Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
NG 11
Function of skin
The actual thickness of skin varies throughout the body, the thinnest skin
(approximately 0.5mm) is found on the eyelids, and the thickest skin
.(approximately 4mm) is on the palms of your hands and the soles of your feet
:Despite this lack of density, your skin protects your body in remarkable ways
The nerves in your skin receive the stimuli that tell your brain when your skin
.has been touched
The nerves in your skin also help your brain respond to sensations of hot and
.cold
Your skin helps to regulate your body’s temperature by making your pores
.smaller when it’s cold, and making pores larger when it’s hot
Your skin is the “armor” that helps to protect your immune system from
.bacteria and disease
Skin keeps your essential body fluids (blood, water and lymp ) from
. evaporating
Your skin protects you from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet rays. The amount of
sun protection you have depends on the amount of melanin you inherited
Epidermis
This is the top layer of skin, and it is somewhat translucent, so light can
partially pass through it. There are no blood vessels in the epidermis, so this
top layer gets it’s nutrients and oxygen from the deeper layers. The epidermis
is attached to the next layer, the dermis, via a membrane
Dermis
This is the second, deeper layer of your skin. The dermis is where your hair
roots and sweat glands reside, and the dermis also contains with some blood
vessels and nerves
Subcutaneous fat
This is the bottom or lowest layer of your skin, and this is where your larger
blood vessels and nerves reside. The subcutaneous fat layer is composed of
fat-filled cells call adipose cells, and the depth of the subcutaneous fat layer is
different from one person to another
WARTS
What are warts?
Warts are non-cancerous skin growths caused by a viral infection in the top
layer of the skin. Viruses that cause warts are called human papilloma virus
(HPV). Warts are usually skin-colored and feel rough to the touch, but they
can be dark, flat and smooth. The appearance of a wart depends on where it
is growing.
• Common warts
• Foot (Plantar) warts
• Flat warts
Common warts
usually grow on the fingers, around the nails and on the backs of the
hands. They are more common where skin has been broken, for
example where fingernails are bitten or hangnails picked
Foot warts
are usually on the soles (plantar area) of the feet and are called plantar
warts. When plantar warts grow in clusters they are known as mosaic
warts. Most plantar warts do not stick up above the surface like
common warts because the pressure of walking flattens them and
pushes them back into the skin. Like common warts, these warts may
have black dots. Plantar warts have a bad reputation because they can
be painful, feeling like a stone in the shoe.
Flat warts
are smaller and smoother than other warts. They tend to grow in large
numbers - 20 to 100 at any one time. They can occur anywhere, but in
children they are most common on the face. In adults they are often
found in the beard area in men and on the legs in women. Irritation
from shaving probably accounts for this.
Some people get warts depending on how often they are exposed to the virus.
Wart viruses occur more easily if the skin has been damaged in some way,
which explains the high frequency of warts in children who bite their nails or
pick at hangnails. Some people are just more likely to catch the wart virus
A bottle of concentrated salicylic acid solution), which acts as an irritant to eat away at the
build- up of the wart (collomak salicylic &lactic acid )
Cover warts with a few layers of adhesive tape and keep them covered for up
to six days at a time, for as long as a month . Applying the tape after salicylic
acid, moistening the wart before application, and filing the wart with an emery
board between "tapings" can enhance the removal of dead skin from the wart.
Duct tape, scotch tape, masking tape are all viable choices .
Soak warts in hot water to soften the skin and possibily kill the papilloma virus . Using
very hot water, as hot as you can get without burning yourself, soak the wart
directly for as long as possible. The water will soften the wart, which can then
be worn down further by filing with an emery board .
Keep warts covered, clean, and as dry as possible to limit the spread of the papilloma
virus and get rid of warts faster . Wash your warts several times a day with hot
soapy water and dry them thoroughly afterwards. Use a bandaid or adhesive
tape (above) to keep your warts covered. Wash your hands before and after
touching any one else. Change your socks to reduce sweat build-up on
plantar warts .
PRICKLY HEAT
Also known as sweat retention syndrome or miliaria rubra, prickly heat is a
common disorder of the sweat glands. It is a skin rash caused by trapped
sweat under the skin.Sweat can become trapped when the narrow ducts
through which sweat travels to the surface become clogged. Prickly heat
tends to be more common in warmer, more humid climates. The condition
usually appears on the torso and thig
Prickly heat occurs when your sweat glands become blocked. If you are
visiting a hot country, or find yourself in a hot environment, you may sweat
more than usual.
If you sweat excessively, it is easier for dead skin cells and bacteria on your
skin to collect in your sweat glands. If these glands become blocked, the
sweat is trapped underneath your skin, and seeps into the nearby tissue.
Trapped sweat irritates your skin and causes tiny pockets of inflammation
which also contain sweat. When these pockets burst and release the sweat, it
causes a stinging, prickling sensation that gives the condition its name.
Cool environments
6- Triggers include being overweight, using soap too often and overproduction
of sebum
Treatment
Cold water baths twice every day will also help in getting rid of prickly heat
.rash
Gently clean the prickly heat rash area with a mild body soap (dettol-protex-
body guard ) to remove germs, sweat and dirt. After soaking in the tub,
.gently pat the area dry with a clean towel
Apply hydrocortisone cream to relieve itching. Gently rub the cream into to
)skin until it is fully absorbed (Micort – Vioderm - Terracortil
Spread a product that contains salicylic acid (such as acne treatment pads-
acne vera) over the bumps. This will assist in drying the rash and unclogging
.the pores
DRY SKIN
Dry skin (also called Xerosis) is a common problem. Your skin needs moisture
to stay smooth and supple, and retaining moisture becomes difficult as we
.age
Impaired barrier function of the stratum corneum (the outer layer of the skin) is
.perhaps the most significant cause of moisture loss from the skin
Dry skin is common. It happens more often in the winter when cold air outside
and heated air inside cause low humidity. Forced-air furnaces make skin even
drier
Simple daily routines, such as bathing and towel drying, may actually remove
moisture from the skin. Modifying your bathing routine will help preserve your
skin's moisture. Bathing provides the skin with moisturize temporarily, but it
removes the skin's oily lipid layer and in the long run causes more moisture
loss than gain
Acne
Acne: is a common skin condition that occurs when the oil-secreting glands
and hair follicles in the skin get clogged and cause bacteria to grow in the
pores. You can get blackheads, whiteheads, and pimples as a result. Acne
Causes of adult acne and teen acne may include hormones, diet, evolutionary
biology, vitamin deficiency, stress, and more. The real explanation may be a
.complex mix of many of these factors
Types of Acne
NON-INFLAMMATORY ACNE-
Whitehead: If the plugged follicle stays below the surface of
the skin, the lesion is called whitehead. They usually appear on
.the skin as small, whitish bumps
:INFLAMMATORY ACNE
Cyst: Large and usually very painful, nodules are inflamed, pus-filled
lesions lodged deep within the skin. Nodules develop when the contents of a
comedo have spilled into the surrounding skin and the local immune system
responds, producing pus. The most severe form of acne lesion,
nodules may persist for weeks or months, their contents
hardening into a deep cyst. Both nodules and cysts often leave
.deep scars
You can help prevent pimples from forming by keeping your face clean and
keeping your hands away from your face. Gently wash the affected area two
.to three times a day, using any good soap or cleanser
:Sulfur
Products
Akneroxide benzoylperoxide
Kapritage sulfokonzentoal
CONTACT DERMATITIS
Definition:
Some products cause a reaction only when they contact the skin and are
exposed to sunlight (photosensitivity). These include shaving lotions,
sunscreens, sulfa ointments, some perfumes, coal tar products, and oil from
the skin of a lime. A few airborne allergens, such as ragweed or insecticide
spray, can cause contact dermatitis.
Treatment:
Your doctor usually will treat contact dermatitis with the following:
Expectations (prognosis)
Complications
Prevention
Avoid contact with known allergens. Use protective gloves or other barriers if
contact with substances is likely or unavoidable. Wash skin surfaces
thoroughly after contact with substances. Avoid over treating skin disorders.
Products
Atopic dermatitis
Eczema
often occurs along with allergies and frequently runs in families in which other
family members have asthma or hay fever. About three out of four children
who have signs and symptoms of atopic dermatitis later develop asthma or
hay fever
Symptom
Red to brownish-gray colored patches
Small, raised bumps, which may leak fluid and crust over when scratched
While any region of the body may be affected by eczema, in children and
adults, eczema typically occurs on the face, neck, and the insides of the
elbows, knees, and ankles. In infants, eczema typically occurs on the
.forehead, cheeks, forearms, legs, scalp, and neck
DIAGNOSIS
A doctor makes the diagnosis based on the typical pattern of the rash and
often on whether other family members have allergies.
Treatment
Treatments for atopic dermatitis aim to reduce inflammation , relieve itching
and prevent future flare-ups. Over-the-counter (nonprescription) anti-itch
creams, along with other self-care measures, may help control mild atopic
. dermatitis
PREVENTION
Products
?If NO……………..why -2
Don’t know
..……………………… Other
?Do you currently or have in the past lived with skin disorder -3
Yes No
Pharmacy Clinic
?Had you use an OTC drug and it didn’t give good result -6
Yes No