IJMMS 2004:41, 21812197

PII. S0161171204305363
http://ijmms.hindawi.com
Hindawi Publishing Corp.
DETERMINATION OF COUPLED SWAY, ROLL, AND YAW MOTIONS
OF A FLOATING BODY IN REGULAR WAVES
S. N. DAS and S. K. DAS
Received 21 May 2003
This paper investigates the motion response of a oating body in time domain under the
inuence of small amplitude regular waves. The governing equations of motion describ-
ing the balance of wave-exciting force with the inertial, damping, and restoring forces are
transformed into frequency domain by applying Laplace transform technique. Assuming
the oating body is initially at rest and the waves act perpendicular to the vessel of lateral
symmetry, hydrodynamic coecients were obtained in terms of integrated sectional added-
mass, damping, and restoring coecients, derived from Franks close-t curve. A numerical
experiment on a vessel of 19190ton displaced mass was carried out for three dierent
wave frequencies, namely, 0.56rad/s, 0.74rad/s, and 1.24rad/s. The damping parameters
(
i
) reveal the system stability criteria, derived from the quartic analysis, corresponding to
the undamped frequencies (
i
). It is observed that the sway and yaw motions become max-
imum for frequency 0.56rad/s, whereas roll motion is maximum for frequency 0.74rad/s.
All three motions show harmonic behavior and attain dynamic equilibrium for time t >100
seconds. The mathematical approach presented here will be useful to determine seawor-
thiness characteristics of any vessel when wave amplitudes are small and also to validate
complex numerical models.
2000 Mathematics Subject Classication: 34C15, 70K42, 70K25.
1. Introduction. Precise prediction of hydrodynamic behavior and motion response
of a oating body in water waves is essential for proper harbor design. A oating body
excited by waves experiences six degrees of motion constituting three translatory and
three rotational motions. These motions can be described kinematically in terms of
surge, sway, and heave, which are translations along the x-, y-, and z-axes, and rotations
about the same set of axes are roll, pitch, and yaw (Figure 1.1). For a oating body with
lateral symmetry in shape and weight distribution, the six coupled equations of motion
can be reduced to two sets of equations, where the rst set consisting of surge, heave,
and pitch can be decoupled from the second set consisting of sway, roll, and yaw. We
investigate the second set since the roll motion is important with respect to the stability
of the oating body.
Important investigations to understand the hydrodynamic behavior and motion re-
sponse of a oating body were rst started by W. Froude with an initial study of rolling.
Subsequently, several investigations were carried out with the development of strip
theory in ship hydrodynamics, in conjunction with the study of ship vibration. In most
of the studies, ship motions were considered in a calm water environment until the
landmark research work of Weinblum and St. Denis [10], which takes into account
2182 S. N. DAS AND S. K. DAS
Wave
Roll(
4
)
X Surge(
1
)
Z Heave(
3
)
Yaw(
6
)
Y Sway(
2
)
Pitch(
5
)
O

O
G
z
c
Figure 1.1. Sign convention for translatory and angular displacements of a
oating body with the direction of wave propagation.
sea environment. Cummins [1] formulated linearized equations of motion of a oating
body in transient seaway. Tasai [6] introduced a strip theory to calculate sway-roll-yaw
motions for a ship in oblique waves with zero forward speed. Vugts [9] reported exper-
imental observations on sway and roll amplitudes for various cylinder shapes in beam
waves. Salvesen et al. [4] presented a new strip theory for predicting heave, pitch, sway,
roll, and yaw motions as well as wave-induced vertical and horizontal shear forces,
bending moments, and torsional moments for a ship in arbitrary heading waves with
constant forward speed. The motion of a oating horizontal cylinder in a uniform in-
viscid uid at irregular wave frequencies was studied by Ursell [8], considering it as a
classical potential ow problem. Mulk and Falzarano [3] studied nonlinear ship rolling
motion in six degrees of freedom by using numerical path-following techniques and
numerical integration. Faltinsen et al. [2] studied nonlinear wave loads on a vertical
cylinder. The eect of nonlinear damping and restoring in ship rolling and ship sta-
bility in dynamic environments can be found in the recent works of Taylan [7] and
Surendran and Reddy [5].
The present study attempts to develop a mathematical approach to determine sway,
roll, and yaw motions and considers the general formulation given by Salvesen et al.
[4] to describe harmonic response of a oating body. This approach is useful for three
main purposes: (i) to get insight into the eect of various parameters and its relative
importance while wave forces act in concurrence, (ii) to validate complex numerical
models by providing useful benchmarking, and (iii) to provide accurate mathematical
tools to supplement detailed model testing.
2. Problemformulation. Let (x, y, z) be a right-handed coordinate systemxed with
respect to the mean position of the body and z-axis considered vertically upward. The
DETERMINATION OF COUPLED SWAY, ROLL, AND YAW MOTIONS . . . 2183
origin O lies in the undisturbed free surface. Let the translatory displacements in x, y,
and z directions with respect to the origin be
1
,
2
, and
3
indicating surge, sway, and
heave, respectively. In rotational motion, the angular displacements about the same set
of axes are
4
,
5
, and
6
indicating roll, pitch, and yaw, respectively. The denition of
six motions of any oating body with sign convention is shown in Figure 1.1.
In order to construct the governing equations of motion, the following assumptions
are made.
(i) The oating body is slender and rigid with symmetric distribution of mass.
(ii) Motion amplitude is small so that equations can be linearized.
(iii) Except in roll motion, the eect of viscosity is neglected.
(iv) Incident waves are unidirectional and of single periodicity.
(v) Due to lateral symmetry, longitudinal and transverse motions are decoupled.
Under the above assumptions, six linearly coupled dierential equations of motions
can be written as (see [4])
6
_
k=1
__
M
jk
+A
jk
_

k
+B
jk

k
+C
jk

k
_
=F
j
, j =1, 2, . . . , 6, (2.1)
where M
jk
are the components of the generalized mass matrix of the ship, A
jk
and
B
jk
are the frequency-dependent added-mass and damping coecients, respectively,
C
jk
are the hydrostatic restoring coecients, and F
j
are the external exciting forces or
moments. The generalized form of mass matrix coecient is given by
M
jk
=
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
M 0 0 0 Mz
c
0
0 M 0 Mz
c
0 0
0 0 M 0 0 0
0 Mz
c
0 I
4
0 I
46
Mz
c
0 0 0 I
5
0
0 0 0 I
46
0 I
6
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
, (2.2)
where M is the mass of the oating body, I
j
is the moment of inertia in the jth mode of
motion, and I
jk
is the product of inertia for the kth mode of motion coupled with the
jth mode. The coordinate of the center of gravity G is (O

, 0, z
c
), where O

and z
c
are
the x-coordinate and the z-coordinate of the center of gravity, respectively (Figure 1.1).
The added-mass and damping coecient matrices are expressed as
A
jk
=
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
A
11
0 A
13
0 A
15
0
0 A
22
0 A
24
0 A
26
A
31
0 A
33
0 A
35
0
0 A
42
0 A
44
0 A
46
A
51
0 A
53
0 A
55
0
0 A
62
0 A
64
0 A
66
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
, B
jk
=
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
B
11
0 B
13
0 B
15
0
0 B
22
0 B
24
0 B
26
B
31
0 B
33
0 B
35
0
0 B
42
0 B
44
0 B
46
B
51
0 B
53
0 B
55
0
0 B
62
0 B
64
0 B
66
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
.
(2.3)
2184 S. N. DAS AND S. K. DAS
3. Sway, roll, and yaw motions. Following the assumptions, sway, roll, and yaw
motions are described as
__
M
ij
_
+
_
A
ij
___

i
_
+
_
B
ij
__

i
_
+
_
C
ij
__

i
_
=
_
F
j
_
, (3.1)
where
_
M
ij
_
=
_
_
_
_
M Mz
c
0
Mz
c
I
4
I
46
0 I
46
I
6
_
_
_
_
,
_
A
ij
_
=
_
_
_
_
A
22
A
24
A
26
A
42
A
44
A
46
A
62
A
64
A
66
_
_
_
_
,
_
B
ij
_
=
_
_
_
_
B
22
B
24
B
26
B
42
B
44
B
46
B
62
B
64
B
66
_
_
_
_
,
_
C
ij
_
=
_
_
_
_
0 0 0
0 C
44
0
0 0 0
_
_
_
_
,
_

i
_
=
_
_
_
_

2

4

6
_
_
_
_
,
_

i
_
=
_
_
_
_

2

4

6
_
_
_
_
,
_

i
_
=
_
_
_
_

6
_
_
_
_
,
_
F
j
_
=
_
_
_
_
F
2
F
4
F
6
_
_
_
_
,
(3.2)

i
and
i
being the velocity and acceleration in the ith mode of motion, respectively.
Substituting (3.2) in (3.1), the governing equations are obtained as
_
A
22
+M
_

2
+B
22

2
+
_
A
24
Mz
c
_

4
+B
24

4
+A
26

6
+B
26

6
+=F
2
, (3.3)
_
A
42
Mz
c
_

2
+B
42

2
+
_
A
44
+I
4
_

4
+B
44

4
+C
44

4
+
_
A
46
I
46
_

6
+B
46

6
=F
4
, (3.4)
A
62

2
+B
62

2
+
_
A
64
I
46
_

4
+B
64

4
+
_
A
66
+I
6
_

6
+B
66

6
=F
6
. (3.5)
Considering the forward speed equal to zero, the expressions for added-mass and
damping coecients are given in the appendix. The moment of inertia (I
j
) and the
product of inertia (I
jk
) can be determined for any particular oating body. The restor-
ing coecient C
44
which appears in the roll equation (3.4) can be expressed as
C
44
=g

G

M, (3.6)
where is the displaced volume of the body in calm water,

G

M is the metacentric
height, is the mass density of water, and g is the gravitational acceleration. The wave
exciting forces and moments are
F
i
=

F
i
sin(t +), i =2, 4, 6, (3.7)
where

F
2
,

F
4
, and

F
6
are the amplitudes of the sway exciting force, roll exciting moment,
and yaw exciting moment, respectively, and is the phase angle. represents the
encountering frequency. Since there is no forward speed of the body, the amplitudes of
sway exciting force, roll exciting moments, and yaw exciting moments can be obtained
DETERMINATION OF COUPLED SWAY, ROLL, AND YAW MOTIONS . . . 2185
as (see [4])

F
2
=
_
_
f
2
+h
2
_
d,

F
4
=
_
_
f
4
+h
4
_
d,

F
6
=
_

_
f
2
+h
2
_
d,
(3.8)
where is the amplitude of the incident wave, f
i
and h
i
represent the sectional Froude-
Krilo force and sectional diraction force, respectively, and is a variable of integra-
tion in x direction. The integration has been taken over the length of the body.
4. Method of solution. The coupled sway, roll, and yaw motions can be rewritten in
the following form after normalizing by the respective coecient of the acceleration
term:

2
+a
2

2
+b
1

4
+b
2

4
+c
1

6
+c
2

6
=K
2
sint,
a
4

2
+a
5

2
+
4
+b
5

4
+b
6

4
+c
4

6
+c
5

6
=K
4
sint,
a
7

2
+a
8

2
+b
7

4
+b
8

4
+
6
+c
8

6
=K
6
sint.
(4.1)
For a given frequency, the added-mass and damping coecients are considered con-
stant for small amplitude motion. In the absence of a phase angle, we set = 0. The
Laplace transform of (4.1) gives
l
i
f
2
(s)+m
i
f
4
(s)+n
i
f
6
(s) =r
j
(i =1, . . . ,3, j =1, . . . ,4), (4.2)
where
f
i
(s) =
_

0
e
st

i
(t)dt. (4.3)
The expressions for l
i
, m
i
, n
i
, and r
j
are given in the appendix. Equation (4.2) contains
three unknowns, namely, f
2
(s), f
4
(s), and f
6
(s), which can be solved in the frequency
domain by using Cramers rule:
f
2
(s) =
D
1
D
, f
4
(s) =
D
2
D
, f
6
(s) =
D
3
D
, (4.4)
where
D
1
=

r
1
m
1
n
1
r
2
m
2
n
2
r
3
m
3
n
3

, D
2
=

l
1
r
1
n
1
l
2
r
2
n
2
l
3
r
3
n
3

,
D
3
=

l
1
m
1
r
1
l
2
m
2
n
2
l
3
m
3
n
3

, D =

l
1
m
1
n
1
l
2
m
2
n
2
l
3
m
3
n
3

.
(4.5)
To evaluate (4.4), the denominator term D should be nonsingular, that is, D 0. Now
expanding determinant D, we obtain
D =l
1
_
m
2
n
3
n
2
m
3
_
+l
2
_
m
3
n
1
n
3
m
1
_
+l
3
_
m
1
n
2
n
1
m
2
_
. (4.6)
2186 S. N. DAS AND S. K. DAS
Substituting the expressions for l
i
, m
i
, and n
i
in (4.6), one can write
D =g
4
s
2
_
s
4
+r
3
s
3
+r
2
s
2
+r
1
s +r
0
_
=g
4
s
2
Q, (4.7)
where Q is the quartic with respect to the frequency-dependent variable s. Expressing
Q as the product of two quadratic factors, we further write
Q=
_
s
2
+2
1

1
s +
2
1
__
s
2
+2
2

2
s +
2
2
_
. (4.8)
Similarly, determinant D
1
in (4.5) can be expressed as (see the appendix)
D
1
=r
1
_
m
2
n
3
n
2
m
3
_
+r
2
_
m
3
n
1
n
3
m
1
_
+r
3
_
m
1
n
2
n
1
m
2
_
=
s

6
i=0
D
1
i
s
i
_
s
2
+
2
_
, (4.9)
where D
1
i
= f{a
i
, b
i
, c
i
, , K
i
,
2i
(0),
2i
(0)}. Substituting (4.7), (4.8), and (4.9) in (4.4),
we obtain
f
2
(s) =
s

6
i=0
D
1
i
s
i
g
4
s
2
_
s
2
+
2
__
s
2
+2
1

1
s +
2
1
__
s
2
+2
2

2
s +
2
2
_. (4.10)
The partial fraction (4.10) gives
f
2
(s) =
1
g
4
_

1
s
+

2
s +
3
s
2
+
2
+

4
s +
5
s
2
+2
1

1
s +
2
1
+

6
s +
7
s
2
+2
2

2
s +
2
2
_
, (4.11)
where
i
=f{D
1
i
, ,
i
,
i
}. Similarly, the expressions for f
4
(s) and f
6
(s) are
f
4
(s) =
1
g
4
_

1
s +

2
s
2
+
2
+

3
s +

4
s
2
+2
1

1
s +
2
1
+

5
s +

6
s
2
+2
2

2
s +
2
2
_
,
f
6
(s) =
1
g
4
_

1
s
+

2
s +

3
s
2
+
2
+

4
s +

5
s
2
+2
1

1
s +
2
1
+

6
s +

7
s
2
+2
2

2
s +
2
2
_
,
(4.12)
where
i
,

i
, and

i
are unknown coecients required to be determined. Equating
the like powers of s, a set of linear algebraic equations involving the above unknown
coecients are obtained which are then solved by using the Gauss elimination method.
5. Numerical experiment. To get an insight into the eect of various parameters
on sway, roll, and yaw motions, a ship of length = 150m, beam = 20.06m, draught =
9.88m, and mass =19190tons was assumed, for which the beam-draft ratio becomes
nearly equal to two. The location of center of gravity G is considered at the point O

,
which is 1maway fromthe origin O. The monochromatic sinusoidal waves act perpen-
dicular to the longitudinal axis of the ship with three dierent frequencies of 0.56rad/s,
0.74rad/s, and 1.24rad/s, corresponding to the wave height of 1.0m. The coecients
related to sectional added mass, sectional damping, and sectional wave exciting force
were used from the experimental results of Vugts [9] and Franks close-t curve (Table
5.1), for a cylinder with rectangular cross-section with identical beam-draft ratio.
A computer program, SIPCOEF, was developed to generate the relevant coecients
corresponding to the set of linear equations for each mode of motion. In order to obtain
DETERMINATION OF COUPLED SWAY, ROLL, AND YAW MOTIONS . . . 2187
Table 5.1. Computed sectional coecients of the oating body.
Wave
Frequency (Rad/s) 0.56 0.74 1.24
Period (s) 11.2 8.5 5.1
Sectional
coecients
Sway added mass 1.6 0.65 0.05
Roll added mass 0.07 0.055 0.035
Sway-roll added mass 0.25 0.13 0.02
Sway damping 0.6 1.0 0.7
Roll damping 0.01 0.02 0.012
Sway-roll damping 0.07 0.16 0.1
Sway exciting force 2.25 1.5 0.34
Roll exciting moment 1.9 1.2 0.28
Principal dimensions of the
oating body
Sec. coe. for added mass,
damping, and wave exciting
force
Initial conditions
Wave parameters
SIPCOEF
Calculation of the coe. a
ij
of the system of
equations

j
a
ij

j
= d
i
in transformed domain
Calculation of damping factor (
i
) and undamped
system frequency (
i
)
GAUSEU
Solves the system of equations to get
j
,

j
,

j
.
CALMOT
Calculation of sway, roll, and yaw motions
Time history
Sway Roll Yaw
Figure 5.1. Schematic diagram of the mathematical model development.
unknown coecients in the transformed domain, the Gauss elimination method was
used. A computer program, GAUSEU, was used to solve the system of equations.
Finally, the time evolution of sway, roll, and yawmotions for a particular wave frequency
was obtained fromthe programCALMOT. The schematic diagramof the mathematical
model development is shown in Figure 5.1.
6. Systemstability and quartic analysis. In order to obtain the inverse of the Laplace
transform, determinant D which appears as the denominator is set equal to zero. This
leads to the condition that either Q or g
4
s
2
is equal to zero. For Q = 0, the roots of
the characteristic equation are obtained in the frequency domain. The variables
i
and

i
(i = 1, 2) which appear in the biquadratics are known as damping factors and un-
damped natural frequencies of the damped system, respectively. As the factor g
4
s
2
is
2188 S. N. DAS AND S. K. DAS
Table 6.1. Computed damping coecients.
Wave frequency
(rad/s)
Damping coecients

1

2
0.56 1.13 0.053
0.74 1.29 0.04
1.24 2.3 0.077
set equal to zero in D, the corresponding
3
also becomes zero. This manifests pure
oscillation, without damping or building up. As the numerical values for
i
are of prime
importance, their role on system stability is summarized as follows:
(i)
i
1 implies that the motion will be a nonoscillatory divergence;
(ii) 1 <
i
<0 implies that the motion will be a divergent oscillation;
(iii) 0 <
i
<1 implies that the motion will be oscillatory and will die out;
(iv)
i
1 implies that the motion will die out without oscillation;
(v)
i
=0 implies that the motion will be oscillatory.
Once the quadratic factors are obtained, the corresponding oscillatory/nonoscillatory
features are determined depending upon the values of
i
. The frequency-wise variation
of damping coecients,
1
and
2
, is given in Table 6.1.
If
id
are damped natural frequencies, their relations with undamped natural fre-
quencies can be expressed as
1d
=
1
_

2
1
1 and
2d
=
2
_
1
2
2
, depending upon
the values of
i
. Using the above analysis and employing the inverse of the Laplace
transform in (4.11) and (4.12), sway-roll-yaw motions are obtained as

2
(t) =
_
1
g
4
_
_
_
_
1
+
2
cost +
_

_
sint +
4
e

1
t
cosh
_

1
_

2
1
1
_
t
+
_

1
_
e

1
t
sinh
_

1
_

2
1
1
_
t

1
_

2
1
1
+
6
e

1
t
cos
_

2
_
1
2
2
_
t
+
_

2
_
e

2
t
sin
_

2
_
1
2
2
_
t

2
_
1
2
2
_
_
_,
(6.1)

4
(t) =
_
1
g
4
_
_
_
_

1
cost +
_

_
sint
+

3
e

1
t
cosh
_

1
_

2
1
1
_
t
+
_

1
_
e

1
t
sinh
_

1
_

2
1
1
_
t

1
_

2
1
1
DETERMINATION OF COUPLED SWAY, ROLL, AND YAW MOTIONS . . . 2189
+

5
e

2
t
cos
_

2
_
1
2
2
_
t
+
_

2
_
e

2
t
sin
_

2
_
1
2
2
_
t

2
_
1
2
2
_
_
_,
(6.2)

6
(t) =
_
1
g
4
_
_
_
_
_

1
+

2
cost+
_

_
sint +

4
e

1
t
cosh
_

1
_

2
1
1
_
t
+
_

1
_
e

1
t
sinh
_

1
_

2
1
1
_
t

1
_

2
1
1
+

6
e

1
t
cos
_

2
_
1
2
2
_
t
+
_

2
_
e

2
t
sin
_

2
_
1
2
2
_
t

2
_
1
2
2
_
_
_.
(6.3)
7. Results and discussion. To illustrate the oating body motions, the exact
solutions obtained in (6.1), (6.2), and (6.3) are evaluated numerically. The unknown
coecients which appear in the above expressions are determined by using the Gauss
elimination method prior to applying the Laplace inverse. The detailed description of
the entire procedure is given in Figure 5.1. A close inspection of the analytical solution
reveals that the expressions (6.1) and (6.3) are similar in nature. This is due to the ab-
sence of restoring forces in sway and yaw equations of motion. However, the governing
equation for roll contains hydrostatic restoring force inherently and, as a consequence,
roll motion manifests harmonic behavior. In the absence of wave force, sway and yaw
motions do not preserve harmonic property. Under the action of sinusoidal waves, the
solution obtained for the three modes of motion are grouped into three parts; (i) con-
stant term, indicating shift (ii) oscillatory term, indicating harmonic behavior, and (iii)
decay term. In roll motion, the constant term representing shift is absent.
The time history of forcing function (wave force) and sway motions for frequencies
0.56rad/s, 0.74rad/s, and 1.24rad/s are shown in Figures 7.1a and 7.1b. The wave peri-
ods corresponding to the three frequencies are obtained as 11.2, 8.5, and 5.1 seconds. It
can be observed that the sway displacement is maximumfor wave frequency 0.56rad/s
and it decreases as wave frequency increases. The maximum sway displacement corre-
sponding to these frequencies are found to be 65m, 9m, and 1.75m, respectively. For
all three frequencies, sway motions become harmonic with the elapse of time t >100.
In (6.1), the terms having a factor e

i
t
indicate sway damping, which eventually dies
out as t . The time required for attainment of dynamic equilibrium corresponding
to these frequencies is found to be 100, 50, and 35 seconds, respectively.
Figures 7.2a and 7.2b show the forcing function and the time history of roll displace-
ments (in degree) measured in the anticlockwise direction with respect to the x-axis. As
the oating body is initially at rest, the eect of damping on oscillation is noticed for
t <50 seconds. As t , the eect of damping ceases and, consequently, the rst and
2190 S. N. DAS AND S. K. DAS
100
50
0
50
100
10
3
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time (s)
S
w
a
y
f
o
r
c
e
(
N
)
(a)
80
60
40
20
0
20
40
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time (s)
S
w
a
y
m
o
t
i
o
n
(
m
)
(b)
60
40
20
0
20
40
60
10
3
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time (s)
S
w
a
y
f
o
r
c
e
(
N
)
(c)
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time (s)
S
w
a
y
m
o
t
i
o
n
(
m
)
(d)
15
10
5
0
5
10
15
10
3
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time (s)
S
w
a
y
f
o
r
c
e
(
N
)
(e)
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.5
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time (s)
S
w
a
y
m
o
t
i
o
n
(
m
)
(f)
Figure 7.1. (a, c, and e) Time history of forcing function and (b, d, and f) sway
motion for wave frequencies (a, b) 0.56rad/s, (c, d) 0.74rad/s, and (e, f)
1.24rad/s.
DETERMINATION OF COUPLED SWAY, ROLL, AND YAW MOTIONS . . . 2191
100
50
0
50
100
10
3
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time (s)
R
o
l
l
m
o
m
e
n
t
(
N
m
)
(a)
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time (s)
R
o
l
l
m
o
t
i
o
n
(
d
e
g
)
(b)
80
60
40
20
0
20
40
60
80
10
3
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time (s)
R
o
l
l
m
o
m
e
n
t
(
N
m
)
(c)
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time (s)
R
o
l
l
m
o
t
i
o
n
(
d
e
g
)
(d)
60
40
20
0
20
40
60
10
3
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time (s)
R
o
l
l
m
o
m
e
n
t
(
N
m
)
(e)
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time (s)
R
o
l
l
m
o
t
i
o
n
(
d
e
g
)
(f)
Figure 7.2. (a, c, and e) Time history of forcing function and (b, d, f) roll
motion for wave frequencies (a, b) 0.56rad/s, (c, d) 0.74rad/s, and (e, f)
1.24rad/s.
2192 S. N. DAS AND S. K. DAS
0.5
0
0.5
1
0 50 100 150 200
Time (s)
Y
a
w
(
d
e
g
)
(a)
0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0 50 100 150 200
Time (s)
Y
a
w
(
d
e
g
)
(b)
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0 50 100 150 200
Time (s)
Y
a
w
(
d
e
g
)
(c)
Figure 7.3. Time history of yaw motion for wave frequencies: (a) 0.56rad/s,
(b) 0.74rad/s, and (c) 1.24rad/s.
second terms of (6.2) only contribute. Subsequently, roll motions for all three frequen-
cies show harmonic behavior for t >50 seconds. The maximum roll displacements for
wave frequencies 0.56rad/s, 0.74rad/s, and 1.24rad/s are 0.5

, 1.6

, and 0.05

,
respectively.
The yaw motions (in degree) measured in the anticlockwise direction with respect
to the z-axis show the angular displacements for all three frequencies (Figure 7.3). The
predominant yaw angles are found to be negative, and their frequency-wise maximum
values are obtained as 0.75

, 0.15

, and 0.016

, respectively, while subjected to

the same wave forces. This is due to the fact that the location of the center of gravity of
the oating body is 1m away from the origin of the x-axis, which creates uneven yaw
moments. The amplitude of yaw angles decreases with the increase of wave frequency.
DETERMINATION OF COUPLED SWAY, ROLL, AND YAW MOTIONS . . . 2193
Appendix. Expressions for added-mass coecients and damping coecients (with
zero forward speed) (derived from Salvesen et al. [4]) which appeared in (2.3) are as
follows:
A
22
=
_
a
22
d, A
24
=A
42
=
_
a
24
d, A
26
=
_
a
22
d, A
44
=
_
a
44
d,
A
46
=
_
a
24
d, A
62
=A
26
, A
64
=A
46
, A
66
=
_

2
a
22
d,
B
22
=
_
b
22
d, B
24
=
_
b
24
d =B
42
, B
26
=
_
b
22
d, B
44
=
_
b
44
d,
B
46
=
_
b
24
d, B
62
=B
26
, B
64
=B
46
, B
66
=
_

2
b
22
d,
(A.1)
where a
jk
denote two-dimensional sectional added-mass coecients and b
jk
denote
two-dimensional sectional damping coecients. Steps involved in the expansion of
determinant D, which appeared in (4.4), are as in (4.6), where
l
1
=s
2
+a
2
s, m
1
=b
1
s
2
+b
2
s, n
1
=c
1
s
2
+c
2
s,
l
2
=a
4
s
2
+a
5
s, m
2
=s
2
+b
5
s +b
6
, n
2
=c
4
s
2
+c
5
s,
l
3
=a
7
s
2
+a
8
s, m
3
=b
7
s
2
+b
8
s, n
3
=s
2
+c
8
s.
(A.2)
Substitution of l
i
, m
i
, and n
i
(i =1, 2, 3) in D leads to
D =s
2
_
g
4
s
4
+g
3
s
3
+g
2
s
2
+g
1
s +g
0
_
, (A.3)
where
g
4
=
_
1b
7
c
4
_
+a
4
_
b
7
c
1
b
1
_
+a
7
_
b
1
c
4
c
1
_
,
g
3
=
_
b
5
+c
8
b
8
c
4
b
7
c
5
+a
2
a
2
b
7
c
4
_
+a
4
_
b
7
c
2
+b
8
c
1
b
2
b
1
c
8
_
+a
5
_
b
7
c
1
b
1
_
+a
7
_
b
1
c
5
+b
2
c
4
_
a
7
_
b
5
c
1
+c
2
_
+a
8
_
b
1
c
4
c
1
_
,
g
2
=
_
b
6
+b
5
c
8
b
8
c
5
+a
2
b
5
+a
2
c
8
a
2
b
8
c
4
a
2
b
7
c
5
_
+a
4
_
b
8
c
2
b
2
c
8
_
+c
5
_
b
7
c
2
+b
8
c
1
b
2
b
1
c
8
_
+a
7
b
2
c
5
a
7
_
b
6
c
1
+b
5
c
2
_
+a
8
_
b
1
c
5
+b
2
c
4
_
a
8
_
b
5
c
1
+c
2
_
,
g
1
=
_
b
6
c
8
+a
2
b
6
+a
2
b
5
c
8
a
2
b
8
c
5
_
+a
5
_
b
8
c
2
b
2
c
8
_
+a
8
b
2
c
5
a
8
_
b
6
c
1
+b
5
c
2
_
a
7
b
6
c
2
,
g
0
=a
2
b
6
c
8
a
8
b
6
c
2
,
D =s
2
g
4
_
s
4
+r
3
s
3
+r
2
s
2
+r
1
s +r
0
_
,
(A.4)
where
r
3
=
g
3
g
4
, r
2
=
g
2
g
4
, r
1
=
g
1
g
4
, r
0
=
g
0
g
4
,
D =s
2
g
4
_
s
2
+u
1
s +u
0
__
s
2
+
1
s +
0
_
=s
2
g
4
_
s
2
+2
1

1
s +
2
1
__
s
2
+2
2

2
s +
2
2
_
,
(A.5)
2194 S. N. DAS AND S. K. DAS
where

1
=

u
0
,
1
=
u
1
2

u
0
,
2
=

0
,
2
=

1
2

0
. (A.6)
A quartic can be considered as the product of two quadratic factors. Therefore, we
write
s
4
+r
3
s
3
+r
2
s
2
+r
1
s
1
+r
0
=
_
s
2
+u
1
s +u
0
__
s
2
+
1
s +
0
_
, (A.7)
then
u
1
+
1
=r
3
, (A.8)
u
0
+
0
+u
1

1
=r
2
, (A.9)
u
1

0
+u
0

1
=r
1
, (A.10)
u
0

0
=r
0
. (A.11)
If (A.8) and (A.10) are solved simultaneously in order to obtain u
1
in terms of u
0
and

0
, (A.8), (A.9), (A.10), and (A.11) can be replaced with (A.12), (A.13), (A.14), and (A.15)
as follows:
u
0

0
=r
0
, (A.12)
u
1
=
r
1
u
0
r
3

0
u
0
, (A.13)

1
=r
3
u
1
, (A.14)
[2pt]u
0
+
0
+u
1

1
=r
2
. (A.15)
Now a trial-and-error solution is applied. Assuming
0
, we calculate u
0
from (A.12), u
1
from (A.13),
1
from (A.14), and check whether (A.15) is satised. In this process, it is
possible that u
0
could be equal to
0
so that u
1
need not be calculated from (A.13).
Hence, a new set of equations may be used:
u
0
=
0
,
r
1
r
3
=u
0
,
r
2
3
+8u
0
4r
2
,
u
1
=r
3
+
_
r
2
3
4
_
r
2
2r
1
/r
3
_
2
,

1
=r
3
u
1
.
(A.16)
Steps involved in the expansion of D
1
are as follows:
D
1
=r
1
_
m
2
n
3
n
2
m
3
_
+r
2
_
m
3
n
1
n
3
m
1
_
+r
3
_
m
1
n
2
n
1
m
2
_
, (A.17)
DETERMINATION OF COUPLED SWAY, ROLL, AND YAW MOTIONS . . . 2195
where
r
1
=p
1
+q
1
,
p
1
= p
1
1
s + p
1
0
,
p
1
1
=
_

2
(0)+b
1

4
(0)+c
1

6
(0)
_
,
p
1
0
=
_
a
2

2
(0)+b
2

4
(0)+c
2

6
(0)+
2
(0)+b
1

4
(0)+c
1

6
(0)
_
,
q
1
=
K
2

s
2
+
2
,
r
1
=p
1
+q
1
=

3
i=0
r
1
i
s
i
s
2
+
2
,
r
1
3
= p
1
1
, r
1
2
= p
1
0
, r
1
1
= p
1
1

2
, r
1
0
= p
1
0

2
+K
2
,
r
2
=p
2
+q
2
,
p
2
= p
2
1
s + p
2
0
, p
2
1
=
_
a
4

2
(0)+
4
(0)+c
4

6
(0)
_
,
p
2
0
=
_
a
5

2
(0)+b
5

4
(0)+c
5

6
(0)+a
4

2
(0)+
4
(0)+c
4

6
(0)
_
,
q
2
=
K
4

s
2
+
2
,
r
2
=p
2
+q
2
=

3
i=0
r
2
i
s
i
s
2
+
2
,
r
2
3
= p
2
1
, r
2
2
= p
2
0
, r
2
1
= p
2
1

2
, r
2
0
= p
2
0

2
1
+K
4
,
r
3
=p
3
+q
3
,
p
3
= p
3
1
s + p
3
0
, p
3
1
=
_
a
7

2
(0)+b
7

4
(0)+
6
(0)
_
,
p
3
0
=
_
a
8

2
(0)+b
8

4
(0)+c
8

6
(0)+a
7

2
(0)+b
7

4
(0)+
6
(0)
_
,
q
3
=
K
6

s
2
+
2
,
r
3
=p
3
+q
3
=

3
i=0
r
3
i
s
i
s
2
+
2
,
r
3
3
= p
3
1
, r
3
2
= p
3
0
, r
3
1
= p
3
1

2
, r
3
0
= p
3
0

2
+K
6
,
m
2
n
3
n
2
m
3
=s
_
3
_
i=0
d
1
i
s
i
_
,
d
1
3
=1b
7
c
4
, d
1
2
=b
5
+c
8

_
b
8
c
4
+b
7
c
5
_
, d
1
1
=b
6
+b
5
c
8
b
8
c
5
, d
1
0
=b
6
c
8
,
m
3
n
1
n
3
m
1
=s
2
_
2
_
i=0
d
2
i
s
i
_
,
d
2
2
=b
7
c
1
b
1
, d
2
1
=b
7
c
2
+b
8
c
1

_
b
2
+b
1
c
8
_
, d
2
0
=b
8
c
2
b
2
c
8
,
m
1
n
2
n
1
m
2
=s
_
3
_
i=0
d
3
i
s
i
_
,
2196 S. N. DAS AND S. K. DAS
d
3
3
=b
1
c
4
c
1
, d
3
2
=b
1
c
5
+b
2
c
4
c
1
b
5
c
2
, d
3
1
=b
2
c
5
b
6
c
1
b
5
c
2
, d
3
0
=b
6
c
2
,
D
1
=
1
_
s
2
+
2
_
__
3
_
i=0
r
1
i
s
i
_
s
_
3
_
i=0
d
1
i
s
i
_
+
_
3
_
i=0
r
2
i
s
i
_
s
2
_
2
_
i=0
d
2
i
s
i
_
+
_
3
_
i=0
r
3
i
s
i
_
s
_
3
_
i=0
d
3
i
s
i
__
,
D
1
=
s
_
s
2
+
2
_
__
6
_
i=0

1
i
s
i
_
+s
_
5
_
i=0

2
i
s
i
_
+
_
6
_
i=0

3
i
s
i
__
,
D
1
=
s

6
i=0
D
1
i
s
i
_
s
2
+
2
_
.
(A.18)
Steps involved in the computation of f
2
(s) are as follows:
f
2
(s) =
D
1
D
=
1
g
4
_
s

6
i=0
D
1
i
s
i
_
s
2
+
2
_
s
2
_
s
2
+u
1
s +u
0
__
s
2
+
1
s +
0
_
_
=
1
g
4
_

1
s
+

2
s +
3
s
2
+
2
+

4
s +
5
s
2
+u
1
s +u
0
+

6
s +
7
s
2
+
1
s +
0
_
,
(A.19)
where
i
s are computed with the help of the Gauss elimination method from the set
of seven equations as follows:
7
_
j=1
a
ij

j
=d
i
, i =1, 2, . . . ,7, (A.20)
where
a
11
=
2
r
0
, a
12
=0, a
13
=0, a
14
=0, a
15
=0, a
16
=0, a
17
=0,
a
21
=
2
r
1
, a
22
=0, a
23
=r
0
, a
24
=0,
a
25
=
2

0
, a
26
=0, a
27
=
2
u
0
,
a
31
=r
0
+
2
r
2
, a
32
=r
0
, a
33
=r
1
,
a
34
=
2

0
, a
35
=
2

1
, a
37
=
2
u
1
,
a
41
=r
1
+
2
r
3
, a
42
=r
1
, a
43
=r
2
, a
44
=
2

1
,
a
45
=
0
+
2
, a
46
=
2
u
1
, a
47
=u
0
+
2
,
a
51
=r
1
, a
52
=r
2
+
2
, a
53
=r
3
, a
54
=
0
+
2
,
a
55
=
1
, a
56
=u
0
+
2
, a
57
=u
10
,
a
61
=r
3
, a
62
=r
3
, a
63
=1, a
64
=
1
, a
65
=1, a
66
=u
1
, a
67
=1,
a
71
=1, a
72
=1, a
73
=0, a
74
=1, a
75
=0, a
76
=1, a
77
=0,
d
1
=D
1
0
, d
2
=D
1
1
, d
3
=D
1
2
, d
4
=D
1
3
, d
5
=D
1
4
, d
6
=D
1
5
, d
7
=D
1
6
.
(A.21)
In a similar manner, computations were carried out for f
4
(s) and f
6
(s). These are being
omitted here for briefness.
DETERMINATION OF COUPLED SWAY, ROLL, AND YAW MOTIONS . . . 2197
Acknowledgement. The rst author is thankful to Mrs. V. M. Bendre, Director
of Central Water and Power Research Station, Pune, India, for giving permission to
communicate this paper.
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S. N. Das: Central Water and Power Research Station, Khadakwasla, Pune411 024, Maharashtra,
India
E-mail address: wapis@mah.nic.in
S. K. Das: Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10764, Taiwan
E-mail address: samird@cdacindia.com