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Villalobos Eamon Barkhordarian

Period C 8/30/08

Review Questions pg. 148


1. Identify
a. Thomas Hobbes
i. He set out his ideas in a work titles Leviathan. In it, he argued that
people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish. If not strictly
controlled, they would fight, rob, and oppress one another. Life
without laws or other control would be poor, nasty, brutish, and
short. He believed in absolute monarchy.
b. John Locke
i. He believed people were basically reasonable and moral. He said
these people had natural rights, including the right to life, liberty,
and property. He argued that people formed government to protect
their natural rights. If a government fails its obligations or violates
people’s natural rights, then the people have the right to overthrow
that government.
c. Baron de Montesquieu
i. He studied the governments of Europe, from Italy to England. He
felt that the British had been protecting themselves against tyranny
by dividing the various functions and powers of government among
three separate branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial
branch. He also believed in checks and balances.
d. Voltaire
i. Probably the most famous of the Philosophes. He used biting wit as
a weapon to expose the abuses of his day. He targeted corrupt
officials and idle aristocrats. With his pen, he battled inequality,
injustice, and superstition. He detested the slave trade and deplored
religious prejudice. He was imprisoned and forced to exile.
e. Denis Diderot
i. Another Philosophe. He spent 25 years to make a 28 volume
encyclopedia. In the encyclopedia articles, the Philosophes ,
denounced slavery, praised freedom of expression, and urged
education for all. They attacked the divine right theory and
traditional religions. This encyclopedia was translated into many
different languages, helping spread Enlightenment ideas throughout
Europe.
f. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
i. The most controversial Philosophe. He believed that people in their
natural state were mostly good. This natural innocence was
corrupted by the evils of society, especially the unequal distribution
of property. To survive, people must work in a community and give
up their natural rights. Because it was difficult for everyone to get
exactly what they wanted, the General Will was created. The General
Will is what everyone agrees on. Only during an emergency, a
Villalobos Eamon Barkhordarian
Period C 8/30/08

totalitarian leader is acceptable. The General Will is always right,


only individuals are wrong.
g. Mary Wollstonecraft
i. She argued that women were being excluded from the social contract
itself. She believed a woman’s first duty was to be a good mother. At
the same time, she believed women should be able to decide what is
in her own interest and not be completely dependent on her husband.
h. The Wealth of Nations
i. A piece of work by Adam Smith, which argued that the free market
should be allowed to regulate business activity. It tried to show how
manufacturing, trade, wages, profit, and economic growth were all
linked to the market forces of supply and demand.
2. Define
a. Natural Law
i. Laws that govern human nature
b. Social Contract
i. An agreement by which the people gave up the state of nature for an
organized society.
c. Natural Right
i. Rights that belonged to all humans from birth.
d. Philosophe
i. “Lovers of Wisdom”
e. Physiocrat
i. Enlightenment thinkers who searched for natural laws to explain
economics.
f. Laissez faire
i. The policy allowing business to operate with little or no government
interference.
3. How did the achievements of the Scientific Revolution contribute to the
Enlightenment?
a. The scientific revolution transformed the way people looked at the world.
This caused scientists following the scientific revolution to expand on
European knowledge. Starting up what we would know as the
Enlightenment.
4. Explain the views of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Baron de Montesquieu.
a. Thomas Hobbes believed that the universe was a vast machine-including
humans-running according to natural laws. He also declared chaos is a state
of nature, and that humans are naturally evil unless directed by a leader.
John Locke believed that humans are born with the ability to reason, the
rest came from experience. He wanted a non absolute monarchy, with not
one person as the leader. He thought people should join together to protect
their rights, and that the government’s only job was to protect those rights.
People had the right to overthrow the government if it was not doing its job.
Baron de Montesquieu believed there should be 3 powers in government,
and they should be kept separate: the legislative, executive, and judicial
Villalobos Eamon Barkhordarian
Period C 8/30/08

branch, and that checks and balances would keep one branch from
becoming too powerful.
5. How did the philosophes influence ideas on society and economy?
a. The philosophes were a group of people that helped create ideas. These
ideas were spread fast throughout the land because of the time period they
were in: the Enlightenment. One reason during the time of the
Enlightenment such great ideas arose was because of the philosophes.
Because the philosophes had such great ideas, the economy flourished with
new ideas and things.

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