Laboratory #4 BOD and Suspended Solids CHEM 2560 (SECTION 2) Johassen Cestina 7620484

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to determine the amount of oxygen required by different wastewater samples. Determining the amount used up portrays the pollution level of the overall sample and the amount of purification needed in order to release the water safely back into the environment. In the experiment, the influent and effluent respectively had a biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of 42mg/L and 2.5mg/L, the total suspended solids (TSS) was determined to be 610mg/L and 38mg/L, and the volatile suspended solids was determined to be 340mg/L and 18mg/L. Since the treated .

The objective of this experiment is to determine the amount of oxygen required; the pollution and purification strength of waste and receiving bodies of water. Through this experiment, the BOD is determined to be 42 and 2.5 mg/L, the TSS is determined to be 610 mg/L and 38mg/L and the VSS is determined to 340mg/L and 18mg/L for influent and effluent accordingly. After water treatment of influent, the effluent amount is below the 20mg/L of BOD and 500mg/L of TSS standards set by Canadian wastewater control, and therefore should be allowed to flow back into natural water resources.

Table of contents
Table of Contents List of Tables & Figures Introduction Methods and Materials Experimental Procedure Results Discussion Conclusion Reference Appendices ............................................................................................... ............................................................................................... ............................................................................................... ............................................................................................... ............................................................................................... ............................................................................................... ............................................................................................... ............................................................................................... ............................................................................................... ............................................................................................... 3 4 5 6 6 7 9 10 11 12

List of Tables & Figures

Table 1: Dilution Factor, DO1 and DO2 for Dilution Water, Influent and Effluent Table 2: BOD and Percentage Depletion for Dilution Water, Influent and Effluent Table 3: Weight of Crucible, Total and Volatile Suspended Solids for Influent and Effluent Table 4: Total Suspended and Volatile Suspended Solids for Influent and Effluent

Introduction

This experiment was divided into two separate parts, the first was determining the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of three samples (dilution water, effluent, and influent) within a 7 day period at 20C. An initial Winkler test was used in order to determine the initial concentration of dissolved oxygen and a final Winkler test was administered 7 days after. The two concentration test results were then compared to determine a good estimate of the actual BOD. The second part of the experiment was to determine the amount of total suspended solids (TSS) and the volatile suspended solids (VSS) of the influent and effluent samples. The two samples were filtered and heated to a temperature of 103C for 4 hours (evaporating any unwanted water) then heating to a temperature up to 550C in order to determine the mass of organic material converted to carbon dioxide. In order for proper wastewater treatment, determining the BOD concentrations is important when discharging wastewater into the environment as it can cause an imbalance with wildlife and drastically reduce the amount of oxygen available in the water for aquatic animals [1]. The amount of total suspended solids (TSS) in wastewater is a good indication as to which type of treatment should be used, such as sedimentation in which gravity is relied upon to settle any heavy objects to the bottom of settling tanks [2]. The volatile suspended solids (VSS) is also an important variable in determining the technique used for water treatment.

Methods and materials

Equipment was set up as in CHEM 2560 lab manual

Experimental procedure
Procedure was set up as in CHEM 2560 lab manual

Results
Part 1: Winkler Titration for BOD Dilution Factor (DF): Dilution Factor = Volume of Dilution Water / Volume of Sample DF of Influent = 700ml / 10ml DF of Influent = 70

Table 1: Dilution Factor, DO1 and DO2 for Dilution Water, Influent and Effluent Dilution water Influent Effluent DF 0 70 10 DO1 (bottle number) 8.2 (90) 3.25 (37) 2.20 (365) DO7 (bottle number) 7.5 (221) 2.65 (71) 1.95 (359)

Note: DO1- dissolved oxygen with no incubation Note: DO7- dissolved oxygen with 7 days of incubation at 20C

Calculation: BOD Milligram per Litre BOD (mg/L) = (DO1-DO7) x DF BOD of Influent = (3.25 2.65) x 70 BOD of Influent = 42 mg/L Calculation: Percentage Depletion % Depletion = (DO1-DO7) / DO1 % Depletion of Influent = (DO1-DO7) / DO1 % Depletion of Influent = 18 % Table 2: BOD and Percentage Depletion for Dilution Water, Influent and Effluent Dilution water BOD 0 (mg/L) % Depletion 8.5%
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Influent Effluent

42 (mg/L) 2.5 (mg/L)

18% 11%

Results
Part 2: Suspended Solids Procedure

Table 3: Weight of Crucible, Total and Volatile Suspended Solids for Influent and Effluent Influent (V 10) Effluent (V 25) W1 18.217 (g) 18.867 (g) W2 18.2231 (g) 18.8689 (g) W3 18.2197 (g) 18.8680 (g) OS volume 10 (ml) 50 (ml)

Note: W1 weight of crucible by it self Note: W2 weight of crucible plus total suspended solids Note: W3 weight of crucible plus volatile suspended solids Note: OS original sample volume

Calculation: Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Milligram per Litre TSS (mg/L) = (W2 W1) x / Original Sample Volume TSS of influent = (18.2231 18.217) x TSS of influent = 610 mg/L / 10

Calculation: Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS) Milligram per Litre VSS (mg/L) = (W2 W3) x / Original Sample Volume VSS of influent = (18.2231 18.2197) x VSS of influent = 340 mg/L / 10

Table 4: Total Suspended and Volatile Suspended Solids for Influent and Effluent TSS 610 (mg/L) 38 (mg/L) VSS 340 (mg/L) 18 (mg/L)

Influent (V 10) Effluent (V 25)

Discussion
High levels of BOD in bodies of water can cause excess amounts of algae to develop which ultimately destroys the ecosystem theyve entered. With an extraordinary amount of growth, the huge population of algae die and is consumed by other organisms which then rapidly reproduce and consume large amounts of dissolved oxygen in the water, negatively effecting the survivabilty of other organisms living in the aquatic system [1]. The maximum BOD content for effluent to be released into the environment is 25mg/L [3]. With a influent concentration of 42mg/L and an effluent concentration of 2.5mg/L, the effluent is allowed to be released back into the environment without dire consequences. The amount of suspended solids in a body of water causes turbidity and other forms of unpleasant aesthetics, such as a film of scum floating atop a body of water. According to Environment Canada [4], the maxium allowable TSS to be released into the environment to be 25mg/L. Some speculate this to be a very small amount due to some natural bodies of water to have an existing 2000mg/L of solid materials. Given this standard, the total suspended solids in the experiment is not deemed to be good enough to be released back into the environment (38mg/L of effluent TSS vs. 25mg/L Environment Canada standard).

Conclusion

With strict regulations for the concentrations for BOD

High BOD and amount of Suspended solids disturbs marine life and cause scum on top of bodies of water. Therefore its important to control the amount of BOD and TSS in wastewater before allowing it to flow back to rivers and lakes. Through this experiment, the BOD is determined to be 42 and 2.5 mg/L, the TSS is determined to be 610 mg/L and 38mg/L and the VSS is determined to 340mg/L and 18mg/L for influent and effluent accordingly. The effluent result is below the standards set by Canadian wastewater control of 20mg/L of BOD and 500mg/L of TSS, and therefore should be allowed to flow back into natural water resources.

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References

[1] http://www.freedrinkingwater.com/water_quality/quality1/1-bod-effectson-water-quality.htm

[2] http://www.cheric.org/ippage/p/ipdata/2000/07/file/settler.pdf

[3] http://www.gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p1/2010/2010-03-20/html/reg1-eng.html

[4] http://www.ec.gc.ca/eu-ww/default.asp?lang=En&n=E587D86E-1

1. Sawyer N.S. and McCarty P.L. Chemistry for environmental engineering, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 5th edition, Chapter 13-14 2. Canada Wastewater Guidelines. http://www.gov.ns.ca/nse/water/docs/AtlCanStdGuideSewag e.pdf 3. Chem. 2560 Water Quality Analysis for Engineers Laboratory Manual

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Appendices

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