Ask and Embla

Ask and Embla

In Norse mythology, Ask and Embla (from Old Norse Askr ok Embla)male and female respectivelywere the first two humans, created by the gods. The pair are attested in both the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson. In both sources, three gods, one of whom is Odin, find Ask and Embla and bestow upon them various corporeal and spiritual gifts. A number of theories have been proposed to explain the two figures, and there are occasional references to them in popular culture.

"Hnir, Lurr and Odin create Askr and Embla" (1895) by Lorenz Frlich.

Etymology
Old Norse askr literally means "ash tree" but the etymology of embla is uncertain, and two possibilities of the meaning of embla are generally proposed. The first meaning, "elm tree", is problematic, and is reached by deriving *Elm-la from *Almiln and subsequently to almr ("elm").[1] The second suggestion is "vine", which is reached through *Ambil, which may be related to the Greek term mpelos, itself meaning "vine, liana".[1] The latter etymology has resulted in a number of theories. According to Benjamin Thorpe "Grimm says the word embla, emla, signifies a busy woman, from amr, ambr, aml, ambl, assiduous labour; the same relation as Meshia and Meshiane, the ancient Persian names of the first man and woman, who were also formed from trees."[2]

Attestations

A depiction of Ask and Embla (1919) by Robert Engels.

In stanza 17 of the Poetic Edda poem Vlusp, the vlva reciting the poem states that Hnir, Lurr and Odin once found Ask and Embla on land. The vlva says that the two were capable of very little, lacking in rlg and says that they were given three gifts by the three gods:
Old Norse: nd au n tto, au n hfo, l n lti n lito ga. nd gaf inn, gaf Hnir, l gaf Lurr ok lito [3] ga. Benjamin Thorpe translation: Spirit they possessed not, sense they had not, blood nor motive powers, nor goodly colour. Spirit gave Odin, sense gave Hnir, blood gave Lodur, and goodly [4] colour. Henry Adams Bellows translation: Soul they had not, sense they had not, Heat nor motion, nor goodly hue; Soul gave Othin, sense gave Hnir, Heat gave Lothur and goodly [5] hue.

The meaning of these gifts has been a matter of scholarly disagreement and translations therefore vary.[6]

Ask and Embla According to chapter 9 of the Prose Edda book Gylfaginning, the three brothers Vili, V, and Odin, are the creators of the first man and woman. The brothers were once walking along a beach and found two trees there. They took the wood and from it created the first human beings; Ask and Embla. One of the three gave them the breath of life, the second gave them movement and intelligence, and the third gave them shape, speech, hearing and sight. Further, the three gods gave them clothing and names. Ask and Embla go on to become the progenitors of all humanity and were given a home within the walls of Midgard.[7]

Theories
A Proto-Indo-European basis has been theorized for the duo based on the etymology of embla meaning "vine." In Indo-European societies, an analogy is derived from the drilling of fire and sexual intercourse. Vines were used as a flammable wood, where they were placed beneath a drill made of harder wood, resulting in fire. Further evidence of ritual making of fire in Scandinavia has been theorized from a depiction on a stone plate on a Bronze Age grave in Kivik, Scania, Sweden.[1] A preceding stanza to the account of the creation of Ask and Embla in Vlusp provides a catalog of dwarfs, and stanza 10 has been considered as describing the creation of human forms from the earth. This may potentially mean that dwarfs formed humans, and that the three gods gave them life.[8] Carolyne Larrington theorizes that humans are metaphorically designated as trees in Old Norse works (examples include "trees of jewellery" for women and "trees of battle" for men) due to the origin of humankind stemming from trees; Ask and Embla.[9]

"Ask och Embla" (1948) by Stig Blomberg. In Slvesborg, Sweden. Photo by Henrik Sendelbach.

Two wooden figures of "more than human height" were unearthed from a peat bog at Braak in Schleswig, Germany. The figures depict a nude male and a nude female. Hilda Ellis Davidson comments that these figures may represent a "Lord and Lady" of the Vanir, a group of Norse gods, and that "another memory of [these wooden deities] may survive in the tradition of the creation of Ask and Embla, the man and woman who founded the human race, created by the gods from trees on the seashore".[10] A figure named sc (Old English "ash tree") appears as the son of Hengest in the Anglo-Saxon genealogy for the kings of Kent. This has resulted in an amount of theories that the figures may have had an earlier basis in pre-Norse Germanic mythology.[11] Connections have been proposed between Ask and Embla and the Vandal kings Assi and Ambri, attested in Paul the Deacon's 7th century AD work Origo Gentis Langobardorum. There, the two ask the god Godan (Odin) for victory. The name Ambri, like Embla, likely derives from *Ambil.[1] In his study of the comparative evidence for an origin of mankind from trees in Indo-European society, Anders Hultgrd observes that "myths of the origin of mankind from trees or wood seem to be particularly connected with ancient Europe and Indo-Europe and Indo-European-speaking peoples of Asia Minor and Iran. By contrast the cultures of the Near East show almost exclusively the type of anthropogonic stories that derive man's origin from clay, earth or blood by means of a divine creation act".[12]

Ask and Embla

Modern influence
Ask and Embla have been the subject of a number of references and artistic depictions. A sculpture depicting the two stands in the southern Swedish city of Slvesborg, created in 1948 by Stig Blomberg. Ask and Embla are depicted on two of the sixteen wooden panels found on the Oslo City Hall in Oslo, Norway by Dagfin Werenskiold.[] In 2003, Faroese artist Anker Eli Petersen included a depiction of the couple in his series of Faroe Islands stamps.

Notes
[1] Simek (2007:74). [2] Thorpe (1907:337). [3] Dronke (1997:11). [4] Thorpe (1866:5). [5] Bellows (1936:8). [6] Schach (1985:93). [7] Byock (2006:18). [8] Lindow (2001:6263). [9] Larrington (1999:279). [10] Davidson (1975:8889). [11] Orchard (1997:8). [12] Hultgrd (2006:62).

References
Bellows, Henry Adams (Trans.) (1936). The Poetic Edda. Princeton University Press. New York: The American-Scandinavian Foundation. Byock, Jesse (Trans.) (2006). The Prose Edda. Penguin Classics. ISBN 0-14-044755-5 Davidson, H. R. Ellis (1975). Scandinavian Mythology. Paul Hamlyn. ISBN 0-600-03637-5 Hultgrd, Anders (2006). "The Askr and Embla Myth in a Comparative Perspective". In Andrn, Anders; Jennbert, Kristina; Raudvere, Catharina (editors).Old Norse Religion in Long-term Perspectives. Nordic Academic Press. IBSN 91-89116-81-X Dronke, Ursula (Trans.) (1997). The Poetic Edda: Volume II: Mythological Poems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-811181-9 Larrington, Carolyne (Trans.) (1999). The Poetic Edda. Oxford World's Classics. ISBN 0-19-283946-2 Lindow, John (2001). Norse Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs (http://books.google. com/books?id=KlT7tv3eMSwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515382-0 Orchard, Andy (1997). Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend. Cassell. ISBN 0-304-34520-2 Schach, Paul (1985). "Some Thoughts on Vlusp" as collected in Glendinning, R. J. Bessason, Heraldur (Editors). Edda: a Collection of Essays. University of Manitoba Press. ISBN 0-88755-616-7 Simek, Rudolf (2007) translated by Angela Hall. Dictionary of Northern Mythology. D.S. Brewer. ISBN 0-85991-513-1 Thorpe, Benjamin (Trans.) (1907). The Elder Edda of Saemund Sigfusson. Norrna Society. Thorpe, Benjamin (Trans.) (1866). Edda Smundar Hinns Fra: The Edda of Smund the Learned (http:// books.google.com/books?id=WGUCAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Edda+Smundar#v=onepage& q=&f=false). Part I. London: Trbner & Co.

Article Sources and Contributors

Article Sources and Contributors

Ask and Embla Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=539112234 Contributors: ASK, Acroterion, Albert Krantz, Anders Torlind, AndrewHowse, Arne List, Arsenikk, AstroNomer, Berig, Bloodofox, Bluemoose, Brutaldeluxe, Byrial, Conversion script, Dangernude, Deanlaw, DwightKingsbury, EVula, Edward, FeatherPluma, Flambelle, GeeJo, Gerbrant, Glanthor Reviol, Glenn, Haukurth, Ipod20, John Price, Jsan, Karada, Keilana, KnightRider, Krun, Liftarn, Manxruler, Mayparade 13, Michael Devore, Moncrief, PleaseStand, Pufferfish101, R'n'B, Redtigerxyz, Rgamble, Sardanaphalus, Tabletop, Tadanisakari, Tail, Timc, Toby Bartels, Tsca, Tsemii, Varoon Arya, Wordwright, Yngvadottir, Zadcat, 31 , anonymous edits

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Image:Odin, Lodur, Hoenir skabe Ask og Embla by Frlich.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Odin,_Lodur,_Hoenir_skabe_Ask_og_Embla_by_Frlich.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Bloodofox Image:Ask and Embla by Robert Engels.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ask_and_Embla_by_Robert_Engels.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Robert Engels (1866-1920). Image:Slvesborg Ask och Embla2.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Slvesborg_Ask_och_Embla2.jpg License: unknown Contributors: User:Sendelbach

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