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Swami Vivekananda
Swami Vivekananda
Swami Vivekananda in Chicago, September 1893. On the left Vivekananda wrote in his own handwriting: "one infinite pure and holy beyond [] thought beyond qualities I bow down to thee". Born Narendra Nath Datta 12 January 1863 Calcutta, British India 4 July 1902 (aged39) Belur Math near Calcutta, British India Indian Belur Math, Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission Ramakrishna Vedanta Raja Yoga, Karma Yoga, Bhakti Yoga and Jnana Yoga Alasinga Perumal, Swami Abhayananda, Sister Nivedita, Swami Sadananda
Died
Come up, O lions, and shake off the delusion that you are sheep; you are souls immortal, spirits free, blest and eternal; ye are [] not matter, ye are not bodies; matter is your servant, not you the servant of matter. (See more quotations in Wikiquote)
Signature
Swami Vivekananda (Bengali:[ami bibekanno]( listen), Shmi Bibeknando; 12 January 1863 4 July 1902), [1] born Narendra Nath Datta (Bengali:[nrendro nat dtto]), was an Indian Hindu monk. He was a key figure in the introduction of Indian philosophies of Vedanta and Yoga to the western world[] and was credited with raising interfaith awareness, bringing Hinduism to the status of a major world religion in the late 19th century.[] He was a major force in the revival of Hinduism in India and contributed to the notion of nationalism in colonial India.[] He was the chief disciple of the 19th century saint Ramakrishna and the founder of the Ramakrishna Math and the Ramakrishna Mission.[] He is perhaps best known for his inspiring speech beginning with "Sisters and Brothers of America,"[2] through which he introduced Hinduism at the Parliament of the World's Religions in Chicago in 1893. Born into an aristocratic Bengali family of Calcutta,[3] Vivekananda showed an inclination towards spirituality. He was influenced by his guru Ramakrishna from whom he learnt that all living beings were an embodiment of the divine self and hence, service to God could be rendered by service to mankind.[4] After the death of his guru, Vivekananda toured the Indian subcontinent extensively and acquired a first-hand knowledge of the conditions that prevailed in British India.[5] He later travelled to the United States to represent India as a delegate in the 1893
Swami Vivekananda Parliament of World Religions. He conducted hundreds of public and private lectures and classes, disseminating tenets of Hindu philosophy in the United States, England and Europe. In India, Vivekananda is regarded as a patriotic saint and his birthday is celebrated as the National Youth Day.[6]
Swami Vivekananda prominent residents of contemporary Calcutta whether they had come "face to face with God" but could not get answers which satisfied him.[19][20] His first introduction to the saint Ramakrishna occurred in a literature class in General Assembly's Institution, when he heard Hastie lecturing on William Wordsworth's poem The Excursion.[][] While explaining the word "trance" in the poem, Hastie suggested his students to visit Ramakrishna of Dakshineswar to know the real meaning of trance. This prompted some of his students, including Narendra, to visit Ramakrishna.[][21][22]
With Ramakrishna
Narendra's meeting with Ramakrishna in November 1881 proved to be a turning point in Narendra's life.[] Narendra said about this first meeting that "Ramakrishna looked just like an ordinary man, with nothing remarkable about him. He used the most simple language and I thought 'Can this man be a great teacher?'. I crept near to him and asked him the question which I had been asking others all my life: 'Do you believe in God, Sir?' 'Yes', he replied. 'Can you prove it, Sir?' 'Yes'. 'How?' 'Because I see Him just as I see you here, only in a much intenser sense.' That impressed me at once. [...] I began to go to that man, day after day, and I actually saw that religion could be given. One touch, one glance, can change a whole life."[][23] Though Narendra did not accept Ramakrishna as his teacher Ramakrishna, guru of Vivekananda. initially and revolted against his ideas, he was attracted by his [] personality and started visiting him at Dakshineswar frequently. He initially looked upon Ramakrishna's ecstasies and visions as "mere figments of imagination",[] and "hallucinations".[] As a member of Brahmo Samaj, he was against idol worship and polytheism and also against Ramakrishna's worship of Kali.[24] He even rejected the Advaitist Vedantism of "identity with absolute" as blasphemy and madness, and often made fun of the concept.[] Though at first Narendra could not accept Ramakrishna and his visions, he did not neglect him. Instead, he tested Ramakrishna, who faced all of his arguments and examinations with patience"Try to see the truth from all angles" was his reply.[] His father's untimely death in 1884 left Narendra's family bankrupt. Unable to find employment and facing poverty, Narendra questioned God's existence.[25] During this time, Narendra found solace in Ramakrishna, and his visits to Dakshineswar increased.[26] Narendra gradually became ready to renounce everything for the sake of realising God. In time, Narendra accepted Ramakrishna as his guru.[] In 1885, Ramakrishna developed throat cancer and he was transferred to Calcutta and later to Cossipore. Narendra and Ramakrishna's other disciples took care of him during his final days. Narendra's spiritual education under Ramakrishna continued. At Cossipore, Narendra reportedly experienced Nirvikalpa Samadhi.[27] During Ramakrishna's last days, Narendra and some of the other disciples received the ochre monastic robes from Ramakrishna, forming the first monastic order of Ramakrishna.[28] Narendra was taught that service to men was the most effective worship of God.[][29] During his final days, Ramakrishna asked Narendra Nath to take care of other monastic disciples and in turn asked them to look upon Narendra as their leader.[] Ramakrishna died in the early morning hours of 16 August 1886 at this garden house in Cossipore.[]
Swami Vivekananda
We underwent a lot of religious practice at the Baranagar Math. We used to get up at 3:00am and become absorbed in japa and meditation. What a strong spirit of detachment we had in those days! We had no thought even as to whether the world existed or not.
In January 1887, Narendra and eight other disciples took formal monastic vows. Narendra took the name of Swami Bibidishananda. Later in 1893, he was given the name Vivekananda by Ajit Singh, the Maharaja of Khetri.[] In January 1899 the Baranagar Math was transferred to Belur in the Howrah district, now known as the Belur Math.[34]
Swami Vivekananda
Rajputana (1891)
After the death of Ramakrishna, in January 1887 Vivekananda (then Narendranath Datta) and eight other disciples of Ramakrishna took formal monastic vow in Baranagar math. In 1888, Vivekananda left the monastery of Baranagar and started his life as a wandering monk. Both these images were taken during this phase.[] After visiting historical sites at Delhi, Vivekananda journeyed towards Alwar in Rajputana. Later Vivekananda journeyed to Jaipur, where he studied Panini's Ashtadhyayi with a Sanskrit scholar. He next travelled to Ajmer, where he visited the palace of Akbar and the Dargah Sharif. At Mount Abu, he met Raja Ajit Singh of Khetri, who became his ardent devotee and supporter. Swami Tathagatananda, a senior monk of the Ramakrishna Order wrote of the relationship: Swami Vivekananda's friendship with Maharaja Ajit Singh of Khetri was enacted against the backdrop of Khetri, a sanctified town in Northern Rajasthan, characterized by its long heroic history and independent spirit. Destiny brought Swamiji and Ajit Singh together on 4 June 1891 at Mount Abu, where their friendship gradually developed through their mutual interest in significant spiritual and secular topics. The friendship intensified when they travelled to Khetri and it became clear that theirs was the most sacred friendship, that of a Guru and his disciple.[] At Khetri, he delivered discourses to the Raja, became acquainted with the pandit Ajjada Adibhatla Narayana Dasu, and studied Mahbhya on sutras of Panini. After two and a half months there, in October 1891, he proceeded
"At Cape Camorin sitting in Mother Kumari's temple, sitting on the last bit of Indian rockI hit upon a plan: We are so many sanyasis wandering about, and teaching the people metaphysicsit is all madness. Did not our Gurudeva use to say, 'An empty stomach is no good for [][] religion?' We as a nation have lost our individuality and that is the cause of all mischief in India. We have to raise the masses."
From Kanyakumari he visited Madurai, where he met the Raja of Ramnad, Bhaskara Sethupathi, to whom he had a letter of introduction. The Raja became his disciple and urged him to go to the Parliament of Religions at Chicago. From Madurai, he visited Rameswaram, Pondicherry and Madras and there he met some of his most devoted disciples, who played important roles in collecting funds for his voyage to America and later in establishing the Ramakrishna Mission in Madras. With the aid of funds collected by his Madras disciples and Rajas of Mysore, Ramnad, Khetri, Dewans and other followers, Vivekananda left for Chicago on 31 May 1893 from Bombay assuming the name Vivekanandathe name suggested by the Maharaja of Khetri, Ajit Singh.[]
Swami Vivekananda
Swami Vivekananda
Following the Parliament of Religions, Vivekananda spent nearly two years lecturing in various parts of eastern and central United States, mostly in Chicago, Detroit, Boston, and New York. He founded the "Vedanta Society of New York" in 1894.[52] By the spring of 1895, his busy and tiring schedule led to poor health.[] He stopped lecturing tours, and started giving free and private classes on Vedanta and Yoga. Starting in June 1895, he conducted private lectures to a dozen of his disciples at the Thousand Island Park in New York for two months.[] During his first visit to the West, he travelled to England twicein 1895 and 1896. His lectures were successful there.[53] There in November 1895, he met Margaret Elizabeth Noble, an Irish lady, who would later become Sister Nivedita.[] During his second visit to England in May 1896, Vivekananda met Max Mller, a noted Indologist from Oxford University who wrote Ramakrishna's first biography in the West.[] From England, he also visited other European countries. In Germany he met Paul Deussen, another Indologist.[] Vivekananda was offered academic positions in two American universitiesone for the chair of Eastern Philosophy at Harvard University and another similar position at Columbia Universitywhich he declined since such duties would conflict with his commitment as a monk.[] Vivekananda attracted several followers and admirers in the US and Europe, such as Josephine MacLeod, William James, Josiah Royce, Robert G. Ingersoll, Nikola Tesla, Lord Kelvin, Harriet Monroe, Ella Wheeler Wilcox, Sarah Bernhardt, Emma Calv, and Professor Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz.[][][][] He initiated several followers into his mission; Marie Louise, a French woman, became Swami Abhayananda, and Mr. Leon Landsberg, became Swami Kripananda.[] From West, Vivekananda also set his work back in India in motion. He was in regular correspondence with his followers and brother monks,[55] offering advice and monetary funds. His letters in this period reflect motives of his campaign for social service,[56] and often contained strong words.[57] He wrote to Swami Akhandananda, "Go from door to door amongst the poor and lower classes of the town of Khetri and teach them religion. Also, let them have oral lessons on geography and such other subjects. Swami Vivekananda in Greenacre, Maine in August [54] 1894 No good will come of sitting idle and having princely dishes, and saying "Ramakrishna, O Lord!"unless you can do some good to the poor."[58][59] Eventually in 1895, money sent by Vivekananda was used to start the periodical Brahmavadin, for the purpose of teaching the Vedanta.[60] Later, Vivekananda's translation of first six chapters of The Imitation of Christ was published in Brahmavadin (1889).[] Vivekananda left for India on 16 December 1896 from England with his disciples, Captain and Mrs. Sevier, and J.J. Goodwin. On the way they visited France and Italy, and set sail for India from the Port of Naples on 30 December 1896.[61] He was later followed to India by Sister Nivedita. Nivedita devoted the rest of her life to the education of Indian women and the cause of India's independence.[][62]
Swami Vivekananda
Advaita Ashrama, Mayavati, a branch of the Ramakrishna Math, founded on 19 March 1899, later published many of Swami Vivekananda's work, now publishes Prabuddha Bharata journal
Vivekananda had earlier inspired Jamsetji Tata to set up a research and educational institution when they had travelled together from Yokohama to Chicago on Vivekananda's first visit to the West in 1893. Now Tata requested him to head the Research Institute of Science that Tata had established; he declined the offer citing conflict with his "spiritual interests".[67][68][] Vivekananda visited Punjab where he tried to mediate ideological conflict between Arya Samaj (a reformist movement of Hinduism) and Sanatans (orthodox Hindus).[69] After brief visits to Lahore,[] Delhi and Khetri, he returned to Calcutta in January 1898. He consolidated the works of math and trained disciples over the next several months. He composed Khandana Bhava Bandhana, a prayer song dedicated to Ramakrishna in 1898.[]
Swami Vivekananda
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Swami Vivekananda the photo was taken in Bushnell [] Studio in San Francisco, 1900.
Death
On 4 July 1902, the day of his death, Vivekananda woke up very early in the morning, went to chapel and meditated for three hours. He taught Shukla-Yajur-Veda, Sanskrit grammar, and yoga philosophy to pupils in the morning at Belur Math.[][72] He discussed with colleagues a plan to start a Vedic college in the Ramakrishna Math, and carried out usual conversation. At seven p.m. he went into his room and The Swami Vivekananda temple at Belur Math, on the place where he was cremated. asked not to be disturbed.[] Vivekananda died at ten minutes [] past nine p.m. while he was meditating. According to his disciples, Vivekananda attained Mahasamadhi.[73] Rupture of blood vessels in the brain was reported as a possible cause of the death.[74] His disciples believed that rupture was on account of Brahmarandhrathe aperture in the crown of the headbeing pierced when he attained Mahasamadhi. Vivekananda had fulfilled his own prophecy of not living to be forty years old.[] He was cremated on sandalwood funeral pyre on the bank of Ganga in Belur. On the other bank of the river, Ramakrishna had been cremated sixteen years before.[]
Swami Vivekananda
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Hindu philosophy
Vivekananda believed a country's future depends on its people; his teachings focused on the development of the mass.[] He wanted to set in motion a machinery which will bring noblest ideas to the doorstep of even the poorest and the meanest.[] Vivekananda believed that the essence of Hinduism was best expressed in the Vedanta philosophy, based on the interpretation of Adi Shankara. He summarised the Vedanta's teachings as follows:[]
Each soul is potentially divine. The goal is to manifest this Divinity within by controlling nature, external and internal. Do this either by work, or worship, or mental discipline, or philosophyby one, or more, or all of theseand be free. This is the whole of religion. Doctrines, or dogmas, or rituals, or books, or temples, or forms, are but secondary details.
Vivekananda linked morality with the control of mind. He saw truth, purity and unselfishness as traits which strengthened the mind.[75] He advised his followers to be holy, unselfish and have Shraddha (faith). He supported practice of Brahmacharya (celibacy),[] and believed that such practice was the source of his physical and mental stamina, as well as eloquence.[76] Vivekananda emphasised that success was an outcome of focused thought and action. In his lectures on Raja Yoga, he said, "Take up one idea. Make that one idea your life think of it, dream of it, live on that idea. Let the brain, muscles, nerves, every part of your body, be full of that idea, and just leave every other idea alone. This is the way to success, that is way great spiritual giants are produced."[77]
Swami Vivekananda the prevalence of poverty in the country, and maintained that addressing such poverty was prerequisite for the national awakening.[80] His nationalistic thoughts influenced scores of Indian thinkers and leaders. Sri Aurobindo regarded Vivekananda as the one who awakened India spiritually.[81] Gandhi counted him among the few Hindu reformers "who have maintained this Hindu religion in a state of splendor by cutting down the dead wood of tradition."[82] The first governor general of independent India, Chakravarti Rajagopalachari, said "Vivekananda saved Hinduism, saved India."[83] According to Subhas Chandra Bose, a major proponent of armed struggle for Indian independence, Vivekananda was "the maker of modern India";[84] for Mahatma Gandhi, Vivekananda's influence increased his "love for his country a thousandfold." Vivekananda influenced India's independence movement;[] his writings inspired a whole generation of freedom fighters such as Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, Aurobindo Ghose, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Bagha Jatin. Many years after Vivekananda's death, Rabindranath Tagore told French Nobel Laureate Romain Rolland,[85] "If you want to know India, study Vivekananda. In him everything is positive and nothing negative." Rolland himself wrote that "His words are great music, phrases in the style of Beethoven, stirring rhythms like the march of Hndel choruses. I cannot touch these sayings of his, scattered as they are through the pages of books, at thirty years' distance, without receiving a thrill through my body like an electric shock. And what shocks, what transports, must have been produced when in burning words they issued from the lips of the hero!"[86] Jamsetji Tata was influenced by Vivekananda to establish the Indian Institute of Scienceone of India's best known research universities.[] Abroad, Vivekananda had interactions with Max Mller. Scientist Nikola Tesla was one of those influenced by the Vedic philosophy teachings of Vivekananda. On 11 November 1995, a section of Michigan Avenue, a major thoroughfare in downtown Chicago, was renamed "Swami Vivekananda Way".[87] National Youth Day in India is observed on his birthday, 12 January.[] He is projected as a role model for youth by the Indian government as well as non-government organisations and personalities.[][88] In September 2010, India's Finance Ministry highlighted the relevance of teachings and values of Vivekananda in the modern competitive environment. The Union Finance Minister, Pranab Mukherjee, approved in principle the "Swami Vivekananda Values Education Project" at the cost of 1billion (US$18million) with the objectives such as involving the youth through competitions, essays, discussions and study circles and publishing Vivekananda's complete work in different languages.[] In 2011, West Bengal Police Training College was renamed as "Swami Vivekananda State Police Academy, West Bengal".[] The state technical university of Chhattisgarh has been named as Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University.[89] In 2012, the airport in Raipur was renamed as Swami Vivekananda Airport.[]
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Swami Vivekananda
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Literary Works
Vivekananda was a powerful orator and writer both in English and Bengali.[90] Majority of his published works were compiled from lectures given around the world. Vivekananda was a singer and a poet,[91] and composed many songs and poems including his favourite Kali the Mother. He blended humour in his teachings; his language was lucid. His Bengali writings stand testimony to the fact that he believed that wordsspoken or writtenshould be for making things easier to understand rather than show off the speaker or writer's knowledge
Books by Vivekananda
Published in his lifetime[] Karma Yoga (1896) Raja Yoga (1896 [1899 edition]) Vedanta Philosophy: An address before the Graduate Philosophical Society (1896) Lectures from Colombo to Almora (1897) Bartaman Bharat (Bengali) (March 1899), Udbodhan[] My Master (1901, The Baker and Taylor Company, New York) Vedanta philosophy: lectures on Jnana Yoga (1902)
Manuscript of "Blessings to Nivedita" a poem written [] by Swami Vivekananda in his own handwriting.
Published posthumously Here a list of selected books of Vivekananda published after his death (1902)[] Addresses on Bhakti Yoga Bhakti Yoga The East and the West Inspired Talks (1909) Narada Bhakti Sutras translation Lectures from Colombo to Almora (1904) Para Bhakti or Supreme Devotion Practical Vedanta Jnana Yoga Raja Yoga (1920) Speeches and writings of Swami Vivekananda; a comprehensive collection Complete Works: a collection of his writings, lectures and discourses in a set of nine volumes
Swami Vivekananda
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References
Notes
[13] "Narendra, son of a Calcutta attorney, student of the intellectually most demanding subjects in arts and sciences at Scottish Church College." [15] "Vivekananda is said to have offered, in a letter to Herbert Spencer, some criticism of the celebrated philosopher's speculations, which the aged stalwart is said to have appreciated." [29] "He realized under the impact of his Master that all the living beings are the embodiments of the 'Divine Self'...Hence, service to God can be rendered only by service to man." [43] "It was so at Poona in October, 1892; Tilak, the famous savant and Hindu political leader, took him at first for a wandering monk of no importance and began by being ironical; then, struck by his replies revealing his great mind and knowledge, he received him into his house for ten days without ever knowing his real name. It was only later, when the newspapers brought him from America the echoes of Vivekananda's triumph and a description of the conqueror, that he recognised the anonymous guest who had dwelt beneath his roof." [44] "Tilak recorded his impressions as follows, 'When asked about his name he only said he was a Sanyasin ....There was absolutely no money with him. A deerskin, one or two clothes and a Kamandalu were his only possessions.' [49] "Representatives from several countries, and all religions, were seated on the platform, including Mazoomdar of the Brahmo Samaj, Nagarkar of Prarthana Samaj, Gandhi representing the Jains, and Chakravarti and Mrs. Annie Besant representing Theosophy. None represented Hinduism, as such, and that mantle fell on Vivekananda." [55] Brother monks or brother disciples means other disciples of Ramakrishna who lived monastic lives [63] "Return and Consolidation" [64] "Vivekananda, Tilak, and Gandhi form parts of one continuous process. Many of Gandhi's ideas on Hinduism and spirituality come close to those of Vivekananda." [65] "Vivekananda emphasized Karma Yoga, purposeful action in the world as the thing needful for the regeneration of the political, social and religious life of the Hindus." [66] "Vivekananda was adamant that the social worker should never believe that she or he was actually improving the world, which is, after all, illusory. Service should be performed without attachment to the final results. In this manner, social service becomes karma yoga, the disciple of action, that ultimately brings spiritual benefits to the server, not to those being served." [91] "A singer, a painter, a wonderful master of language and a poet, Vivekananda was a complete artist."
Citations Sources
Adiswarananda, Swami, ed. (2006), Vivekananda, world teacher : his teachings on the spiritual unity of humankind (http://books.google.co.in/books?id=UY5wPUBjGbAC&pg=PA179), Woodstock, Vermont: SkyLight Paths Pub, ISBN1-59473-210-8 Agarwal, Satya P. (1998), The social role of the Gt: how and why (http://books.google.com/ ?id=Gt0XdLly0i0C&pg=PA59), Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN978-81-208-1524-7, retrieved 17 June 2010 Arora, V. K. (1968), "Communion with Brahmo Samaj", The social and political philosophy of Swami Vivekananda, Punthi Pustak Banhatti, G.S. (1995), Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda (http://books.google.com/ ?id=jK5862eV7_EC&printsec=frontcover), Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, p.276, ISBN978-81-7156-291-6, retrieved 6 April 2012 Banhatti, G.S. (1963), The Quintessence of Vivekananda, Pune, India: Suvichar Prakashan Mandal, ASIN B0007JQX3M (http://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007JQX3M) Bharathi, K.S. (1998b), Encyclopaedia of eminent thinkers: the political thought of Vivekananda, New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, ISBN978-81-7022-709-0 Bhide, Nivedita Raghunath (2008), Swami Vivekananda in America (http://books.google.co.in/ books?id=UGvPCzkjoc0C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q& f=false), ISBN978-81-89248-22-2 Bhuyan, P. R. (2003), Swami Vivekananda: Messiah of Resurgent India, New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN978-81-269-0234-7
Swami Vivekananda Burke, Marie Louise (1958), Swami Vivekananda in America: New Discoveries, Kolkata: Advaita Ashrama, ISBN978-0-902479-99-9 Burke, Marie Louise (1985), Swami Vivekananda in the West: New Discoveries (in six volumes) (3 ed.), Kolkata: Advaita Ashrama, ISBN978-0-87481-219-0 Chakrabarti, Mohit (1998), Swami Vivekananda, poetic visionary, New Delhi: M.D. Publications, ISBN81-7533-075-9 Chakrabarti, Tapan Kumar (2001), "Swami Vivekananda", in Arrington, Robert L., A Companion to the Philosophers, Blackwell Publishing, ISBN978-0-631-22967-4 Chattopadhyay, Rajagopal (1999), Swami Vivekananda in India: A Corrective Biography (http://books.google. com/books?id=EtcoeaQIQdAC&pg=PA285), Motilal Banarsidass Publ., ISBN978-81-208-1586-5 Chetananda, Swami (1997), God lived with them: life stories of sixteen monastic disciples of Sri Ramakrishna, St. Louis, Missouri: Vedanta Society of St. Louis, ISBN0-916356-80-9 Clarke, Peter Bernard (2006), New Religions in Global Perspective, Routledge Das, Sisir Kumar (1991), A History of Indian Literature: 18001910, Western impact : Indian response (http:// books.google.com/books?id=sHklK65TKQ0C&pg=PA530), Sahitya Akademi, ISBN978-81-7201-006-5 Dutta, Krishna (2003), Calcutta: a cultural and literary history, Oxford: Signal Books, ISBN978-1-56656-721-3 Dhar, Shailendra Nath (1976), A Comprehensive Biography of Swami Vivekananda (2 ed.), Madras, India: Vivekananda Prakashan Kendra, OCLC 708330405 (http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/708330405) Farquhar, J. N. (1915), Modern Religious Movements in India, London: Macmillan Dutt, Harshavardhan (2005), Immortal Speeches, New Delhi: Unicorn Books, p.121, ISBN978-81-7806-093-4 Ganguly, Adwaita P. (2001), Life and Times of Netaji Subhas: From Cuttack to Cambridge, 18971921 (http:// books.google.com/books?id=nbdgnHO6NgQC&pg=PA27), VRC Publications, ISBN978-81-87530-02-2 Georg, Feuerstein (2002), The Yoga Tradition, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Gokhale, B. G. (January 1964), "Swami Vivekananda and Indian Nationalism" (http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 1460427), Journal of Bible and Religion (Oxford University Press) 32 (1): 3542. Gupta, N.L. (2003), Swami Vivekananda, Delhi: Anmol Publications, ISBN978-81-261-1538-9 Gupta, Raj Kumar (1986), The Great Encounter: A Study of Indo-American Literary and Cultural Relations (http://books.google.com/books?id=S720d-apN-kC&pg=PA118), Delhi: Abhinav Publications, ISBN978-81-7017-211-6, retrieved 19 December 2012 Houghton, Walter Raleigh, ed. (1893), The parliament of religions and religious congresses at the World's Columbian exposition (3 ed.), Frank Tennyson Neely, OL 14030155M (http://openlibrary.org/books/ OL14030155M) Isherwood, Christopher (1976), Meditation and Its Methods According to Swami Vivekananda, Hollywood, California: Vedanta Press, ISBN978-0-87481-030-1 Isherwood, Christopher; Adjemian, Robert (1987), "On Swami Vivekananda", The Wishing Tree, Hollywood, California: Vedanta Press, ISBN978-0-06-250402-9 Jackson, Carl T (1994), "The Founders", Vedanta for the West: the Ramakrishna movement in the United States, Indianapolis, Indiana: Indiana University Press, ISBN978-0-253-33098-7 Kashyap, Shivendra (2012), Saving Humanity: Swami Vivekanand Perspective (http://books.google.com/ books?id=hkzL6loGmEIC&pg=PA12), Vivekanand Swadhyay Mandal, ISBN978-81-923019-0-7 Kapur, Devesh (2010), Diaspora, development, and democracy: the domestic impact of international migration from India, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, ISBN978-0-691-12538-1 Kattackal, Jacob (1982), Religion and ethics in Advaita, Kottayam, Kerala: St. Thomas Apostolic Seminary, ISBN978-3-451-27922-5 Kraemer, Hendrik (1960), "Cultural response of Hindu India", World cultures and world religions, London: Westminster Press, ASIN B0007DLYAK (http://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007DLYAK)
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Swami Vivekananda Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1963), Swami Vivekananda Centenary Memorial Volume, Kolkata: Swami Vivekananda Centenary, p.577, ASIN B0007J2FTS (http://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007J2FTS) Malagi, R.A.; Naik, M.K. (2003), "Stirred Spirit: The Prose of Swami Vivekananda", Perspectives on Indian Prose in English, New Delhi: Abhinav Publications, ISBN978-81-7017-150-8 McRae, John R. (1991), "Oriental Verities on the American Frontier: The 1893 World's Parliament of Religions and the Thought of Masao Abe", Buddhist-Christian Studies (University of Hawai'i Press) 11: 736, doi: 10.2307/1390252 (http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1390252), JSTOR 1390252 (http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 1390252). Miller, Timothy (1995), "The Vedanta Movement and Self-Realization fellowship", America's Alternative Religions, Albany, New York: SUNY Press, ISBN978-0-7914-2398-1 Minor, Robert Neil (1986), "Swami Vivekananda's use of the Bhagavad Gita", Modern Indian Interpreters of the Bhagavad Gita, Albany, New York: SUNY Press, ISBN978-0-88706-297-1 Mukherji, Mani Shankar (2011), The Monk As Man: The Unknown Life of Swami Vivekananda (http://books. google.de/books?id=TfP5kBxkZaAC&printsec=frontcover&hl=de&source=gbs_ge_summary_r& cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false), ISBN978-0-14-310119-2 Nikhilananda, Swami (April 1964), "Swami Vivekananda Centenary", Philosophy East and West (University of Hawai'i Press) 14 (1): 7375, doi: 10.2307/1396757 (http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1396757), JSTOR 1396757 (http://www.jstor.org/stable/1396757). Nikhilananda, Swami (1953), Vivekananda: A Biography (http://www.vivekananda.net/PDFBooks/ BiographybyNikhilananda.pdf), New York: Ramakrishna-Vivekananda Center, ISBN0-911206-25-6, retrieved 19 March 2012 Pangborn, Cyrus R.; Smith, Bardwell L. (1976), "The Ramakrishna Math and Mission", Hinduism: New Essays in the History of Religions, Brill Archive Paranjape, Makarand (2005), Penguin Swami Vivekananda Reader, Penguin India, ISBN0-14-303254-2 Parel, Anthony (2000), Gandhi, Freedom, and Self-Rule (http://books.google.co.in/books?id=sErf-DzVI9EC& pg=PA77&dq=gandhi+on+vivekananda&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3iTQUPLiN8Lk4QSxloGoBw& ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=gandhi on vivekananda&f=false), ISBN978-0-7391-0137-7 Prabhananda, Swami (June 2003), "Profiles of famous educators: Swami Vivekananda" (http://www.ibe. unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/archive/publications/ThinkersPdf/vivekane.pdf), Prospects (Netherlands: Springer), XXXIII (2): 231245. Rambachan, Anantanand (1994), The limits of scripture: Vivekananda's reinterpretation of the Vedas, Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, ISBN978-0-8248-1542-4 Richards, Glyn (1996), "Vivekananda", A Source-Book of Modern Hinduism, Routledge, pp.7778, ISBN978-0-7007-0317-3 Rolland, Romain (1929a), "Naren the Beloved Disciple", The Life of Ramakrishna, Hollywood, California: Vedanta Press, pp.169193, ISBN978-81-85301-44-0 Rolland, Romain (1929b), "The River Re-Enters the Sea", The Life of Ramakrishna, Hollywood, California: Vedanta Press, pp.201214, ISBN978-81-85301-44-0 Rolland, Romain (2008), The Life of Vivekananda and the Universal Gospel (http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/ scripts/FullindexDefault.htm?path1=/data_copy/upload/0078/360&first=1&last=438& barcode=6010010078355) (24 ed.), Advaita Ashrama, p.328, ISBN978-81-85301-01-3 Seifer, Marc (2001), Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla : Biography of a Genius, Citadel, ISBN978-0-8065-1960-9 Sen, Amiya (2003), Gupta, Narayani, ed., Swami Vivekananda, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, ISBN0-19-564565-0 Sen, Amiya (2006), Indispensable Vivekananda: anthology for our times (http://books.google.com/ ?id=usBhrZcnJ78C), Orient Blackswan, ISBN978-81-7824-130-2
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Swami Vivekananda Sharma, Arvind (1988), "Swami Vivekananda's Experiences", Neo-Hindu Views of Christianity, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, ISBN978-90-04-08791-0 Sharma, Benishankar (1963), Swami Vivekananda: A Forgotten Chapter of His Life, Kolkata: Oxford Book & Stationary Co., ASIN B0007JR46C (http://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007JR46C) Shattuck, Cybelle T. (1999), "The modern period ii: forces of change", Hinduism, London: Routledge, ISBN978-0-415-21163-5 Sheean, Vincent (2005), "Forerunners of Gandhi", Lead, Kindly Light: Gandhi and the Way to Peace, Kessinger Publishing, ISBN978-1-4179-9383-3 Shetty, B. Vithal (2009), World as seen under the lens of a scientist, Bloomington, Indiana: Xlibris Corporation, ISBN978-1-4415-0471-5 Sil, Narasingha Prosad (1997), Swami Vivekananda: A Reassessment, Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania: Susquehanna University Press, ISBN0-945636-97-0 Thomas, Abraham Vazhayil (1974), Christians in Secular India, Madison, New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, ISBN978-0-8386-1021-3 Virajananda, Swami (1918), The Life of the Swami Vivekananda (http://books.google.com/ books?id=8CAMAQAAMAAJ) 4, Prabuddha Bharata Office, Advaita Ashrama, retrieved 21 December 2012 Virajananda, Swami, ed. (2006) [1910], The Life of the swami Vivekananda by his eastern and western disciples... in two volumes (Sixth ed.), Kolkata: Advaita Ashrama, ISBN81-7505-044-6 Vivekananda, Swami (2001) [1907], Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda (http://www. ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/complete_works.htm), 9 Volumes, Advaita Ashrama, ISBN978-81-85301-75-4 Vivekananda, Swami (1996), Swami Lokeswarananda, ed., My India : the India eternal (1st ed. ed.), Calcutta: Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture, pp.12, ISBN81-85843-51-1 Von Dense, Christian D. (1999), Philosophers and Religious Leaders, Greenwood Publishing Group Majumdar, R. C. (2000), Swami Vivekananda: A Historical Review (http://books.google.com/ books?id=5xQAuDgCnHQC), Advaita Ashrama, ISBN978-81-7505-202-4
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External links
Swami Vivekananda by Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission (http://www.belurmath.org/ swamivivekananda.htm) Swami Vivekananda Foundation (http://www.vivekananda.org/) Complete Works of Vivekananda, Belur Math publication (http://cwsv.belurmath.org/)
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License
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