRODUCTION

OW frequency oscillations only need that small differences take place in the design between the generators and/or the load that is being consumed in the power system, to be excited permanently [1]. With the implementation of fast response control systems, the accelerated interconnection of power systems and its operation near their physical limits, as a consequence of the process of liberalization of the electric industry, the problem of poorly damped low frequency oscillations had become an important constraint, mainly in the transmission of power between different control areas, establishing the necessity to carry out small signal stability studies to design measures with the objective of assuring sufficient security margins [2], [3]. Controlling poorly damped low frequency oscillation problems, requires using specialized tools like modal analysis methods, which determine the characteristics of critical modes of oscillation using a linearized model of the power system around an operating condition of interest. Modal analysis allows determining an adequate tuning of
Financial support provided by CONACyT, to the first author for his PhD studies and to our group for project 83701 are gratefully acknowledged. Financial support provided by IPN in projects SIP 20100895 and 20090918 to our research group are gratefully acknowledged. D. Villarreal-Martnez and D. Ruiz-Vega are with the Graduate Program in Electrical Engineering, SEPI-ESIME-Zacatenco, Instituto Politcnico Nacional, 07738, Mxico City, Mxico (e-mail: Pmx901@yahoo.com.mx, drv_liege@yahoo.com).

Right and left eigenvectors are defined as follows [5]:

Ai = ii

(3) (4)

i A = i i

Right and left eigenvectors are related through the bioorthogonality relationships [1]-[5] and [6]: (5) ji = 0 i = 1, 2,, n _ i j

ji = i

_ i = j

i = j = 1, 2, , n

(6)

Where it is a common practice to normalize eigenvectors in such a way that ai=1 [1]-[6]. Participation factors indicate the participation of the ith mode in building the state response of the kth state and are defined as follows [1]-[6]: Pki = ki ki (7) Then, let the solution for the state equation be expressed as a linear combination of system modes [1]-[6]:

x ( t ) = ( iT x0 ) ei ti
i =1

(8)

At t=0, the state vector can be expressed as a linear combination of system oscillation modes [1]-[6].

The linearized model of the power system (the reduced matrix technique) is developed using the EPRI Approach [7]. It is necessary to highlight that the phasor diagram convention proposed in [8] was used, instead the one proposed in [7]. III. POWER OSCILLATION FLOW METHOD The power oscillation flow method is a small signal sensitivity method which is able to determine an index that assesses the degree of participation of active power flowing at each transmission element, or being consumed at each load of the power system, in the formation of each swing mode. In this way, the power oscillation flow method is an extension of the participation factors traditionally used in modal analysis. The power system model for the power oscillation flow method is obtained by combining the machine equations, load equations and power network equations. It is assumed that there are no dynamic elements in the system. A. Machine Equation In this work the subtransient model for round rotor synchronous machines is used to represent system generators: '' '' vd id ra Ed xq 1 (9) = '' 2 '' '' '' Eq vq iq r a + xd xq xd ra Where (-id), iq, (-vd), vq, (-Ed) and Eq are machine current components, voltage components, and the machine internal subtransient e.m.f. in d and q-axis, respectively. The next step consists of expressing (9) in terms of the machine terminal voltage components vdq. After this is done, we have to transform the d,q components to the network reference frame through the following transformation: sen cos (10) [ d , q ] = cos i sen i [ D, Q ] i i As a final result we get: ' rgD xgD I GDi VD sen cos Ed V = I (11) ' Q cos sen Eq xgQ rgQ GQi Where: '' '' rgD = ra + xd xq cos sen

g gD bgD e1 e2 b = gQ g gQ e3 e4 Where: '' '' 2 2 2 '' '' e1 = ( xd xq )( sen cos ) ( ra + xd xq ) '' '' 2 '' '' e2 = 2 ( xd xq ) cos sen ( ra + xd xq )

(14)

'' '' 2 '' '' e3 = 2 ( xd xq ) cos sen ( ra + xd xq ) '' '' 2 2 2 '' '' e4 = ( xd xq )( cos sen ) ( ra + xd xq )

The final linearized expression describing (12) in terms of machine currents is as follows: I GDi I GDi g gD bgD VD (15) = V bgQ g gQ I I Q G G Qi Qi I GDi a1 a2 a3 (16) ' = ( Ed ) a a a I 5 6 ' GQi 4 Eq Where:
'' a1 = ( Ed ) ( g gD cos + bgD sen ) Eq'' ( g gD sen bgD cos ) +

' ' + sen ( Ed ) + cos Eq VD e1 +

' ' + cos ( Ed ) + sen Eq VQ e2

a2 = g gD sen bgD cos a3 = g gD cos + bgD sen

'' a4 = ( Ed ) (bgQ cos g gQ sen ) Eq'' (bgQ sen g gQ cos ) +

' ' + sen ( Ed ) + cos Eq VD e3 +

' ' + cos ( Ed ) + sen Eq VQ e4

a5 = bgQ sen g gQ cos a6 = bgQ cos + g gQ sen

B. Load Equation Load behavior is expressed through the following exponential function dependent of bus voltage:

'' xgD = x cos xq sen 2 '' d 2

At this point we have to express (11) in terms of machine current components: ' I G g gD bgD sen cos Ed g gD bgD VD = ' IG bgQ g gQ cos sen Eq bgQ g gQ VQ
Di Qi

'' '' rgY = ra ( xd xq ) cos sen

'' '' xgY = xd sen 2 + xq cos 2

V V (17) PL = PL 0 , QL = QL 0 V V 0 0 Where PL, QL are load active and reactive power, PL0, QLO their steady state values, V the bus voltage and V0 their steady state value. Finally, np and nq are exponents to represent the different static load characteristics. Linearizing (17) a linear incremental load equation is found [7]: iDL g1 b1 VDL (18) i = QL g 2 b2 VQL
Where:
2 V V Q PL 0 VDL 0 n + 1 + L20 ( nq 2 ) DL 0 2QL 0 2 ( ) p 2 2 V0 V0 V0 V0 2 VQL 0 QL 0 VDL 0VQL 0 PL 0 g 2 = 2 ( n p 2 ) 2 + 1 2 ( nq 2 ) V0 V0 V02 V0 V 2 0 PL 0 V V Q b1 = L20 ( nq 2 ) QL + 1 + 2 ( n p 2 ) DL 0 2QL 0 2 V0 V0 V0 V0

np

nq

(12) Where: 1 g gD bgD rgD xgD (13) = b gQ g gQ xgQ rgQ The next step consists in to linearize (12), in order to do the last we have to compute the linearized expression corresponding to (13) before:

g1 =

2 VDL 0VQL 0 P0 QL 0 VDL 0 n + 1 L2 2 ( ) ( n p 2 ) q 2 2 V0 V0 V02 V0 Load power deviations are defined in terms of VD and VQ as follows:

b2 =

IV. COMPUTATION PROCEDURES Step 1: Choose an operating point by load flow study. Step 2: Form state matrix A and find the eigenvalues/vectors. Step 3: Select all swing modes of concern and corresponding mode shapes. Step 4: For each swing mode of concern: (1) Find GD, GQ in (16) for each machine. This is done by substituting the eigenvector entries corresponding to i, (-Edi) and Eqi in (16), the resulting quantities will be complex numbers in eigenvalue/eigenvector reference coordinates. (2) Solve (22) for voltage deviations for all buses using GD, GQ computed in (16). (3) Find power deviations for each line by (23). (4) Find power deviations for each load by (19). (5) Normalize line and load power deviations [4]. V. POWER OSCILLATION FLOW METHOD RESULTS A. Test power system In order to show the performance of the power oscillation flow method, the two area test system of [5] was used. Synchronous machines were represented using a sixth order model for round rotor synchronous machines; in addition excitation systems of type AC4A were installed in each machine. The system on line diagram and initial operating point (base case) are shown in Fig. A.1 of Appendix A [5]. B. Simulation conditions From the base case, the direction of the active power flow through the tie line, composed of lines L5 and L6, is inverted by redispatching generation at each area until the tie line flow is of the same magnitude, but with opposite direction. Loads are represented by static load models (constant impedance, current and power load models). C. Simulation results for the interarea mode Power oscillation flow method is able to rank the degree of participation of active power flow being transmitted through a line or being consumed by a load in the construction of a swing mode of concern. Figures 2 to 4 depict the transmission elements that have the most significant impact in the formation of interarea mode for different operating conditions and for different static load model types. D. Discussion of the interarea mode results Analyzing Figure 1 we can see that for Base Case the interarea mode is unstable, when loads are represented by the constant current static load model, or critically damped when considering the other static load model types. We also observe that, as power generation of the system is transferred from Area 1 to Area 2, the interarea mode damping is increased considerably following a nonlinear discontinuous trend. As we are able to see in figures 2-4, in each case the power line and load deviations take a different pattern of distribution, depending on the load model that was used to represent the power system loads.

PL = [ c1 c2 ] VD
Where: c1 = VD g1 + VQ g 2

VQ

(19)

c2 = VD b1 + VQ b2
C. Network Equation It is assumed that the network is completely described by the network admittance equation: (20) [I] = [YBUS][V] The next step consists in separate the n complex equations that exist in (20) into 2n real equations, in order to be able to use the power oscillation flow method [4] and the reduced matrix model [7]. After this is done we finally linearize the resultant expression to get [9]: g nn b1n VD1 I D1 g11 b11 I V b1n g nn Q1 b11 g11 Q1 = g nn bnn VDn I Dn g n1 bn1 I Qn bnn g nn bn1 g n1 VQn (21) [ID,Q] = [YN][VD,Q] In order to take in account the effect of generators and loads in YN, (15) and (18) are included in (21) as follows: g nn b1n V 0 g11 b11 D1 0 b1n g nn VQ1 b11 g11 I VDi g11 bn1 GDi I = bn1 g n1 VQi GQi V g nn bnn Dn 0 g n1 bn1 0 VQn bnn g nn bn1 g n1 (22) Where: G11 B11 Gii = B11 G11 Bii
Bii g gDi + Gii BgDi BgDi g1i + GgDi g 2i b1i b2i

Active power line deviation is defined in [4] in terms of

VDi, VQj, VDj and VQj as follows:

Pij = [ d1 VDi d2 ] + [ d3 VQi VDj d4 ] VQj

(23)

Where: d1 = I Dij + VDi gij + VQi bij

d 2 = I Dij + VDi g ij +VQi bij d3 = VDi g ij VQi bij d 4 = VDi gij VQi bij

.
Fig. 1. Interarea mode different static load models. damping vs tie line active power for

Fig. 4. Power line and load deviations vs tie line active power for the interarea mode. Constant power static load Model.

Fig. 2. Power line and load deviations vs tie line active power for the interarea mode. Constant impedance static load model.

Fig. 3. Power line and load deviations vs tie line active power for the interarea mode. Constant current static load model.

However, in all the cases, lines 4 and 9 (L4 and L9) and system loads (C1 and C2) have the power deviations with the highest magnitude (the remaining elements are omitted due to their negligible values of power deviations). When the constant impedance load model was used, we have that near the base case, where area 1 is sending active power to area 2 in order to satisfy load 2 (C2) demand, the elements with the most important power deviations are precisely load 2 (C2) and line 9 (L9), in that order. This means

that the maximum exchange of oscillation energy takes place around bus 9, to which load 2 (C2) and line 9 (L9) are connected. When operating conditions change to the case where area 1 is receiving active power from area 2 in order to satisfy load 1 (C1) demand, the elements with the most important power deviation are line 4 (L4) together with load 1 (C1) as was expected; lines 1 and 3 (L1 and L3) also exhibit an important power deviation, the transmission network elements that are just behind line 4 (L4). This means that the point where the maximum exchange of oscillation energy takes place had changed to bus 7. When the constant current load model was used, we observed that loads exhibited a more non linear behavior in comparison to the one obtained with the constant impedance load model. Lines have a behavior similar to the one observed with constant impedance load model. Near base case, load 1 (C1) and line 9 (L9) have the highest power deviations, which indicate an exchange of oscillation energy between area 2 and load 1 (C1). As we advance towards the operating conditions where active power generation in area 2 is bigger than that in area 1, we have a condition where line 9 (L9) and load 2 (C2) have the highest power deviations; this leads to a situation where the maximum exchange of oscillation energy takes place around bus 9. When we get towards the region opposite to base case, we have that line 4 (L4) and load 1 (C1) power deviations begin increasing until becoming the highest, meaning that the maximum exchange of energy takes place around bus 7. For the case where constant power load model was used we have that it exhibits the most non linear behavior of all. Load 2 (C2) seems to have a higher power load deviation than load 1 (C1) when the tie line active power takes values between 2.0 and -2.0 p.u. Lines 9, 4, 1 and 3 (L9, L4, L1 and L3) exhibit a similar behavior, the two last in a lower scale. In this case line 11 (L11) has an important contribution to the formation of interarea mode when tie line active power takes values near -2.0 p.u. Near the base case it seems that the point where the exchange of oscillation energy takes more importance is around bus 7. As we advance towards the middle of the operation conditions that were analyzed, we have that bus 9 is the most important point where oscillation

energy takes more importance. In the final region where active power generation of area 2 is most important, we have a situation similar to the one described for base case. E. Simulation results for local mode 1 Small signal stability assessment and power line and load deviations of local mode 1 are shown in Figs. 5 to 8. It can be seen that this mode is always well damped in all cases. F. Discussion of results for local mode 1 Small signal stability assessment results of mode 1 under the same tie-line power variations are displayed in Fig. 5. Mode 1 is always well damped in all cases, with a damping ratio always larger than 6%. However, damping variation of this mode shows a decreasing discontinuous trend, very different from that of the interarea mode (Fig. 1). As we can see in Figs. 6 and 7, where loads are represented by constant impedance and constant current models, power line and load deviations maintain almost continue values, in which lines 9 to 12 (L9 to L12) have the largest power line deviations. This fact agrees with participation factors and mode shape analysis results for local mode 1, which show that for this swing mode synchronous machines 3 and 4 are the most important, and both machines are connected to the system through lines 9 to 12 (see Fig. A.1 of Appendix A).

Fig. 7. Power line and load deviations vs tie line active power for the local mode 1. Constant current static load model.

Fig. 8. Power line and load deviations vs tie line active power for the local mode 1. Constant power static load model.

Fig. 5. Local mode 1 different static load models.

damping

vs

tie

line

active

power

for

Fig. 6. Power line and load deviations vs tie line active power for the local mode 1. Constant impedance static load model.

In the case representing loads by constant impedance load models we have that lines 9-11 that belong to area 1 exhibit the highest power line deviations; however load 1 (C1) and line 2 (L2), corresponding to area 2 also show important power deviations. This emphasizes the fact that a local mode represents an exchange of oscillation energy between a generator or a small group of generators against the rest of the system. As a logical result bus 10 is the most important point for the oscillation energy exchange. For the case where loads are modeled by a constant current load characteristic it can be observed that, besides lines 9-12, load 2 (C2) also exhibits the highest deviation. All these elements now correspond to area 2. Line 2 (L2) is the only element of area 1 that has a non negligible power deviation. The last agrees with the exchange of oscillation energy local mode nature. For this load model the area around and between nodes 10 and 11 can be considered as the most important for the oscillation energy exchange. When loads are represented by constant power load models (Fig. 8) it can be observed that power line and load deviations exhibit the most non linear behavior of all, as observed in the interarea mode results. The same pattern is seen here: lines 9-12 have the highest power line deviations together with load 2 (C2) and all are placed in area 2. The only element of area 1 that deserves some attention is line 4 (L4). For this load model the area around and between nodes 9 and 11 is the most important one for the oscillation. In all the cases it was observed that active power flowing

through line 11 (L11) and active power being consumed by load 2 (C2) deserve special attention in order to control the damping of local mode 1. G. Simulation results for different tie line equivalents In order to investigate the effect of using tie line equivalents in the results of the Oscillation Power Flow analysis, three different equivalent systems are presented. They are formed by performing parallel and series combinations of the power system lines 5 to 8 (See Fig. A.1). As we can see from Figs 9-11, power line and load deviations are always the same outside the tie lines connected between nodes 7 and 9. However, power line deviations inside these nodes change for each different configuration of the system. Basically when two lines are added in parallel, the corresponding power line deviation of the resulting line is the sum of the two original power line deviations. On the other hand when two lines are added in series, the power line deviation corresponding to the new line is the average of the two original power line deviations. H. Discussion of results for different tie line equivalents As we can see from figures 9-11, power line and load deviations are almost constant outside the tie lines connected between nodes 7 and 9 in all cases. It should be yet investigated, but this initial result could indicate that, when using equivalents for representing power system uninteresting areas, the results of the remaining parts of the system represented in detail are not modified.
0.98006 -1.1992 0 0.99089 6. 3670 0 6 7

0.97999 -1.1778 0 0.99087 6.3845 0 6

0.98420 0 -23.7003 9 0.9906 0 -15.4219 10

22.7161 (10.436)
12.6748

12.8432

3.3879

51.6347 (0.9514)

82.8433 (-10.17)
3.2554 13.8607

14.0622

0.6295

1.0377

-0.0773

0.6590

1.7626

0.2361

1.9208

17.1161

9.2869

0.9604

0.0000

0.9687

0.0000

10.0818 (-6.457)

100.0 (0.0)

Fig. 11. Equivalent 2 power network configuration.

VI. CONCLUSIONS Modal analysis theory gives us a powerful concept: participation factors, the importance of which rely in the fact that they help us identifying system variables of synchronous machines and their associated control systems, that affect the most damping and frequency of swing modes of interest. Power oscillation flow method is a very important complement to modal analysis, because it is able to additionally provide the degree of participation of transmission network elements and loads in the formation of an oscillation mode. In this way, application of control techniques to improve power system damping is extended, from applying power system stabilizers to excitation control systems of synchronous generators and automatic voltage regulators of FACTs devices, to controlling active powers in selected lines and loads. It is very important to notice that power system damping of interarea modes is very dependent on load characteristics and system operating conditions, and that can have a very large variation according to the different values of the active power transmitted through system tie lines. It is also interesting to observe that the importance of system tie lines and loads in the formation of an interarea oscillation mode also have a large variations under different system conditions and load characteristics. On the other hand, we have that for a local mode the most important lines are those which are connected the synchronous machines that are oscillating against the rest of the system. This initial work opens several different directions in the assessment and control of power system oscillations, that are currently under investigation in our research group. VII. REFERENCES
[1] Task Force 07 of Advisory Group 01 of Study Committee 38, Analysis and Control of Power System Oscillations, CIGRE Final Report, Paris, France, Technical Brochure No. 111, Dec. 1996. P. W. Sauer and M. A. Pai, Power System Dynamics and Stability, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1998, pp. 221-253. G. J. Rogers and P. Kundur. Application of Eigenanalysis to Western North American Power System. IEEE Symposium on Application of Eigenanalysis and Frequency Domain Methods for System Dynamic Performance, Publication No. 90 TH 0292-3-PWR, pp 105-115, 1989.

23.273 (10.256)
12. 6819

25.9076 (1.052)
1.6638

0.974 0 -12.4406 8

24.462 (1.103)

0.98442 0 -23. 5092 9 0.9907 0 -15.2331 10

1.6968

1.6638

1.6316

83.4248 (-10.09)
13.8607

12.8505

0.0416 1.6968

0.1879 1.6638

0.1879 1.6638

0.3253 1.6316

14.0623

0.6252

1.0438

1. 7720

0.2261

0.0416

0.1879

0.1879

0.3253

1.9210

17.1239

9.2883

0.9605

0.0000

0.9691

0. 0000

10.0766 (-6.305)

100.0 (0.0)

Fig. 9. Base case power network configuration.

0.980063 -1.1992 0 0.99089 6.3670 0 6 0.9740 -12.4406 8 0. 98442 -23.5092

3.3918

23.2733 (10.256)
12.6819

51.8153 (1.0520)
3.3936 0.0832 3.3276 0.3757

48.9235 (1.1032)
3.3276 0.3757 3.2632 0.6507

83.4248 (-10.09)
13.8607

0.99074 -15.233 0 10

12.8505

14.0623

0.6252

1. 0438

1.7720

0. 2261

1.9210

17.1239

9.2883

0.9605

0.0000

0.9691

0.0000

3.3918

[2] [3]

10.0766 (-6.305)

100.0 (0.0)

Fig. 10. Equivalent 3 power network configuration.

3.3903

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

E. Z. Zhou, Power Oscillation Flow study of electric power systems, Elsevier Science Ltd, Electrical Power and Energy Systems, Vol. 17, No.2, pp. 143-150, 1985. P. Kundur, Power System Stability and Control, 1st ed., The EPRI Power System Engineering Series, Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994, pp. 700-726 and 792-798. G. J. Rogers and P. Kundur. Small Signal Stability of Power Systems. IEEE Symposium on Application of Eigenanalysis and Frequency Domain Methods for System Dynamic Performance, Publication No. 90 TH 0292-3-PWR, pp 5-16, 1989. EPRI Report EL-5798, The Small Signal Stability Program Package, Vol. 1, Final Report of Project 2447-1, Prepared by Ontario Hydro,May 1998. B. Adkins and R. G. Harley, The General Theory of Alternating Current Machines: Application to practical problems, 1st ed., Ed. New York: Chapman and Hall, 1975. J. M. Undrill. Dynamic Stability calculations for an arbitrary number of interconnected synchronous machines. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-85, pp. 767-777, 1966.

VIII. BIOGRAPHIES
David Villarreal Martnez. Received the B. E. degree from the Universidad Autnoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico, in 2005, the M.Sc. degree from the Instituto Politcnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, in 2008. Presently, he is pursuing his Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering at Instituto Politcnico Nacional. His PhD research focuses in maximizing active power transfers between multiple areas taking in account small signal stability constraints. Daniel Ruiz Vega. Received the B. E. degree from the Universidad Autnoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico, in 1991, the M.Sc. negree from the Instituto Politcnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, in 1996, and the Ph.D. degree from the University of Lige, Lige, Belgium, in 2002, all in electrical engineering (power systems). He is currently a Professor with the Graduate Program in Electrical Engineering, SEPI-ESIME-Zacatenco, IPN.

IX. APPENDIX A Power system main data, on-line diagram and initial operating condition.
TABLE A.1: LINE DATA Impendance R X B/2 0.0 0.016667 0.0 0.0 0.016667 0.0 0.0025 0.025 0.02188 0.001 0.010 0.00875 0.011 0.110 0.09625 0.011 0.110 0.09625 0.011 0.110 0.09625 0.011 0.110 0.09625 0.001 0.010 0.00875 0.0025 0.025 0.02188 0.0 0.016667 0.0 0.0 0.016667 0.0 TABLE A.2: LOAD DATA Load Bus Pd Qd C1 7 9.67 1.0 C2 9 17.67 1.0

Line L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10 L11 L12

Bus I 1 2 5 6 7 7 8 8 9 10 4 3 J 5 6 6 7 8 8 9 9 10 11 10 11

Tap Mag Ang 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0

Data related to base case operating point, synchronous machine parameters and their excitation systems can be verified in [5].
0.98006 -1.1992 0 1.0300 0 20.200 1 5.9377 5.9377 1.01341 14.7598 0 5 5.9377 5.9377 0.99089 6.3670 0 6 12.8505 7 0.974 -12.4406 0 8 1.6638 1.6638 0.98442 0 -23.5092

L5
1.6968

L7
1.6316

L1

L3

L4
12.6819

0.9907 0 -15.2331

1.01123 0 -5. 0058

1.0300 0 1.6008

L9
13.8607 14.0623

10

L10
7.0623 7.1900

11 7.1900

L12
7.1900

3 7.1900

5.8505

0.0416

0.1879

0.1879

0.3253

1.3073 G1

1.3073

0.7266

0.7266 7.0000

01013

0.6252

1.0438

L6
1.6968 1.6638 1.6638 0.0416 1.9210 0.1879 0.1879

L8
1.6316

1.7720

0.2261

0.5095

0.7241

0.7241

1.5752

1.5752 G3

0.7265

0.3253 17.1239 0.9691 0.0000 3.3918

9.2883

0.9605

7.0000

0.0000

L2
1.5672 1.0100 2 13.0614 0

7.0000

0.7356

L11
1.5768 4 1.0100 -8.5377 0

7.0000

1.5672

7.0000

7.0000

C1

Tie Line

C2

G2

G4

Fig A.1 Four Unit 12 bus Two Area test system (Adapted from [5]).

1.5768