CHAPTER 4: THE ARRANGEMENT OF ELECTRONS IN ATOMS Chemical Reaction

Interaction of electrons in atoms

Reaction happens WHEN electron in atoms interact.

Electromagnetic Radiation When electron interacts produces electromagnetic radiation Electromagnetic radiation carries energy Example:

visible light, x-rays, radio waves

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 Properties of electromagnetic radiation: (a) Move through vacuum at speed of light, c = 3.00 x 108 m/s (b) Wave-like properties Properties Symbol frequency wavelength Unit (Hz) (m) Pronunciation nu lambda

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Relationship: = c c (speed of light) = 3.00 x 108 m/s Electron interaction depends on arrangement of electron in atoms. The arrangements of electron in atoms provides information on:
(a) (b) (c)

Number of electron Position of electron Energy possess by atom

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Quantum and Photons

Electron orbiting the nucleus have it's own energy Energy can be released or absorbed by the atoms during the interaction Quantum = a unit of energy released or absorbed by atoms A photon = a quantum of energy E = h

or

E = hc

E = Energy of a quantum = frequency h = Planck's constant = 6.63 x 10-34 Joule seconds (Js) Example: Calculate the smallest amount of energy (one quantum) that an object can absorb from yellow light with a wavelength of 589 nm.

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Solution 1) Frequency: = c = c/ = (3.00 x 108 m/s) (589 x 10-9 m) = 5.09 x 1014 s-1 2) Energy: E = h E = (6.63 x 10-34 Js) x (5.09 x 1014 s-1) E = 3.37 x 10-19 J Exercise 1 A laser emits light with a frequency of 4.69 x 1014 s-1. What is the energy of one quantum of the laser? Electrons Arrangement in Atom
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Several systems are created to know the LOCATION of ELECTRONs in ATOM

ELECTRONS ARRANGEMENT

Single electron atom

Multiple electrons atom

Bohrs Model

Schrodingers Model

Bohr's Model of Atom Dalton's model of atom provides the basis of atom structure Bohr's model of atom is an advanced model of atom structure Characteristics of Bohr's Model:
(a) (b)

Electrons orbiting the nucleus The electrons are restricted only to orbits of certain radius and energies

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(c)

An electron orbiting in an orbit has a fixed energy state and will not release or absorb energy The energy possess by the electron:

RH = Rydberg constant = 2.18 x 10-18 J = 1.097 x 107 m-1 (for calculation of E) or (for calculation of ) n = principle quantum number = orbits for the electron

Energies always in negative value n=1 an electron in the first allowed orbit (closest to the nucleus) n=2 an electron in the next allowed orbit further from the nuclei n=3,4,5

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 The energies of allowed orbits for the electrons:

The lower the energy (more negative), the more stable the atom
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Ground state = electron is in the lowest energy state (n=1) the most stable state Electrons can jump from one orbit to another Excited state = electron is in other state than n=1 (n 2) When n = infinity Electron completely separated from the atom E = (-2.18 x 10-18 J) x (1/) =0 Reference or zero energy state = the state in which the electron is separated from the nucleus

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Electron moves to higher state (higher n) = Energy absorbed Electron moves to lower state (lower n) = Energy emitted The difference in energy levels between the final and initial orbits: E = Ef - Ei or

ni = initial orbit nf = final orbit E = +ve when energy absorbed: nf > ni = electron moves to higher n

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 E = -ve when energy emitted: ni > nf = electron falls to lower n Example: Calculate the energy of light that corresponds to the transition of the electron from the n=4 to the n=2 state of the hydrogen atom. Is the light absorbed or emitted by the atom? Solution ni = 4 nf = 2

RH = 2.18 x 10-18 J

(for calculation of E)

E = (2.18 x 10-18 J) x ((1/16)-(1/4)) = -4.09 x 10-19 J (light is emitted)

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Exercise 2 Determine the energy of light that corresponds to the transition of electron from n=3 to n=5 state for hydrogen atom. Identify whether the energy is absorbed or released. Bohr's Model for Hydrogen atom Line Spectra

Line spectra = spectrum of coloured line with different and separated wavelengths when electron fall (move to lower orbit)

Example: A rainbow represents the spectrum of wavelengths of light contained in the light emitted by the sun

For hydrogen atom: 5 series of line spectra observed depending on the type of electron transition

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Series Lymann Balmer Paschen Brackett Pfund

nf 1 2 3 4 5

ni 2,3,4.. 3,4,5.. 4,5,6.. 5,6,7.. 6,7,8..

Spectrum Region Ultra violet Visible light Infrared Infrared Infrared

To determine wavelengths of the spectrum:

1 1 =R n n 1
H 2 2 i f

Example: Calculate the wavelength of energy released during a transition from the n=2 to n=4.
1 1 =R n n 7 -1 1
H 2 2 i f

RH = 1.097 x 10 m
1 1 =1.097 10 2 4 1
7 2 2

(for calculation of )

=1.097 10 ( 0.1875
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=2.06 10 m
6

=4.862 10 m
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Exercise 3 Calculate the wavelength of the hydrogen emission line that corresponds to the transition of the electron from the n = 3 to the n =1 state.

Schrodinger's Model of Atom Difference between Bohrs Model and Schrodingers Model Properties Type of atom Bohr Schrodinger Single electron Multiple atom electrons atom
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Electrons Location Notation system

In a defined orbit One quantum number: n

Probability electron distribution only Four quantum numbers: n, l, ml, ms

Probability distribution of an electron in the ground state in a hydrogen atom:

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More probability to find an electron Less probability to find an electron

Uncertainty Principle: it is impossible to simultaneously know both the position and momentum of an object as small as an electron

Schrodingers Notation System

The Bohrs model: one quantum number (n) to describe an orbit The Schrdinger model: four quantum numbers:
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(a) (b) (c) (d)

Principal quantum number (n), Orbital quantum number (l), Magnetic quantum number (ml) Spin quantum number (ms)

to describe an orbital. (a) The principle quantum number (n)

n = shell (the energy level/orbits) in the atom n = 1, 2, 3, ... Example: n = 1 (electron is at 1st shell) As n increases, the electron density is further away from the nucleus As n increases, the electron has a higher energy and is less tightly bound to the nucleus

(b) The azimuthal quantum number (l)

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l = subshell in a shell The value of l depends on n For every n, there are n value of l l = (n-1) l is referred to by a letter: s = 0, l notation Example: l = (n-1) = 1-1 =0 0 s p =1, 1 p d =2, 2 d 3 f f =3 4 g

n=1

(n = 1: one subshell l with value of 0) Notation: 1s n=1 n=2 l= 2-1

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l=0

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=1 (n = 2: two subshell l with value of 0 and 1) Notation: 2s (n = 2 and l = 0 ) Notation: 2p (n = 2 and l = 1) n 1 2 3 l 0 0 1 0 1 2 0 1 2 3 Subshell notation 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f

(c) The magnetic quantum number (ml)

ml = orbitals in a subshell Orbital is the place where electrons located ml = all values between 'l', 0, -'l'

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Total Values Subshell Values Number of n number of l Designat of ml Orbitals in of orbitals ion Subshell in shell 1 0 1s 0 1 1 2 0 1 0 1 2 4 0 1 2 3 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 0 1,0,-1 0 -1,0,1 -2,1,0,1,2 0 -1,0,1 -2,1,0,1,2 -3,-2,1,0,1,2, 3 1 3 1 3 5 1 3 5 7 16 4

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(d) The electron spin quantum number (ms)

ms = direction of spin of the electron ms = + or -

Explanation on The Quantum Number Electron shell = consisting of subshell Subshell = consisting of orbitals Orbitals = consisting of electrons

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Example: All orbitals that have principle quantum number of 3 (n=3) is said to be in third shell. The third electron shell ('n'=3) consists of the 3s, 3p and 3d subshells The 3s subshell contains 1 orbital, the 3p subshell contains 3 orbitals the 3d subshell contains 5 orbitals

The third electron shell is comprised of nine different orbitals, but all orbital with the same energy (true for hydrogen only) Each subshell is divided into orbitals: Subshell Number of orbitals s 1 p 3 d 5 f 7

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Energies of all hydrogen electron orbitals until n=3:

At room temperatures all hydrogen atoms are in their ground states The electron may be promoted to an excited state by the absorption of a photon

Example: a) Predict the number of subshells in the fourth shell, n=4. b) Give the label for each of the subshells in (a) c) How many orbitals are there in each of the subshells in (c)?
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Answer: a) n = 4 l = n-1 =3 Therefore: 0, 1, 2, 3 4 subshells b) s = 0, p = 1, d = 2, f = 3 Therefore: 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f

c)

4s l = 0, value for ml ( from -l to l ) =0 one 4s orbital 4p three 4p orbitals; 4d five 4d orbitals; 4f seven 4f orbitals

Exercise 4 What is the designation for the subshell with n =5 and l=1? b) How many orbitals are in this subshell? c) Indicate the values of ml for each of these orbitals.
a)

Orbitals in Multiple-Electron Atoms

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The hydrogen atom only 1 electron.

All subshells of hydrogen atoms with the same principle quantum number (n) have the same energetic level In multiple electrons atom: electronelectron repulsion influences the energy levels of the orbitals. Example:

Energy state 2s orbital < 2p orbital in a many-electron atom

Electron spin and the Pauli Exclusion Principle

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 Pauli exclusion principle = No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers (n, l, ml and ms) For any given orbital has fixed values of: n l ml ms quantum number is use to differentiate between 2 electron in an orbital (+ and - ) Only two electrons at most can occupy the same orbital, and they have opposite values for magnetic spin Example: 2 electron in one orbital can have quantum number of (1, 0, 0, +) & (1, 0, 0, -) Electron Configurations

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Electron configuration = the way electrons are distributed among the orbitals Orbitals are occupied in order of increasing energy, with no more than two electrons per orbital

Example Lithium
1. 2.

3.

Lithium has 3 electrons. Start: Place two electrons in the 1s, lowest energy orbital. These two electrons have opposite ms (+ & -). Place the third electron in the next highest energy level orbital = the 2s orbital:

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The arrows indicate the value of the magnetic spin (ms) quantum number (up for + and down for - ) Diagram representation:

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Orbital Diagram Electronic Configuration

Li 1s 2s

1s2 2s1

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Writing electronic configurations: Period 1, 2, 3

All 2p orbitals are equal energy any 2p orbital can be filled

Carbon has 6 electrons. 3 possible arrangements can be made in 2p orbital.

(a)

(b) Which one is true?

(c)

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Hund's rule: For degenerate orbitals, the lowest energy is attained when the number of electrons with the same spin is maximized

The second 2p electron in Carbon is placed in another 2p orbital, but with the same spin as the first 2p electron

Core electrons: the electrons in the stable (Noble gas) configuration Valence electrons: the electrons in the outer shell (beyond the stable core)

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Exercise 5
1.

2.

Draw the orbital diagram representation for the electron configuration of oxygen, atomic number 8. Write the electron configuration of phosphorus, element 15.

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