Villalobos Eamon Barkhordarian

Period C 3/5/09

Review Questions pg. 325 and 329

Page 325
1. Reading Focus
a. What were the sources of stress in the Muslim world?
i. By the 1700s, all three Muslim empires were in decline. This was for
a few reasons: central governments had lost control over powerful
groups such as landowning nobles, military elites, and noble craft
guilds. Also, corruption was wide spread. In the 1700s and 1800s
reform movements sprung up in the Muslim world also. Most
stressed religious piety and strict rules of behavior. Islamic revivals
arose in Africa too. In addition to the internal decay and stress, the
old Muslim empires faced western imperialism. Through diplomacy
and military threats, European powers won treaties giving them
favorable trading terms. Then they demanded special rights for
Europeans residing in Muslim lands.
b. What problems did the Ottoman Empire face?
i. As ideas of nationalism spread from Western Europe, internal revolts
weakened the multiethnic Ottoman Empire. Subject peoples in
Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa threatened to
break away. Egypt soon slipped out of Ottoman control. European
states sought to benefit from the slow crumbling of the Ottoman
Empire. After seizing Algeria in the 1830s, France hoped to gain
more Ottoman territory for example. Also, several Ottoman rulers
had seen the need for reform and looked to the West for ideas. They
reorganized the bureaucracy, and system of tax collection. They built
railroads, improved education, and hired European officers to train
and modern military. The adoption of Western ideas about
government also increased tension. Many officials objected to
changes that were inspired by a foreign culture. A group of liberals
formed a movement called the Young Turks. They insisted that
reform was the only way to save the empire. They overthrew the
sultan in 1908. Before they could achieve their planned reforms
however, the Ottoman Empire was plunged into the world war in
1914. Nationalism ignited new tensions which triggered a brutal
genocide to the Armenians.
c. How did Egypt seek to modernize?
i. Muhamad Ali is sometimes called the “father of Modern Egypt.” To
strengthen Egypt, he introduced a number of political and economic
reforms. He improved tax collection, reorganized the landholding
system, and backed large irrigation projects to increase farm output.
He also brought western military experts to Egypt to help him build
a well trained, modern army. Before he died, he set Egypt on the
Villalobos Eamon Barkhordarian
Period C 3/5/09

road of becoming a major Middle Eastern power. French

Entrepreneur Ferdinand de Lesseps organized a company to build
the Suez Canal which linked the Mediterranean to the Red Sea. It
greatly shortened sea route. Britain made Egypt a protectorate after
some nationalist revolts. Under British influence, Egypt continued to
modernize.
d. Why were European powers interested in Iran?
i. Russia and Britain fought over Iran and for some time they both had
a sphere of influence over the country. The discovery of Oil in the
1900s heightened foreign interest in the region. Both Britain and
Russia wanted control of Iran’s oil fields. The two powers persuaded
the Iranian government to give them concessions.
2. Identify
a. Mahdi
i. In the Sudan, south of Egypt, Muhammad Ahmad announced he was
the Mahdi, the long awaited savior of faith. In the 1880s, the Mahdi
and his followers fiercely resisted British expansion into the region.
b. Young Turks
i. A group of liberals formed a movement called the Young Turks.
They insisted that reform was the only way to save the empire. They
overthrew the sultan in 1908. Before they could achieve their
planned reforms however, the Ottoman Empire was plunged into the
world war in 1914.
c. Armenians
i. . Nationalism ignited new tensions which triggered a brutal genocide
to the Armenians. The Muslim Turks distrusted the Christian
Armenians and accused them of supporting Russian plans against the
Ottoman Empire. When Armenians protested repressive Ottoman
policies, the sultan had tens of thousands of them slaughtered. Over
the next 25 years, over a million or more Armenians in the Ottoman
empire were killed.
d. Muhammad Ali
i. Muhamad Ali is sometimes called the “father of Modern Egypt.” To
strengthen Egypt, he introduced a number of political and economic
reforms. He improved tax collection, reorganized the landholding
system, and backed large irrigation projects to increase farm output.
He also brought western military experts to Egypt to help him build
a well trained, modern army. Before he died, he set Egypt on the
road of becoming a major Middle Eastern power.
e. Suez Canal
i. French Entrepreneur Ferdinand de Lesseps organized a company to
build the Suez Canal which linked the Mediterranean to the Red Sea.
It greatly shortened sea route.
f. Qajars
Villalobos Eamon Barkhordarian
Period C 3/5/09

i. Shahs that ruled Iran from 1794 to 1925 exercised absolute power
like the Safavids before them. Still, they did not take steps to
introduce reform. The government improved finances, sponsored the
building of telegraph lines and railroads, and even experimented
with a liberal constitution.
3. Define
a. Pasha
i. Provincial (local) Rulers
b. Genocide
i. A deliberate attempt to destroy an entire religious or ethnic group.
c. Concession
i. Special economic rights given to foreign powers.

Page 329
1. Reading Focus
a. What were the causes and effects of the Sepoy Rebellion?
i. The East India Company made several unpopular moves. First, it
required sepoys or Indian soldiers in its service to serve anywhere,
either in India or overseas. For high-caste Hindus, however, overseas
travel was an offence against their religion. Second, it passed a law
that allowed Hindu widows to remarry. Hindus viewed both moves
as a Christian conspiracy to undermine their beliefs. The cartridges
of the new guns given to the sepoys were greased in animal fat from
cows, which Hindus thought were sacred. Angry sepoys rose up
against British officers. The Sepoy rebellion swept across Northern
and Central India. The sepoys brutally massacred the British men,
women, and children in some places, but the British soon rallied and
crushed the revolt. They then torched villages and slaughtered
thousands of unarmed Indians as revenge. The Sepoy rebellion left a
bitter legacy of fear, hatred, and mistrust on both sides.
b. How did British rule affect India?
i. After the Suez Canal opened in 1869, British trade with India soared.
But it remained an unequal partnership, favoring the British. The
British flooded India with inexpensive machine made textiles,
ruining India’s once-prosperous hand weaving industry. Britain also
transformed Indian agriculture. It encouraged nomadic herders to
settle into farming and pushed farmers to grow cash crops such as
cotton and jute. Clearing new farmlands led to massive
deforestation. Britain increased health care and food production. The
Rapid population growth led to a strain on the food supply though.
In the late 1800s, terrible famines swept through India. The Upper
class benefited the most from British rule, sending their sons to
Britain to get the best education.
c. How did Indians view Western culture?
Villalobos Eamon Barkhordarian
Period C 3/5/09

i. Some educated Indians were impressed by British power and

technology and urged India to follow a western model of progress.
Other Indians felt the anger to change lay with their own Hindu of
Muslim cultures. In the early 1800s, Ray Mohun Roy combined both
views. A great scholar, he knew Sanskrit, Persian, and Arabic
classics, as well as English, Greek, and Latin works. Roy felt that
India could learn from the West. At the same time he wanted to
revitalize and reform traditional Indian culture. Roy condemned
some traditions, such as rigid caste distinctions, child marriage, sati,
and purdah. He also set up educational societies that helped revive
pride in Indian culture.
d. What were the origins of Indian nationalism?
i. In 1885, nationalist leaders organized the Indian National Congress,
which became known as the Congress party. Its members were
mostly professionals and business leaders who believed in peaceful
protest to gain their lands. They called for greater democracy, which
they felt would bring more power to the Indians like themselves. At
first, Muslim and Hindus worked together for self rule. In time
however, Muslims grew to resent Hindu domination of the congress
party. In 1906, Muslim formed the Muslim league to pursue their
own goals.
2. Identifications
a. East India Company
i. The East India Company won trading rights on the fringe fo the
Munghal Empire. As the Munghal Empire declined, the company’s
influence grew. The East India Company’s main goal was to make
money, and leading officials often got really rich. At the same time,
the company did work to improve roads, preserve peace, and reduce
banditry.
b. Sepoy Rebellion
i. Angry sepoys rose up against British officers. The Sepoy rebellion
swept across Northern and Central India. The sepoys brutally
massacred the British men, women, and children in some places, but
the British soon rallied and crushed the revolt. They then torched
villages and slaughtered thousands of unarmed Indians as revenge.
The Sepoy rebellion left a bitter legacy of fear, hatred, and mistrust
on both sides.
c. Ram Mohun Roy
i. In the early 1800s, Ray Mohun Roy combined both views. A great
scholar, he knew Sanskrit, Persian, and Arabic classics, as well as
English, Greek, and Latin works. Roy felt that India could learn
from the West. At the same time he wanted to revitalize and reform
traditional Indian culture. Roy condemned some traditions, such as
rigid caste distinctions, child marriage, sati, and purdah. He also set
up educational societies that helped revive pride in Indian culture.
Villalobos Eamon Barkhordarian
Period C 3/5/09

d. Indian National Congress

i. In 1885, nationalist leaders organized the Indian National Congress,
which became known as the Congress party. Its members were
mostly professionals and business leaders who believed in peaceful
protest to gain their lands. They called for greater democracy, which
they felt would bring more power to the Indians like themselves.
e. Muslim League
i. In time however, Muslims grew to resent Hindu domination of the
congress party. In 1906, Muslim formed the Muslim league to
pursue their own goals. Soon they were talking of a separate Muslim
state.
3. Define
a. Sati
i. A Hindu custom mainly practiced by the upper class
b. Sepoy
i. Indian soldier under British command
c. Viceroy
i. A governor who represents a sovereign in a province, colony, or
country
d. Deforestation
i. Cutting of trees
e. Purdah
i. Isolation of women in separate quarters