1.

INTRODUCTION
Impact value of an aggregate is the percentage loss pf weight of particles passing 2.36mm sieve by the application on load by mean of 15 blows of standard hammer and drop under specified test condition. The aggregate impact value gives a relation measure of the resistance of an aggregate to sudden shock or impact, which in some aggregates differs from their resistance to a slowly applied compressive load. General: Normally the aggregate impact value of base course is 30, bituminous bound macadam is about 35 and the cement concrete base course is 30. Significance: The test gives an idea of toughness of the aggregate to resist facture under the impact of moving loads.

2.0

LEARNING OUTCOME
i. ii. iii. The aggregate impact value in the laboratory can be determine. to determine the impact value of the road aggregates; to assess their suitability in road construction on the basis of impact value

3.0

THEORY
The property of a material to resist impact is known as toughness. Due to movement of vehicles on the road the aggregates are subjected to impact resulting in their breaking down into smaller pieces. The aggregates should therefore have sufficient toughness to resist their disintegration due to impact. This characteristic is measured by impact value test. The aggregate impact value is a measure of resistance to sudden impact or shock, which may differ from its resistance to gradually applied compressive load.

4.0

APPARATUS
1) Impact Testing Machine: Its consists of a cylindrical hammer of 13.5 kg. (30Ibs) sliding freely between two vertical supports (called guides). Its fall is automatically adjusted to a height of 38cm. There is a brass plate over which an open cylindrical steel cup of internal diameter 10.2cm and 5cm depth is placed and fixed to the brass plate. 2) Measure: A cylinder of internal diameter 7.5cm and 5cm deep for measure aggregate. 3) Tamping rod of I cm diameter and 23cm long rounded at one end and pointed at the other end. 4) Sieves: 12.5mm, 10mm and 2.36mm opening. 5) Balance: 5000g capacity. 6) Laboratory oven capable of maintaining a constant temperature up to 1100C.

Apparatus for the Aggregate Impact Value Test (Millard, 1993)

5.0

PROCEDURE

1. The aggregate was sieve and obtain the portion passing 12.5mm and retained on 10mm sieve. 2. Washed and dried this aggregate at a constant temperature of 1050C to 1100C and then cool the sample. 3. Filled this aggregate in the cylindrical measure in 3 layers, tapping each layers 25 times with the tamping rod. Level the surface tamping road as a using the straight edge. 4. The aggregate was weight in the measure. This weight of the aggregate is used for the duplicate test on the same material.

5. Transferred the aggregate from the cylindrical measure to the cup in 3 layers and compact each layer by tamping in 25 strokes with the tamping rod. 6. Released the hammer for fall freely on the aggregate. The test sample is subjected to a total of 15 blows. 7. Remove the aggregate sample from the cup and sieve through 2.36 mm sieve. 8. Weight the fraction passing the sieve.

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RESULT AND DATA CALCULATION

Sample Wieght of cup (gm) Weight of aggregate before crush with cup (gm) Weight of aggregate before crush (gm) Weight retained 2.36 mm sieve (gm) Weight passing 2.36 mm sieve (gm)

A 784.6 1105.4 320.8 272.1 48.1

B 784.6 1064.2 279.6 232.1 46.4

Average

300.2

47.25

Formula ( ) ( ) ( )

( (

) )

CALCULATIONS

Sample A Weight of aggregate before crush (gm) = 1105.4- 784.6 = 320.8 Weight retained 2.36 mm sieve (gm ) = 272.1 Weight passing 2.36 mm sieve (gm) = 48.1

Sample B Weight of aggregate before crush (gm) = 1064.2 -784.6= 279.6

Weight retained 2.36 mm sieve (gm ) = 232.1

Weight passing 2.36 mm sieve (gm) = 46.4

Average Average weight of aggregate before crush (gm) = (320.8 + 279.6)/2 = 300.2 Average weight retained 2.36 mm sieve (gm) = (272.1 + 232.1)/2 = 252.1 Average weight passing 2.36 mm sieve (gm) = (48.1 + 46.4)/2 = 47.25

Percent Wear (Average ) = (47.25/300.2) x 100 = 15.74 % So, 15.74 % < 30 % (ms30 : Part 10 : 1995 )

7.0

DISCUSSION

In this experiment, we are taken the two sample size in different weight. The weight of sample A and sample B are 320.3 g and 322.6 g respectively.

While the weights of sample A after crush is 82.3 g and the weights of sample B after crush is 83.1g. So, we can obtain the percent weight of the fraction passing the 2.36mm sieve after impacted by hammer. So, we are obtained the average percent weight of the fraction passing the 2.36mm sieve is 25.73 %.

Normally, the aggregate impact value of base course is 30, bituminous bound macadam is about 35 and the cement concrete base course is 30. But, we are obtained the average percent weight of the fraction passing the 2.36mm sieve is 25.73 %.

The sources of aggregate for road construction purposes can be obtained from the natural sources or artificial sources. The natural sources can be classified into three group are igneous, sediment and metamorphic.

Most of the aggregates used in the road construction were the natural aggregates. However, there was also widely used the artificial aggregates such as the waste material from the process of tin ore. In road construction, the aggregates can be classified into three groups are coarse aggregates (retained on the sieve 2.36 mm), fine aggregates (passing sieve 2.36 mm and retained at 75 m sieve size) and filler (the dust passing sieve size 75 m for example quarry dust and Portland cement). In this experiment, we are obtained the average percent weight of the fraction passing the 2.36mm sieve is 25.73 % after impacted by the hammer. That means has 74.27% is coarse aggregate and 25.73 % is fine aggregates or filler for the testing sample after impacted by hammer.

Coarse aggregates shall be screened crushed hard rock, angular in shape and free from dust, clay, vegetative and other organic matter and other deleterious substances. In order to ensure the properties of aggregate fulfill the requirement of bituminous mixture, they need to satisfy the following physical and mechanical quality requirements: i. ii. The aggregated crushing value shall be not more than 30. The weighted average loss of weight in the sodium sulphates soundness test (5 cycles) shall be not more than 12%. iii. iv. v. The flakiness index shall be not more than 30 The water absorption shall be not more than 2%. The polished stone value shall be not less than 40 (only applicable to aggregates for wearing course).

Fine aggregates shall be clean natural sands, screened quarry fines or mining sand. Mining sand shall be thoroughly washed before use. Other types of fine aggregate may be used depends on the decision of the engineer. Fine aggregates shall be non-plastic and free from clay, loam, aggregations of material, vegetative and other organic matter and other deleterious substances. They shall conform to the following physical and mechanical quality requirements:

i.

The weighted average loss of weight in the sodium sulphate soundness test (5 cycles) shall be not more than 12%.

ii.

The water absorption shall be not more than 2%. Notwithstanding compliance with the requirements, limestone aggregates shall not be permitted for use in wearing course. Characteristic aggregate is strength. We can know the strength aggregate through the

Aggregate Impact Value test. The test gives an idea of toughness of the aggregate to resist fracture under the impact of moving loads. Normally, the aggregate impact value of base course is 30, bituminous bound macadam is about 35 and the cement concrete base course is 30. The impact values indicate the endurance of aggregate to resist the load of vehicles when the aggregate is use for road construction. We are obtained the average percent weight of the fraction passing the 2.36mm sieve is 25.73 % for this experiment. So, we can identify that almost 74 % that sample tested by us is coarse aggregate.

When we are doing this experiment, some precaution should be follow: i. ii. Make sure digital weighing machine is set to zero before using it. Make sure the cup will be used is weighed first before start the experiment and ensure the cut is clear from any dust before weigh it. iii. Do not put the hand below the hammer when the hammer is rises to 380 33 height.

Application of Aggregate Impact Value

The aggregate impact test is considered to be an important test to assess the suitability of aggregates as regards the toughness for use in pavement construction. It has been found that for majority of aggregates, the aggregate crushing and aggregate impact values are numerically similar within close limits. But in the case of fine grained highly siliceous aggregate which are less resistant to impact than to crushing the aggregate impact values are higher (on the average, by about 5) than the aggregate crushing values. Various agencies have specified the maximum permissible aggregate impact values for the different types of pavements, those recommended by the Indian Roads congress are given in Table 1. For deciding the suitability of soft aggregates in base course construction, this test has been commonly used. A modified impact test is also often

carried out in the case of soft aggregates to find the wet impact value after soaking the test sample. The recommendations given in Table 2 based on works reported by different agencies have been made to assess the suitability of soft aggregate for road construction.

Table 1 Maximum Allowable Impact Value of Aggregate in different Type of Pavement Material/Layers Serial No. 1. Aggregate impact Type of pavement material/layer value, maximum, % Water bound macadam (WBM), sub-base course 2. 3. Cement concrete, base course (as per ISI) (i) WBM base course with bitumen surfacing (ii) Built up-spray grout, base course 4. Bituminous macadam, base course (i) WBM, surfacing course 35 40 50 45

(ii) Built up-spray grout, base course (iii) Bituminous penetration macadam (iv) Bituminous macadam, binder course (v) Bituminous surfacing dressing

(vi) Bituminous carpet (vii) Bituminous/Asphaltic concrete (viii) Cement concrete, surface course 30

Table 2 Maximum aggregate impact value, percent Condition of sample Sub-base and base Dry Wet 50 60 Surface course 32 39

8.0

CONCLUSION

From the experiment, the percentage wear is 25.73%. So, the value shows that the aggregate is strong and hard to crush. It is based on the value given, below 30% are good to be base course. This is because, when want to make compaction, the aggregate do not crush and base level can long lasting use.

9.0

REFERENCES

1. SS (1974). SS73:1974 Specification for methods for sampling and testing of mineral aggregates, sand and fillers - Determination of aggregate impact value, aggregate crushing value and ten percent fines value. SingaporeStandard, Singapore.

2. Millard, R.S. (1993). Road building in the Tropics. Transport Research Laboratory Stateof-the-art Review 9, HMSO, London.

3. http://www.ntu.edu.sg/cts/tlab/004.pdf

4. Mannering, F.L.; Kilareski, W.P. and Washburn, S.S. (2005). Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis, Third Edition. Chapter 6

5. Garber N.J, Hoel L.A., Traffic and Highway Engineering, 3rd Edition, California, Brooks/Cole,2002.