TEMPORAL PARAMETERS OF FOOT ROLL-OVER DURING WALKING WITH AND WITHOUT DIRECTION CHANGES IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN

Silva, Davida; Gabriel, Ronaldob; Moreira, Mariac; Abrantes, Jood; Faria, Aurlioe

Department of Sport Sciences, Exercise and Health, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal, davidutad@gmail.com; Department of Sport Sciences, Exercise and Health, CITAB, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal, rgabriel@utad.pt; c Department of Sport Sciences, Exercise and Health, CIDESD, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal, hmoreira@utad.pt; d MovLab, CICANT, University Lusfona of Humanities and Technologies, Lisboa, Portugal, abrantes@sapo.pt ; e Department of Sport Science, CIDESD, UBI, Covilh, Portugal, afaria@ubi.pt.
a b

Vila Real, 14 de Maio de 2013

GENERAL OVERVIEW

INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE OF STUDY MATERIALS AND METHODS

SUBJECTS INSTRUMENTS AND PROCEDURES

RESULTS DISCUSSION CONCLUSIONS

INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE OF STUDY

Menopause is associated with: decreased bone mineral density, skeletal fractures, loss of feeling in hands/feet, joint pain and other musculoskeletal complaints (1).

During daily activities, there are many changes of direction which are associated with an increased risks of falls (2).

Older women have a lower ability to perform simple moving side-step manoeuvre when compared to young adults (3).

Musculoskeletal changes due to aging could influence the structure and function of the foot (4).

(1) Sievert, L., & Goode-Null, S. (2005). Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 20(2), 127-140. (2) Woolley et al., (1997). The Journals of Gerontology. 52A(2), M80-M87. (3) Gilchrist, L. (1998). Clinical Biomechanics, 13(2), 91-97. (4) Faria et al., (2010).Clinical Biomechanics, 25(6), 588-593. 4

INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE OF STUDY

Understanding the role of plantar pressure can provide important information: How the various structures of the foot during foot-ground interact (1-2). Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of lower limb disorders (3-5).

Purpose of study
To compare the temporal characteristics of foot roll-over between the following tasks: (T1) walking straightforward; and (T2) walking forward with side-cut at 45

(1) Orlin, M. N., & McPoil, T. G. (2000). Physical Therapy, 80 (4), 399-409 (2) Rosenbaum, D., & Becker, H. P. (1997). Foot and Ankle Surgery, 3(1), 1-14. (3) De Cock et al., (2005). Gait & Posture, 21, 432-439. (4) Willems et al, (2005). Gait &Posture, 21, 379-387. (5) Warren et al., (2004). Gait & Posture, 19, 91-100.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

SUBJECTS
PW (n=32) Mean Age (years) Mass (Kg) Height (cm) BMI (Mass/Height2) 58,75 56,98 155,91 23,38 SD 5,16 6,00 4,55 1,66

Exclusion factors (1):

(1) acute foot pain and deformities, (2) severe lower extremity trauma, (3) lower extremity surgery like prosthesis surgery of the hip, knee, ankle or foot, (4) diabetes related to peripheral neuropathy.

(1) Willems et al, (2005). Gait &Posture , 21, 379-387..

MATERIALS AND METHODS

INSTRUMENTS AND PROCEDURES
TASKS TASK 1

TASK 2

= 45

2-step protocol (1)

(1) Bus, S. A., & Lange, A. D. (2005). Clinical Biomechanics, 20, 892-899.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

INSTRUMENTS AND PROCEDURES

Trials
The right foot as the dominant foot (1) Practice period of ten minutes (2)
= 45

TASK 1

TASK 2

Subjects walked barefoot at a self-selected speed (2) Five valid trials were collected (3) A Trial was discarded if: The contact of the foot with the pressure platform was incomplete The participant targeted the platform The coefficient of variation of the duration of foot contact was greater than 4% (4-6)
(1) Houck et al., (2006). Gait & Posture, 24(3), 314-322. (2) Monteiro et al,(2010). Maturitas, 67(2), 178-185 (3) Bus, S. A., & Lange, A. D. (2005). Clinical Biomechanics, 20, 892-899 (4) Burnfiel et al., (2004). Clinical Biomechanics, 19, 78-84. (5) Chuckpaiwong et al., (2008). Gait & Posture, 28, 405-411. (6) Warren et al., (2004). Gait & Posture, 19, 91-100.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

INSTRUMENTS AND PROCEDURES

Footscan Platform

RSscan International, Footscan Software 7.1.

HM Heel Medial HL Heel Lateral MF Midfoot M1- M5 - Metatarsal areas T1 Halux T2-5 Toes
Location of anatomical pressure areas (Footscan Software 7.1, RSscan International).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

INSTRUMENTS AND PROCEDURES

Instants and Phases of Foot Contact (Footscan Software 7.1, RSscan International)(1).

(1) De Cock et al., (2005). Gait & Posture, 21, 432-439.

RESULTS
Plantar pressure areas
Variables % IC T2-5 IC M5 IC MF FC M3 FC M4 FC M5 DC T2-5 T1 57,6 10,2 22,9 10,3 8,3 3,1 94,8 1,4 92,5 1,6 84,3 4,8 38,8 10,5 T2 46,7 14 18,2 12 4 1,8 93,4 1,6 90,2 2 82 4,7 48,9 14,3 Mann-Whitney P < 0,01 P < 0,01 P < 0,01 P < 0,01 P < 0,01 P < 0,01 P < 0,01

IC - Initial Contact FC - Final Contact DC -Duration Contact

HM Heel Medial HL Heel Lateral MF Midfoot M1- M5 - Metatarsal areas T1 Halux T2-5 Toes

Contact patterns of the plantar pressure areas

Inicial Contact

Task 1 HL, HM, MF, M3, M4, M2, M5, M1, T1, T2-5 Task 2 HL, HM, MF, M4, M3, M5, M2, M1, T2-5, T1

Final Contact HL, HM, MF, M5, M4, M1, M3, M2, T2-5, T1 HL, HM, MF, M5, M4, M3, M1, M2, T2-5, T1

RESULTS
Variables % FFPOP T1 42,4 6,8 T2 42,8 8,6 Mann-Whitney P < 0.01

ICP T1 11,3 22,5

FFCP 19,7

FFP

FFPOP* 42,4

T2

11,4

26

20

42,8

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

DISCUSSION
Early initial contact in MF, M5 and T2-5 The early contact of those areas, may enable a major stability of the plantar pressure. Early final contact in M3, M4 and M5 The right foot must accommodate the necessary changes to accomplish the change of direction which can be achieved by the inward foot rotation during the side-cut task which tends to induce the most lateral metatarsals to lose contact earlier (1). Increase in duration found for the toe 2-5 and FFPOP phase. During the side-cut activities, subjects tended to initiate CoM movement towards the stance foot and carried out the turn after completing the weight acceptance (2). Initial and final contact sequences The sequence in which different foot areas touch the ground is relevant because it allows us to distinguish between normal and pathological gait (3, 4, 5) .
(1) Patla et al., (1999). Experimental Brain Research, 129(4), 629-634. (2) Houck et al., (2006). Gait & posture, 24(3), 314-322. (3) Blanc et al., (1999). Gait & posture, 10(2), 97-108. (4) Willems et al., (2006). Gait & posture, 23(1), 91-98. (5) Monteiro et al,(2010). Maturitas, 67(2), 178-185

CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that:
There are differences on temporal characteristics of foot roll-over, between walking forward and walking with a side-cut maneuver at 45.

Walking with a side-cut maneuver at 45, changes the sequence in which different foot areas make the first and final contact with the ground.

TEMPORAL PARAMETERS OF FOOT ROLL-OVER DURING WALKING WITH AND WITHOUT DIRECTION CHANGES IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN

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