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2. How are Punnett squares used?

They’re used to predict and compare genetic variations that will result from a cross

4. Define the terms genotype and phenotype

A genotype is the genetic makeup of the organism, which may vary with each
individual even if they share the same phenotype. The phenotype is the physical
characteristics affected by the genotypes.

5. What is the probability that a seed from the cross will produce a tall
plant? Use a Punnett square to explain your answer and to compare the
probable genetic variations in F2 plants.

T t

Tt tt
Tt tt
t

t
Probability for tall: 50% Probability for short: 50%.

Heterozygous: 50% homozygous tall: 0% homozygous short: 50%

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3. What is the difference between incomplete dominance and

codominance?

In incomplete dominance the phenotype is somewhere in between the two

homozygous phenotypes: red+white=pink. In codominance, both phenotypes are
present: red+white=red and white

4. Why are fruit flies an ideal organism for genetic research?

Fruit flies are small, easy to keep in the laboratory, and can produce plenty of
offspring in a very short amount of time.

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2. What are gene maps, and how are they produced?

Gene map-map showing relative locations of each known gene on a particular

chromosome. To produce a gene map, find the rate at which linked genes were
separated and recombined.

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7. 3

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14. State how you would determine the genotype of a white ram

A white ram could either have homozygous genes of heterozygous genes. In order
to figure out which, the parents and their parents will be needed. If the ram’s
parents are a white ram and a black ram, then the ram is heterozygous. If the
parents are two white rams, then the genotype could be homozygous or
heterozygous. If this is the case then it would be necessary to find the parents’
genotypes in the same way.

15. In rabbits, B is an allele for black coat and b is an allele for brown coat.

• Write the genotype for a rabbit that is homozygous for black coat
BB
• Write the genotype for a rabbit that is heterozygous for black coat
Bb

16. 3

17. 4

18. State one reason it is important to study inheritance of human genetic

diseases

By studying the inheritance of human genetic diseases scientists can help prevent
genetic disorders in the future

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24. Genes that control hair or feather color in some animals are expressed
differently in the winter than in the summer. For example, snowshoe hares
are white in winter and brown in summer.

a. Explain how such a difference in the expression of the gene for fur color
might be beneficial to the snowshoe hare

A brown hare can blend very well with the trees surrounding it during summer, but
in the winter when everything is white, it stands out very much. If its fur turns white
then it’ll blend well into the background again.

b. Describe how the snowshoe hare’s fur color can change but the genes
the animal inherited from its parents do not change

The genes might tell the rabbit’s coat color to change, but genes themselves don’t
change. It’s merely the phenotype that’s changing.
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5. What is the role of DNA polymerase in DNA replication?

It joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule, and proofreads each new
DNA to make sure each molecule is a perfect copy of the original DNA.

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2. What happens during transcription?

RNA polymerase binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands. RNA polymerase
then uses one strand of DNA as a template from which nucleotides are assembled
into a strand of RNA

3. What happens during translation?

Cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins

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2. What is the significance of mutations to living things?

Mutation allows for genetic variation, and in some cases mutations can be very
beneficial to the organism and the whole species in general.

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1.
2. 4
3. 4
4. 2
5. 1
6. 4
7. 3
8. 3
9. 4
10.3
11.3
12.1

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13.Base pairing is an important part of the DNA replication process

a. State what is meant by the term base pairing
Specific bases can only bond with another specific base. For example,
guanine can only bind to cytosine, and adenine can only bond to thymine
 b. Explain how base pairing during DNA replication is important in
maintaining the genetic code
The right number of each base is maintained by base pairing; for every
thymine there needs to be an adenine and for every cytosine there has to
be a guanine.

15. List the codons of the mRNA molecule that would be transcribed from
this strand of DNA.

AUG-GGC-UUC-AAG-UAC

Methionine-Glycine-Phenylalanine-Lysine-Tyrosine

16. Using Figure 12-17 on page 303, list the sequence of amino acids that
this mRNA molecule specifies.

Methionine-Glycine-Phenylalanine-Lysine-Tyrosine

17. A template molecule is referred to in the first sentence. Explain what

template means.

A template is a DNA molecule that acts as a pattern for the synthesis of another
molecule of a nucleic acid

18. 3

19. 2

20. In this example, the codon GCA becomes GTA. What is this kind of
mutation, which affects only one nucleotide, called?

Point mutation

25. After removing the DNA strands from the mixture and allowing them to
dry overnight, the students placed them in a test tube cont

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1.
2. 2
3. 3
4. 1
5. 3
6. 3
7. 2
8. 3
9. 1
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12. Describe what a transgenic organism is, and identify three examples
of how transgenic bacteria have been used to benefit humans.

A transgenic organism is an organism that contains genes from other species.

Transgenic bacteria can have been made to create insulin that’s used to cure
diabetes. Mice have been modified to have a similar immune system as humans,
which allow them to be tested to see what kinds of drugs might cure diseases in
humans. Transgenic plants are immune to pesticide, so they can survive when the
weeds around them can’t.

15. 2

16. Compare the amount of genetic information in the nucleus of the

donor cell with the amount of genetic information in an intact egg cell.

All the important genetic information is in the nucleus, because the nucleus has all
the genetic information that allows the egg to divide. That’s also why the egg cell
does not grow up to look anything like the donor of the egg.

17. Explain why the nucleus of the egg must be removed before using the
cells.

There isn’t enough genetic information in the original egg. A nucleus from an adult
has all 64 chromosomes, but the nucleus of the egg is a gamete, and has only 32
chromosomes.

18. Identify the technique used to separate a mixture of DNA fragments

that vary in size.

Gel electrophoresis

21. Identify one technique presently being used to alter the genetic
makeup of an organism, and explain how humans can benefit from this
change. Your answer must include at least:

• Name of technique used to alter the genetic makeup

Genetic engineering
• Brief description of what is involved in this technique
DNA is extracted from a cell. The DNA is cut so it’s in a form that’s easier to
read. Once researchers know enough about the DNA sequence, it can be
changed by cutting a piece of DNA away and replacing it with a different DNA
from another organism that has different functions. Basically one organism
can obtain another organism’s genetics
• One specific example of how this technique has been used
 Bacteria have been genetically modified before to produce human insulin that
is used to treat diabetic patients.
• A statement of how humans have benefited from the production of
this new variety of organism
Diabetic patients can have synthetic insulin. People get drugs that were
tested on mice with similar human immune systems, and eat food that have
been genetically altered to be stronger/immune to pesticides.

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4. If a woman with type O blood and a man with type AB blood have
children, what are the children’s possible genotypes?

All their children would have either heterozygous B type blood or heterozygous A
type blood. It’s impossible for them to have O or AB blood type.

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1. Why are sex-linked disorders more common in males than in

females?
Males only have one X chromosome, so all x-linked disorders are expressed in
males, even if the allele is recessive

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1. What is the Human Genome Project?

It’s an ongoing effort to analyze the human DNA sequence
2. Describe how gene therapy works
An absent or faulty gene in a human is replaced by a normal, working gene.

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1. 2
2. 2
3. 3
4. 1
5. 2
6. 1
7. 4
8. 2
9. 1

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10.Using one specific example, explain why the human genome project
is considered important
 The human genome project has mapped a large amount of human genetics.
By doing so, someone with a genetic disorder can get gene therapy to help
remove the genetic disorder.

11.Explain why scientists must use only certain enzymes when

inserting or removing a defective gene from a cell.
Different enzymes cut DNA at different locations. If they don’t use a specific
enzyme then it will cut away the wrong DNA.

16. Explain how a family pedigree can be helpful in determining the

probability of having a child with a genetic disorder.

A pedigree has a record of a family’s genetic history of genetic disorders. If a family

has a history of having a genetic disorder, researchers can determine if both
parents carry the disease, and even if the precise percentile chance of an offspring
getting the disease

19. Two prospective parents learn that they each carry one allele for Tay-
Sachs disease.

• Explain why neither of them suffers from Tay-Sachs disease

Tay-Sachs must be recessive, so both parents are carrying the disease. Their
child might get it, but it’s only a 25% chance
• If they have children, what are the chances they will have a baby
with Tay-Sachs disease?
25%
• What are the chances that one of their healthy children will carry the
Tay-Sachs allele?
50%

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21. State how scientists actually delivered the missing gene to the eye
cells of dogs

A virus carried a gene that the blind dogs were missing. This gene is the cause of
their blindness. The gene of this virus is delivered into the DNA of the eye cells of
the dogs. They did this through surgery.

22. State how scientists demonstrated that gene therapy, and not some
other factor, improved the dogs’ ability to see

They only treated one eye of each dog, and only the eye that received the gene
therapy regained vision.
24. If the gene is successfully inserted and their vision is corrected, will
the new gene be passed along to the children of these individuals?
Support your answer with an explanation.

The new gene will be passed along after the dogs’ visions are corrected, because
after the gene is inserted, the sperms/eggs will also begin to contain this gene.