INDEX

abortion, 117, 1278 academic achievement adolescents lack of interest in, 256, 278, 456 and lack of popularity, 118 A. C. Gilbert U-238 Atomic Energy Lab, 79 acne, 115 Act Your Age, 108 Adler, Mortimer J., 30 adoption, 127 Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet, The, 114 African Americans, 3, 27, 37, 65, 66, 67, 6970, 723, 746, 158 and dating, 11920 in educational films, 12, 57 effect of middle-class values on, 1112 and juvenile delinquency, 136, 145 romance magazines for, 113 unwed mothers, 1267 Agent Zero M toys, 87 aggressive behaviour, 103, 108, 1356, 141, 14952 sexual aggression, 116, 117, 1501 alcohol, 37, 38, 135 American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 53 American Basic Science Club Atomic Energy Lab Kit, 79 American Civil War see Civil War American flag, 141 American Girl, An, 678 American Girl Reservers, 89 American Heritage Foundation, 96 American Heritage magazine, 91 American Indians, 27, 67, 712, 86, 158 American Legion, 1, 90

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American Mercury, 62 American Nautical Cadets, 89 American Revolution, 2, 142 participation of children in, 45 American superiority, 56, 57 see also economic prosperity Americas Distribution of Wealth, 58, 59 Anti-Semitism, 679 appearance, 212, 38, 105, 11416, 119, 130 Are You Popular?, 21 Are You Ready for Service? film series, 99 Armed Forces Day, 89 Ask Me, Dont Tell Me, 136 assault, 1356 by girls, 141, 14952 Atomic Alert (Elementary Version), 84 atomic bomb, 4, 27, 62 and education, 52, 53 and play, 79 see also nuclear war Atomic Bomb game, 78 Atomic Bunny, 80 atomic energy, 53, 96 and sexuality, 116 Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), 53 Atomic Knights, 80 Atomic Mouse, 80 Atomic Rabbit, 80 atomic weapons see nuclear weapons automobiles, 21, 39, 1201, 136 and American freedom, 28 ownership as proof of US superiority, 59 bad behaviour see misbehaviour Bakwin, Dr Harry, 36 Barbie doll, 113 Barbies Dream House, 111

187

188

The Politics of Childhood in Cold War America child-rearing methods and juvenile delinquency, 36, 13940, 144, 1458, 1489 natural, 28, 29 permissive, 29, 36, 37 pre-WWII, 1819, 26 Soviet, 312, 33 Childrens Crusade Against Communism trading cards, 87 cholos, 121 chores, 1046 Christianity and capitalism, 60 and democracy, 94 and segregation, 734 Christmas, 334, 84, 85, 88, 945 church activities for adolescents, 119 Cindy Goes to a Party, 130 civil defence, 814 civil rights movement, 37, 734, 158 and communism, 734 Civil War, 3, 56, 912, 142 reconciliation between North and South, 912 class mobility, 701 and dating, 121 classroom design, 46 clothing, 92, 103, 110, 115, 119, 121, 149 Coblenz, William A., 96 codes of conduct for teenagers, 378 Coleman, James S., 46 collective child rearing, 32, 35 colleges, 21 comic books, 80, 83, 85, 110, 113, 132 communism and the civil rights movement, 735 fears of, 323, 94 influence in US schools, 62, 634 and juvenile delinquency, 140 nature of, 29 Communism (film), 61 Communist Party, 1, 85, 89 and African Americans, 73 and Christmas, 85, 88 communist propaganda, 65 in US schools, 62, 634 Communist Youth League see Young Communists League

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camping, 98 capitalism, 56, 59, 60 cars see automobiles Catechetical Guild Society of St Paul, 85 Catholic Church, 75, 89 Catton, Bruce, 91 Central High School, 745 Chance to Play, A, 136 chaperones, 38 Cheerios, 103 chewing gum, 33 Chicago Crime Prevention Bureau, 140 child care advice books, 18 child care facilities lack of in United States, 34 in Soviet Union, 34

Bates, Daisy, 75 Batman, 132 Beaser, Herbert, 141 beauty see appearance Bell, Bernard Iddings, 50 Bell Products Atomic Geiger Counter, 79 Benefits of Looking Ahead, The, 1078 Bestor, Arthur E., 50 Betsy Wetsy, 111 bicycle, 59 birth control see contraception Blood of Dracula, 116 Bnai Brith, 68 board games, 78, 80, 83, 113 bomb shelters, 815 books, 113 Boys Beware, 133 boys clubs, 1445 Boy Scouts, 89, 99 Boy with a Knife, 145, 147 bras, 115 breasts, 115 Bronfenbrenner, Urie, 35 Two Worlds of Childhood: US and USSR, 35, 567 Brown v. Board of Education, 734 Brown, Minnie Ray, 75 Build Your Vocabulary, 109 Bully, The, 136, 144, 1467

Index condoms, 126 conduct codes see codes of conduct for teenagers conformity to the group American adults, 38 American children, 1920, 256, 278, 2930, 27 and dating, 120 and educational mediocrity, 278, 445 and totalitarianism, 28 consumption, 19, 20 Soviet children, 28, 30, 35, 61 consumption and dating, 118, 1202 lessons on, 4950 and the other-directed society, 19 Continental, The, 114 contraception, 36 Copper Romance, 113, 11920 cooking, 48, 104, 105 coonskin caps, 86 corporations, 102, 1067, 1378 cosmetics, 110, 115 Crockett, Davy, 86 curfews, 31, 38, 143, 148 Dagwood Splits the Atom, 80 dances, 22, 23, 119 dancing, 49, 50, 122, 136 Date with Your Family, A, 105 dating and African Americans, 11920 and appearance, 11415 and Catholics, 119 and consumption, 118, 1202 dating advice, 38, 110, 113, 11819 girls role in, 118 lessons given in school, 49 parents role in, 122 and permissive child-rearing methods, 301 and play, 113 preparation of children for, 11718 and prestige, 114 and social status, 120, 1212 Davis, Sid, 133 Davy Crockett, 86 Day of Thanksgiving, A, 934

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Easy-Bake oven, 111 Eby, Kermit, 98 economic prosperity, 589, 93 effect on education, 50 influence on democracy, 28 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 58, 74 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 109 emotional control, 108, 118 emotional immaturity, 108 English classes, 49, 50 English literature, 55 entertaining at home, 301, 37, 38, 119, 122 Essay on Self-Reliance, 109

Dean, James, 147 decorating, 1056, 111, 112 Delinquent Daughters, 150, 152, 154 democracy and Christianity, 94 and decision making, 478 and home economics, 112 influence on teaching methods, 47 lessons on, 47, 56, 57 as a natural phenomenon, 289 and Thanksgiving, 93 Despotism, 61 dtente, 156 Developing Self-Reliance, 104, 107, 1089 Deutsch, Helene, 128 Dewey, John, 48 Diary of Anne Frank, The, 67 Dirksen, Everett, 129 discipline, and peer group, 267 discrimination, 65, 6870, 72, 75 Disneyland, 156 Disneyland (television series), 86 dog tags, 82 dollhouses, 111 dolls, 111 see also Barbie doll Dow, Tony, 114 draft, 98 dress see clothing drinking see alcohol driving lessons, 50 drug use by youth, 11, 37, 140 Duck and Cover, 812, 84 Dulles, John Foster, 80

190

The Politics of Childhood in Cold War America Gung-Ho Commando Outfit, 77 guns, 989 toys, 77, 789, 89 gymnasts, 1557 hair care, 110, 115 hairspray, 115 Hammers and Sickles, 88 Hargis, Billy James, 73 Harvey, Paul, 623 Higgins, Lois, 140 Hiroshima, 62 Hispanic Americans, 27, 723, 158 history education, 50, 558 Hitler, Adolf, 7, 129 Hitler Youth, 7 Holocaust, 69 home economics, 18, 50, 11113 home improvement projects, 102, 104, 106 Home Protection Exercises, 84 homework, 105 homosexuality, 12830, 1324 see also gay rights Homosexuals, The (television special), 129 Hoover, J. Edgar, 85, 140 household chores see chores How Brotherhood Builds Democracy Project, 656 How Do You Know Its Love?, 124 How to be Well Groomed, 105, 110 How to Keep a Job, 109 How to Keep What We Have, 712 How to Lose What We Have, 60 Hungarian uprising, 29, 63, 85 hunting, 98 Husky, Ferlin, 88 hydrogen bomb, 27, 54, 55 Ideal Countdown, 77 Ideal Flying Boxcar and Combat Team, 78 Ideal Sky-Sweeper Anti-Aircraft Truck, 78 I Led 3 Lives, 85 immigrants, 17, 27 Improve Your Personality, 223 industrialization and child rearing, 1719 informing see tattling inner-directed personality, 17, 19, 27 In Our Hands film series, 60, 71

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gangs, 136, 143 girl gangs, 141, 14853 Ganus, Clifton L., Jr, 59, 60 garter belts, 115 gay rights movement, 158 Geiger counters, 53, 79 gender role rejection, 124, 12832, 14851, 1534 Getting Ready Physically, 99 GI Bill, 1213 Gilbreth, Lillian, 18 Gilligans Island, 867 Gitlow, Ben, 1 going steady, 1224 Good Sportsmanship, 107 government, 20 Greene, Janet, 88 grooming, 22, 24, 105, 110, 11415 of Soviet children, 31, 41 see also appearance

fallout shelters see bomb shelters falsies, 115 family education classes see life-adjustment training Family Life, 105, 106 family life classes in colleges and universities, 49 see also life-adjustment training Father Knows Best, 87, 93, 1212 Faubus, Orval, 74 FBI, The (television series), 85 Fears of Children, 103 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 63, 140 Federal Civil Defense Administration, 83 feminist movement, 367, 158 flag salute, 58, 63 Fletcher, Bishop Albert L., 75 foreign language education, 43, 556 in the Soviet Union, 43 Fourth of July, 67, 89 Freedom to Learn, 63 Freedom Train, 967 Freud, Sigmund, 1312 Freudian theory, 1312 Friedenberg, Edgar Z., 456 Coming of Age in America, 45 Fun of Being Thoughtful, The, 104

Index Inside the Atom, 80 invasion of United States by Soviet Union, 323 I Speak for Democracy essay contest, 29, 978 Is This Tomorrow?, 85 Jews, 679 celebration of Christmas in school, 945 discrimination against see anti-Semitism Jimmy Jet, 77 jobs see work Johnny Reb toy canon, 92 Kelly, Douglas M., 36 Kelly Longitudinal Study, 137 Khrushchev, Nikita, 32, 35, 85, 96 Kinsey, Alfred, 130 kissing, 389 Komsomol see Young Communists League Korbut, Olga, 1556 Korean War brainwashing of US soldiers, 57, 104 see also Are You Ready for Service? film series Kornfeder, Joseph, 1 Ku Klux Klan, 61, 75 Kusan KF-110 toy train, 77

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Lauchner, A. H., 501 Leave it to Beaver, 114, 116 lesbians, 128, 1323 see also homosexuality Lets Keep the Communists Out, 88 Liberty Day, 89 Library of Science Radiation Detector Kit, 79 life-adjustment training, 4950 criticism of, 50 life skills classes see life-adjustment training Lincoln, Abraham, 6 birthday observance in schools, 901 Lionel Aerial Target Car, 78 Lionel Turbo-Missile-Firing Car, 78 Little Miss Revlon, 115 Little Rock, Arkansas, 746 Loyalty Day, 89 Lynd, Albert, 50

McCarthy, Joseph, 129 Make Mine Freedom, 57, 58, 59, 61, 73 makeup see cosmetics malt shops, 23, 24, 61, 126 Mao Zedong, 87 Markizova, Gelya, 8 marriage preparation for, 49, 11112, 123 as womens destiny, 111 Marx, Karl, 63 masculinity threats to following World War II, 102 massive retaliation, 801 mass society, 28 mathematics education, 43, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 55 in the Soviet Union, 43 Mattel Agent Zero M toys, 878 Mattel Lie Detector game, 87 Mattel Secret Sam, 87 Mattel Spy Detector game, 87 May Day, 89 menstruation, 130 Mexican Americans, 73, 121, 145 middle class advice literature, 1112 audience for popular culture, 12 characters in educational films, 12 corporate employment, 102, 1067, 109 socioeconomic status, 12, 18 status in a desirable date, 1202 values as subject of instruction, 12, 13 military service, 98 preparation for, 99 Miller, A. L., 129 Minh, Ho Chi, 87 Molly Grows Up, 130 Moment of Decision, 147 momism, 102 Mosinee, WI, 1 motherhood preparation for, 111, 112 mothers as danger to sons, 102, 1034, 1478 Mothers Day, 67 movies, 38 Munsters, The, 87 music, 37 Mystery Date, 113

192

The Politics of Childhood in Cold War America Parent Teacher Association (PTA), 312 and the spread of communist ideology, 61, 63 parties, 24, 25, 26, 37, 130 adult supervision at, 37, 38 peer group, 1920, 212, 23, 246, 38, 46, 122 importance of among adults, 38 importance in Soviet Union, 28, 35 regulation of adolescent behaviour, 267, 31 permissive child rearing, 2931, 367 criticism of , 367, 50 and juvenile delinquency, 36 loss of parental control, 37 and nudity, 29 and sex, 29 and student protest, 37 personality, 223 inner-directed, 17, 19, 27 other-directed, 1920, 22, 26, 27 shyness, 201, 23 Pestalozzi, Johan Heinrich, 48 Philbrick, Herbert A., 85 physical appearance see appearance physical education, 49, 99 Pioneer Palaces, 35 pioneers, 8, 35, 65 Plato, 30 Pledge of Allegiance, 58 Polaris Nuclear Sub, 78 Poor Left-Winger, 88 popularity, 202, 38 and appearance, 114 lack of, 21, 223, 118 pornography, 140 Porter Atomic Energy Lab Kit, 79 posture, 114 potty training, 18, 29 Practicing Democracy in the Classroom, 467 premarital pregnancy, 120, 124, 1258, 154 result of poor parenting, 124 premarital sex, 117, 120, 124, 125, 135, 152 see also sexual delinquency Presidents Scientific Research Board, 51 Preston, Terry, 88 progressive education, 489 and communism, 50, 52 criticism of, 50, 52

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Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization, 84 Olympic Games, 1567 Soviet preparation of child athletes, 33, 156 organization men, 1067 other-directed personality, 1920, 22, 26, 46 and inability to compete with Soviet Union, 27 in Soviet Union, 28 other-directed society, 278 influence on education, 46, 49 Soviet Union as, 28 Other Fellows Feelings, The, 1423 Outsider, The, 234 Ovaltine, 103 paedophiles, 1323 parades, 89 parental anxiety, 27 Parents Committees in the Soviet Union, 323, 42

nail polish, 110, 115 naptime, 18, 29 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 74, 75 National Association of Secondary School Principals, 50 National Defense Education Act (NDEA), 55, 56 National Education Association, 53, 54, 63 National Education Program, 58, 59 National Science Foundation (NSF), 523, 54, 55 Native Americans see American Indians natural style of American child rearing, 28, 29 Nazism, 19, 67 Nelson, Ricky, 114 New York City Board of Education, 65 Nike missile, 78 Nixon, Patricia, 42 Nixon, Richard, 155 nuclear reactor toys, 79 nuclear war, 801, 141 Nuclear War board game, 80 nuclear weapons, 43, 53, 62

Index progressivism and communism, 63 Project Yankee Doodle Secret Rocket Test Center, 77 propaganda see communist propaganda Prosser, Charles A., 48 public speaking, 49, 10910 punctuality, 108, 109 radiation, 53 rape see sexual assault Reagan, Ronald, 10, 156 rebellion by American youth, 28, 1412 rebels in American culture, 1412 Red Nightmare, 323 religion, 55, 58, 60, 95 Christianity and capitalism, 60 Christianity and democracy, 94 and preparation for military service, 99 in Soviet Union, 96 religious discrimination, 61 Responsibilities of American Citizenship, 57, 612 Retton, Mary Lou, 156 Rickover, Hyman, 54 Riesman, David, 17, 19, 27, 47 Right or Wrong, 143 risk-taking behaviour, 103 Roberts, Clarence, 75 Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, The, 86 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 30, 48 Russia see Soviet Union school desegregation, 64, 736, 145 Schools at War Program, 6 science education, 43, 48, 49, 50, 515 in the Soviet Union, 43, 51 science kits, 79 scientific management of children, 1819, 36 Scottsboro Boys, 73 Sears Super Spy Attach Case, 87 Secure the Blessings, 47, 59, 69 Selective Service Act, 98 self-control, 30, 108 self-esteem for boys, 118 self-reliance, 104, 107, 1089

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Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency, 135, 140 Seventeen, 956, 123 Seventeenth Summer, 113 sewing, 48, 105, 106 sex clubs, 1523 sex education, 49 parents role in, 11718 for young children, 11718 sexual aggression, 11617, 118 sexual appearance, 116 sexual assault, 117 by girls, 141, 1501 sexual behaviour control of, 110, 117, 118 dangers of, 116 girls duty to control, 110, 117, 11819 kissing, 389 at parties, 37 and popularity, 21 premarital sex, 36 regulation of by parents, 37 regulation of by teens, 389 see also kissing games sexual delinquency, 148, 1523 sexual humour, 119 sexual play, 37 sexual revolution, 36 sexually transmitted diseases, 36, 1246 Sharing Work at Home, 1056 Show-Off, The, 26 Shy Guy, 23 Skousen, W. Cleon, 104 Smith, Samuel Harrison, 5 smoking, 38, 126 Snob, The, 25, 45 snobbishness, 25, 26 Social Class in America, 701 social science education, 55, 56 Social-Sex Attitudes in Adolescence, 11718, 13031, 132 social studies education, 56 songs anti-communist, 889 Civil War, 91 2 Sound-O-Power Military Rifle, 77 Soviet Professional Manpower: Its Education, Training and Supply, 54

194

The Politics of Childhood in Cold War America Steve Canyons Jet Helmet, 77 student protest, 11, 37 suburbs, 121 houses, 122 Suzy Homemaker toy appliances, 111 syphilis, 1256 tattling, 1434 Taylor, Frederick Winslow, 18 Teeny Tiny Tears, 111 television, 323, 55, 856, 103, 116 Teller, Edward, 278, 44 Thanksgiving, 67, 75, 924 They Locked God Outside the Iron Curtain, 88 This Godless Communism, 85 Thorndike, Edward L., 48 Till, Emmett, 65 tolerance lessons in, 289, 44, 56, 6571 tomboys, 130 Topper Toys, 111 totalitarianism, 28 Trace, Arthur S., Jr, 43, 512, 556 What Ivan Knows that Johnny Doesnt, 43, 512, 556 trading cards, 87 Treasure Chest of Fun and Facts, 85 Truman, Harry, 51 UNESCO, 623 UNICEF, 62 United Nations, 623, 65 Universal Military Training and Service Act, 98 universities, 20 upward mobility see class mobility unwed mothers, 120, 1267 uranium, 78, 79 US Childrens Bureau, 135, 148 US flag see American flag US Office of Education, 97 USSR see Soviet Union Valentines Day, 90 Veda Board, 113 venereal disease see sexually transmitted diseases

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Soviet Union, 4, 10, 19 American visitors observations, 33, 41, 42 atheism, 58, 96 boarding schools, 32, 34, 35, 156 child rearing, 8, 28, 30, 31, 32, 35, 42 childrens books, 8 childrens diet, 41 Christmas, 334 educational inferiority, 41 educational superiority, 278, 423, 44 food, 41 foreign language education, 43 and juvenile delinquency in the US, 140 as a mass society, 28 nurseries, 32, 34 orphanages, 32 Parents Committees, 312, 42 political education of children, 31, 32, 434, 567, 61 punishment of children, 42 racial policies, 65 schools, 312, 413, 51 science education, 43, 51 sports, 33 summer camps for children, 35 teachers, 41 technological superiority, 43, 54 treatment of children of political dissidents, 32 spies, 867 Spillane, Mickey, 116 Spock, Dr Benjamin, 29, 132 Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care, 29 criticism of, 367 support for, 30 see also permissive child rearing sports, 27, 55 sportsmanship, 107 Sputnik, 54, 55 spy kits, 87 square dancing, 49 Stalin, Joseph, 1, 60 love of children, 8 political purges, 32 Starting Now, 99 steady dating see going steady

Index Veterans Day, 8990 Victory girls, 34, 116 Vietnam War, 11, 37, 1578 Violent Years, The, 1401, 150, 151, 1523 virginity, 117 vocational education, 49, 55 Voice of Democracy essay contest, 29, 978 Washington, George, 5 birthday observance in schools, 57, 901 Webster, Noah, 5 weddings as form of play, 113 lessons on planning, 49 Wertham, Frederic, 132 What About Juvenile Delinquency?, 136, 143 What About Prejudice?, 6970 What It Means to be an American, 28 What Ivan Knows that Johnny Doesnt, 43, 512, 556 Why Study Home Economics?, 112 Why Study Science?, 534 Why Vandalism?, 144 Why We Respect the Law, 136 Wilson, Woodrow, 3 women in the defence industry during World War II, 34, 101, 138 as emasculating force, 102 in Soviet Union, 34 womens rights movement see feminist movement Wonder Woman, 132

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yard work, 104, 105 YMCA, 62 You and Your Work, 109 Young Communists League, 1, 33 Young Pioneers see Pioneers Youth for Service programme, 145 zoot suits, 73, 121

work careers for boys, 106 careers for girls, 110, 11213 preparation of boys for, 1069 working class child-rearing methods, 19 in educational films, 12 educational goals, 13 prosperity following World War II, 1213 suburbs, 1213 world government, 62, 63 World War I, 3 World War II child care in US during, 34, 139 effects on gender roles in US, 1012, 1389 effects on juvenile delinquency, 135, 13940 effects on Soviet Union, 34 participation of American children in the war effort, 67 participation of German children in the war effort, 78 participation of Soviet children in the war effort, 89