0102

THE BOUNDARY LAYER FORM OF THE NAVIER-STOKES
EQUATIONS AND THEIR TREATMENTS (Course#1)

SHRIKANT KSHIRSAGAR
Third Year Undergraduate
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
Guide:
PROF. GAUTAM BISWAS
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
A Presentation on
1. Navier-Stokes equations
2. Concept of boundary layer
3. Prandtls hypothesis & implications
4. Nature of Boundary layer equations
5. Solution techniques
6. Illustration: Blasius flow
7. Summary
Boundary Layer Equations
Overview
Navier-Stokes equations
(For incompressible fluids )
2
1 Du
g p u
Dt

= +
where
= density of fluid
= kinematic viscosity of fluid
= static pressure
= velocity field
= body force per unit mass
= substantial derivative
p
u
g
D
u v w
Dt t x y z

= + + +

Elliptic partial differential equations
Boundary conditions required on entire boundary
Difficult to get analytical solutions for the general case
Simplifying assumptions and/or approximations required
Navier-Stokes equations- Features
Whenever fluid flows near a solid surface or another stationary fluid
Ex. Fluid flow around submerged bodies, in pipes, in jets etc.
Boundary layer entirely accounts for the effects of fluid viscosity
Primarily useful for calculating shear stresses on the surface of the
solid body & thus the total drag force on it due to the flowing fluid
Ex. Estimation of drag force on an airplane, the body of a swimmer,
on a racing car, in wind-tunnel testing etc.
Also useful for estimating other parameters such as entrance length
in pipe flow, momentum transfer due to jet etc.
Concept of boundary layer- Application
Concept of boundary layer-Need
Away from solid boundaries,effect of fluid viscosity negligible
Navier-Stokes equations reduced to Euler equations
= velocity field
= body force per unit volume
= density of fluid
= static pressure
= substantial derivative
=
1 Du
g p
Dt
u
g
p
D
Dt

Concept of boundary layer-Need (Contd.)
Eulers equation is of first order
Cannot satisfy both boundary conditions near solid surface
u
n
= 0 (no-penetration condition)
u
t
= 0 (no-slip condition)
where
u
n
= velocity component normal to solid surface
u
t
= velocity component tangential to solid surface
So its not a good approximation near the surface
Concept of boundary layer
On the surface of the solid boundary:
u = 0 where u = component of velocity parallel to free-stream velocity
In the free stream:
u = U
where U
= free stream velocity

Boundary layer thickness defined as the thickness over the solid
surface over which u varies from 0 to 0.99U

Prandtls hypothesis & implications
For fluids of low viscosity, viscous forces significant only in a
narrow region surrounding the solid boundary
. . i e L
where
= boundary layer thickness
L = characteristic length of system
Implications of this hypothesis brought out by examining non-
dimensional form of the Navier-Stokes & continuity equations
The hypothesis:
Non-dimensional variables:
2
* , * , * , * , *
u v p x y
u v p x y
U U L L U

= = = = =
where
U
= free stream velocity

= density of fluid
L = characteristic length of system
u = velocity component parallel to U
v = velocity component normal to U
x = co-ordinate along the free stream velocity

y = co-ordinate normal to the free stream velocity
p = static pressure
~ , ~ , ~
* ~ 1, * ~ 1, * ~
1
u U x L y
u x y
L

= where
Order of magnitude of boundary layer variables:
Non-dimensional form of governing equations (2-D steady flow):
Continuity equation :-
* *
* *
0
1 ?
0
1
* ~
u v
x y
v

+ =

+ =

*
* ( *, *) * ( *, 0) *
*
* (0) (1)( ) * ~
*
* ( *, *) * ( *, ) ( * )
*
*
* ~ (1) ( ) * ~ 1
*
v
v x y v x y
y
v v
u
u x y u x y
y
u
u u
y

| |
+
|
\ .
+
| |
+
|
\ .
Order of magnitude of boundary layer variables:
x-momentum equation (neglecting gravity effects):-
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2
* * * 1 * *
* *
* * * Re * *
(1) (1) 1 (1) (1)
(1) ( ) (?)
(1) ( ) Re (1) ( )
* * *
~1 &
* * *
1
~ ( )
u u p u u
u v
x y x x y
p u u
x x y
(

+ = + +
(

(
+ = + +
(

Re Re =Reynolds number
Another way of showing Re~1/
2
:
Let I
f
= Inertial Force & V
f
= Viscous force in a high Re flow
At y>, I
f
>> V
f
; while at y=0, I
f
=0 & V
f
>> I
f
Hence for 0<y< , I
f
~ V
f
which means:
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
~ ~
1
~ ~
u
U U u u
x L
y
U L L

Re
y-momentum equation (neglecting gravity effects):-
2 2
2 2
2
2
* * * 1 * *
* *
* * * Re * *
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
(1) ( ) (?) ( )
(1) ( ) (1) ( )
* *
~ 0
* *
v v p v v
u v
x y y x y
p p
y y

(

+ = + +
(

(
+ = + +
(

2 2
2 2
* *
0 0
* *
*
0 0
*
* * * 1 * 1
* *
* * * Re *
0, 0 * 0, * * 0
, * , * 1
u v u v
x y x y
p p
y y
u u dp u u u dp u
u v u v
x y dx y x y dx y
at y u v at y u v
at y u U at y u

+ = + =

= =

+ = + + = +

= = = = = =
= =
Boundary conditions:
Final form of the boundary layer equations:
To show that the boundary layer equations reduce to those for
inviscid flow at the edge of the boundary layer:
At y = and beyond, u = U
and:
2
2
0 0
u u
y y

The x-momentum equation then reduces to:
2
1
(0) (0)
1
0
1
2
u dp
u v
x dx
dU dp
U
dx dx
p U
+ = +
+ =
+ = constant (Bernoulli equation)
Physical significance of the terms:
Continuity equation:
0
u v
x y

+ =

The continuity equation expresses the law of mass
conservation for an incompressible fluid
The LHS is the divergence (in 2-D) of the velocity field
which signifies the rate of mass production at a given point in
the flow field
Since in the flow field considered there are no sources of
mass production, it is identically equal to zero throughout the
field.
0
p
y
y-momentum equation:
Expresses the fact that there is no pressure variation
along the direction normal to the solid surface.
This means that the pressure at any location x in the boundary
layer is same as that in the outer inviscid region.
The variation of pressure in the inviscid region can be calculated
by solving the Euler equations for the external flow field and the
same can be used inside the boundary layer.
Thus pressure is not an unknown quantity in the boundary layer
equations; it is simply imposed on it by the external inviscid flow.
2
2
1 u u dp u
u v
x y dx y

+ = +

x-momentum equation:
LHS denotes the inertial force on a fluid element
First term on RHS denotes the driving force for fluid flow in the
boundary layer
It determines when separation of boundary layer from solid
surface will occur
The last term accounts for the viscous shear stresses set up in
the fluid due to the velocity gradient inside the boundary layer.
Outside the boundary layer, it becomes negligible as the partial
derivative goes to zero; hence the flow is essentially inviscid
outside the boundary layer
Solution Techniques - Numerical approach
Boundary layer equations are parabolic in nature
Require only initial conditions
Solution progresses in flow direction by forward marching
integration techniques
Much easier to solve than complete Navier-Stokes equations
Solution Techniques - Analytical approach
Based on the laws of similarity for boundary layer flows
u component of velocity with two velocity profiles of u(x,y) at
different x locations differ only by scale factors in u & y
Hence, velocity profiles u(x,y) at all values of x can be made
congruent if they are plotted in coordinates which have been made
dimensionless with reference to the scale factors
Local free stream velocity U
(x) at a section x obvious scale factor

for u, because dimensionless u*(x*) varies from 0 to 1 with y at all
sections
Scale factor for y, g(x) taken equal to local boundary layer
thickness so that y* itself varies between 0 to 1
{ } { }
1 1 2 2
1 2
, / ( , / (
( ) ( )
u x y g x u x y g x
U x U x

( (

=
Solution Techniques - Analytical approach (contd.)
The underlying principle of the analytical solution by the similarity
technique is to define a similarity variable, which is a function of
coordinates
Dependant variables expressed as functions of the similarity
variable
Then we try to reduce the boundary layer equations, which are
partial differential equations, to ordinary differential equations in
terms of functions of the similarity variable
Successfully accomplishing this leads to an ordinary differential
equation with boundary conditions in terms of the similarity variable
which can be solved very easily
As an illustration, consider fluid flow over a flat plate (Blasius Flow)
Illustration-Blasius Flow
Flow field unbounded above the plate
Hence no pressure variation in direction of flow
Flow incident on flat plate with an angle of incidence zero.
We assume fluid is incompressible & gravity effects negligible in
the thin boundary layer
Hence we may apply the boundary layer equations derived earlier
Illustration-Blasius Flow
Blasius flow over a flat plate
(Ref: Pnueli, David & Gutfinger, Chaim An Introduction to Fluid Mechanics)
Illustration: Blasius Flow- Governing equations
2
2
0
0
1
0
0, 0
= ,
u v
x y
p
y
dU dp
U
dx dx
u u u
u v
x y y
y u v
y u U

+ =

= =

+ =

= = =
=
at
at
Boundary conditions:
Illustration: Blasius Flow- Analytical approach
Eliminate continuity equation using stream function
, u v
y x

= =

The boundary layer equation transforms to:
2 2 3
2 3
(*)
0, 0 0
y x y x y y
U as y
y
at y
x y

= = =


Illustration: Blasius Flow- Analytical solution
In accordance with the law of similarity we define a similarity variable:
( , ) ( , )
b
Ayx x y x = = = so that
Using boundary condition:
,
( , ) .
y
b
as y u U
u x U
y y
Ax U

= = =


Illustration: Blasius Flow- Analytical solution (contd.)
RHS is constant, so to make LHS constant must be of the form:
( ) ( , ) ( )
( ) 1
b
Bx f u x ABf U
Let AB U
f

= = =
=
=
Using second boundary condition:
0
0
( , 0) ( ) 0 (0) 0
y
u x AB f f
y

=
=

= = = =
Using third boundary condition:

1
0
0
( , 0) ( ) 0 (0) 0
b
y
v x x f f f
x

=
=
= = = =
Bb
Substitute in terms of in the differential equation (*)
Choose the free constants A, B & b such that x & y do not appear in
the final equation resulting in:
1
, &
2
( ) ( ) 2 ( ) 0
with the boundary conditions:
(0) (0) 0 & ( ) 1
U
A B U b
f f f
f f f
= = =

+ =

= = =
giving:
1
2
0 0
Re , ( )
1
( ), ( )
2
( ) (0)
x
w
y y
w
U y
y xU f
x x
U
u U f v f f
y x x
U u
U f U f
y y x
U x

= =
= = =

= = = =

= = =

x
Re =

Thus the original variables (x, y, u & ) are replaced by the two
variables f (=u/U
) & in the similarity technique

By the Blasius equation, these two variables will uniquely determine
the velocity profile at any location.
= Reynolds number
= wall shear stress
= dynamic viscosity
The third order nonlinear ordinary differential equation obtained is
known as Blasius equation
One method of solving it: shooting technique
First rewrite Blasius equation as a system of first order equations:
'( ) ( )
'( ) ( )
1
'( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
(0) 0
'(0) 0 (0) 0
'( ) 1 ( ) 1
f G
G H
H f H E
f
f G
f G

=
=
= =
=
= =
= =
Boundaryconditions:
Initial condition on H i.e. H(0) unavailable
Instead final condition on G i.e. G() =1 must be satisfied
This problem is tackled by first making a guess for H(0)
Then the system is solved as a usual initial-value problem
From the solution the value of G() for sufficiently large is found
If it is not equal to 1, another guess for H(0) is made and the entire
procedure is repeated
Continue iterations with successively better guesses for H(0) till
value of G() is close enough to 1
Essentially a trial & error approach, hence called shooting
technique
Divide the range of values takes, into suitable intervals of length h
Then f(
n+1
),G(
n+1
) & H(
n+1
) can be calculated from f(
n
), G(
n
) &
H(
n
) using Runge-Kutta method for numerically integrating the
system of differential equations as follows:
1
1
1
[ ( ) 5 ( )]
6 2
[ ( ) 5 ( )]
6 2
[ ( ) 5 ( )]
6 2
n n n n
n n n n
n n n n
h h
f f G G
h h
G G H H
h h
H H E E

+
+
+
= + + +
= + + +
= + + +
Correcting the initial guess for H(0)
(Ref: Biswas, Gautam et al. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics & Fluid Machines)
Values of G() estimated from G curves, as in upper graph
Calculate improved guess of H(0) by finding the value H(0)
3
at
which the line a-b in the lower graph crosses the line G()=1.
Using similar triangles:
3 1 2 1
1 2 1
(0) (0) (0) (0)
1 ( ) ( ) ( )
H H H H
G G G

=

Solve for H(0)
3
Repeat whole procedure using H(0)
3
and better of the two initial
guesses H(0)
1
& H(0)
2
Continue till satisfactory results are obtained
f, f' & f" distribution in boundary layer
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
f
f'
f"
(Ref: Biswas, Gautam et al. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics & Fluid Machines)
0 1.000
0.024 0.999 4.280 6
0.0159 0.992 3.283 5
0.0642 0.956 2.306 4
0.161 0.846 1.397 3
0.267 0.630 0.650 2
0.323 0.330 0.166 1
0.332 0 0 0
f f f
f(), f() & f() in the boundary layer
(Ref: Pnueli, David & Gutfinger, Chaim An Introduction to Fluid Mechanics)
Illustration: Blasius Flow- Some parameters:
0
0
0.99 '( ) 0.99 5
5.0
Re
1.73
(1 )
Re
1.328
(1 )
Re
x
d
x
m
x
u U f
x
u
dy x
U
u u
dy x
U U

= =
=
= =
= =
}
}
d
m
Boundary layer thickness ( ) :
Displacement thickness ( ) :
Momentum thickness ( ) :
Illustration: Blasius Flow- Some parameters (contd.):
Local skin friction coefficient:
2
( ) 0.664
1
Re
2
w
fx
x
x
C
U

= =
This result experimentally confirmed by Liepmann & Dhawan (1951)
If F is the total frictional force per unit width on a plate of length L:
0
L
w
F dx =
}
Average skin friction coefficient:
2
1 . 3 2 8
1
R e
2
R e
f
L
L
F
C
U L
U L
= =
= w h e r e
Summary
Boundary layer flows occur ubiquitously in nature, hence important
topic of study
Prandtls hypothesis reduces the general Navier-Stokes equation to
the boundary layer equations which are easier to solve
Analytical approach based on laws of similarity
As an illustration, Blasius flow (unbounded fluid flow over a flat
plate) was solved analytically
References:
Pnueli, David & Gutfinger, Chaim An Introduction to Fluid
Mechanics
Biswas, Gautam et al. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics & Fluid
Machines
Marsden, Chorin et al. A Mathematical Introduction to Fluid
Mechanics
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank Prof. GautamBiswas from IIT Kanpur for his
guidance. A fair part of the presentation is based on the material he
has kindly provided
Special thanks are due to Prof. F. Durst from University of Erlangen
for sharing his invaluable insight on the subject
I would also like to thank my professors at IIT Bombay for the support
they have provided
Thank You

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THE BOUNDARY LAYER FORM OF THE NAVIER-STOKES

EQUATIONS AND THEIR TREATMENTS (Course#1)

Boundary Layer Equations

= free stream velocity

Boundary Layer Equations

= free stream velocity

v = velocity component normal to U

x = co-ordinate along the free stream velocity

(x) at a section x obvious scale factor

Boundary Layer Equations

Boundary Layer Equations

Using third boundary condition:

) & in the similarity technique

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