Tutorial 8

Q1. For the vector function G(t) = 3 cos(2t)i + 3 sin(2t)j +k, nd

(a) G G (b)
dG
dt

dG
dt
(c) G
dG
dt
(d) |G
dG
dt
|
(Hint. The answer for part (d) can be deduced from parts (a), (b) and
(c). What does your answer in part (c) tell you?)
Solution.
(a) G G = |G|
2
= 9 cos
2
(2t) + 9 sin
2
(2t) + 1
2
= 10.
(b) dG,dt = 6 sin(2t)i + 6 cos(2t)j. It follows that
(dG,dt) (dG,dt) = | (dG,dt) |
2
=

36 sin
2
(2t) + 36 cos
2
(2t)

= 36.
(c) G (dG,dt) = [3 cos(2t), 3 sin(2t), 1] [6 sin(2t), 6 cos(2t), 0] = 0.
(d) From part (c), we know that G and (dG,dt) are perpendicular to each
other. Now |G(dG,dt) | = |G|| (dG,dt) || sin(90

)| = 6

10 (after using
the answers in parts (a) and (b)).
Q2. A point mass is moving on a plane. With reference to a Cartesian co-
ordinate frame 0rj on the plane, the position is given by r = 1+t and j =
9 t
2
meter, where t 0 is time in second. (a) Sketch the path travelled
by the point mass during the period from t = 0 to t = 3 second. (Hint.
To get a clearer idea of the path of the point mass, nd a relationship
between the r and the j co-ordinates of the point mass by eliminating t.)
(b) Calculate the velocity of the point mass at time t = 5 second. (c) If
the point mass represents a body of constant mass 5 kilogrammes, nd
the total force acting on it.
Solution. (a) t = r 1. Thus, j = 9 (r 1)
2
. This is a quadratic curve
with a maximum point (1, 9) and with points (2, 0) and (4, 0) on it. We
are interested in the part of the curve from (1, 9) (t = 0) to (4, 0) (t = 3).
1
(b) dr,dt = 1 and dj,dt = 2t = 10 at t = 5. Thus, the required
velocity is i10j. (c) d
2
r,dt
2
= 0 and d
2
j,dt
2
= 2 (at all time t). Thus
there is a constant force F= 10j N acting on the point mass.
Q3. Find a function c(r, j) such that c = (2j sin(2rj) + 4j cos(2rj) +
4r
3
2)i + (2rsin(2rj) + 4rcos(2rj) + 5j
4
12j)j.
Solution. We have
0c
0r
= 2j sin(2rj) + 4j cos(2rj) + 4r
3
2
c =
Z

2j sin(2rj) + 4j cos(2rj) + 4r
3
2

dr (j constant)
= cos(2rj) + 2 sin(2rj) + r
4
2r + 1(j)
and
0c
0j
= 2rsin(2rj) + 4rcos(2rj) + 5j
4
12j
c =
Z
(2rsin(2rj) + 4rcos(2rj) + 5j
4
12j)dj (r constant)
= cos(2rj) + 2 sin(2rj) + j
5
6j
2
+ G(r).
Comparing the two expressions for c, we take 1(j) = j
5
6j
2
and G(r) =
r
4
2r. Thus, c may be given by
c = cos(2rj) + 2 sin(2rj) + j
5
6j
2
+ r
4
2r.
Note. For a more general solution, we take 1(j) = j
5
6j
2
+ C and G(r) =
r
4
2r + C, where C is an arbitrary constant and hence c = cos(2rj) +
2 sin(2rj) + j
5
6j
2
+ r
4
2r + C.
2
Q4. If )(r, j, .) = r
2
+j
2
+3.
2
+rj +3r. +3j. +r +j +2. +10, nd ).
Find all points (r, j, .) such that ) =0. (Here 0 = 0i + 0j + 0k.) Give
a geometrical interpretation of all those points.
Solution.
) = [2r + j + 3. + 1, 2j + r + 3. + 1, 6. + 3r + 3j + 2].
To nd (r, j, .) such that ) = [0, 0, 0], we need to solve
2r + j + 3. = 1
r + 2j + 3. = 1
3r + 3j + 6. = 2
2 1 3 | 1
1 2 3 | 1
3 3 6 | 2
2 1 3 | 1
0 3 3 | 1 1
2
21
2
1
1
0 3 3 | 1 1
3
21
3
31
1
2 1 3 | 1
0 3 3 | 1
0 0 0 | 0 1
3
1
3
1
2
Let . = t. It follows that j = (1 3t),3 and r = (1 3t),3. All the
points where ) = [0, 0, 0] are given by
r =
1
3
t
j =
1
3
t
. = t.
These points lie on a straight line parallel to the vector i j +k.
5. Find the function c(r, j) such that c = (3r
2
+4j)i +(4j +4r+3)j and
c(1, 3) = 5.
Solution. Find c with an arbitrary constant C in it. Use c(1, 3) = 5 to
work out the value of C.
0c
0r
= (3r
2
+ 4j) =c = r
3
+ 4rj + 1(j)
0c
0j
= (4j + 4r + 3) =c = 2j
2
+ 4rj + 3j + G(r)
c = 2j
2
+ 4rj + 3j + r
3
+ C
c(1, 3) = 5 18 + 12 + 9 + 1 + C = 5 C = 35.
3
6. Find a function c(r, j, .) such that
c = (4r
3
+ 4j. + 8rj)i + (6j + 4r. + 4r
2
+ 5.
2
)j
+(8. + 4rj + 10.j)k.
(Note. When you integrate 0c,0r partially with respect to r in nd c, you
are holding j and . constants and the resulting constant of integration
should be regarded as a function of j and ..)
Guide. Undo the partial derivative of c with respect to r to obtain an
expression for c. Your expression should contain an arbitrary function of j
and .. Undo the other two partial derivatives in a similar ways. Compare
results to work out arbitrary functions.
0c
0r
= 4r
3
+ 4j. + 8rj c = r

r
3
+ 4jr + 4j.

+ 1(j, .),
0c
0j
= 6j + 4r. + 4r
2
+ 5.
2
c = 4r
2
j + 4rj. + 3j
2
+ 5j.
2
+ G(r, .),
0c
0.
= 8. + 4rj + 10.j c = . (4. + 4rj + 5j.) + H(r, j).
Comparing all the three expressions for c, we nd that G(r, .) = r
4
+
4.
2
+ C.Thus,
c = 4r
2
j + 4rj. + 3j
2
+ 5j.
2
+ r
4
+ 4.
2
+ C.
7. If ) and q are partially dierentiable functions of r, j and ., show that
grad()q) = ) grad(q) + q grad()).
Solution.
grad()q) = ()q)
= [
0
0r
()q),
0
0j
()q),
0
0.
()q)]
= [)
0q
0r
+ q
0)
0r
, )
0q
0j
+ q
0)
0j
, )
0q
0.
+ q
0)
0.
]
= )[
0q
0r
,
0q
0j
,
0q
0.
] + q[
0)
0r
,
0)
0j
,
0)
0.
]
= )grad(q) + qgrad())
8. A function )(r, j, .) = ar
2
j + /rj +c.
2
are such that ) = 3i + 2j 4k
at the point (r, j, .) = (1, 1, 2), nd the constants a, / and c.
Solution.
) = [2arj + /j, ar
2
+ /r, 2c.]
= [2a + /, a + /, 4c] at (r, j, .) = (1, 1, 2).
Thus, to nd a, / and c, we set 2a + / = 3, a + / = 2 and 4c = 4.
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