Exam 3 of Computer Networks (ICE 1230)

2008.5.6
Answer in English and Total 16 points

1. Suppose two nodes start to transmit at the same time a packet of length L over a broadcast channel of rate R. Denote the propagation delay between the two nodes as d prop. Will there be a collision dprop < L/R ? Why or why not? There will be a collision in the sense that while a node is transmitting it will start to receive a packet from the other node. 2. Why is an ARP query sent with a broadcast frame? Why is an ARP response sent within a frame with a specific destination MAC address? (1 point) An ARP query is sent in a broadcast frame because the querying host does not which adapter address corresponds to the IP address in question. For the response, the sending node knows the adapter address to which the response should be sent, so there is no need to send a broadcast frame (which would have to be processed by all the other nodes on the LAN). 3. Define switches and routers and explain pros (at least two items) of switches comparing with routers. A router is a layer-3 switch and a switch is a layer-2 packet switch. The pros are switchs plug-and-play, high filtering and forwarding. 4. Why are acknowledgements used in 802.11 but not in wired Ethernet? (1 point) The adapter would not be able to detect all collisions due to hidden terminal problem and fading. 5. What are the purposes of the HLR and VLR in GSM networks? What elements of mobile IP are similar to the HLR and VLR?

The home network in GSM maintains a database called the home location register (HLR), which contains the permanent cell phone number and subscriber profile information about each of its subscribers. The HLR also contains information about the current locations of these subscribers. The visited network maintains a database known as the visitor location register (VLR) that contains an
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entry for each mobile user that is currently in the portion of the network served by the VLR. VLR entries thus come and go as mobile users enter and leave the network. The edge router in home network in mobile IP is similar to the HLR in GSM and the edge router in foreign network is similar to the VLR in GSM.
6. What is the purpose of IEEE 802.11 RTS and CTS frames? (1 point) The purpose is to reserve an access to the channel. 7. Define terminologies such as streaming, packet jitter, policing and realtime. Streaming: playing-out while downloading a file Packet jitter: the variation of packet delay Policing: the regulation of the rate at which a class or flow is allowed to inject packets into the network Real-time: 8. Give an example from queues you experience in your everyday life of FIFO, Round Robin, and WFQ.

FIFO: line at Starbucks. RR: merging traffic (taking 1 vehicle from first lane then 1from the second, then 1 from the first, and so on). WFQ: ticket counter at airport providing service to 2 people from first class and 1 from economy, and again 2 from first class, and so on.
9. What are some of the difficulties associated with the Intserv model and per-flow reservation of resources? (1 point)

Scalability: Per-flow resource reservation implies the need for a router to process resource reservations and maintain per-flow state for each flow passing through the router. Flexibly service: The Intserv framework provides for a small number of prespecified service classes.
10. List and explain at least three items which make the ICU campus more global with respect to protocols between people.