m

wm
.:A
.

A'

((^-

IN

THE CUSTODY OF THE BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY.

S^HELF N
J^ ~u I

la

THE

^tf^^ c^^^.^^^

HISTORY

LIFE
O F TH E O F

Marcus TuUius Cicero.

Hunc
igitur fpe^lemus.

Hoc propofitum Jic

nobis exemplum.
Inftit.

Ilk fe

cui profecijfe fciat^

Ciceko

valde placehit.
1,

QuiNTiL.

X. I.

ByCoNYERS MiDDLETON,

D. D.

Principal Library-keeper of the Univerfity o^ Cambridge,

VOL.
The

II.

Sixth Edition.

0,0^*

LONDON:
Printed for

Innys and J. Richardson' in PaterR. Manby in the Old-Bailey near Lud^ noJier-RozVy S. Cox in Pater'7wJler'Row, H. and gate-hrll^

W.

M DCC LY.

['

THE

HISTORY

LIFE
O
F

TH

M.

rULLIUS CICERO.
SECT.
truly calls it,

Vi.

he himfelf A. Urb.695. the heginniftg of a new life /-? 'n^^* to him [a] ; which was to be governed p.Cornelius by new maxims, and a new kind of Lentulus policy ; yet fo as not to forfeit his old charader. Spinther, He had been made to feel in what hands the Q^C^cilius v/eight of power lay, and what little dependence js^^pos^ was to be placed on the help and fupport of his
return was, what

CIcERo's

Ariftocratical friends

Pompey had ferved him on

'

this important occafionvery fincerely, and with the concurrence alfoof Casfar; fo as to make it a point
[a] Alterius vitse quoddam initium ordimur. [ad Att. 4. I.] In another place, he calls
his reiloration to his former

and applied afterwards by the

facred Writers to the renovation of our nature

by Bap-

^igu'wyy far(t}KtyfiVioictVy [ad Att. 6. 6.] or a new birth ;

tifm, as well as our reftoration to life, after deach, in the

general refurreftion.
xix. 29. Tit.
iii.

Matt.

a word borrowed probably

5,

from the Pvthacrorean fchool. Vol. 11."

of

The

History

of the Life
:

A. Urb. 696. of gratitude, as well as prudence, to be more ob* Cic. 50. fervant of them than he had hitherto been the
P.CoR^NELius ^'^^^t^j

Lentulus
Spinther,

QJJ^ciLius
Nepos^^^^

on the other hand, with the Magiftrates, and the honeft of all ranks, were zealous in his caufe ; and the Confid Lentulus above all feemed j;o make it the fok end and glory of his admmifira/i^/^ This uncommon confent of oppofite [^]. parties in promoting his reftoration, drew upon

him a
*
clafJo

variety of obligations^
interfere
flill

and

which muft needs often with each other ; and which it

was

his part

to

manage
:

fo,

as to

make them

confiftent v/ith his honour, his fafety, his private, and his public duty thefe were to be the fprings

new life \ the hinges on which his future condu6l was to turn j and to do juftice feverally to them ail, and affign to each its "proper
and motives of
his

moft

weight a7id meafure of infiuence^ required his utfkill and addrefs [f].

The
give

day

after his arrival, on the fifth of Sep-

tember^ the

Confuls
for

fummoned
their, late

the

him an opportunity of paying

in public

his

Senate, to thanks to
;

them

fervices

where,

after a general profefnon of his obligations to them all, he made his particular acknowledgments to

each Magifbrate by name, to the Confuls , the the Frotors : he add relied himfelf to ^ribuns theTrihims^ before the Pr^/^rj ; not for the dignity of their office, for in that they were inferior, but for their greater authority in making laws 5 and confequently, their greater merit in carrying
-,

[F] Hoc fpecimcn I'lrtutls, liOG iriJicium animi, lu-

hc

men
vir,

fi

confulatus fai fore putame mihi, fi meis, \i

Pofl

eodem tempore in omnes verear ne vix polTiin Sed ego hoc gratus videri.
tiones, ut

Re-'pub. reddidifiet.' red. in fen. 4.

[f]
rit,

Sed quia fsepe concurpropter aliquorum de :ne mritorum intwi ipfos conten-

meis ponderibus examinabo', non folum quid cuique debeam, fed etiam quid cujufque interfit, &: quid a me cujufque tcmpus pofcat. Pro
Plancio. 52.

his

cf

M.TULLIUS CICERO.
effedb.

his law into

The number

friends was too great to make it enumerate or thank them all-, fo that he conjined p^Q^^^^^^y^
to himfelf to the Magifirates^ with exception only chahis for the eminence of Pompey [cf],

3 of his private A. Urb. 696. him to pcffible for ^^ ^'

Lentulus
Spjnther,

whom

rader, though at prefent only a private man, he took care to diftinguifh by a perfonal addrefs and But as Lentulus v/as the firft in compliment. ferved him with the greated afand had office,

;^^'^'^^

jsJepos.

and

fedlion, fo he gives him the firjl Jhare of his praife j in the overflowing of his gratitude ftiles him,

and the God of his life and fortunes [f]. next day he paid his thanks likev/ife to the people, in a fpeech from the Roftra ; where he dwelt chiefly on the fam.e topics which he had
the Parent

The

ufed in the fenate, celebrating the particular merits and fervices of his principal friends, efpehe declares to be the cially of Pompey ; whom
greatefi

man for virtue^ wifdcm, glory ^ who was then livings or had livedo or ever would live ; and that he owed more to him on this occafion^ than it
was
even lawful ahnofty for one

man

to

owe

to

an-

ether [/].
\d~\ Cum perpaucls nominatim gratias egiiTem, quod omnes enumerari nullo modo autem efTet poflent, fcelus

n.mre mortalem.
2. 7.]

Thus

[Plin. HiiJ. Cicero , as he

calls Lentulus

here his Gody fo

quenquam

prsEteriri.

ib. 30.

agendas, & de privat!Suni,quipro falucemea

tui gratias effe

Hodierno autem die nominatim a meMagiilratibus fta-

on other occafions gives the fame appellation to Plato. Dcus ille mjier Plato [ad
Att. 4. 16.] to exprcfs the higheit fenfe of the benefits received fiom tliem.

municipia,
iflet.

coloniafque adiPoll red. in Sen. 12.

[/]

Cn. Pompeius,
qui
funt,
virtute,

vir
fa-

omnium
pientia,

fuerunt,

[f] Princeps P. Lentulus, parens ac Deus ncllras vitse, It was a fortunae, &c. ib. 4. kind of maxim among tlie

erunt, princeps

ac gloria.

Huic

ancients
mortal, mortal.

that to do good to a
he

n.'.as to

a God

to

ego homini, Qairites, tantum debeo,quantumhominem homini debere vix fad efi. PoU red. ad Quir, 7,

Deus

eji tnortaii,

ju-

Both

4
A. Urb. 696.

The

History

a paf-' Both thefe fpeecbes are or two from each will illuftrate the temper fage c (f^ in fpeaking P.Cornelius ^^^ difpofition in which he returned Lentulus to the Senate, after a particular reciral of the fer" as I have a Sp_inther, vices of his friends, he adds, plea:

of the Life flill extant, and

Q. CiEciLius
IVI

ETELLUS

Nefos

f^^Q jj^ enumeratino; thefe, fo I willino;ly pafs <^ J X ^^^^ ^" filence what others wickedly aded it is not my prefent bufmefs to reagainft me member injuries ; which if it were in my power to revenge, I fhould chufe to forget ^ my life fhall be applied to other purpofes ; to repay " the good offices of thofe who have deferved it of me ; to hold faft the friendfhips which have cc been tried as it were in the fire ; to wage war t( with declared enemies ; to pardon my timocc rous, nor yet expofe my treacherous friends ; cc and to balance the mifery of my exil by the &c To the people [^]." dignity of my return he obferves j '' that there were four forxs of ene*' the firfl, inies, who concurred to opprefs him ^^ hatred to the of out who, Republic, were *^ mortal enemies to him for having faved it " the fecond, who, under a falfe pretence of
''
! :

cc

"

*^'

*'

" " "

'-

infamouily betrayed him the third, who, through their inability to obtain what he had acquired, were envious of his dignithe fourth, who, though by ofHce they ty ought to have been the guardians of the Republic, bartered away his fafety, the peace of the City, and the dignity of the Empire,
friendiliip,
:

^^

v/hich were

committed

to

their truft.

I will

cc
C

cc
cc

cc
ct

my revenge, fays he, on each of them, agreeably to the different manner of their provocation; on the bad Citizens, by defending the P^epublic itrenuoufly; on my perfidious friends, by never trufting them again ; on the envious, by continuing my fceady purfuit of virtue and
take
r[^j

Poll red. in Sen. 9.

"

glory

CICERO. of " of Provinces, by glory on thofe Merchants " calling them home to o-ive an account of their " adminiflration but I am more folHcitous how
j
:

M.TULLIUS

^
A. Urb. 696.
^'^* 5o.

*^
it

to acquit mylelr 01 obhgations to you, tor Lentulus to refent the injuries Spinther, than fervices, your great enemies: for it is much Q-^-^^^^^u* and cruelties of

my

"
^'

my

eafier to

revenge an injury than

to repay a

xr^^^^^^^
"^Tepos.

kindnefs, and
better of

*^

much lefs trouble to get the bad men than to equal the good [/^]."
being happily over, the Senate had

This
there

affair

to public bufinefs ; and was now a cafe before them of a very urgent nature, which required a prefent remedy ; an unufual fear city of corn and provijions in the City, which had been greatly encreafed by the late concourfe of people from all parts of Italy\ on Cicero's account, and was now felt very fe* They had born ic verely by the poor Citizens with much patience while Cicero's return was in
leifure again to attend
:

agitation ; comforting themfelves with a notion, that if he was once reftored, plenty would be reilored with him ; but finding the one at laft ef-

feded without the other, they began to grow clamorous, and unable to endure their hunger

any longer.
not let flip fo fair an opportu<^ new difturbance, and create of fome nity exciting frefh to trouble Cicero, by charging the caing to : his for ;his end he employed a lamity fcor^ number of young fellows to run all night about the ftreets, making a lamentable outcry for bread and calling upon Cicero to relieve them from the famine to which he had reduced them ; as if he had got fpme hidden ftore or magazine
-,

Clod I us could

of corn,

fecreted

from

common

ufe

[i].

He

fent
1^1 Poft red. ad Quir. 9. Qui facultate oblata,

[/J

ad imperitoram animos incitandos, renovaturum te iHa

funci^a

6
A. Urb. 696. fent his
Cic. 50.

Tbe
Pr^tor

History
alfo to the

of the Life

mob

Theatre, in which tbe

P Cornelius Lentulus ed fuch a terror that they drove the whole comSpinther, pany out of it then, in the fame tumultuous manQ^C^ciLius j^gj.^ ^i^gy marched to the Temple of Concord, whither Metellus had fummoned the Senate j but NEros^^"^^ happening to meet with Metellus in the way, they prefently attacked him with vollies of ftones ; with fome of which they wounded even the Conful himfelf, who, for the greater fecurity, im:

C^cilius^ Cicero's particular friend, was exhibiting the J-pcllinarian floewSy where they raif-

mediately adjourned the Senate into the Capitol.

They were
their

led on by two defperate Ruffians, ufual commanders, M. Lollius and M. Sergius, the firft of whom had in Clodius's Tri-

bunate undertaken the tafk of killing

the fecond had been Captain of the
tiline,

Pompey
to
:

Guard

^ ^

and was probably of his family [k] Clodius, encouraged by this hopeful beginning, put himfelf at their head in perfon, and purfued the Senate into the Capitol^ in order to diflurb
their debates, and prevent their providing any relief for the prefent evil ; and above all, to excite the

Cabut

meaner

fort to

fome

violence againft Cicero,

funeda latrocinia ob annonae caufam putavifli. Prodom.5.

Quid
curfatio

piierorum
?

ilia

nodurna

num

cona te

jpfo inftituta

me frumentum

flagitabant? Quafi vero ego aut rti frumentariae pra^fuif-

Q^Metello, palam nominati, a qiiibus ille fe lapidibus appetitum, etiam percuiTum t^Q dixit. Qyis eft ifte Lollius ? Qui te Tribuno pleb.- Cn.
in Senatu

funt homines a

Pompeium
popofcit.

interficiendum de-

fem, aut compreiTuiii aliquod frumentum tenerem. lb. 6, [/^J Cum homines ad Theatrum primo, dcinde ad Se-

rQuis

eft

Sergius

armiger Catilinae, ftipator

corporis, fignifer feditionis
his

tui

atque hujufmodi ducibus,

tu in

natum
Clodii.

concurriiTent impulfu

cum

AdAtt.

4. I.

Confules, in

annons caritate in reSenatum

5.

Q)ncurfus eft ad Templum Concordia^ fadus, Senatum iiUic vocante MeLdlo

penrlnos impetus comparares.

Pro dom.

^i\i

But

of

M.rULLIUS CICERO.

But he foon found, to his great difappointment, A. Urb. 696. that Cicero was too llrong; in the afFedlions of the SL^- i*
City to be hurt again fo foon: for the people themfelves faw through his defign, and were fo
pQ^j^j^^^^j^^

Lentulus

provoked at it, that they turned unrjcrfally againft Spinther, him^ and drove him out of the fields with all his mer- C^C^ecilius Metellus !/-cenaries', when perceiving that Cicero was not ^^^^^^ prefe72t in the Senate^ they called out upon him hy name with one voice^ and would not he quieted till he came in perfon to und.ertake their caufe^ and proHe had kept pofe fome expedient for their relief. his houfe all that day^ and refolved to do fo^ till he
1 .

faw

the iffue of the tumult ; but when he underflood that Ciodius was repulfed, and that his pre*

fence

was

univerfally required

by the Confuls^

the

Senate^ and the whole People^ he came to the Senate' houfe ^ in the midfl of their debates and being pre.,

ajked his opinion , propofed, that Pompey fhould be entreated to undertake the province of reJloring plenty to the City ; and^ to enable him to exe^ cute it with effe5l^ fhould be invefied with an abfofently
lute

of the

power over all the public ft ores and corn-rents Empire through all the Provinces : the motion was readily accepted^ and a vote immediately paffed^ that a law fhould be prepared for that purpofe^ and
offered
to the people [/].

All the Confular Senators

B 4
[/]
nui,

were
fine uUis copiis, ac iria-

Ego vero Qomi me

te-

folum

quamdiu turbulentum cum Cervos tutempus fuit OS ad rapinam, ad bonorum

casdem paratos arqjutos etiam in Capitolium tecum venifi'e conftabat fcio me do-

nu, verum etiam lb. 3. amicis.

cum

paucis

Romano

a populo qui turn in Capitolium convenerat, cum illo die minus valercm,.

Ego denique

univerfo,

mi

manfiffe

mihi nunciatum

eil,

po^eaquam populum

nominatim in Senatum vocabar. Veni expedlatus mul;

in Capitolium convenifle, miniflros autem

Romanura

tis

jam

fententiis

dictis, ro;

gatus film fententiam

dixi

fcelerum tuorum perterritos, partim amiffis gladiis, partim ereptis diffugilfej veni non

Reipub. falubcrrimam, mihi necefiiirium. lb 7.

Fa(^um

The

History

of the Life
-^

A. Urb. 696. ^ere abfent^ except Meffala and Jfranius : they pretended to he afraid of the mob but the real caufe ^c ar^' ^^^ ^^^^^ unwillingnefs to concur in granting this P

Cornelius

Lentulus
Spinther,

commiflion to Pompey. The Confuls carried the decree with them into theRoftra^ and read it-

publicly to the people ; who on the mention of Ci^ (^C^ciLius ELLus ^^^^'^ name^ in ijohich it was drawn, z^ve an univerjal Jhout of applattje \ upon wfotch^ at the deftre cf all the Magjftrates^ Cicero made a fpeech to themy

reafons and necefTity of the defetting forth the and cree, giving them the comfort of a fpeedy

from the vigilance and authority of Pompey \7n\ The abfence however of the Confular Senators gave a handle to refle(5l upon the ad:, as not free and valid^ hut extorted hy fear^ and
relief,

without the intervention of the principal memhers ; hut the very next day^ in a fuller Houfe^ when all thofe Senators were prefent^ and a motion was made
it was unanimoufly rejeBed \n\ ; and the Confuls were ordered to draw up a law conformable to it, by which the whole adminifiration of the corn and provifions of the Republic was

to revoke the decree^

to be granted to

Pompey for five years ^ with a power of chufing fifteen Lieutenants to affifi him in it. This furnifhed Clodius with frefh matter of abufe upon Cicero he charged him with ingratitude^ and the defertion of the Senate^ which had
:

Faftum

eft

S.

C. in

meam

recitando dedilTet, habui con-

fententiam, ut cum Pompeio ageretur, ut earn rem fufciperet, lexque

ferretur.

cionem.

-Ibid.

[] At enim
tus

liberum Sena-

Ad

Att. 4.

1.

[;]
lares,
ter

Cum
quod

abclTent Confu-

tuto fe negarent pofTe fententiam dicere, prae-

judicium propter metum non fuit. Pro dom. 4. Poftridie Senatus frequens, & omnes Confulares nihil

Pompeio

poflulanti riegarunt,
adeiTent, ccep-

Mciralam

Sc

Afranium.

Ad
tum
S.

Att.

Ibid.

Cum
S.

4 i. omnes

Qno

C.

recitato,

cum

cont5nuo more Jioc infulfo

iiovo plaufum,

&

meo nomine

de inducendo ab univerfo Senatu reclamatum eft. Pro dom. 4.

eft referri

C;

always

of
a
maity

M.

TVLLIUS CICERO.
to

always been firm

filly ^

S^'^' own ftrength and credit ^^ p.Cornelius the City^ and how able he was to maintain his au- Lentulus But Cice- Spinther, thority without the help of Pompey [^J. " that ro defended himfelf by faying, they muft Q^C^.cilius " not to the fame play expedl game upon him -^I^q^^^ *' now that he was reftored, with which they *' had ruined him before, by raifing jealoufies *' between him and Pompey that he had fmarted
as not to

who

bim, in order to pay his court -to A. Urb. 6g6. had betrayed him : and that he was fo

know

his

*'
*'

"
^^

too feverely already, to be caught again in the fame trap ; that, in decreeing this commifTion to Pompey, he had difcharged both
for
it

"
^'

lie

his private obligations to a friend, and his duty to the State ; that thofe who

all

" grudge the vi6lories, the triumphs, the ac" ceflion of dominion and revenue, which their " former grants of this fort had procured to the " that the fuccefs of thofe
Empire-,
*'

extraordinary

power

to

pubgrudged Pompey, muft

fhewed, were to exped from this [/>].' But what authority foever this law conferred on Pompey, his creatures were not yet fatisfied with it y fo that Meflius, one of the Tribuns,

what

fruit they

to give what of money ^ raifing power

propofed another,

him

the additional

fleets^

and armies he

[o]

Tune

es

ille,

Inquit,

Senatus carere non potuit ? quo reftituto, Senatus au6loritatem reftitutam putabamus ? quam primum adveniens prodidifti. lb. 2. Nefcit quantum aucloritate
qiio

ihtutum pofreIabefadan,quibus anteaftantemperculerunt data merces eft erroris mei magna, ut me non folum pigeat ftultitiae meae, fed etiam
pudeat.
lb. 11,

valeat, quas res geflerit,

qua

dignitate

fit

rellitutus.

Cur
eft ?

ornat

eum

quo

defertus

Cn. Pompeio maxima terra marique bella extra ordinem eflecommifla: quarum rerum fi quern pcrniteat, eum
vidtorice

lb. II.
[/]

populi

Romani nelb. 8.

dem

Definant homines iifmachinis fperaie me re,

cefTe eft pcenitere.

thought

lo

'The

History

of the Life

A. Urb. 696. thought fit ; with a greater comr/iand through all the Cic. 50. Provinces^ than their proper Governors had in Clccro's Uvvs feemed modefl in comparifon p Or^^Jr^r ,TTc ^^^k.

Lentulus or MelTius s rompey pretended to be content the with all his dependents were Spinther, firft, whilft
:

Q^/EciLius pufl^ij^g

Nep \^^^^

fQj. |-}^e ]a^f[fj^gy expeded that Cicero would come over to them ; but he continued for his affairs filent, nor would ftir a ftep farther were ftill in fuch a ftate, as obliged' him to a6t with caution, and to manage both the Senate and
.

the men of power the conclufion was, that Cicero's law was received by all parties, and Pompey named him for his firfi Lieutenant^ declaring that he Jhould confider him as afecond felf and a^ nothing without
:

his advice [^]. Cicero accepted the employment^ on condition that he might he at liberty to ufe or reftgn it at

pleafure^ as he found it convenient to his affairs [r] ; but he foon after quitted it to his Brother, and chofe

to continue in the city; where he had the pleafure to fee the end of his law effedlually anfwered for
:

the credit of Pompey's name immediately reduced the price of victuals in the markets-, and his vigor

and diligence

in profecuting the affair foon efta-

his former dignity, but not to his former fortunes nor was any fatiffadion yet made to him for the ruin of his
-,

blifhed a general plenty. Cicero was reflored to

fcripferunt

Confules conalteram Meflius, qua omnis pecuniae dat poteftatem, & adjungit claflem &
[<^]

Legem

mus

&

eo magis quod de

domo
tilices

noflra nihil adhiicPon-

refponderunt.

exercitum,

&

Ille legates

um

majus imperi-

poftularet,

me

in provinciis,

quam

fit

minavit,

&

quindecim cum principem noad omnia me al-

eorum, qui eas obtinent.

noftra

Ilia

terum
Att. 4.
[r]

fe
i.

fore dixit. a

Ad
le*

lex

Confularis

nunc

modefta videtur, hcec Meiili

Ponipeius il1am velle fe dicit ; Familiares banc. Confulares duce Favonio fremunt, nos tacepon.

Ego me
mihi

Pompelo

ferenda.

gari ita fum pafTus, ut nulla re impedirer, quod ne fi vel-

km,

effet

integrum.-

lb. 2.

houfes

of

M tULLIUS
:

CICERO,

ii
A. Urb. 696.

a full reftitution indeed had but was referved to his return ; which came now before the Senate to be confidered and fettled by public authority, where it met ftill with great obftru6lion. The chief difficulty v>^as about his Palatin houfe^ which he valued above all the reft, and which Clodius, for that reafon, had contrived to alienate, as he hoped,

houfes and eftates

been decreed,

c*/r*
p.Cornelius

Lentulus
Spinther,

C^C^cilius
^^^^q^

; by demolifhing the Fabric, and a upon the area to the Goddefs 1'emple dedicating Liberty : where, to make his work the more complete, he pulled down alfo the adjoining ^^r//V^ of Catidliis^ that he might build it up anew, of the fame order with his Temple ; and by blending the public with private property, and confecrating the whole to Religion^ might make it impofiible to feparate or reftore any part to Cicero ; fince a confecration, legally performed, made the thing confecrated unapplicable ever after to any

irretrievably

private ufe.

portico was built, as has been faid, on the where Fulvius Flaccus formerly lived, whofe fpot houfe was publicly demolifhed, for the treafon of its mafter ; and it was Clodius's defign to join
under the fame denomination ; as the memorial perpetual of a difgrace and punifoment inthe filled by people [j]. When he had finiflied the
Cicero's
to it

This

portico therefore, and annexed his Temple to it, which took up but a fmall part, fcarce a tenths of Cicero's houfe ^ he left the reft of the area void, in order to plant agrove^ or walks of pleafure upon
ity

as has been ufual in fuch cafes , where, as it has been obferved, he was profecuting a particular intereft, as well as indulging his malice in obftrudino: o the reftitution of it to Cicero.

Ut domus M. cum Qomo f lacci ad memoriam

[/]

Tullii
Fulvii

Ciceronis

publice conftitutae conjunfla elTe videatur. Pro dom. 38.

pcenas

The

12
A. Urb. 696.
Cic. 50.

^be

History
was
:

of the "Life

The

affair

to be determined

by

the college

^^ religion s ^"S pr Lentulus ^ provifional decree, that if the Priejls difcharged Sp N TH ER the ground from the fervice of religion^ then the Con QJ^^^^i'^^^ fills floould take an efiimate of the damage^ and make Metellus ^ contra^ for rebuilding the whole at the public
I

^y Priefisy

who were

'

the Judges in all cafes relatfor the Senate could only make

'

'

'

in

charge^ fo as to reflore it' to Cicero in the condition which he left it [/]. The Priefls therefore of

tells us, fo full an ap~ them in any caufe^ fince the foundation pearance of of the City : he reckons up nineteen by name ; a great part of whom were of Confular rank \ii\. His firft care, before he entered into the merits

dignity there never was, as Cicero

all orders were called together on the lafi of September^ to hear this caufe, which Cicero pleaded in perfon before them they were men of the and families in the Republic , and firft
:

of the queftion, was to remove the prejudices, which his enemies had been labouring to inftil^ on the account of his late condu(5l in favour of Pompey, by explaining the motives, and fhewing the necefTity of it ; contriving at the fame time to turn the odium on the other fide, by running over
the hifiory of Clodius's "Tribunate^

and

violences in the moft lively colours ; painting but the queftion on which the caufe fmgly turnall its
'

ed,
tion

was

about the

of the houfe^

to fhew deavours to overthrow the very foundation of it, ^' and prove Clodius's Tribunate to be original[/]

of the pretended ccnfecrathe dedication of the Temple : the nullity therefore of this a6t, he enefficacy

and

Qui

fi

fuftulerint reli-

era condituta,
eft antiquitas,

quorum eadem

gionem, aream pracclaram habebimus: fuperficiemConTules ex S.

C
I.

bis,

uUa de

asftimabunt.

quidem

quae ipfius urne de capite Virginum Vefta.lium,

re,

/id Alt. 4.
[u\

Nego unquam

poll fa-

tarn frequens collegium judi(:afi'e. De Harufp. refp. 6, 7.

of

M.rULLIUS CICERO,

13

and void, from the invalidity of his A- ^rb. 696, *' which it was entirely grounded :" adoption^ on ^q^^^' he fhews, '' that the fole end of adoption, which p.Cornelius " the laws acknowledged, was to fupply the Lentulus " want of children, by borrowing them as it Spinther, *< were from other families ; that it was an eflen- Q^^^cilius " tial condition of it, that he who adopted had ^^^^^^^ " no children of his own, nor was in condition " to hav^e any that the parties concerned were
ly null
:

"

"

" obliged to appear " their confent, the

before the Priefts to fignify caufe of the adoption, the

" and the " Priefts

*'

*' *'

" "

circumftances of the families interefled in it, nature of their religious rites ; that the might judge of the whole, and fee that there was no fraud or deceit in it, nor any difhonour to any family or perfon concerned that nothing of all this had been obferved in
:

the cafe of Clodius

that the

Adopter was not

:

full twenty years old, when he adopted a Se*' nator, who was old enough to be his father " that he had no occafion to adopt, fmce he had '' a wife and children, and would probably have
*'

*^

more, which he muft necefiarily difinherit by that Clodius had it was real " no other view, than, the pretence of an by '' /^ 'Plebeian and 5>/himfeif to make adoption,
this adoption, if
:

*'

" "

hun^ in order to overturn the State; that the adl itfelf, which confirmed the adoption, v/as

*'

and illegal, being tranfaffed while Bibuwas obferving the Aufpices, which was '' contrary to exprefs lav/, and huddled over in " three hours by Csefar, when it ought to have ^' been publifhed for three market days fuccefnull
lus

"
"

fively,
*

at the interval

that if the adoption was irregular as it certainly was, the Tribunate

[a] Pro

of nine days each [v] and illegal, muft needs

:

dom.

13, 14, 15, i6.

" be

14
A.Urb. 696.
<c

^he
\^q{q
|;oo,

History
which was

of the Life
built
it
:

intirely upon " ^^^ granting the Tribunate after all to be valid, " becaufe fome eminent men would have it P.Cornelius fo, " Lentulus yet the ad made afterv/ards for his banifhment

Coff*

Spinther,

Mete^llus^ Nepos.
.

" ^^ ^ made againft a particular PnW/^^^ only, " which the facred laws, and the laws perfon " of the twelve Tables had utterly prohibited " that it was contrary to the very conftitution of " the Republic, to punifh any Citizen either in " or till he had been accufed in
-,

could not poflibly be confidered as a law, but

''

*'

"
''

body goods, proper form, and condertined of fome crime by competent judges that Privileges^ or laws
:

" and nothing better than prolcriptions, and of " all not to be endured in their
things

to inflid: penalties on fingle perfons by name, without a legal trial, were cruel and pernicious,

City

[^y].'*

Then
he
*'
''
''

in entering upon the queition of his houfe " that the whole effedt of his reilodeclares,

ration depended upon it ; that if it v/as not given back to him, but fuffered to remain a

*'

"
*'

"
*'

"
''

" phies ere6led both againft himfelf and the Re" the houfe of Sp. Melius/' fays he, public " who affected a Tyranny, was levelled j and
:

of triumph to his enemy, of grief to himfelf, he could not conlider it as a reftoration, but a perpetual punifliment : that his houfe flood in the viev; of the whole people ; and if it muft continue in its prefent flate, he fhould be forced to remove to fome other place, and could never endure to live in that City, in v/hich he mud always fee tro-

monument

and calamity

''

" the people confirmed " ment the hcuie of

:

by xht

n2i\-nt

o^ j^quimeliumy given to the place, the Equity of his punifhSp. Callius was overturnquid
3.
eft injuflius ?

[^] lb. 17. in privos homines leges ferri noJuerunt ;

.

de Legib.

19.

id eft

euim priviiegium

quo

rf
'^
^'

M.TULLIVS CICERO.
caiife,
:

i^
raif- A. l-rb. 696.
'

"
"

" " "

*

^q^^^' confilcated and levelled ; and, to perpetuate p.Cornelius the memory of his treafon, the place is ftill Lentulus M. Manlius like- Spinther, called Vaccus's meadows Q,Cjecihu8 wife, after he had repulfed the Gauls from the
:

ed alfo for the fame ed upon it to Tellus

M.

and a Temple Vaccus's houfe was

Capitoly fervice,

not content with the glory of that

j^j^pos,

was adjudged to aim at dominion \ fo ** that his houfe was demolifhed, where you now ^' muft I therefore fee the two groves planted " fuffer that our Anceftors which punifhment, *' inflifted as the greateft, on wicked and traite:

Citizens ; that pofberity may confider me, not as the opprelTor, but the author and captain *' of th6 Confpiracy [z] ?'* When he comes to " that fpeak to the dedication itfelf, he obferves,
''

" rous

Goddefs Liberty, to which the Temple v/as dedicated, was the known ftatue of a ct\t*' brated ftrumpet, which Appius brought from " Greece for the ornament of his and iEdilefhip
the
'*
:

*'

''

dropping " cy, gave to his brother Clodius, to be advan" ced into a that the ceremony was Deity \a] " without performed any licence or judgement " obtained from the of the
:

upon

the thoughts of that magillra-

Priefts, by College fmgle miniflry of a rav/ young man, the bro" ther-in-law of Clodius, who had been made Prieft but a few days before ; a mere novice
'

in his bufinefs,

but
cc
CC cc cc

in

and forced into the fervice [^] had been tranfadlcd regularly, and due form, that it could not poflibly have
:

if all

cc
cc

force,, as being contrary to the Handing laws of the Republic for there was an old Tribunician law, made by Q^ Papirius, which prohibited the confecration of houfes, lands, or

any

altars,

without the exprefs

command
lb. 4c.

of the

[stf-Pro dom. 37, 3S. lb. 43.

"

people

of the Life was not obtained, nor evert people; which in the prefent cafe [r] that great "pretended ^Cfr " P.CoRNEtius regard had always been paid to this law in feLentulus '' veral inftances of the graveil kind: that Q^ Spinther, " Marcius, the Cenfor, ere6ted a Statue of ConA, Urbi 696;
:

i6

The

Ui^roTiY

Nepos*

'' Caflius afterwards, when Cenfor, removed into " the Senate-hoLife, and confulted the College " of Priefts, v/hether he might not dedicate the " and the houfe alfo to Concord

flatue,

itfelf,

"^

*'

"
^'
*'

upon which gave anfwer

M. iEmihus,
in the

name

the High-Priefc, of the College, that

unlefs the people and he acted in

had deputed him by name, it by their authority, they

that he could not

opinion, rightly " dicate them, that Licinia alfo, a veftal [f] " virgin, dedicated an altar, and a little temple, " under the facred Rock upon which S. Julius " the order of the confulted
:

were of

de-

*'

*' *'

Praetor, by Senate, the College of Priefis , for whom P. Sc^vola, the High-Pricft, gave anfwer, that what Li-

"
''

"
''

had dedicated in a public place, without order of the people, could not be confiany fo that the Senate injoined dered as facred
cinia
:

the Prcetor to fee

it

defecrated,

and to
:

efface

whatever had been infcribed upon it after all " it he tells was to no this, them, to purpofe, " to he had what mention, propofed fpeak to in
*'

the JafI: place, that the dedication was notper" formed v.'ith of the folemn words and rites " which fuch aany fun<51:ion but the

*'
.

"
*'

"
''
*'

required; by ignorant young man before- mentioned, without the help of liis Collegues, his books, or any to pron^.pthim cfpecially when Clodius, who
:

direcled him, that impure enemy of all religion, who often ac^led the woman among
Hicn, as v/ell as the [,] iVo. dom. 49.

man among women, hud[d] lb. ci,53.

died

of
** *'

M rULLlUS

CICERO,

17

died over the whole ceremony in a blundering, A. Urb. 696.

precipitate manner, faultring and confounded ^q'J^' in mind, voice, and fpeech ; often recalling p.Corneliua himfelf, doubting, fearing, hefitating, and Lentulus performing every thing quite contrary to what Spinther,

"
''

''

" "
*'

the facred books prefcribed : nor is it flrange, fays he, that, in an a6t fo mad and villainous, his audacioufnefs could not get the better of
his fears
:

^C^cilius
-^^^q^.

*'

what Pirate, though ever fo barbarous, after he had been plundering Tem** pies, when pricked by a dream, or fcruple of " religion, he came to confecrate fome altar on " adefert fhore, was not terrified in his mind, on '' to appeafe that Deity by his prayforced being *' he had provoked by his facrilege? whom ers, ** In what horrors then, think you, muft this
for
*'

" man
*'

^'
''

needs be, the plunderer of ail Temples, houfes, and the whole City, when for the expiation of fo many impieties, he was wickedly confecrating one fmgle altar [e'] ? Then after a

*'

folemn invocation and appeal to all the Gods, who peculiarly favoured and protedled that City, *' to bear witnefs to the integrity of his zeal and *' love to the Republic, and that, in all his labours *' and ftruggles, he had conftantly preferred the ** benefit to his own, he commits the " public of his caufe to the juflice judgemf;nt of the *' venerable Bench." He was particularly pleafed with the compofition of this fpeech, which he publifhed immediately ; and fays upon it, that if ever he made any figure in fpeaking, his indignation, and the
*'

fenfe ot his

injuries, had infpired force and fpirit in this caufe [/].

him with new

The

fentence

of
[f]

Pro dom. [/] A6la res

54, 55.
ell

a nobis

&

fi

unquam

in di-

accurate

cendo

fuimus

Vol.

II.

aliquid,

aat

etiam

l8

TheHisTORY

cf the Life

A.Urb. 696. of the Priefls turned wholly on what Cicero had ailedged about the force of ihe Papirian law, viz. ^c^^

P Cornelius ^^^^ ^f ^^9 ^'"^ performed the office of confecration^ ed and perfondly ap* Lentuius had not been fpecially authorif
Q^

Spinther, pointed to it by the people^ then the area in queflion CiE CI LI us j^jn-hi^ withcut any fcrtiple of religion, he refioredto

Nepos

Ctcero.
five,

1 his

tnough

it

was
\

fufficient for Cicero's

leemed lomewhat evapurpofe ; and his

friends congratulated
'victory

him upon it^ as upon a clear while Clodius interpreted it flill in favour of himfelf, and being produced into the Rofira^ by his Brother Appius, acquainted the people, that the Priejis had given judgement for him, but that

Cicero was preparing to recover poffeffion by force ; end exhorted them therefore to follow him and Appius in the defence of their liberties. But his fpeech made no imprefTion on the audience ; fome won-

dered at his impudence, others laughed at his folly ^ and Cicero refolved not to trouble himfelf or the people about it^ till the Confuls, by a decree of the
Senate,

had

contracted for rebuilding the portico of

Catulus \g\

Senate met the next day, in a full houfe, an to put end to this affair \ when Marcellinus,
'"v

The

etiamfiunquam

alias

fuimus,

Mihi
Jatio
:

fac^a

ftatim

eft

gratii-

tum
t'.ido

profeclo dolor

&

magnidi-

vim quandam nobis

nemo enim dubirat, quin ddmus nobis effet adjudicata.

cendi dedit.

Itaque Oratio

Turn

fubito ille in

juventuti noflras deberi

potefl.

non

concicnem
Appius
fe

Ad

Att. 4. 2.

[g\

Cum

afcendit, quam ei dedit nunciat jam

:

Pontifices dccref-

populo, Ponrifices iecundum

decrevifTe
;

nequepopuli juiTu, neque plebis fcitu, is qui fe di'dicaile diceret, nominatim

el rei
prasFe^lus
eiTet
j

fent, ita,fi

me autem

vi

ne-

que populi jufiu, neque plebis

fcitu id facere juflus eiict, videri poiTe fine reiigione earn

quantur, h fiiam libertatem ut defendant. Hie cum etiam illi infimi partim admirarentur,

conari in poflefTionem venire : hortatur, ut fe k, Appium fe-

partim irriderent hoimnis.

partem

areae

mihi

rellitui.

amentiam.

Ad

Att. 4. 2.

one

of
fpeak
defired
firft,

M,rULLWS
to

CICERO.

19
to A. Urb. 966.
^'^J^""'

one of the Confuls eled, being called upon

them

addrefled himfelf to the Priefts, and

give an account of the grounds <^^^p.Cornelius

meaning of their fentence : upon which Lucullus, Lentulus name of the reft, declared, that the Priefis Spinther, were indeed the Judges of religion^ but the Senate of^!P'^^^^^^^
in the

what

that they therefore had determined only related to the point of religion^ and left it to the Senate to determine whether any ohflacle remainthe

law

jvTepos.

ed in point of law: all the other priefts largely after him in favor of Cicero's caufe

fpoke
:

when

Clodius rofe afterwards to fpeak, he endeavoured to waft the time fo, as to hinder their coming to any refolution that day ; but after he had been
{"^tdkSxi^ for three hours fuccefiively, the aiTembly grew fo impatient, and made fuch a noife and

he was forced to give over yet were they going to pafs a decree, in the words of MarcellinuSy Serranus put his negative and upon it : this raifed an univerfal indignation a frefh debate began, at the motion of the Two
hifling, that
:

when

Confuls, on the merit of the Triburts inierceffion ; after many warm fpeeches, they came to the following vote , that it was the refolution of

when

that Senate y that Cicero* s houfe fhould be reft or ed to him^ and Catulus^s portico rebuilt^ as it had been before ; and that this vote floould be defended by all

tht Magiftrates

was

offered to it^

and if any violence or obftrvMion that the Senate would look upon it^

as offered by him^

who had interpofed his negative. This ftaggered Serranus, and the late Farce was
\

feet^

father threw himfelf at his he defired a nighfs time j ; which at firft was refufed, but, on Cicero's reand the next day he revoked his queft, granted

played over again to beg him to

-,

his

defift

negative, and, without farther oppofition, faffered the Senate to pafs a decree, that Cicero's da-

ma^t

20

The

History

of the Life

A. Urb. 696. magsfiould be made good to him^ and his houfes reGic. 50. ii^iii ^j the public charge \h']. Coff. rj.^^ Confuls began prefently to put the de-

Spinther, rebuilding Catulus^s portico^ fet men to work, Q. CiF.ciLius ^^Qy^ clearing the ground^ and demolijhing what had Metellus ^^^^^ j^^^^i^ byClodius: but as to Cicero's buildings,
it

Xentulus cree

in execution

and having contradled for the

was agreed to take an eflimate of his damage, and pay the amount of it to himfelf, to be laid out according to his own fancy in which his
:

Palatin houfe
his

was valued

at Jixteen thoufand pounds

\

'Tufculan at four thoufand

his

Formian

only

This was a very deficient and at two thoufand. Jhameful valuation, which all the world cried out upon J for the Palatin houfe had coll him, not long but Cicero would before, near twice that fum not give himfelf any trouble about it, or make any exceptions, which gave the Confuls a handle
:

throw the blame upon his own 7nodefiy^ for not remonflrating againfi it, and feeming to be fatisfied with what was awarded : but the true reafon was, as he himfelf declares, that thofe, who had dipt his wings, had no mind to let them grow again , and his advocates when abfent, be^ though they had been to be fecretly angry, and openly envious of now gan him when prefent [f ]
to
.

[/]
[z]

Ad

Att. 4. 2.
asdiconfilii fen-

Nobis fuperficiem

quid igitur caufas cunt illi quidem

fuit

Di-

pudorem

um

Confules de

meum, quod neque negarim,

neque vehementius poftularim. Sed non eil id ; nam hoc quidem etiam profuifTet.

tentia asflimarunt
caetera

HS.

vicies;

valde illiberaliter ; Tufculanum villam quingent s millibus i Formianum ducentis quinquaginta miilibus; qucs a?ftimaiio non modo ab
optiiiio

Verum

iidem, mi Fomponi, iidem inquam illi, qui mihi pennas inciderunt, nolunt e-

quoque fed etiam a

Dices,

afdem

renafci-

Ibid,

plebc reprehenditur.

But

of

M.TULLIUS CICERO.
as

21
A. Urb. 696,
^^^- ^

he was never covetous, this affair great uneafinefs; though, through the late ruin of his fortunes, he was now in fuch want of money, that he refolved to expofe his Tufale j but foon changed his mind and culan Villa to f built it up again with much more magnificence than before; and, for the beauty of its fituation, and neighbourhood to the City, took more pleafure in it ever after, than in any other of his But he had fome domieflic grievcountry feats. ances about this time, which touched him more nearly , and which, as he fignifies obfcurely to Atticus, were of too delicate a nature to be explained hy a letter \K\ : they arofe chiefly from the petulant humor of his wife, which began to give him frequent occafions of chagrin , and, by a feries of repeated provocations, confirmed in him that fettled difguft, which ended at iaft in a divorce. As he was now reftored to the polTefTion both of his dignity and fortunes, lo he was defirous to deftroy all the public monuments of his late difgrace ; nor to fufter the law of bis exil to rem.ain, with the other ads of Clcdius's ^rihunate^ hang-

But

gave him no

5.
'

^.

Lentulus
Spinther,

Q-C^cilius
j^/^^^^^^ ''^EPOS.

ing up in the Capitol, engraved, as ufual, on tables of brafs v/atching therefore the opportuClodius's of abfence, he went to the Capitol^ nity with a ftrong body of his friends^ and taking the This tables down conveyed them to his own houfe. occafioned a fliarp conteft in the Senate between him and Clodius, about the validity of thofe a^s-^ and drew Cato alfo into the debate ^ who, for the fake of his Cyprian commijfion^ thought himfelf obliged to defend their legality againft Cicero , which
:

[^]

Tufculanum

profcripfi:

fubuibano non
CiEtera,

facile careo.--

fJv^iiLuripct funt. fratre filia, ibid,

Amamura

&

qu^ me

foUicitant,

created

22
*

The

History
little coldnefs

of the Life

A. Urb. 696. created feme

between them^ and gave

" irnall pleafure to the common enemies of them ^r ir P.C0RNEL,S both [/] But Cicero s cnier concern at preient was, Lentulus Spinther, how to fupport his former authority in the City,
(^C>EciLius ETELLus

provide for his future fafety ; as well againit malice of declared enemies, as the envy of pretended friends, which he perceived to be growing up afreih againft him he had thoughts of
^j^(j

^1^^

'

or of procuring one ; putting which gave a Lieutenancies^ of thofe honorary to with intent chara6ler Senators ; private public to make a progrefs through Italy ^ or a kind of

in for the Cenforjhip

religious pilgrimage to all the Temples^ Groves^' and facred places^ on pretence of a vow^ jnade in his
exile.

This would give him an opportunity of

iliewing himfelf every where in a light, which naturally attra6ls the affedtion of the multitude,

by

ftitions

teflifying a pious regard to the favourite fuperand local religions of the Country ; as the

which are moft in vogue he mentions thefe projedls to Atticus, as defigned to be executed in the fpring, refolving in the mean while to cherifh the good inclination of the people towards him, by keeping himfelf perpetually in the view of the City [ni], Catulus^s portico^ and Cicero's houfe, were rifing again apace, and carried up almofl to the roof j when Clodius, without any warning, attacked them, on the fecond of November^ with a band of
:

to the vulgar, of the Saints,

Great, in the fame Country, flill pay their court by vifiting the Ihrines and altars

[/]

Plutarch in Cic. Dio.

p. 100.
\ni\ Ut nulla re impedirer, quod ne fi vdlem, mihi effet integium, aut fi coniitia Cen-

foriim proximi Confules haberent, petere poiTe, aut Vo-

tivam

Legationem

i"uiT]fifle;

prope omnium Fanorum, lucorum. Ad Alt. 4. 2.

armed

of

M.rULLIUS CICERO.
demoli/hed the portico^

23
A.

firmed men^ who the workmen out of Cicero* s g-round^ S^*^i' ftones and ruhhifh of the place began to batter ^lin- p Cornelius tus''s houfe^ with whom Cicero then lived, and Lentulus at lafl fet fire to it \ fo that the two Brothers, Spinther, with their famihes, were forced to fave themfeves Q^^'^^cilius

and drogue and with the

Urb 696.

by

a hafty flight,

Milo had ah-eady

:

acciiled

jv;pos.

Clodius for his former violences, and refolved,

to bring him to juftice Clodius, on the other hand, was fuing for the Mdilefhip^ to fecure himfelf, for one year more at lead", from
if pofTible,

he was fure of being condemnany profecution if he was ever ed, brought to trial, y2> that whatever mifchief he did in the mean time was all clear gainy and could not make his caufe the worfe [;/] : he now therefore gave a free courfe to his natural fury ; was perpetually fcouring the ftreets with his incendiaries, and threatning fire and fword to the City itfelf if an affembly was net called for the election of Mdiles. In this humor, about a week after his laft outrage, on the eleventh of November ^ happening to meet with Cicero, in the facred he prefently affaulted him with ftojies^ llreet, clubs y and drawn fwords : Cicero was not prepared for the encounter, and took refjge in the Veflibule of the next houfe ; where his attend:

'

ants rallying in his defence, beat off the affailants, and could eafily have killed their header ^ but
that Cicero

was

willing^

he fays,

to

cure by diet,

rather than Surgery.

The day

following Clodius

te

[] Armatishominlbus andiem III. Non. Novemb.

indc jufTu Clcdii inflammata,

inipedante
ignibas.
hilo

Urbe,
V'idet,

conjciStis
fi

expulfi funt fabri de area noIl:ra,di{turbata porticusCa-

omnes
iii-

quos vult paiam occideiir,

ad tectum pcrne Qainti fratris pervenerat. domus primo frafla cDnjefftu lapidum, ex area noilra, dctuli

Qiise

fuam caufam rem, quam adhuc

dicio
3.

diHiciliofit,

iuturain.

Ad

in juAtt. 4.

attacked

24
Cic.
f o.

^h^

History

of the Life

A. Urb. 696. attacked Milo*s houfe^

tmthfwordin hand^ and lighted Flambeaus^ with intent to fiorm and hum it : but for him-, and Q. P Cornelius ^^^^ was never unprovided Lentulus Fiaccus, Tallying out with a llrong band of flout
Q^C^ciLius
Spinther, fellows, killed feveral of his men, and would have ^illg^ Clodius too^ if he had not hid himfelf in the inlETELLus ^^^ apartments of P. Syllds houfe^ which he made ufe of on this occafion as his Fortrefs [^] The Senate met, on the fourteenth, to take
.

thefe diforders into confideration

Clodius did not

think fit to appear there-, hut Sylla came, to clear himfelf, probably from the fufpicion of encouraging him in thefe violences, on account of the

freedom which he had taken with his houfe \f]. Many fevere fpeeches were made, and vigorous
.

Marcellinus's opinion was, counfils propofed that Clodius JJoould be impeached anew for thefe laji
-,

cutrages and that no ele^ion of Mdilesfhouldbefuffered^ till he was brought to a trial : Milo declared^ that as long as he continued in office^ the Conful M.e-,

tellus

Jhould make no ele^ion

for he would take the

affembly

aufpices every day^ on

which an
to

could be

wafi the day infpeakto break up without ing, fo that they were forced Milo was as good as his word, snaking any decree. a and, having gathered fuperior force, took care to obilrud: the ejedlion ; though the Conful Meheld
\

butMetellus contrived

[0]

Ante diem tertium

eft

Id.

det
id.

Milonis

domum

prid.

Novemb. cum

facra via de-

fcenderem, infecutus

me

expugnare &incendere ita conatiis eft, ut palam hora

quinta

cum

fuis.

Clamor
;

lapides,

cum

(cutis

homines,

fufteSjgladii

haec improvifa
:

omnia.

Difceftimus in veftiTertii

edu6lis gladiis, alios cum accenfis facibus adduxerit. Ipfe

bulum

Damionis qui crunt mecum facile operas aditu prohibuerunt. Ipfe occidi potuit, fed ego diaeta carare incipio, chirurgiae tae-

domumP.Syllae procaftris ad eam impugnationem fumpferat,

&c. Ad Att. 4. 3. [/] Sylla fc in Senatu

ftridie Idas,

podomiClodius.lb.
tellns

cf
tellus

M.'TULLIUS CICERO.
all his

25

vigilance,

employed and procure an aiTembly by ftratagem; ^p'i^* it to one place, and holding it in another, p.CorNELius calling fometimes in the field of Mars, fometimes in the l^^tulus Forum; but Milo was ever beforehand with him; Spinther, and, keeping a conftant guard in the field, from Q^Ci^ciLius to noon, was always at hand to inhibit rriidiiight xr^pQ. his procedings, by obnouncing^ as it was called, or declaring, that he was taking the aufpices on that day ; fo that the three Brothers v/ere bafHed and difappointed, though they were perpetually ha ranguing and labouring to inflame the people againft thofe, who interrupted their aflemblies and
right of eleding
;

power and

art to elude his A. Urb. 696.

where Metellus^s fpeeches were

turbulent^ Appiiis's rajb^ Clodius's furious. Cicero, who gives this account to Atticus, was of opinion, and that Clodius that there would he no eleclion
-,

would be brought to trials if he was not firfi killed hy Milo , which was likely to be his- fate : Milo,
fays he, makes no fcruple to own it ; being not deterred by my misfortune^ and having no envious or perfidious counfellors about him^ nor any lazy Nobles to dif courage him : it is commonly given out by the
other fide ^ that
vice
;

what he does, is all done by my adbut they little knoWj how much condu^^ as pell as courage, there is in this Hero [^].

Young
[q]

cmnes
:

Egreglus Marcellinus^ acres; Metellus ca-

inter
iri

vlam

obtulerit,

occifum
video,
prae fe
;

ab

ipfo

Milone

lumnia dicendi tempus exemit conciones turbulentas

temeraris Appii, Metelli, furiofiffims Clodii hsec ta:

Non
fert

dubicat facere

cafum ilium noftrum ; non extimefcit, &c. Meo confilio omnia illi
fieri

men fumma,

nifi

Campum
non
urn,
,

obnunciafTet,

mitia futura.
arbitror
nifi
;

Milo in CoComitia fore reum Publierit,

qqerebantur,ignariquanconfilii.

turn in illo heroe efiet animi,

quantum etiam Ad. Att. 4. 3.

ante occifus

N.

B.

From
that

thefe fa6ls

it

lore a

Milone puto.

Si

fe

appears,

what

is

faid

above.

26
A. Urb. 696.
^*

The

History

of the Life

Lentulus, the fon of the Conful, was, of his father, and the recommen^r (r his noble birth, chofen into the ^^^ion of p Cornelius College of Lentulus Augurs this fummer, though not yet feventeen

Young

^^ ^^^

intereft

^^^^^^^'^^ ^EFos^^^ auguration feafl, where, by eating too freely of fome vegetables, which happened to pleafe his palate, he was feized with a violent pain of the bowels, and diarrhcea ; of which he fends the following account to his friend Gallus.
Cicero to Gallus.

Spinther, years old\ having but juft changed his puerile for the manly gown [f\: Cicero was invited to the in-

*'

"
*'

had been labouring for ten days, with my bowels, yet could not convince thofe, who wanted me at the bar, that I was ill, becaufe I had no fever, I ran
After
I

*^

a cruel diforder in

*'
*'

for

*'
.

*'
*'

away to Tufculum having kept fo ftrid; a faft two days before, that I did not tafte fo much as water being worn out therefore with illnefs and failing, I wanted rather to fee you, than imagined, that you expeded a vifit from
;
:

*^

me
all

for

my

part,
;

*' **

diftempers

which the

Stoics

I am afraid, I confefs, of but efpecially of thofe, for abufe your Epicurus, when

*^
*'

he complains of the Jirangury and dyfentery ; the one of which they take to be the effed: of
and had entered upon builfor it was Hill unlawj ful, we fee, to convene an
nefs

above, of Clodius's repealing the Julian and Fuf^art LatiSy

Urates

and prohibiting the Magifrom obrtru^ling the

Aflbmblies of the people, is to be underftood only in a

partial
fenfe,

AlTembly, while the MagiUrate was in the aft of obferving the heavens,
virilem patris & prastextam populi judicio togam dederit. Pr. Sext. 69. it.

and that

his

new

lav/

extended no farther,

dem &

[r]

Cui fuperior annus

i-

than to hindertheMagiftratcs from diifolving an Affembly,

2.fter it

was aclually convened

1

Die.

1.

39. p- 99.
''

gluttony

of
*'

M.
;

"TULLIUS CICERO.
the other of a

27
in- A. Urb. 696.

o-luttony
*'
*'

more fcandalous

*'
*'

''
*'

r " domg to brmg it upon me ^the lumptuary " law, which feems to introduce a fimplicity of '' For fince our diet, did me all this mifchief. " men of talle are grown fo fond of covering
1 1

I was apprehenfive indeed of a temperance. p'i' but feem to have found benefit, ei- p.Cornelius \ dyfentery ther from the change of air, or the relaxation Lentulus of my mind, or the remilTion of the difeafe Spinther, but that you may not be furprifed, how Q:C^cilius itfelf " this Qiould happen, and what I have been tvt, JNEPOS.
:

*'

"
'*
*'

their tables with the produ6i:ions of the Earthy which are excepted by the law, they have

"
*' ** *'

" me any
*'
*'

found a way of drefling mufhrooms, and all fo palatably, that nothing I can be more delicious happened to fall upon thefe at Lentulus's Augural fupper, and was taken with fo violent a flux, that this is the firfl day on which it has begun to give
other vegetables,
:

eafe.

Thus
hete

I,

who

ufed to

command

myfelf caught with

fo

eafily in

was oyjlers and lampreys^ and mallows , but I fhall be

:

*'
*'

more cautious

for the future

you, hov/ever,

who muft have heard of my

illnefs

from Ani-

*' *'

" " " both my

*' ?'

cius, for he faw me in a fit of vomiting, had a juil reafon, not only for fending, but for coming yourfelf to fee me. I think to flay here till I recruit myfelf; for I have loft

flrength and

my fiefh
it

get rid of

my

diileinper,

if I once \ but, will be eafy, I

hope, to recover the

reft [j]."

[j]

N.
coliim^

Ep. Fam. 7. 26. B. Pliny fays, that the

by which he is fuppofed to mzsiYi the Cho lie, cw as

not

known

at

Rome,
:

////

the

defcribed in this Letter feems to come fo very near to ir, that he mull be undericood, rather of the name than of the thing; as the learned Dr.

feign of Tiberius

but the cafe

Le Clerk has obferved

in his

Hillory

28
'A.

^^^

History

of the Life

left Rome about this time, afdiftributed immenfe fums among the had he ter his to reftoration by a Roman Great, purchafe pp*'^^^" of The jEgypt had fent deputies people Lentulus ^^^yto after him, Spinther, alfo plead their caufe before the Seand to Q^CiEciLius nate, explain the reafons of their expelling Metellus the but j^jj^. King contrived to get them all * the on afTallinated road, before they reached the of This villainy, and the notion of piece City. all the bribed his having Magiflrates, had railed to an averfion him among the people, fo general that he found it advifeable to quit the City, and leave the management of his interefh to his .Agents. The Conful Lentulus, who had obtained the province of CiUcia and Cyprus^ whither he

Urb. 696.

King Ptolemy

Cic. 50.

was preparing

to fet forward, v/as very defirous to be charged with the commifTion of replacing him on his throne ; for which he had already procured a vote of the Senate : the opportunity of

a command, almoft in fight of ^gypt^ made him generally thought to have the bed pretenlions
to that charge
-,

warm
it.

afliftance in foliciting the confirmation

this fituation
:

and he was alTured of Cicero's of

tered into office

of affairs the new Tribuns enC. Cato, of the fame family with a his namefake Marcus^ was one of the number bold turbulent man, of no temper or prudence,

In

-,

yet a tolerable

fpeaker, and generally on the Before he had born any better fide in politics. office, he attempted to impeach Gabinius of

public

Hiftory of Medicine. -^Plin.

1.

the cenfure,

which the

Stoics

26.
1.

I.

Le

Cler. Hill. par.

2.

4. Teft. 2 c. 4.

The mention

the J'vTupuccl TTaSr,

likewife of or the

pafied upon it, would make one apt to fufpecl, that fome diforders of a <venereal kind

were not unknown to

ancients.

the

Strangury of Epicurus,

and

bribery

of

M.rULLIUS CICERO.

29
^p*i'

hrihery and audience of

A. Urb. 696: corruption ; hut not being able to get an to the he had the Pr^etors^ hardnefs

mount the Roftra^ which was never allowed to a p.Cornelius in a fpeech to the people, Lentulus private Citizen, and, but his prefumption Spinther, Dilator: declared Por/ipey him dear for it raifed fuch coft have had like to ;

an indignation
difficulty

in the audience, that he

to

efcape

with

his life [/].

Q^^cilius had much ^^^^^ He opened

his prefent magiftracy

by declaring loudly againft King Ptolemy^ and all who favoured him ; efpewhom he fuppofed to be uncially Lentulus ; der fome private engagement with him, and for that reafon, was determined to baffle all their fchemes. Lupus likewife, one of his collegues, fum> moned the Senate, and raifed an expectation of
it was indeed of an extraordinary nature ; to revife and annull that famed a5l of C^far's Confulfhip^ for the divijion of the Cam'panian lands : he fpoke long and well upon ity and was heard with much attention ; gave great praifes to Cicero^ with fevere reflexions on C^far, and expofiulations with Pompey^ who was now abroad in the execution of his late comin the conclufion he told them, that miflion he would not demand the opinions of the particular Senators^ becaufe he had no mind to expofe them to the refentment and animojity of any ; but from the ill humour^ which he remembered^ when that aX firft with which he was now faffed^ and the favour^
:

fome uncommon propofal from him

heard^ he could
[/]

eajily collet

the fenfe of the Houfe.

Ut Cato,

adolefcens

tefl:atemfuamfacerent,incon-

nullius confilii,
effiigeretj

vixvivus
vellet poftu-

cionem adfcendit,

& Pomeft

quod cum Gabi-

peium
fadlum,

privatus

Diflatorem

nium de ambitu
lare,

appellavit.

Proplus nihil
i. 2.

neque Praetores diebus aliquot adiri pofTent, vel po-

quam

ut occideretur.

Ep. ad Quint. Frat.

Upon

30
A. Urb. 696.
conclude

7'he

History
their fdence^

of the Life
faid,

that he mufi not they liked or C ff^' P.Cornelius dijliked : that for his own part^ and he might anfwer Lentulus too^ he believedy for the refi^ he chofe to fay nothing

Upon, which Marcellinus

from

either

what

on the fuhje^l at prefent^ becaufe he thought^ that ^^^ ^^^y^ ^yr ^^^ Campanian lands ought not to he Qj^C^ciLius brought upon the flage^ in Pompefs abfence. Nepos.

Spinther,

This affair being dropt, Racilius, another Tribun, rofe up and renewed the debate about Milo's impeachment of Clodius^ and called upon Marcellinus, the Conful eledt, to give his opinion upon
it , who, after inveighing againft all the violences of Clodius, propofed, thaty in the

jirfi

place y an allotment of Judges fJoould be made for the trial \ and^ after that, the election of Mdiles ;

and if any one attempted to hinder the trials that he The other Confhould be deemed a public e?iemy. ful eledl, Philippus, was of the fame mind ; but
the Tribuns, Cato and Caflius, fpoke againft it, and were for proceding to an eleSlion before any When Cicero was called Jlep towards a trial. upon to fpeak, he run through the whole feries of
Clodius' s

him already at

extravagances,, as if he had been accujing the bar, to the great fatisfa^ion of

theaffemUy : Antiftius, the Tribun, feconded him, and declared, that no buftnefs fhould be done before the trial , and when the houfe was going univerfally into that opinion, Clodius began to fpeak, with intent to waft the refl of the day, while his Jlaves.

and followers without, who had feized the fteps and avenues of the fenate, raifed fo great a noife of a
fudden, in abuf/ng fome of Milo^s friends, that the Senate broke up in no fmall hurry, and with frefh indignation at this new infult \u\.

There
\u\ Turn Clodius rogatus diem dicendo eximere coepit

delnde ejus operae repente a Grsecoilafi & gradibus cla-

mor em

of

M.TULLIUS CICERO.
was no more bufinefs done through

^i

There

the remaining part of December^ which was taken up chiefly with holy days. Lentulus and Metellus, whofe confulfhip expired with the year, itt

forward for their feveral governments ; the one for Cilicia^ the other for Spain : Lentulus committed the whole direction of his affairs to Cicero ;

and Metellus, unwilling to leave him his enemy, made up all matters with him before his departure, and wrote an affe6lionate letter to him afterwards

from Spain ; in which he acknowledges his fervices, and intimates, tba^ he had given up his
brother Clodius, in exchange for his friendfhip [^].

Cicero's firfl concern, on the opening of the year, was to get the commifllon, /(?r refioring King Ptolemy^ confirmed to Lentulus ; which came now under deliberation The Tribun, Cato, was fierce, againft refioring him at all, with the greatefb part of the Senate on his fide ; when taking occafion to confuit the Sibylline books^ on the fubjed: of feme late prodigies^ he chanced to find in them certain verles, forewarning the Roman people^ not to replace an exiled King of Egypty This was fo pat to his purpofe, with an army. that there could be no doubt of it*s being forged; but Cato called up the Guardians of the books into

^'

V*"^- ^97-

new

^^

^}*

q^ Cornelius Lentulus
I^^arcel-

^ Marcius
Philippus*

the Rvflra,

where
people
:

it

was

It

to be genuin; read and publicly explaned to the was laid alfo before the Senate, who

to

tejlify

the pajfage

greedily received
this fcruple
it

it ; and, after a grave debate on of religion, came to a refolution, that feemed dangerous to the Republic^ that the King

jnorem
lium

fatis

lerunt, opinor in

amicos Milonis ineo metu injefto repente magr,:i qusrirnoaia omcitata;

;

&

magnum Q^

fuftu-

nium difcefHmus.
Fr. 2.
[^x]
1.

Ad Quint.
commu5.3.

Sexti-

Libenterque

tata perfona, te mihi fratris

loco eiTe duco. Ep.

Fam.

Jhould

32
A. Urb.

The

Hi story
the Sibyl^

of the Life

^'^5*-

It cannot be 6gT.Jhould be rejiored by a multitude \j\ laid on this real ftrefs that they any imagined,

Cn Corne- admonition of

for there

was not a man

Lius Len- either in or out of the Hoiife, who did not take it TULus for aji5iion: but it v/as a fair pretext for defeatMarcel^ projedt, which was generally difliked : jj^g

L mTrcius

were unwilling to gratify any man's amPhilippus. bition, of vifiting the rich country of Mgyft^ at the head of an army ; and perfuaded, that without an army, no man would be follicitous about going thither at all [2].
'^^^^y

This
in

point being fettled, the next queflion

the King fhould be rejiored j was, various opinions were propofed , CralTus moved,

what manner

that three Embaffadors^

fome

"public command^ which did not exclude Pompey :

chofen from thofe who had fhould be fent on the errand ;

Bibulus propofed,
arid Volcatius, that

that three private Senators

it : but Ciand Lucullus, urged, that Lencero, Hortenfius, had already decreed it^ Senate to the whom tuluSt and who could execute it with moji convenience^ The two firft fhould rejlore him without an army. the flrugand over foon were -ruled, opinions and between Lentulus Cicero^ Pompey. gle lay to Lentulus he had y complain of fome reafon though

Pompey

alone fJoould be

charged with

fince his return^ particularly for the contemptible valuation of his houfes, yet for the great part,

which he had born,

jj?]

in reftoring

him, was very

Senatus religionis ca-

lurnniam, non religione fed malevolcntia, & illius regioe

largitionis invidia

Haec tamen opinio eft a tuis invidis Romani, popuii

[]

atque obtredatoribus

nomen

comprobat.

Ep. Fam.

i. i.

Alexandrino factumeilS.C. cum tnultitudim

reducifpericulofufnReipub. ijideri.'-^ Ad Quin. Fr. 2. 2.

De Rege

indu6luin/"^f?^ religionis^ non tarn ut te impedirent, quam ut nequis, propter exercitus

cupiditatem,
vellet ire.

Alexandriam

eum

Ep. Fam. 1.4.

defirous

of M.

TULLIUS CiCERO,
and refolved to

33
A. Urb. 697.

defirous to fhew his gratitude,

fupport him with all his authority: Pofr.pg, who q'^^' had obligations alfo to Lentulus, adled the fame Cn.Cornewhich he had done before tolius Lenpart towards him, tulus wards Cicero i by his own condud: and profeffions, he feemed to

have Lentulus* s

inter eft at heart

arcel-

yet^ by the conduct of \all his friends^ feemed defirous l. Marcius to procure the employment for himfelf\ while the Phiuppus.

Kins

bufinefs

Agents and Creditors^ fancying that their would be ferved the moft effedtually by Pompey, began openly to follicit^ and even to bribe

But the Senate, through Cicero*s for him \a\. influence, flood generally inclined to Lentulus 5 and after a debate, which ended in his favour, Cicero, who had been the manager of it, happening to fup with Fompey that evenings took occafion to prefs him with much freedom^ not to fuffer his name to he ufed in this competition ; nor give a handle to his
enemies^ for reproaching him with the defertion of a friend^ as well as an ambition^ of engroffing all

power

to himfelf

Pompey feemed touched with the

ferri volunt.

[a] CraiTus tres legates decernit,

Ep. Fam.

1. 1,

nee
:

exdudit

Pomtu

Reliqui

cum

effet in Sena-*

peium
ex
iis,

cenfet

enim etiam

contentio,

M.

qui cum imperio funt. Bibulus tres legates ex iis,

Pofnpeius reduceret,

Lentulufne an obtiner

caufam Lentulus videbatur,

In ea re Pompeius quid velit

qui privati funt.

tiuntur
praeter
reliqui

Huic

afien-

confulares,

& no Volcatium,quidecermtPompeio.

Servilium, qui omnireduci negat oportere,

non defpieio familiares ejus quid cupiant, oranes vi:

dent.

Creditores vero Regis

Hortenfii
fententia
te referente

& mea & LucuUi

fadam
eft,

aperte pecunias fuppeditant Sine ducontra Lentulum. bio res remota a Lentulo videtur, cum magno meo dolore quamquam multa fecit, quare ?i fas eflet, jure ei fuc:

Exillo S.C. quod

tibi

decernitjUt reducas regem.-^ Regis causa li qui funt qui

velint, qui pauci funt,

om-

cenfere poffemus. Fr. 2.2.

Ad Quin^

Bes

rem ad Fompeium

d-

Vol. IL

remonftrancej

34

TbeHisrorLY

of the Life

A, Urb. 657. remonjlrance^ ani profejfed to have no other thought * 5 hut of ferving Lentulus^ while his dependents conti^*f Cn Corne- nuedftill to a5l fo^ as to convince every body^ that he

Len' could not hefincere \h\ Lentulus's pretenfions feemed to be IViAKCEL^ hopeful way, C. Cato took a new and efjj^ TTNUS ^^^^'^ method to difappoint them, hypropojinga L. Marcius
LI us

TULus

When

i'HiLippus.

law and

to the people^

recalling

every body ; and Lentukis'j fon changed his habit upon it^ in order to move the Citizens, and hinder their The offering fuch an affront to his Father. law another at the Tribun, Caninius, propofed fame time, for fending Pompey to Egypt: but this pleafed no better than the other ; and the Confuls contrived, that neither of them fhould be brought to the fuffrage of the people [c],

for taking away his government him home. This ftroke furprized the Senate condemned it as factious ;

Thefe new contefls gave a frefh interruption to Ptolemfs caufe ; in which Cicero's refolution was, if the commifllon could not be obtained for Lentulus, to prevent ifs being granted at leafi to Pomelves the difgrace of being baffled pey ^ and fave themf
[b] Ego Fompeium

eo die cafii apud ccenavi naftuf;

quod jam omnibus

turn,

efl

aper-

que tempus hoc magis idoneum, quam unquam antea poll tuum. difceiTum, is enim
dies honeftiffimus nobis fuerat in Senatu, ita fum cum illo locutus, ut mihi viderer
,

totam rejn iflam jampridem a certis homiribus, ron invito Rege ipfo efTe
corruptam.
[r]

Ep. Fam. i. 2. Nos cum maxime conlabore, gratia,

Alio,

ftudio,

animum hominis ab omni

lia cogitatione

a-

de caufa regia niteremur, fubito extorta ell nefaria Catonis promulgatio, qua; lludia noflra impediret, animos a minore cura ad fummum

ad tuam dignitraducere
:

tatem

tuendam

&

quern ego ipfum

cum

audio,

prorfus eum libero omni fufpicione cupiditatis : cum au-

timorem traduccret. Ibid.

5,

tem ejus familiares, omnium ordinum video, perfpicio> id

Sufpicor per vim rogationcm Caninium perlaturum. Ad Quint. 2. 2.

hy

of

MTULLIUS
:

CICERO.

3f

but the fenate was grown fo -A. Urb. 967' lick of the whole affair, that they relolved to ^^q^^' leave the King to Hiift for himfelf, without in- ^jj^o^'j^g.
ly a competitor [d]
terpofing at
all

in

his refloration

and

fo

the

liusLen-

matterhung;

whilfl

other affairs

more

intereft-

ing were daily rifing up at homej and engaging the attention of the City. L.mIrcius The eledlion o^ jEdiles^ which had been indu- PKiLippys.
ftrioufly poftponed through all the laft fuminer, could not eafily be kept off any longer the City
:

tulus ^arcel-

was impatient for its Magiftrates and efpeciaiiy for the plays and fhev/s, with which they ufed to entertain them and feveral alfo of the new Tribuns being zealous for an eledtion, it was held at
:

laft

on

the twentieth 'of January

when Clodius

chofen Mdile^ without any oppofition ; {a that Cicero began once more to put himfelf upon his guard, from the certain expsBation of a furious JEdilefmp \e\

was

juftly feem flrange, hov/ a man fo and criminal, as Clodius, whofe life profligate was a perpetual infult on all laws, divine and hu-

It may

fuffered not only to live v/ithout to obtain ail the honors of a free but punifhment, in their City proper courfe ; and it would be natural to fufpecl, that we had been deceived in our accounts of him, by taking them from his enemies, did we not find them too firmly fupported by fads to be called in queftion but a little attention to the particular chara6ter of the
:

man, fhould be

<

[^] Sed vereor ne aut eripiatur nobis caufa regia, aut deferatur. Sed fi res coget, eft quiddam tertium, quod non mihi difplicebat; ut

propejamdelatum videtur. Ne, ii quid non obcinuerimus, repulfi efie videamurEp. Fam. 1.5. [^] Sed omnia fiunt tardiora propter furiofa: iEdilitatis

nequejacere R'jgem paterexnur, nee

nobis repugnant!bus, ad eum deferri, ad quern

expedationem.
2. 2.

Ad

Quint.

man.

36
A. Urb. 697.
'

7he
man,

History

as well as lived, ^^^^ enable us to folve the difBculty. the Firft, C of his which a had born family, Cn. CoRrs- ip^endor princiLius Len- pal fhare in all the triumphs of the Republic,

of the Life of the times, in which he

TULus MarcelL.

from the very foundation of

g^eat force to protcd

its

liberty,

was of
:

extravagances knov/ any thing of Ror,i, know what PuiLippus. a flrong imprefiion this fingle circumftance of iU lufmGUs nobility would necejfarily make upon the people \ Cicero calls the nobles of this clafs, Prators and Confuls ek5l from their cradles^ by a kind of hereditary right \ whofe very names were fufficient to advance them to all the dignities of the ftate [/]. Secondly, his perfonal qualities were peculiarly adapted to endear him to all the meaner fort : his bold and ready wit; his talent at haranguing; his profufe expenfe ; and his being the firft of his

him

in all his

Marcius thofe,

who

family,
all

againft the

who had purfued popular meafures, maxims of his Anceftors, who were

ftern afiertors of the Arifiocratical power^ Thirdly, the contraft of oppofite .fadions, who had each their ends in fupporting him, contributed principally to his {-sStx^j the Triumvirate
:

willingly permitted, and privately encouraged, his violences \ to make their own power not

they of repelling it, rather than deftroy the man, w^ho was playing their game for them, and by throwing
chofe to bear
it,

onely odious, but even neceffary, for controuling the fury of fuch an incendiary ; and though it was often turned againft themfelves, yet
the
lefs

and dilfemble

their ability

[/] Non idem mihi licet, quod iis, qui nobili genere nati funt, quibus omnia populi Romani beneficia dormientibus deferuntur. Verr. 5. 70.

Erat nobilitate ipfa, bland.aconciliatriculacommenda* tus. Omnes Temper boni 1.0bilitatj faveiriub", ^c..

-^ Pr.

In

Sext. 9.

the

of

M.

TULLIUS CICERO.
:

37

the Republic into confufion, throwing it of courfe A. Urb. 697 ^^^' S^the Senate, on the other fide, into their hands from were the chief Triumwhofe appreheniions

Cn C

virate, thought, that the rafhnefs of Clodius might beof fome ufe to perplex their meafures, and ftir

mus Lentulus
^^arcelt

or

up the people againft them on proper occafions it humoured their fpleen at lead, to fee him of-,

Vf ^'^'
Philippus.

ten infidting

Pompey

to bis

face [g].

Laftly,

all,

who

envied Cicero, and defired to lefTen his authority, privately cheridied an enem.y, who em-

ployed

all his

force to drive
:

him from

the admi-

accidental concurrence of circumftances, peculiar to the man and the times, was the thing that prefcrved Clodius,
niftration
afi^airs

of

this

in

whofe infolence could never have been endured any quiet and regular ftate of the City.

By

his

obtaining

the Mdilejhip^

the
:

tables

were turned between him and Milo the ons was armed with the authority of a Magiflrate ; the other become a private man the one freed from all apprehenfion of Judges and a trial ; the other expofed to ail that danger from the power of his antagonift and it was not Clodius's cuftom to negled: any advantage againft an enemy, fo that he now accufed Milo oi the fame crime, of which Milo had accufed him of public 'violence and breach of the lawSy in maintaini'ng a hand of
:
:

};is

Gladiators to the terror of the City, Milo made on the tw this accufation, fecond of appearance

kl
nem
ciofis

Videtis

igitur

homi-

per feipfam jam pridem afflidum ac jacenteni, ptrni-

quidam optimi viviperam illam venenatanj ac peftiferam habere potuein deliciis

ri

(Jptiinatum difcordiis Ne a Republica Reipub. peftis amoveretur,

excitari.

runt?

decepti Volo, inquiunt, elTe qui in condone detrahat de

Quo tandem
?

mimere

reftiteiunt

diceret:
ciTsc

etiam,ne caufam etiam ne privatus etiamne in iinu atque

:

Pompeio.
24,

DeHarufp.Refp,

Fsbrumy^

38

A. Urb, 697. February

^r (r^* Cn Corne- Clodius*s Collegue in- the JEdileJhif^ fpoke for him at husLen- Cicero's deftre^ and the whole pafTed quietly and TULus The fecond favorably for him on that day. Marcelbearing was appointed on the ninth-, when Pomundertook to plead his caufe, but no fooner L. Marcius P^y
-,

of the Life when Pompey, Craflus, and Cicero and M. Marcellus, though appeared with him
,

The

History

P^iLippys. flood

up to fpeak, than Clodius's mob began to exert their ufual arts, and by a continual clamor of reproaches and inve^ives^ endeaz'oured to hinder

him from going on^ or at leaft from being heard : but Pompey was too firm to be fo baffled ; a?id fpoke for near three hours ^ i^ith a prefence of mind^ which commanded filence in fpite of their attempts. When Clodius rofe up to anfwer him, Milo's party, in their turn, fo difturbed and confounded him, that he was not able to fpeak a word ^ while a number of Epigrams and Lampoons upon him and his Sifter were thrown about^ and publicly rehearfed among the multitude below^ fo as to make him quite furious : till recolledting himfelf a little, and finding it impoffible to proceed in his fpeech, he demanded aloud of his mob, who it was^ that attempted to ftarve them by famine ? To which they he then afked, prefently cried out, Pompey
:

who

to .^gypt ? but v/hen he afl<:ed, ecchoed, Pompey They who it was that they thtmf elves had a mind to fend ? They anfwered, Craffus for the old jealoufy Y^as now breaking out again between him and
it

was

that

deftred

to
:

be fent

all

Pompey
lo's Jide^

and though he appeared that day on Mi-

wifher
,

to

yet he him.

was

noty as

Cicero fays, a real well-

proceedings am.ong the chiefs, on a brought fray below, among their partifans , the Clcdians began the attack^ but were repulfed by the Pompeia?JS j and Clodius himfelf driven cut of th^
"
'
"

These warm

the

of

M.

rULLIUS CICERO.
-,

39

the Rojira : Cicero, when he faw the affair pro- A. Urb. 69cede to blows, thought it high time to retreat, and S^^'i^* make the beft of his way towards home but no p r?.
'

great harm was done, for Pompey, having cleared the Forum of his enemies, prefently drew off his
forces, to prevent any farther mifchief or fcandal from his fide [^].

liusLen TULUS MarcelLINUS,

L.

The
vide

Marcius

Senate was prefently

fummoned,
-,

fome remedy for thefe diforders Pompey, who had drawn upon himfelf

to pro- ^Ph7lVpVJs^ \vhere

a frefh

envy from his behaviour in the .Egyptian affair^ was feverely handled by Bibuius,Curio,Favonius5 and others ; Cicero chofe to he abfent^ fince he mufi either have offended Pompey^ by faying nothing for

The him^ or the honeft party ^ by defending him. fame debate was carried on for feveral days ; ia
Ad <llem HIT. Non {jol Febr. Milo afFuit. Ei Pompeius advocatas venit. Dixie Marcellus a me ro^atus.
Honefte difceflimus. Prodvictus dies eft in IIII. Id. Feb.
maledi^ta, turn verfus etiam
obfceniffimi
in

Clodium

&

Ciodiam
rens

dicerentur.

Ille fu-

&

exfanguis

interroga-

batfaos in clamore
eiTet,

ipfo, quis qui plebem fame ne

A.D.IIII. Idem Milo

fuit.

af-

Dixit Pompeius,

five

voluit.

Nam

ut iurrexit, o-

persClodiana; clamorem fuftulerant idque ei perpetua

:

oracione concigit, non modo uc acclamacione, fed ut convicio h malediiTiis impediretur.

? Refpondebant operas, Pompeius. Quis Alexandriam ire cuperet ? Refpondebant, Pompeius. Quern ire vellent? Reipondebant,CrafIs aderat tum Miloni fum. animo non amico,

caret

H jra

fsre

Qui

ut p^roravit,
fortis
fuit,

nam

no dato,

nono, quafi fip--. Clodiani noftros

in
eft

eo lane

deterritus,

dixit

non omnia,

tio,

atque interdum etiam filencum autloritate percgerat

confputare coeperunt. Exarfit dolor, urgere illi ut loco nos movrrent. Faftus eft a
noftris

fed ut peroravit, iurrexit Clodius ei tantus cla;

:

rum.
dius.

impetus, fuga operaEjectus de Roftris CloAc nos quoqae turn

mor

a noftris, placuerat enim

neque mentc, neque lingua, neque ere confiftcret. ^ Cum omnia

gratiam,

referre

ut

fugimus, ne quid in turba. Senatu? vocacus in Curiam,

Pompeius domum.
Quint. Fr.
2. 3.

Ad
which

4
A.Urb. 697. which
Cic.
(jx.

The
<Trihun Catp
fi^'^^^^^f^

History
'^

of the Life

Pompey was
who
^^^

treated very roughly ^j the

Cn CorneLI us

Len- *vohom he paid TULust heard with much attention by all

inveighed againft him with great ^^i^ ^P^^ ^i^ perfidy to Cicero^ to the higheji compliments y and was

Pompefs

enemies.

Marcelr

Pompey

anfwered him with an unufual vehe-

^^^^ce ; and refleEiing openly on Crajfus^ as the auM^/^*jus thor Phil I FPUS, of thefe affronts^ declared^ that he would guard
his life

with more care ^ than

him,
.

Scipio Africanus didy

when Carlo murdered

agitation
likely

Thefe warm exa to leemed open profped: pf fome great preffions

to

enfue

Pompey

conrultec}

with Cicero on the proper means of his fecurity 5 and acquainted him with his apprehenfions of a deftgn againfi his life ; that Cato was privately /upported^ and Clodius furnijhed with money by Crafand both of them encouraged by Curio^ BibuluSy fus and the refiy who envied him \ that it was neceffary for him to lock to himfelf fince the meaner people were wholly alienated^ the nobility and Senate tgene-r Cicero rally difaffe^edy and the youth corrupted, with to forces confented him, and join readily to fummon their clients and friends from all parts of for though he had no mind to fight his Italy batdes in the Senate, he was defirous to defend
-,
.

his perfon

from

all

violence, elpecially againft

:

he never loved Crafos, they refolved likewife to oppofe, with united ftrength, all the attempts of Clodius and Cato againft Lentulus and Milo [/']. Clodius, on the other hand, was not

whom

[/]

turn,

Neque ego in Senane sa: de tantis rebus

die nihil die 11. Id.

perfe^lum.

Ad
yeheinvec-

Cato

ell

tacerem, aut in Pompeio defendendo, nam is carpebatur a BibulOj Curione, Favonio,

menter
tuSj

in

& eum oratione

Pompeium

perpetua

tanquam reum

accufavit.

De

animos bonorum offei:dcrem. Res in poilcrum diem dilata ell. Eo

Scrvilio
iilio,

me multa me mea fumma

invito, cum dixit, laiide

Cum

iilius

in

me

perfidiam
sncrepaviti

of
Jefs

M,

rULLIUS CICERO.
:

41

bufy in muftering his friends againft the next A. Urb. 697. but as his flrength was hearing of Milo's caufe ^p\f'* much inferior to that of his adverfary, fo he had q^ Corneno expe^ation of getting him condemned^ nor any lius Len-* tulus other view^ hut to teize and harafs him [k] : for Marcelafter two hearings, the affair was put off by feveral adjournments to the beginning ofWldLy^ from ^ Marcius which time we find no farther mention of it. Philippus.
Conful, Marcellinus, who drew his Collegue, PhiHppus, along with him, was a refolute oppofer of the 'Triumvirate^ as well as of all the violences of the other for Magiflrates which reafon, he refolved to fuffer no alTemblies of the people, except fuch as were neceffary for the eled:ions into the annual ofHces his view was, to Cato's law for recalling Lentulus^ and the prevent monftrous things^ as Cicero calls them, which fonie were attempting at this time in favour of C^far Cicero gives him the charader of one of the beft
: :

The

Confuls that he only in one thing

fions
too rudely

had ever known^ and blames him ; for treating Pompey on all occa-^ which made Cicero often ahfent \
Senate^ to avoid taking part ^ either

himf elf from the

ancrepavit, audltus eft

filentio

magno

rione, Bibulo, caeterifque fuls

malevolorum. Reipondit ei vehementer Pompeius, CraiTumque defcripfit;

dixitque aperte, fe munitio-

obtredatoribus confirmari : vehementerefTe providendum ne opprimatur, concionario

illo

populo, a

fe

prope

alie-

fem ad cullodiendam vitam fuam fore, quam Africanus

jFuiflet,

nato, nobilitate inimica,

non

emifTet.

hi

quern C. Carbo interItaque magnse mires moveri videbantur.

sequo Senatu, Juventute improba ; itaque fe conparat,

homines ex

agris arceflit.

O-

Nam
git,

Pompeius hiec

intelli-

mecumque communicat
;

peras autem fuas Clodius confirmat. Manus ad QuiIn eo multo rinaliaparatur.

mfidias vitas fux fieri C. Caconem a Craffo fuftentari ;

fumus fuperiores,
Quint.
2. 3.

&c.

Ad

Clodio pecuniam fuppeditari Utrumque & ab eo & a Cu:

[i] Vid. Dio. p. 99.

42

The

History

of the Life

A. Urb. 697. on the one fide or the other For the iupport [/]. ^^^^^^0^^ ^^ ^^s dignity and interell in the City, ^c^^' ^^ refumed his old talk of pleading caufes; which Cn. Corne-

was always popular and reputable, and in which he was fure to find full employment. His firft caufe was the defence of L. Beftia, on the tenth of February, who, after the difgrace of a repulfe L.mTrcius
Lius Len-

TULus Marcel-

Fhilippus.

^^om the Pra^torlhip in the laft eledion, was accufed of bribery and corruption in his fuit for it ; and, notwithftanding the authority and eloquence of his advocate, was convidled and banilhed. He
was a man extremely corrupt, turbulent, and feditious ; had always been an enemy to Cicero ; and fuppofed to be deeply engaged in Catiline's plot ; and is one inftance of the truth of what Cicero fays, that he was often forced, againfl his will^ to defend certain perfons, who had not deferred it of him, by the inter ceffion of thofe who had \ni\. C^SAR, who was now in the career of his
vifbories in Gaul, fent a requeft to the Senate ; that money might be decreed to him for the payment

of

with a power of chufing ten Lieutenants, for the better management of the war, and
his

Army

the conquered Provinces

\J\

and that

his

command

Conful

eft

egregius

Lentulus,

non
fie

Collega
ut

impediente inquam bonus,

ego me libentius a Curia, 8c ab omni parte Reip. fubtraho.

Ad

Quint. 26.

meliorem non viderim. Dies comitiales exemit omnes.'

fiinis

Sic legibus perniciofifobfiftitur,

tonis

Nunc

igitur

maxime CaCatonem

A. D. III. Id. dixi pro Beftia de ambitu apud Praetorem Cn. Domitium, in Foro medio, maximo con[ni]

ventu.

Ad

Quint.

2. 3.

Lentulus a legibus removit, & eos, qui de Casfare monftra Marcellinus promulgarunt. autem hoc uno mihi minus fatisfacit, quod eum nimis
afpere traftat,

Cogor nonnunquam homines non optime de me meritos, rogatu eorum qui bene
meriti funt, defendere.

Ep.

Fam.
Cic.

quanquam
facit
:

id

7. i. 5. Salluft.

Vid. Philip. XI. 17.43. Plutar. in

Senatu non invito

que

fhould

of

M.TULLIUS CICERO,
The

43

more. fhould be prolonged for five years

de- A. Urb. 697. mandwas thought very exorbitant; and itfeemp '/?'* ed ftrange, that, after all his boafled Conquefls, q^ Corne-> lius Lf.nhe fhould not be able to maintain his army withtulus from home, at a time when the treaout

and the renewal of ^arcela commiffion, obtained at firil by violence, and ^ Marcius the authority of the Senate, was of hard Philippus. againfl: But Casfar's intereft prevailed, and digeflion. Cicero himfelf was the promoter of it, and profury was greatly exhaufled
;

money

cured a decree to his fatisfaftion ; yet not without difgufling the old patriots, who flood firm to their maxim of oppofing all extraordinary grants: but Cicero alledged the extraordinary fervices of C^far ; and that the courfe of his viofories ought
not to he checked by the want of neceffary fupplies, while he was fo glorioujly extending the hounds of
the Empire., and conquering nations., whofe names : and though had never been heard before at it were pojfihle for hiyn to 7naintain his troops with-

Rome

cut their
fpoils

the fpoils of the enemy yet help., by thofe ought to be referved for the fplendor of his Tri.^

umph., which

it

was

not jufl to defraud by their

unfeafonahle parfimony

\n\ He might think it imprudent perhaps, at this time, to .call Csefar home from an unfinifhed war, and flop the progrefs of his arms in the very
height of his fuccefs ; yet the real m.otive of his condu6l feems to have flowed, not fo much

from the merits of the

[] Ilium enim arbitrabar etiam fine hoc fubfidio pecuni?s retinere exercitum prasda ante parta, h bellum confxere pofTe fed decus illud
:

caufe, as a regard to the

Et quas regiones, quafqne gentes nullgs nobis, antea fitterac, nulla vox, nulla fama noias fecerat, has nollerlmperator, nolterque exercitum,
Sc

& ornamentum Triumphi

fi;jenduni

mi-

populi

Romani arma

noilra

parfimonia

agraruat.

De

perProv. ConfuL

non putavi-

XI. 13.

bondition

^he of the Life 44. Urb. the A. times, and his own circumftan697. condition of " that Cic. 51. his For in ces. private letters he owns, and of the "the malevolence Ariitocratienvy
C
R

History

Lius Len-

TULus

" "
<c

cal chiefs

MarcelT

principles
i^i^n

had almoft driven him from his old and though not fo far as to make

M^^^' us pHiLippus.

" proper " be

*^

forget his dignity, yet fo as to take a care of his fafety; both which might

*'

" had managed their matters fo ill, that thofc who were fuperior to them in power, were become
*'

if there was any faith or eafily confiflent, : Confular Senators but they gravity in the

*'

'^

fuperior too in authority; fo as to be able to carry in the Senate, what they could not have carried even with the people without vio-

*'

*Mence: that he had learnt from experience, what he could not learn fo well from books, that as no regard was to be had to our fafety,

without a regard alfo to our dignity ; fo the confideration of dignity ought not to exclude the *^ care of our fafety [^]." In another letter he fays, " that the flate and form of the government was *' and what he had propofed to quite changed ; " himfelf, as the end of all his toils, a dignity and *' liberty of a5Jing and votings was quite loft and *' gone , that there was nothing left, but either

"

*'

meanly to

affent

to the few,

who governed

malevolentif[0] Quorum fimisobtreftationibus nos fcito de vetere ilia nollra, diuturnaque fententia prope jam non nos quieHe depulfos
:

mis, potentia valent, profccifle tantum mihi videntur ftultida & inconftantia adverI'ariorum, ut etiam audloritate

jam plus
litteris

valerent.

dem

ut noilraE dignitatis fiTHUS obliti, fed ut habeamus

la-

ipfe,

quod omnibus a pue*

ritia deditus,

rationem aliquando etiam

lutis.

men

Poterat utrumque prse-

clare, fi efiet fides, fi gravitas in hominibus Confularibus.

experiundo tamagis, quam diicendo neque falutis nocognovi ; ftrae rationem habendam no-

bis effe dignitate, dignitatis fine falute.

fme
7.

neque
E^.

Nam

qui plas opibus, ar-

fam.

i.

'

all ;

cf
*'

M.rULLIUS CICERO.

4^

or weakly to oppofe them, without doing A. Urb. 697. "any good: that he had dropt therefore all ^p'^'* " thoughts of that old Confular gravity and q^ Cornb" charader of a refolute Senator, and refolved liusLen" to conform himfelf to Pom^^'s will ; that his tulus
all
;

Marcel*^ great affeiStion to Pompey made him begin to " think all things right, which were ufeful to l Marc'ius *' him ; and he comforted himfelf with refledl- Philippus,
*^
^*
<

of his ing, that the greatnefs obligations make all the world excufe him, for

would

"
^'

what Pompey

liked, or, at leafl, for

elfe,

pofmg

it ;

or

what of

all

defending not opthings he moft

"
^'

defired, if his friendfhip with Pompey would permit him, for retiring from public bufinefs, and giving himfelf wholly up to his books

he was now engaged in a caufe, in was which he warmly and fpecially interefted, the P. Sextius^ the late Tribun. Clodius^ defence of

But

[p]."

who gave

Cicero's friends no refpite^ having himundertaken felf Milo, afTigned the profecution of Sextius to one of his confidents, M. Tuilius Aibinovanus, who accufed him of public violence^ or

breach of peace in his tribunate [j],

[p] Tantum enim animi induclio & mehercule aaior erga Pompeium apud me valet,

Sextius had
-

tiam

Ilcebit.

Quas enim propofita fuerant nobis, cum & honoribus

ampliffimis,
nitas

ut,

&

quae

illi

utilia funt,

quae ille vult, nia jam & refta

eamihiom-

& vera vide-

& iaboribus maximis perfunili efiemus, digin

fententiis dicendis,

antur

quidem ilia re confolatur, quod ego is fum,

cui vel

Me

maxime concedant

pmnes, ut vel ea defendam, quae Pompeius velit, vel taceam, vel etiam, id quod itiihi maxime lubet, ad nolira

libertasinRep-capeiTendajea fublata tota fed nee mihi magis, quam omnibus. Nam aut aiTentiendum eft nulla
:

cum gravitate
ilra

diflentiendum.

paucis, aut fruIbid. 8.

[y]
tis

me

ftudia referam litte-

Qui cum omnibus faltf mese defenforibus bcllum

Q{^t

rarum; quodprofe6lofaciam, fi mihi per ejufdem amici-

fibi

gerendum jadicave-

runt,

Pr. Sejft 2,

been

4^

The

History

of fhe Life

A. Urb. 697. [)een a true friend to Cicero in his

diflrefs ; and ^^^^ ^ great part in his reftoration ; but as in Cofl^^* Cn. Corne- cafes of eminent fervice, conferred jointly by liusLen- many, every one is apt to claim the firft merit, TULus ^nd expecl the firft Ihare of praife \ fo Sextius,

L.

naturally morofe, fanfying himfelf negleded or requited by Cicero, had behaved Pkilippus. very churlifhly towards him fince his return but
LiNus^^'

Marcius

riot fufficiently

Cicero, v^ho was never forgetful of pall kindinllead of refenting his perverfenefs, havthat Sextius was indifpofed^ went in heard, ing on to his houfe^ and cured him of all his jealou^ f erf
nelTes,
Ji^-U

f'^^b offerifig his offiflance and patronage in pleading his caufe [r]. was a difappolntment to the profecuwho flattered themfelves, that Cicero was tors fo much difgufted, that he would not be perfuaded to plead for him , but he entered into the

This
:

in efFeft

caufe with a hearty inclination, and made it, as In his fpeech, it really was, his own [j]. which is dill extant, after laying open the hiilory

of

" that through the whole progrefs of it, he fhews " the onely ground of profecuting Sextius was, " his faithful adherence to him, or rather to the
-,

his exil,

and the motives of his

own

condudt,

"

Republic

that

''

would

in effed

" ders of the City had declared to be unjuflly ex" peiled, by the very fame men, who were now " that it was a attempting to expell Sextius " banter and ridicule on itfelf, to accufe a
:

by condemning Sextius, they condemn him, whom all the or-

juftice

[r] Is erat aeger

domum,

fimique

Sz ipfi
:

omnibus

vi-

ut debuimus, ad eum llatim Venimus; eique nos totos tradidimus : idque fecimus prseter

deremur
^'\d

itaque faciemus.
eft

Quint.

[i]

2. 3. P. Sextius

reus

non
Pr.

opinioneni, qui nos ei jure fuccenf^re purabant, ut humanifiimi gratif-

hominum

fuo fed

meo nomine, &c.

."cxt. 13.

" man

47 " man of violence, who had been left for dead A. Urb. 697, " who ^^f,'5iupon the fpot, by the violence of thofe " accufed him and whofe it was, crime onely ^^ ^^* " that he would not fufFer himfelf to be quite ^lus Lenof
;

MTULLIUS

CICERO.

killed, but prefumed to guard his life againft In fhort he managed their future attempts." the caufe fo well, that Sextius was acquitted, and
'

"

tulus Marcel.
-L-

manner

the molt honorable, by the unanimous

117

V/r^^^'

MaRCIUS

Philippus.

fuffrages of all the Judges

applaufe of Cicero's

PoMPEY
tius

and with an universal humanity and gratitude [/]. attended this trial as a friend to Sex;

while Casfar's creature^ Vatinius, appeared ; not onely as an adverfary, but a witnefs againft him : which gave Cicero an opportunity of lafhing him, as Sextius particularly defired, with all the keenefs of his raillery, to the great diverjion of the audience^ for inftead of interrogating him in the ordinary way, about the fadls depofed in the trial, he contrived to teize him with a perpetual feries of queftions, which revived and expofed the iniquity of his fadlious Tribunate, and the whole courfe of his profligate life, from his firfl appearance in public ; and, in fpite of all his impuVatidence, <iuite daunted and confounded him, nius however made fome feeble effort to defend and himfelf, and rally Cicero in his turn among other things, reproached him with the hafenefs of changing JideSy and becoming defar^s
-,

friend^ on account of the fortunate ftate of his affairs : to which Cicero brifkly replied, though Pompey himfelf flood by, that he ftill preferred
\t\ Sextius

nofter abfolu-

eft

tus

A. D. II, Id. Mart, &: quod vehementer interfuit Reipub.nullam videriinejufeft.

Scito nos in eojudicio confecutos efte, ut omnium

gratiftimi judicaremur. in defendendo homine

Nam
mo-

modi caufa diffenfionem t^^, omnibus fententiis abfolutus

rofo cumulatiffime fatisfeci-

mus.

Ad

Quint. 2.4.

the

48

The Vi 1^1 OKY of the Life

A.Urb. 697. the condition of Bibulus's Confuljhip^ which Vatinius /^^^^/ abje^ and miferabky to the viHories and CfT^* This fpeech whatfoever. Cn. Corne- ^^i'^'^'phs of all tius Len- againft Vatinius is ftill remaining, under the title TULus o^ the interrogation-, and is nothing elfe but what Marcel- Cicero himfelf Calls it, a perpetual inve^ive on the

mm

L Marcius

Magijii'acy of Vatinius^ and the condu5i of jhofe Pbiuppvs. who fupported him [ti], I N the beginning of Aprils the Senate granted the fum of three hundred thoufand pounds ta Pompey^ to be laid out in purchafing corn for the
ufe of the City ; where there was ftill a great fearof money : fo city, and as great at the fame time

moving a point fo tender could not fail of railing fome ill humour in the aflembly ; when Cicero, whofe old fpirits feemed to have revived in him, from his late fuccefs in Sextius's
that the
caufe, furprized

them by propofmg,

that in the

the treafiiry to purchafe the Camprefent inability of which lands^ by C^far's a^ were to be di^ panian vided to the people^ the a5l itfelffhould be reconjider-

and a day appointed for that deliberation : the motion was received with an univerfal joy, and a the enemies of kind of tumultuary acclamation the Triumvirate were extremely pleafed with it, in hopes that it would make a breach between
edy
:

[a] Vatiniam, a

quo paarbitratu

&

felicitate
illi

C. Caefaris com-

lam oppugnabatur,
noftro concidimus,

motum,
piffe
j

amicum

efle cce*

Diis ho-

piinibufque plaudentibus. Quid quaeris ; Homo petulans, & audax Vatinius valde
difcelTit.

mc earn Bibuli fortunam, quam ille afflidam. putaret, omnium triumphisdixi,

perturbatus, debilitatujTque Ibid. Ego fedente Pompeio, cuja

Tota vidoriifque anteferre. vcro interrogatio mea nihilhabuii, nift reprehenfionem illiusTribunatus in quoomnia di(^a funt libertate, ani*
:

Ut laudaret P. Sextium introiiffet in

t^ilis

urbem, dixifietque
xne

moque maximo.:
1..9..

Ep. fam*

Vatinius,

fartuna

Cicero-

of

TULLIUS CICERO.
,

49

upon it, though they met and ^ Marcius Phiuppus, fupped together famiHarly, as they ufed to do
ed, expreffed any notice of
it

Ckero and Pompey , but it ferved only for a A. Urb. 697. proof, of what Cicero himfelf obferves, that it S^^V^^' is very hard for a man to depart from his old fenti- q^ Cornements in politics^ when they are right andjuji [;f]. lius LenPoMPEY, whofe nature was fingularly referv- tulus Marcelno uneafinefs nor took
to Cicero,
:

but he fet forward foon after towards Jfric^ in order to provide corn ; and intending to call at
Sardinia, propofed
to.

embark

at Pifa or Leghorn^

might have an interview with Csfar, who was now at Luca, the utmoft limit of his Gallic He found C^far exceedingly out of Government, humor with Cicero*, for Crafllis had. already been with him at Ravenna, and greatly incenfcd him by his account of Cicero's late motion; which he complained of fo heavily, that Pompey promifed to ufe all his authority, to induce Cicero to drop the purfuit of it ; and for that purpofe fent away an exprefs to Rome, to entreat him, not to procede any farther in it till his return ; and when he came afterwards to Sardinia, where Ms Lieutenant, Q^ Cicero, then refided, he entered immediately into an expoftulation with him about it, " recounting all his fervices to his " Brother, and that every thing, which he had '' done for him, was done with C^far's confent ; " and reminding him of a former converfation " between themfelves concerning C^far's ads,
that he

creta

Pompeio pecunia derem frumentariam ad HS cccc. fed eodem die

[:v]

Ad

Quint. 2.5;.
eft

in

Nonis April, mihi

natus
afienfus,

Se-

ut

de agro
referretur.

vehementer aftum d? agro Campano, clamore Senatus prope concionali. Acriorem cauiam inopia pecuniae faciebat,

Campano,

idibus Maiis, fre-

Num
illius

quenti

Senatu

potui magis in cauf^e invadere.

arcem
Ep.

&

annonse carinas,

Fam. 1.9.

Vol. U.

"and

fo
A. Urb. 697.
^,^^5^*

Cn.CorneliusLenTULus

The History cf the Life " and what Quintus himfelf had undertaken for "his Brother on that head; and as he then " niade himfelf anfwerable for fo he "was
him,
*'
'

now

MakcelL.

obliged to call him to the performance of thofe engagements: in fhort, he begged of

^q
pj,gj-g
j^^g

cc

Marcius

Philippus.

" ^"^^^^ Caefar's interefls and dignity, or if he " could not perfuade him to that, to engage *' him atleaft, not to adt againft them [j]." This remonftrance from Pompey, enforced
by
his

i^Jj^^

Brother to fupport and de-

Brother Quintus, flaggered Cicero's refo-

lution, and made him enter into a frefh deliberation with himfelf about the meafures of his con-

dudl; where,
his thoughts,
interell,

after

calling

up

the

fum of

all

and weighing every circumftance,

which concerned

either his own or the public he determined at laft to drop the affair, rather than expofe himfelf again, in his prefent fituation, to the animofity of Pompey and Casfar ; for which he makes the following apology to his " that thofe, who friend Lentulus profefTed the '' fame principles, and were embarked in the fame
:

[j-] Hoc S. C. in fententiam meam faclo, Pompeius,

ca

difce/Terat,

conveniiTet.
:

Te,
liil

inquit,
:

ipfum cupio

ni-

cum
effe
Si

mihi nihil oftendiflet fe offenfum, in Sardiniam

opportunius potuit acci^ nifi cum Marco fratre deje

Africam profedtns elt, eoque itinere Lucam ad Casfarem venit. Ibi multa de
in

diligenter egeris,

dum
illo

tibi

eft,

dependenquod mihi pro

:

mea
far,

fententia queflus eft

Cs-

Quellus
rita

fpofpcndifti: quidmulta? eft graviter fua me-

quippe qui etiam Ravennce CrafTum ante vidiftet,

fus.

commemoravit

quid e-

giiTet faepiffimede aftis Caefaris fibi

ab eoque in me efl'et incenSane moleftc Fompeium ferre conftabat id quod

:

cum meo fratre, quidque is de me recepilTet, in

redegit
:

memorian

cum auciPiem ex aliis, maxime ex fratre meo cognovi quem cum in Sardinia paucis poft diebus, quam Luego,
;

de mea (alute
tare Casfaris

egifiet,

fequequse volun-

cgifTe,

ipfum
eft.

meum
Ibid^

fratrem teftatus

^^

caufe

cf

M.TULLIUS CICERO.

51

caule with him, were perpetually envying and A. Urb. 967* ii 5^* S; thwarting him, and more difgufted by the ^' of with his than pleafed life, ^^Y Cli,CoRNE' Iplendor ^^ husLenthing which he did for the public fervice ; *' tulus that their only pleafure, and what they could Parcel" not even diffemble, while he was acline; O with LINUS " them, was to fee him difoblige Pompey, and l.Marcius *' make C^far his enemy; when they, at the Philippu. ** fame time, were continually careffing Clodius *' before his face, on purpofe to mortify him *' that if the Government indeed had fallen into *' wicked and defperate hands, neither hopes nor " fears, nor gratitude itfelf could have prevailed
:

" "
*' *' *^

with him to join with them-, but v/hen Pompey held the chief fway, who had acquired it by the mod illuftrious merit ; whofe dignity

" "
'' *'

he had always favoured from his firfl fetting out in the world, and from whom he had received the greateft obligations ^ and who, at that very time, made his enemy the common enemy of them both he had no reafon to apprehend the charge of inconftancy, if, on
-,

" fome "

*'

occafions,

he voted and aded a

friend
:

little

differently

from what he ufed

a
neceflarily

fance to fuch

to do, in complaithat his union with

"
*'

"
*'

whom

Pompey

both

included Csefar, with he and his brother had a friend-

"
*'

fhip alfo of long ftanding , which they were invited to renew by all manner of civilities and

good

" "
*'

offices, freely offered on C^far's part : that, after Casfar's great exploits and viftories,

the Republic itfelf feemed to interpofe, and forbid him to quarrel with fuch men that
:

when he flood

in

" Brother had

'^

need of their
his

afliilance,

his

eno:affed

word

for
; '

him

to

Pompey,

and

Pompey

to

Casfar

and he thought

'

5-2

The

HisroKY

of the Life

A. Urb. 697.
Cic. 51.

thought himfelf obliged .to make good thofe engagements [2;]. This was the general flate of hjs political beC CoRNEhe had a much larger view, and more Lius Len- haviour TULus comprehenfive knowledge both of men and Marcelthings, than the other chiefs of the Ariftocracy, L Y'Iarcius Sibulus, Marcel linus, Cato, Favonius, &c. Philippus. whofe lliftnefs had ruined their caufe, and
cc
:

"

brought them into the prefent fubjedlion l?y alienating Pompey and the Equeftrian order from the Senate: they confidered Cicero's management of
the 'Triumvirate^ as a

mean

fubmiflion to illegal

power, which they were always oppofing and irritating, though ever fo unfeafonable ; whereas Cicero thought it time to give over fightings when and that the more pathe forces were fo unequal
;

tiently they fuffered the

dominion of their

New Maufe it

ftersy the more temperately they

would

[^] bein

Qui cum ilia fentirent Repub. quae ego agebam, femperque icnfiffent; me tamen non fatisfacere Pompeio, inimiciifimum Caefaremque mihi futurum, gaudere feaiebant; hoc mihi dolendum, led illud multo magis, quod iic aminimicum meum
[.<?]

cum unum

in

inCivitate haberet inimicum, non putavi famam inconftantias mihi pertimef-

cendam,
tentiis

li

quibufdam

in fen-

fern,

pauUum me immutafmeamque voluntatem

adfummiviri, de meque optime meriti dignitatem aggregafTem,

Sec.

Graviffime
fides,

iic plexabantar j'ente ofculabantur

me

prrefi

autem
de
tris

me

in

hac mente im-

ab improbis
bus

&

Ego

pulit, t^

Pompeii

perditis civi-

mc

Csefari dederat,

& fra-

quam

Rempub.

teiieri

videbam

mei,

quam Pompeio
cum

Sed m.odo praemiis nepericulisquidem uiiiscompuifus

Non

Ad eorum
r,e fi

Ep. fam. 1.9. [^] Neque, ut ego arbitror, errarent,

eiTe
fi

me

adjungerem.

caufam fumina
merita
in

pares

non

poflenr,

pagnare de-

quidem eorum
conftarent.
eiTct

in

me

filterenc.

Cum

autem

Commutata

tota ratio eft

Repub. Cr. Fompeias

ccps

meumque

prininimi-

Senatus, judiciorum, Rei toOtium nobis tius pubHcce.

exoptandum

of'M.TULLIUS CICERO.
being perfuaded, was the head of them, had no defio;ns ap;ainft the public liberty, unlefs he were provoked and dri- p
that

53

Pompey,

at

leaft,

who

A. Urb. 697.
^'^- 5^-

'

j^ V/^^' confequence of which, when the appointed Philippus. day came, for confidering the cafe of ihe Campanian lands^ the debate dropt of courfe, when it was underftood that Cicero, the mover of it,
:

by the perverle oppontion or his enemies [I?], Thefe were the grounds of that complaifance, which he now generally paid to him, for the fake both of his own and the public quiet
to
It

ven

lius Len-

tulus

Marcel-

in

was abfent, and had changed his mind though it was not, as he intimates, without fome flruggle
:

in his

own

breaft,

that he fubmitted to this ftep,

which was likely to draw upon him an imputation of levity [c]. His daughter, Tullia, having now lived a widow about a year, was married to a fee end hufbandy Furius Crajfipes ; and the wedding Feaft held
at Cicero's houfe^ on the ftxth of April we find or little of charadier condition the of faid, very
:

this CrafTipes but by Cicero's care in making the match, the fortune which he paid, and the
-,

congratulation of his friends upon

to have been a

Nobleman of

dignity [d].

Atticus alfo,

he appears principal rank and who was about a year

it,

E
:

younger
8.

exoptandam
potiuntur
videntur,
fi

eft

quod

H, qui

rerum,

praiftituri

fimum abalienarunt. Ibid. Fam. i. 9. [/-] Ep.

[c] ftridie fuerat

quidam homines

Quod

Idibus

&

po-

patientius eorum potentiam ferre potuerint. Dignitatem

didtum, de

A-

quidem
nihil
eft,

i'.lam

conl'ularem

gio Campano aftum iri, non In hac caufa mieft aftum.

hi

fortis &c conftantis Senatoris,

aqua
[^]

h2eret.

Ad

Quint,

Amifla eft a Senatu &

tiflimum,

quod cogitemus. culpa corum, qui ordinem conjuncclarif-

2. 8,

De

noftra

Tullia

fpero nos

cum Craftipede con-

k hominem

fecifle. lb. 4.

Quod

54

7"fe

History

qJ the Life

A. Urb. 697. younger than Cicero, was married this fpring to As Piha, and invited him to the wedding [^e].

Qp'

Cn. Corne- ^^ ^^^ domeftic affairs, his chief care at prefent liusLen- was about rebuilding three of his houfes, which TULus were demolifhed inhisexil; and repairing the
^j^^ ^f j^-g Brother, out of which driven in the laft attack of Clodius : L. Marcius which he gives of them, they all the Philippus. by hints, feem to have been very magnificent, and built under the diredlion of the belt Architedls Clodius gave no farther interruption to them, being forced to quit the purfuit of Cicero, in order to watch the motions of a more dangerous enemy,
T
T

MarcelW TT C

j.^^

^j^j^

^.j^^^

^^^y ^'^^^

Cicero however was not without a fhare Milo. of uneafinefs, within his own walls ; his Brother's wife and his own^ neither agreed well with each other ^ nor their own hujbands : Quintus's was difpleafed at her hulband's flaying fo long abroad ; and Cicero's not difpofed to make hers the hap-

His pier for flaying at home. a Toung ^intus^ perverfe youth,

mother's
trouble
-,

Nephew

alfo

indulgence,
for he

fpoiled by a added fomewhat to his

of

his

was now charged with the care education, in the Father's abfence ; and

had him taught, under his own eye, by Tyrannic^ a Greek Mafler ; who, with feveral other learned men of that country, was entertained in his
iioufe [/].

King
Quod mihi de
Filia

&

de

ponium

in ejus nuptiis

eram

SperoCrairipedegratularis que & opto hanc conjun6lioTiem nobis voluptati fore,

ccenaturus.

AdQuint.

2. 3.

[y] Domus utriufque noftrum

lb. 4.
sedificatur

ftrenue.

Ep. Fam. 1.7. Viaticum Crafiipes

pit.

praeri-

Longilium redemptorem cohortatus fum. Fidem

faciebat, fe velle nobis

Att. 4. 5. Prid. Id haec fcripfi an[(?] Ea die apud Fomte liicem.

Ad

niihi

placere.
gia, ib. 6.

Domus

erit

egre-

Quintus

of

M.rULLIUS CICERO.
hands,
ruffled

cs

King Ptolemy's affair was no more of; Pompey had other bufinefs upon his
and was fo

talked A. Urb. 697.

S^*^"i''

by the Tribun^ Cato^ and ^^^Cn. Cornethat he laid afide all thoughts liusLenMarcelUnus^ ConfuU tulus of it for himfelf, and wifhed to ferve Lentulus in
MarcelSenate had paffed a vote <^^i;z/? r^t?r/;7^ him at all ; but one of the ^rikuns inhibited them from ^ m a rci us preceding to a decree \ and a former decree was Phi lip? us,
it.

The

Cicero ad:ually fubfiiling in favor of Lentulus therefore, after a confultation with Pompey, fent him their joint and lafl advice ; " that by his
;

*'

"
*'

"
*'

of a Province, fo near to y^gypt^ he was the bed judge of what he was able to do, fo if he found himfelf Mafter of the thing, and was affured of fuccefs, he
as

command

misrht

leave the king at Ptolemais, or

fome

''
*"'

" "
''

other neighbouring City, and procede without him to Alexandria \ where, if by the influence af his fleet and troops he could appeafe the public diffenfions, and perfuade the

Inhabitants to receive their King peaceably, " he might then carry him home, and fo reftore *' him according to the firft decree yet without

" "

a multitude,
tell us,

as our religious

'*

the Sibyl has injcined

men, fays he^ that it was the

:

" would judge of the fadt by the event if he " was certain therefore of carrying his point, he " IhoLild not defer it if doubtfull, fliould not
;

opinion hov/ever of them both, that people

*'

undertake

it

for as the

world would applaud

Quintustuu^pueroptimus,

Quintus tLius,quod perlcviter

Hoc nunc eruditur egregie. quod magis aniniadverto,

Tyrannio docec apud me.
Jb. 4.

commotus fuerat, defuit. Multum is mecum fermonem habuit k pcrhumanum de

difcordiis

mulierum noflraelb. 6,

A.

D.

VIII.

Id.

Apr.

rum

Pomponia autem
te quefta eft.

Sponfalia CraiTipedi praebui. Huic convivio jpuer optimas,

tiam de

" him.

56
A.Urb. 697.
Cic.
r^
!;i.
'

The
him,
cc

History
it

of the Life

if

he effedled

with eafe, fo a'mifcar-

on account of the late " and the the fcrnple about revote of Senate, r> " But Lentulus, wifely judging liusLenligion [^].
i'iage

might be

fatal,

TULus MarcelLINUS,
L.

the affair too hazardous for one of his dignity ^nd fortunes, left it to a man of a more defpe^

who ruined himfeif j.^^^ charader, Gabinius ; r in it. loon after Phi LI FPUS, by embarking The Tribun Cato, who was perpetually inMaRCIUS
veighing dgainji keeping Gladiators^ like fo many (landing armies, to the terror of the Citizens, had

ii-

a hand of them^ hut finding hitnfelf was contriving to part with them again without noife or fcandal. Milo a and notice privately employed of it^ ferfon^ not got one of his own friends^ to buy them ; and when they
lately bought

unable to maintain them^

were purchafed^ Racilius, another Tribun^ taking the matter upon himfeif and pretending^ that they were bought for him^ pullifhed a proclamation^ that Cato^s family of Gladiators was to be fold by au^ion \ which gave no fmall diver/ton to the City [^].

MiLo's
[^] Te
perfpicere pofie,
te-

quemadmodnm homines
gioli

reli-

qui Ciliciam Cyprumque neas, quid eftcere & quid

S.bylls

runt.

placere dixeSed haec fententia fic

ponfecui poiTis, &, fi res facultarem habitura videatur, ut Alexancriam atque^gypturn tenere pofTis, efle
Sc tuae

kz illi Sc

nobis probabatur, ut

imperii dignitatis, Ptolemaide, aut aliquo pro-

&

exeventu homines dc tuoconiilio exiltimaturos videremus Nos quidem hoc fentimus;

fi

noPiri

exploratum
regni
illius

tibi fit,

pofTe
;

ts

pinqup loco rege collocato,

te

efie

cum

claffe,

atque exercicu
:

non cunctandum fi dubium, non effe conandum, kc. Ep.

potiri
:

proftcifci

Alexandriam

ut

Fam.
[/>]

1.7.

cum
in

earn

firmaris,

pace, pra^fidiifque Fto'emasus redeat

:

rum &

Ule vindex GladiatoBelliariorum emerat

regnum

ita
-

fore,

ut per

Beftiarios

Hos

alere

non

te

reftituatur,

quemadmo;

dum

Senatus initio cenfuit

poterat. Itaque vix tenebat. Senfit Milo, dedit cuidam

f; iiiie

muhitudine reducatur,

non

fajniliari

negctium, qui

fme

off to the fifth of May, A.Urb. 697. Cicero took the Benefit of a fliort vacation, to ^q'^^'^' make an excurfion into the Country, and vifit q^ Cornehis eftates

of M. MiLo's trial being put

TULLIUS CICERO,

S7

He

Villa's in different parts of Italy, whence he profpent five days at Arpinum, at houfes ceded to his other PompeU and Cuma \

and

lius Len-

tulus Marcel-

and ftopt a while, on his return, dxAntium, where ^^ Marcius he had lately rebuilt his houfe, and was now dif- Philippus. his library, by the dire(5lion pofing and ordering remains the of Tyrannio ; of which, he fays, he than were more conjiderable expelled from the him two lent ruin. Atticus late of his Librarians in his to affifi own, taking Catalogues, and in order ; which he calls the books the placing
into the infujion of a foul this tour, his old During

body of his

houfe

[i].

enemy, Gabinius, the Proconful of Syria, having gained fome advanhad been tage in Judaa againfi Ariflobulus, who dethroned by Pompey, and on that account was
raifmg troubles in the country, fent public letters to give an account of his victory, and His to beg the decree of a ^hankf giving for it. friends took the opportunity of moving the afto the Senate

abfence, from whofe authority but the Sethey apprehended fome obftrudtion
fair

in

Cicero's

-,

fine

fufpicione emeret earn familiam a Catone quae fimuiatque abduda eft, Racilius rem patefecit, eofque homines fibi emptos effe dixit tabulam profcripfit, fe familiam Caton'anam venIn earn tabulam diturum.
:

-to

theca; quorum reliquiae mulmeliores funt, quam puEtiam vellem mihi taram. mittas de tuisLibrariolis duos
aliquos,

-^&

quibusTyrannio uta-

turglutinatoribus,&adc3etera
adminiftris

Poftea vero
nio

Ad Att. 4. 4. quam Tyrandifpofuir,

se-

magni

rifus confequebantur. Quin. 2.6. [/] Offendes defignatio-

mihi
:

libros

Ad

mens addita
dibus
mirifica

videtur meis
in

qua quidem
opera
tui fuit,

re,

in librorum

nem Tyrannionis mirificam meorum Biblio-

Dionyfii
lb. 8.

&

Menophili

nate,

58

7le

His TOR r
Houfe,
:

of

the Life

an affront, which had never been to before any ProconfuL Cicero was inCn C ne- <^^^^^^ Lius Len- finitely delighted with it, calls the refolution diTULus *vine^ and was doubly pleas'd for its being the Marcel-^^^6 and genuin judgement of the Senate^ without

A. ITrb. 697. nate, in a full ^^^5'jecled his fuit

flighted his letters

and

re-

r^M^^'
Philii'pus.

/^;:^^7?r//^^/^

^r ?;^^^/^<?

^;/

te^^r/; and reproach-

ing Gabinius with it afterwards, fays, that by this a6l the Senate had declared, that they could not
believe that he^

whom

they

had ahvays known

to

he a traitor at home^ could ever do any thing abroad^ that was ufefull to the Republic [Jz],

Many

pened about

on the Alban hill a little fJorine of which flood on a table facing the eafi^ turned Juno^ Thefe terrors fuddenly of itfelf toward the north, alarmed the City, and the Senate confulted the Harufpices^ who were the public Diviners or Prophets of the State, fkili'd in all the Tufcan difcipline of interpreting portentous events ; who gave the following anfwer in writing ; that fupplications muft be made to "Jupiter^ Saturn^ Neptune^ and the other Gods : that the folemn fhews and plays had been negligently exhibited and polluted : facred and religious places made profane : Embajfadors killed contrary to right and law : faith and
[kl Id. Mails Senatus frequens divinus fuit in Supplicatione Gabinio deneganda. Adjurat Procilius hoc nemini
accidiiTe.
flra.

Rome : of Arms ; and

prodigies were reported to have hapthis time, in the neighbourhood of horrible noifes under ground^ with clajhing

Ad
flatuit

Quiri. 2. S.

4. 5.

Hoc

Senatus,

cum

Foris valde plau-

Mihi cum fua fpcnte jucundum, turn jucnndius, quod me abfente, eft enim
ditur.

frequens fupplicationem GaA prodibinio denegavit tore, atque eo, quern prsfentern hoftem Reipub. cognoffet,

bene Rempub. geri non

J)q Prov.

uMx^iii^, judicium, fine oppugnatione,

fine

gratia

;io-

potuifle. (ul. 6,

Conoaths

of
lefsly

M.T'ULLIUS CICERO.
:

59
care-

oaths difregarded

ancient

and hidden facrifices and

and profaned performed^

this

that the Gods

dijjenfion

^^^^-

^97-

Coff.*'

gave

warnings

left

by the difcord

q^ CorneliusLen*
jyi-us
LINUS.
.

of the better fort ^ dangers and defiruBion ftoould fall and the chiefs of the City ; by which upon the Senate means the provinces would fall under the power of a

armies be beaten^ great lofs enJmgle perfon ; their honors be heaped on the wrjoorthy and difand fue^

Marcius

Philippus.

graced

[/].

Diviners were under the Diredion of thofe, who endeavoured to apply the influence of rehgion to each party inthe cure of their civil diforders Cloit according to their own views terpreted dius took a handle from it of venting his fpleen afrefh againft Cicero , and calling the people to:
:

One may

obferve from this anfwer, that the

o-ether for that purpofe, attempted to perfuade them, that this divine admonition was defigned par*' him \ and that the article of the ticularly againft acred and religious places referred to the cafe of his

houfe

which ^ after a folemn confecration

;

was

rendered again profane

to religion^ all the difcharging

the Gods to Cicero^ s account^ who affected pleafure of a tyranny y and the cppreffion of their than lefs

nothing

liberties

\m\
;

a reply to Clodius the next after a fhort and genewhere, day '' he leaves ral invedive upon his profligate life, ^' him, he fays^ a devoted victim to Milo, who " feemed to be given to them by heaven, for *' the extindion of fuch a plague; as Scipio " was for the defl:ru6lion of Carthage : he de** clares the prodigy to be one of the mod ex^* trordinary, which had ever been reported to
in the Senate
[/]
tii

Cicero made

in Orat.

Vid. Argum. Mannde Harufp. r^-

fponf.

Dio. 1. 39. [/] Dio. Ibid,

p. 100.

"the

6o
A. Urb. 697.
^r*(r^*
'

^he
the Senate
;

History
but laughs

of the Life
at the

Cn CorneLius Len-

TULus

Priefts, the Senate, and all the orders of the City []." Then running through L Mar^' " he Hiews them Philippus. ^^^ feveral articles of the anfwer, *^ all to tally fo exa6lly with the notorious adls

Marcel-

ap " P^y^^g any part of it to him; fince his houfe, " ^^ ^^^ proves at large, was more folemnly " cleared from any fervice or relation to religion, " than any other houfe in Rome, by the Judge<

abfurdity of

ment of the

"

" and " not

*'

impieties of Clodius's life, that they could polTibly be applied to any thing eife.
as to the fports, faid
it

That

" "

performed and polluted, the moil pollution of the Megaknfian play " venerable and religious of all other fhews ; *' which Clodius himfelf, as ^dile, exhibited " in honor of the Mother of the Gods; where *' when the Magiftrates and Citizens were feated *' to partake of the diverfions, and the ufual *' proclamation was made, to comm.and all flaves '' to retire ; a vafl body of them, gathered from " all parts of the City, by the order of Clodius,
^'
-,

*'

to be negligently clearly denoted the

forced their way upon the fbage, to the great terror of the alTembly; where much mifchief

**

and

bloodfhed

and pre'' fence of mind, had not quieted the tumult *' and in another reprefentation of the fame ** plays, the flaves, encouraged again by Clo" dius, were fo audacious and fuccefsfuU in a fe*' cond irruption, that they drove the whole '* company out of the Theater, and poflefled
his firmnefs
:

" Conful Marcellinus, by

would have enfued,

if

the

*'

it

" profanation of " could not be

[] De
fis.

intirely to

themfelves
[acred
and.

[<?]

that as to
places
;

the
it

religious

interpreted of any thing fo aptly,

\a\

Harufpic. refpon-

Ibid. 10, 11, 12, 13.

6,
((

aSi

'

as

cf of what Clodius and

after

MTULLIUS CICERO.
his friends

6i
:

" for that, in " had bought

the houfe of

had done Q. Seius, which he

A. Urb. 697.
^p*/r'*

murthering the owner, there q^ Corne' was a chappel and altars, which he had lately liusLen" demoliihed that L. Pifo had deftroyed a cele- tulus Marcelbratcd chappel of Diana, where all that neigh" bourhood, and fome even of the Senate, ufed l Marcius *' Philippits, annually to perform their family facrifices '' that Serranus alfo had thrown down, burnt, *' and profaned feveral confecrated Chappels, and
:

*'
*' *'

raifed other buildings

to

upon them [p]

that as

*'
*' *'

law and right ; Emhajfadors it was commonly interpreted of thofe though from Alexandria^ yet other EmbafTadors had been murthered, whofe death was no lefs ofkilled contrary to
.

fenfive

to the

Gods

" with
''

^as

Theodofius, killed
:

"
*'
'

the privity and permiiTion of Clodius ; and as to the vioPlator, by the order of Pifo [^]

lation

of faith and oaths ^ that

it

related evidently

to thofe Judges,
as

"
*'
*'

who had abfolved Clodius \ being one of the moft memorable and flagrant perjuries, which Rome had ever known , that the anfwer itfelf fuggefled this interpretawhen
it

tion,

fubjoined, that
-polluted
\

*^

cult facrifices

were

ancient and ocwhich could refer

*'
*'

"
*'

to nothing fo properly as to the rites of the Bona Dea y which were the mofi; ancient and
the mofi occult

*'
*'

"
''

"

of any in the City ; celebrated with incredible fecrecy to that Goddefs, whofe name it was not lawful for men to know ; and with ceremonies, which no man ever Then as to the pried into, but Clodius [r]. of the Gods, dangers^ likely warning, given by
to
enfiie

from

the

diffenfions

of the principal
1

Ibid. 14, 15. Ibid. 16. \<l1

[/)]

[r] Ibid.

7, 18.

'
.;

"

Citizens

62
A. Urb. 697.
Coff/*
<c

The
Qi^zens
adlive,
*^
;

Hi^roKY

of the Life
fo

that there was

no man

*'

particularly

Cn. Corne-

dins

liusLenTULus
LiNus,^^'

**
cc

promoting thofe difTenfions, as Clowho was perpetually enflaming one fide

in

"
L. Marcius Philippus.
*'

or the other; now purfuing popular, now Ariftocratical meafures ; at one time a favorite ^^ ^^^ Triumvirate, at another of the Senate;

*' *'

*'
*'

*^
*'

"
-^^

*^
<

whofe credit was wholly fupported by their He exhorts them quarrels and animofities. therefore in the conclufion, to beware of falling into thofe miferies, of which the Gods fo evidently forewarned them ; and to take care efpecially, that the form of the Republic was not altered ; fince all civil contefts between great and powerfull Citizens muft necelTarily end, either in an univerfal deilru6lion, or a tyranny of the Conqueror: that the ftate was now
in fo tottering a condition, that nothing could preferve it but their concord : that there was

*'

*'

*'
"*
*'
*' *'

no hope of it's being better, while Clodius remained unpunilhed and but one degree left of being worfe, by being wholly ruined and
:

enflaved
nition

for the

prevention of which,
this

the

Gods had given them

;

remarkable admo-

" was fometimes

*<

for they

were not to believe, what

reprefented

on the

llage, that

any God

'<
*'

*' *'

ever defcended from heaven to converfe familiarly with men ; but that thefe extraordinary founds and agitations of the world, the air, the elements, were the onely voice

" "
*'

and fpeech, which heaven made ufe of; that thefe admonifhed them of their danger, and
pointed out the remedy ; and that the Gods, by intimating fo freely the way of their fafety, had fhewn, how eafy it would be to pacify them, by pacifying onely their own animofities and difcords among themfelves."

"
''

"

About

cf
fore

M.TULLIUS CICERO.
the middle of the
'
.

63
A. Urb.
697.
5J-

About
commonly

fummer, and bethe time of chufmg new Confuls, which was

in Auguft^

the Senate

began to

deli-

q^ Cornexius LtNtulxjs

MarcelConfular Provinces^ about which the debate fingly were the two which now Casfar Gauls, turned, j^ mTrciuheld; Macedonia, which Pifo ; 2Lnd Syria, which Philippus" Gabinius pofTefTed. All who fpoke before Cicero, excepting Servilius, were for taking one, or both which v;as what the Sethe Gauls from Ccefar but when it came to Cinate generally defired cero's turn, he gladly laid hold on the occafion to revenge himfelf on Pifo and Gabinius ; and
-,

berate on the Provinces^ which were to be afligned to them at the expiration of their ofHce. 1'he

exerted all his authority, to get them recalled with fome marks of difgrace, and their Governments affigned to the fucceeding Confuls but as
:

for Casfar, his opinion was, that his command to him, till he had finifhed the fhould he continued

war, which he was carrying on with fuch fuccefs, and fettled the conquered countries. This gave no fmall offence and the Conful Philippus could not forbear interrupting and reminding him, that he had more reafon to be angry with Cafar, than with Gabinius himfelf \ fince Ccefar was the author and raifer of all that ftormy which had opprejfed
-,

him.

was

But Cicero replied, that, in this vote^ he not purfuing his private refentment, hut the

public good, which had reconciled him to Cafar\ and that he could not he an enemy to one who mas

defervingfo well of his country

: thai a year or two more would complete his conquejis, and reduce all Gaul to a ft ate of peace full fubje^lion : that the caufe was widely different between C^far and the other

two ; that Cafar'^s adminijiration was beneficial^ profperous, glorions to the Republic ; theirs, [candalous, ignominious, hurifull to their fubje^s, and^

contemptibly

64
^Coff^*

The

History

of the Life

A. Urb. 697. In flioit, he contemptible to their enemies. the debate that the Senate came fo, managed
Cn. Corne^"^^y ^"^^ h^s Sentiments, and decreed the revoLius Len- cation of Fife and Gahinius \s\ TULus was now Hkewife engaged in two

He pleading Marcel- confiderable caufes at the Bar ; the one in de^^^^^^ ^f Cornelius Balbus, the other of M. CasL. Marcius Balbus was a native of Gades in Spain^ of Philippus. hus. a fplendid family in that City, who, for his fidelity and fervices to the Roman Generals in that Province, and efpecially in the Sertorian war^ had the freedom of Rome conferred upon him by Pompey^ in virtue of a law^ which authorifed him
many as he thought proper. But was now called in queftion, as oriPompey's null and invalid, on a pretence, that the ginally was Gades not within the terms of that alCity of
to

grant

it to

as

acl

liance

and

relation

to

Rome, which

rendered

its

Citizens capable of that privilege, Pompey and CrafTus were his advocates, and, at their defire,

Cicero alfo ; who had the third place^ or poft of honor affigned to him, to give the finifhing hand
[j] Itaque ego idem, qui nunc Confulibus ils, qui de-

iignati erunt, Syriam,

Mace-

tempeflatem, cui cefTerim, Caefare impuifore atque adjutore effe excitatam. Cui ft

doniamque decerno.
fi

Quod
viri,

effent

illi

optimi

ta-

primum fie refpondeam, me communis utilitatis habere

rationem, non doloris mei.

men

ego mea fententia C. nondum fuccedendum Qua de re dicam, putarem.

Csefari

Hie me meus
nimus

in

Rempub.

a-

Patres confcripti, quod fentio, atque illam interpellationem

cum

prillinus ac perennis, C. Caefare reducit, re-

conciliat, reftituit in gratiam,.

qua paullo ante intcrrupta eft oratio mea, non pertimefcam. Negatme
vir optimus inimiciorem debere effe Gabinio, quam Casfari
;

familiariffimi mei,

Quod
nes
pofliim

volent denique homiell'e

exiftiment,

nemini ego bene de Repub-

omnem enim

illam

non amicus. Vid. Orat. de Provin. Conf. 8, 9, kc.

lica merenti

to

of

rULLIVS CICERO.
The profecution was

65

A. Urb. 697. to the caufe \t\ projedled, not fo much out of enmity to Balbus, as to his ^A^"J^'

Patrons Pompey and Csefar-, by whofe favor he Cn.Cornehad acquired great wealth and power being at lius Len;

tulus time Ge?ieral of the Artillery to C^far, and Marcelthe principal manager or Iteward of all his affairs. LINUS The Judges gave fentence for him, and con- -^ ^ ^^ firmed his right to the City ; from which foun- Philjppus, dation he was raifed afterwards, by Augufius^ to the
this

Confulate itfelf: his

Nephew
nvith

alfo.

Young Balbus^
fai'iu timc^

who

"duas

made free

him at the

cb^

tained the honor of a triumph^ for his viclories ever the Garaniantes \ and, as Pliny tells us, they were the onely inflames of Foreigners^ and adopted
Citizens^

who had

ever advanced themfelves to

ei-

ther of thofe honours in

Rome

[^].

he next defended, was a Gentleman of Equeftrian rank^ of great young and accomplifhments, trained under the parts of Cicero himfelf to whofe care he difcipiine was committed by his Father, upon his firfl: inbefore he was of trodudlion into the Forum he had diftinguilhed hold to any Magiftracy, age
;
:

Cv^Lius, v/hom

himfelf by two public impeachments*, the one of C. Antonius, Cicero's collegue in the Confulthe fi ate-, the other of fhip, for confpiring againfi L. Atratinus, for bribery and corruption. Atra[/]
eft

hie

locus

mihi difficilior extremus perorandi Sed mos eft gerendus,

Quo

oceano genitorum
hcnore.
-Hill:.

ufus illo
7.

non modoCornelio,cujus ego

voluntatiinejus periculis nullo modo deefle pofTumj fed

43. caput Garamanturn: omnia armis Romanis fuperata, & a Cornelio Balbo triumphata. uno omnium ex-

N.

Garama

etiam

Cn. Pompeio.
Fuit

terno curru
Civitas

Pr. Balbo. i. 2, &c.

[]
lius

&

& Quiritinm jure donato: quippeGadibiisnato

Rom.

Balbus

Come-

cum Balbo
eft.

Primus major Conful externorum, atque etiam in

majore patruo data

5. 5.

lb.

Vol. IL

tinus's

66

The
rel,

History

of the Life

A. Urb. 697. tinus's fon

^5'*

was now revenging his Father's quarand accufed Cmelius of public violence ^ for being

Cn.Corne- concerned in the affajfination of Dio^ the chief of Lius Len- the ^Alexandrian embajfy ; and of an attempt to poyTULus fon Clodia^ the Jijler of Clodius : he had been this Marcelwhofe refentment for her favors ady's Gallant fource of all his L. Marcius ^^ghted by him, was the real
:

Fhilippus. trouble.
ter

In this fpeech Cicero treats the charac-

gallantries of Clodia^ her Commerce with C^lius^ and the gaieties and licentioufnefs ofyouthy

and

with fuch a vivacity of wit and humor ^ that makes it one of the mofl entertaining, which he has left to us. Caslius, who was truly a Libertine^ lived on the Palatin hill^ in a houfe which he hired of
Clodius, and,
travagance,
it

among

was objedled,

the other proofs of his exthat a young man,

in no public employment , fhould take a feparate houfe from his Father, at the yearly rent of two hundred

and

fifty

pounds

to

which Cicero
-,

replied, that

Clodius, he perceived, had a mind to fell his houfe^ whereas, in truths by fetting the value of it fo high it was but a little paultry dwelling, of fmall rent,

fcarce above eighty pounds per

annum

[a:].

Caslius

highregard for Cicero ; with whom he held a correfpondence of Letters, which will give us occafion to fpeak more of him, in the fequel of the Hiftory. feems to have compofed a little Poem about this time, in compliment to Casfar : and excufes his not fending it to Atticus, '* be" caufe C^far prefled to have it, and he had re" ferved no copy though, to confefs the truth,
eft

was acquitted, and ever

after profefled the

Cicero

[.r]

Sumptus unius generis

eft,

objectus
habitare.

habitationis

telligo P. Clodii infulam ^Kq venalem, cujus hie in tediculis habitet, decern, ut opinor, Pro Czelio. 7. millibus.

triginta millibus dixiftls

eum Nunc demum in-

"

ha

-iV

of

M,rULLIUS CICERO.
all

67
A. Urb. 967.

" he to digeft the fayi^ he found it very difficult " meannefs of But recanting his old principles.
*'
*'

^q^'
q^ CorneliusLen-

adieu, y^j he^ to

it is

" who " would

"
I felt
*'

councils: right, true, honeft in thofe, is there incredible, what perfidy want to be Leaders, and who really

be

fo,

if there

was any y

faith in

what they were to my cofl, Philippus. in, deferted, and betrayed, by them " I refolved ftill to ad: on with them in all *' things ; but found them the fame as before ;

JT^"^ Parcelthem. LINUS when I was l.Marcius

:

drawn

till by your advice I came at laft to a better mind. You will tell me, that you advifed me *' indeed to adt, but not to write 'tis true ; but *' I was willing to put myfelf under a neceffity of *' adhering to my new alliance, and preclude the *' polTibility of returning to thofe, who initead " of pitying me, as they ought, never ceafe en" But fince thofe, who have no vying me. " power, will not love me, my bufmefs is to " you will acquire the love of thofe who have *' fay, I wifii that you had done it long ago , I *' know you wifhed it ; and I was a mere Afs for
*'
,
:

"

"

not minding you [jy]."

In
\y'\ Urgebar

ab

eo,

ad

rem.

quern mifi, & non habebam exemplar, quid ? etiam, (dudum circumrodo, quod devo-

lidem erant, qui fuVix aliquando te audore refipivi. Dices, ea

erant.

te

monuiffe,

quae

facerem,

jandum eft)

videbatur valeant re6la, vera, honefta

confilia.

fubturpicula mihi 'ua.^ivcoJ'ict ; fed

Non eft credibile, perfidia in iftis princiut pibus, ut volunt efie,

quae
fit

&

effent,
fidei.

fi

quicquam haberent

Senferam, noram, in-

dudlus, relidus, projeclus ab lis : tamen hoc erat in animo,

ut

cum

iis

in

Rep. confemi-

Ego mehercule mihi neceflitatem volui imponere hujus novae conjunftionis, ne qua mihi liceret labi ad illos, qui etiam turn cum mifereri mei debent, non deftnunt invidere. Sed tamen modici fuimus Jto9^!J-s/, ut fcripfi Sed quoniam qui nihil poffunt, ii me amare nolunt, demus F 2
non etiam ut fcriberem.

68
A. Urb. 697.

The
In
letter to

HisroTLY

of the Life

Cicero wrote that celebrated in which he prelTes hirrj, to Lucceius, C ff'* anions : Lucceius Cn. CoRNE' ^^i^^pi the hiftory of his tranf Lius Len- was a man of eminent learning and abilities, and TULus had jufl finifhed the hiftory of the Italick and MaMarcel- ^j^^ ^^^^-^ ^^^^ ^jj.j^ intent to it down
this year alfo,
.

carry

L. Marcius through his own times, and, in the general reFhilippus. lation, to include, as he had promifed, a particular account of Cicero's ads : but Cicero, who

was pleafed with his ftile and manner of writing, labors to engage him in this letter, to poilpone the defign of his continued hiftory, and enter dt" from the beredly on that feparate period,

"

ginning of his Confullhip to his reftoration

*'

comprehending

*^
''

own

exil."

He

Catiline's confpiracy, and his " that this ihort obferves,

''

*'
'' **
**
*

was diftinguifhed with fuch a variety of incidents, and unexpeded turns of fortune, as furnifhed the happieft materials, both to the fkill of the writer, and the entertainment
interval

of the reader
tion

that,

when an

author's atten-

*'

was confined to a fmgle and feled fubjed, he was more capable of adorning it, and difplaying his talents, than in the wide and difbut if he did , not think the fads themfelves worth the pains of adorning, that he would yet allow fo much to friendship, to affedion, and even to that favor, which he had fo laudably difclaimed in his Prefaces, as not to confine himfelf fcrupuloufly to the ftrid laws of hiftory, and the rules of truth. That, if he would undertake it, he would fupply him with fome rough
fufive field of general hiftory
ut ab
lis,

*'
**

*'
*'

*'

*'

"
''
*'

demus operam,

qui

num
drum
15.

fuine.

Ad

Att. 4. 5.

velpoflunt, diligamur. dices,

Scribis

poema ab eo no-

lem jampridem. Scio te voluilTe, & me afinum germa-

probari.

Ad

Quint

2,

" memorisj

of
*' *'

M.TULLIUS CICERO.

69

memoirs, or commentaries, for the foundation A. Urb. 697^ of his work: if not, that he himfelf fhould be S?;^* Sforced to do, what many had done before p ^ \-^ him, write his own hre ; a talk Jiable to nus Lenmany exceptions and difficulties; where a tulus

**
*'

*' **
*'

man would

necefTarily

be rellrained by mo-

MARCt-

*'

*'

partiality on the^Vi"^^* defty, other, either for blaming, or praifing him- Philippus, felf, fo much as he defer ved, &c. [z]."

on the one hand, or

This letter is conftantly alledged as a proof of Cicero's vanity, and excefiive love of praife : but we muft confider it as written, not by a philofopher, but a ftatefman, confcious of the greateft fer vices to his country, for which he had been barbaroufly treated ; and, on that account, the more eager to have them reprefented in an
advantageous light and impatient to taft fome part of that glory when living, which he was and as to the fure to reap from them when dead the he prefTea which where offence, gives palTage
:

his friend to exceed even the bounds of truth in his

prmfes

: it is urged onely, we fee, conditionally^ and upon aa abfurd or improbable fuppofition,

that Lucceius did not think the atls themfelves really laudable^ or worth praifing : but whatever excep-

may be to the morality, there can be none to the elegance and compofition of the letter; which is filled with a variety of beautifuU fentiments, illuftrated by examples, drawn from
tions there

a perfed: knowledge of hiftory

ly ranked

-,

fo that it

is

jufl-

among the capital pieces of the epifto^ lary kind, which remain to us from antiquity.
:

upon

Cicero had employed more than ordinary pains for it, and was pleafed with his fuccefs in it he mentions it to Atticus with no fmall fatisfac*
[z] Ep. fam. 12,
^'

"~"

'

tion,

yo
A. Urb. 697. tion,

it from ^^^^ friend Lucceius. The effedl of it was^ ^r'(r'' Cn Corne- ^^^ Lucceius undertook what Cicero dejired^ and Lius Len- probably made fome progrefs in it, fmce Cicero TULus fent him the memoirs^ which he promifed, and Marcel- Lucceius lived many years after, in an uninter-

The History of the Life and wifhed him to get a copy of

with him, though neither this, mTrcius ^"P^^^ friendfhip ^^^ o^^er of his ^^y writings had the fortune to PHiLii'Pus. be preserved to fucceeding ages [^]. All people's eyes and inclinations began now to turn towards Caefar, who by the eclat of his victories, feemed to rival the fame of Pompey himfelf ; and, by his addrefs and generofity, gain* ed ground upon him daily in authority and inat

fluence in public affairs. fpent the winter Luca ; whither a vafl concourfe of all ranks

He

reforted to

CrafTus were again

him from Rome, Here Pompey and made friends by him ; and a

project formed, that they jhould jointly feize the Confulfhip for the next year^ though they had not
declared
time,

them/elves

Candidates^

within

the

ufual

L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, enemy, was one of the competitors

a
-,

profeifed who think-

ing himfelf fure of fuccefs, could not forbear bragging, that he would effe^^ when Conful^ what he could not do when Fr^etor^ refcind Caefar* s a5ls^

and

recall

him from

his

Government \h\

which

made them
[^r]

refolve at all hazards to defeat him.

Lucceio
confultatus Candidatus

Epiftolam,
mill
^

palam

quam
mas
;

fac ut ab co fu^

valde bella eft; eum-

que ut adproperet adhorteris, &, quod mihi fe ita fadurum

relcripfit, Att. 4. 6.

minaretur, Confulem fe effedurum, quod Praetor ne^ quifret,adempturum que ei ex^

agas gratias.

Ad

CraiTum Pompeiumque in urbem Provinciae fuap

ercitus.

Tu
dabis.
\h'^

Lucceio librum noHrum

Ibid. II.

Lucam extradlos compulit, ut detrudendi Domitiicaufaalte*

rum Confulatum
peterent-

Sed

gum L, Domitius

Syeton. J. Caef. 24.

of

M.

rULLIUS CICERO.
their

71

A. Urb. 697. What greatly favored defign was the obto Cato C. ; who, revenge flinacy of the Tribun, ^'^^^^' himfelf on Marcellinus, for not fufFering him to q^ corne-;

liusLenhold any ajemblies of the people^ for promulgating tulus his laws^ would riot fuffer the Confuls to hold any, Marcel'll^e Triumfor the choice of the Magifirntes [r]. virate fupported him in this relblution till the l^j^Trcius fell into an Philippus. year expired, and the Government
violence, Inter-regnum ; when by the terror of troops poured into the City, they extorted the Confiilfoip out of the hands of Doniitius^
faftion

and

and

andfecured it to themfelves [d\. all this heigth of pey generally odious, who, in himfelf from the defend not could greatnefs,
infults of his adverfaries; perpetual railleries and which yet he bore with fingular temper and paMarcellinus was conftantly alarming the tience. the danger of his power ; and as he with City was haranguing one day on that fubjedl, being en-

This made

Pom-

couraged by a general acclamation of the people ; out while you may i cry out^ Citizens^ fays he, cry in your power to do fo with for it will not be long Pifo Cn. alfo, a Young Nobleman, fafety \e\ Manilius had who Crifpus, a man of impeached and rank Praetorian notorioufly guilty, being provoked by Pompey's protection of him, turned his attack againft Pompey him.felf, and charged

him with many crimes againft the State ; being aiked therefore by Pompey, why he did not
[r] les

Con fill

dies comltia-

C. Cato exemit omnes concionatus ell, comitia haberi non fiturum, fi fibi cum populo agendi dies effent ex-

Conful fuerit, Confulem fieri non pcfTc ? &:c. Ad Att. 4. 8. Vid. Die. p. 103.
[^]
rites,

Acclamate, inquitjQuiacclamate,

dum

licet

empti.
[i/]

Ad Quint.

2. 6.

Quid enim hoc

miferi-

jam enim vobis impunefacere non lice'nt. Vai. Max. 6.

2.

us,

quam eum,
quod

nos,

qui tot anhabcti defigratus

F 4

chufe

ji
Cic. 52.
j^g

Tloe

History
him

o/'

the Life

A. Urb. 698. chufe to impeach

rather than the Criminal,

would give bail to repUed brifkly, a civil war^ he would without raifing C p ^'p - ft^nd a trials his him before us Mag- Joon bring Judges [/]. During the continuance of thefe tumults, ocNus II. M. LiciNius cafioned by the election of the new Confuls, CiCrassus II. ^^j.Q retired into the country ; where he ftaid to the beginning of May^ much out of humor, and difgufted both with the Republic and himfelf.
thatjfbe

Atticus's conftant advice to

fafety

him was,

to conjult his

and
,

cf power

intereft^ by uniting himfelf with the men and they, on their part, were as conit,
:

ilantly inviting him to ranees of their affeclion

by but
that

all pofTible afiliin his anfwers to

Atticus he obferves
^'
^'

"

their

two

cafes

"
*'

that Atticus, having no fuffered no peculiar indigo chara(5ler, peculiar nity ; nothing but what was common to all

were very different

*'
*'

the Citizens ; whereas his own condition was fuch, that if he fpoke what he ought to do, he fhould be looked upon as a madman \ if what was ufefull onely to himfelf, as a Have ; if no-

*'

thing at

*'
^' ^*

all, as quite opprefTed and fubdued : that his iineafmefs was the greater, becaufe he

without being thought un-p withdraw myfelf then, fays " he^ from bufmefs, and retire to the port of " eafe r That will not be allowed to me. Shall *' I follow thefe Leaders to the wars, and, after having refufed to command, fubmit to be *' commanded P I will do fo for I fee that it is \ ^' that wifh I had always folyour advice, and

could not fhew

it

gratefuU

fnall I

[/]
Reip.
rain

^^'
te,
fi

iJ^qu'tj

praedes

quam de
concilium
Ibid.

Manilii capite,
judices

ii^

poftulatus fueris, civile bellum non excitata;

jnittam.

etiam

de tao priusa
*'

lpwe(^

of
*' ^*

M.TULLIUS CICERO.
it
:

73
A. Urb.
698..

lowed

or fhall I refume

my poft,

and enter

"
"
*'
'

cannot perfuade myfelf to ^p'i^' again into affairs ? I think Philoxenus in the q^ Pompeito but that, begin chofe to be carried back to prius Magright ; who nus II. than commend the Tyrant's fon rather
verfes.

This

is

what

am now

^-

"

meditating*,

to declare

my

diflike at leafl

of what they are

^^^*^^!^r^ ^^^"^^

doing [^]/' Such were the agitations of his mind at this time, as he frequently fignifies in his lethe was now at one of his Villa's, on the ters the chief place of redelightful! fhore of BaU^ fort and pleafure for the great and rich , Pompey came thither in Aprils cind no fooner arrived^ than he fent him his compliments^ and fpent his whole time with him they had much difcourfe on public which Pompey exprejfed great uneajinefs^ affairs^ in md owned himfelf dijfatisfied with his own part in but Cicero, in his account of the conver* them
:
:
*,

fation, mtim^itts

fome fufpicion of

his Jincerity [hi].

In
[^]

Tu

quidem,

etfi

es

cui utinam femper paruiiTem.

fic

natura -mokniKU, tamen nullam habes propriam fervitutern

video placere.
;

Reliqui

eft, "^Trctf^ctv

ihcf)^ii,Ta.vTay

communi frueris nomine. Ego vero, qui, fi loquor de Repub. quod oportet, infanus, fi quod opus eft, fervus exiftimor, fi taceo, oppreffus & captus ; quo dolore elTe debeo ? quo fum fcilicet hoc etiam acriore, quod ne dolere quidem poffum, ut
:

kWij.h

Philoxeno ignofco, qui reduci in carcerem maluit. Veruntamen id ipfuiu

:

fum

&

non mehercule pof-

mecum

in his locis

commen-

tor, ut ifta

improbem.

Ad

Att. 4. 9.

non ingratus
fi

videar.

Quid

cefiare libeat

&

The ftory of Dionyfius the Tyrant of Syracufe, and Philoxenus the Poet, is told by
Diodoms
p. 331.

in otii por-

Siculus.
in

Lib. 15.

Immo
caftra

turn confugere? Nequicquam. in etiam in bellum

&

[%^ Pompeius

Cuma:

ergo erimus orraJ'oi, qui Tetyol effe noluimus ? Sic

:

num Parilibus ad me ftatim

nHncia^et
:

venit

mifit

qui

falutem
poftridie

faciendum

eft 3 tibi

enim

ipii^

a4 eum

mane

74
Cic. 52.

7^^

History
was

of the Life
in his Jludies

A. Urb. 698. In the midft of this

cero^s entertainment

company and

diverfion, Ci\ for he ne-

Cn Pompei- ^^^

us MagNus II. command of Faufius's^ the fon of Sylla, and fon-inM. LiciNius ia^ Qf Pompey ; one of the beft colledions of Crassus II. j^^j^ gathered from the fpoils of Greece^ and
:
.

^^^f ^he

refided any where without fecuring to himhere he had the ufe of a good library

efpecially

of Athens^

away

many thoufand volumes.

from which Sylla brought He had no body in

the houfe with him, but Dionyfius, a learned Greek Jlave^ whom Atticus had m.ade free, and who was entrufled with the inftru6lion of the two young Cicero''s^ the fon and the Nephew : with
this companion^ he was devouring hooks^ fince the wretched Jiate of the public had deprived him, as he
tells us,

of

all other pleafures,

I had much

rather y

fays he to Atticus, be fitting on your little bench, under ArifiotUs picture, than in the Curule chairs

cf our great ones ; or taking a turn with you in your walks, than with him, whom it mufl, I fee, he my fate to walk with : as for the fuccefs of that
walk,
ie any,
let

fortune look to

it,

who

takes care of us [/]

orfome God, if there He mentions in

.

mane vadebam
4. X.

Ad Att.
fui-

Rempub.

iic
;

Uteris fuftentor

&
hie

recreor

maloque

in

ilia

: fane fibi difplicens; ut loquebatur ; fic eft enim

Nos mus

cum Pompeio

tua fedecula,

quam habes

fub

imagine

in hoc homine dicendum. In nos vero fuaviiTime effufus venit etiam ad me in Cumanum a fe lb. 8.
:

Ariftotelis, federe, in iftorum fella curuli, tecumque apud te ambulare,

quam

quam cum
effe
ilia

eo, quocum video ambulandum. Sed de

hie pafcor Bibliotheca Faufti. Fortaffe tu putabas his rebus Puteolanis

\t\

Ego

aut

li

ambulatione fors videret, qui eft, qui curet Deus.

lb. 10.

&

Luerinenfibus.

Ne

ifta

qui-

Nos hie voramus literas cum homine mirifico, ita mehercule fentio, Dionyfio.
1 1 ,

dem
tor

Sed mehereule defunt. a cseteris oblelationibus defe-

lb.

&

volsptatibus

propter
'
'

the'

of

M.

fULLIUS CICERO.
reftored-,

75
know,
^r\r^*

the fame letter a current report at Puteoli^ that A. Urb. 698.

King Ptolemy was

-,

and
at

defires
:

to

the report q^ what account they Pompeiwas very true for Gabinius, tempted by Ptole- us Maoit

had of

Rome

nus II. my's gold, and the plunder of Mgyp \ and enM-Licinius as fome write, hy Pompey himfelf^ couraged alfo, ^^^^^^ undertook to replace him on the Throne with his Syrian Army , which he executed with a high hand, and the deflrudlion of all the King's ene-

mies

in open defiance of the authority of the Senate^ ; the direction of the Sibyl: this made a great noife at Rome^ and irritated the people to fuch a

and

degree, that they refolved to

difpleafure for
it

make him

feel their

very Collegue Pifo came home the firft from, his nearer Government of Macedonia ; after an inglorious adminiflration of a Province, whence no Confular Senator had ever returned^ but to a triFor though, on the account of fome umph. trifling advantage in the field, he had procured himfelf to be faluted Emperor by his army^ yet the

feverely, at his return [^].

His

occafion was fo

fend any

contemptible, that he durfl not upon it to the Senate : but after op* prefling the fubjedls, plundering the allies, and lofing the beft part of his troops againft the neighbouring barbarians, who invaded and laid wafle the country, he ran away in difguife from a mutiny of the foldiers, whom he difbanded at laft without their pay [/]. When he arrived at
letters

Mjom^^
^
i ]

Vid. Dio.

1.

39. p.

no, &c.
[/J

Ex qua

aliquot Prasto-

ea provincia, quie ex omnibus una maxime triumphalis, nullas fit ad Sefait

Ut ex

rio imperio,

dem nemo
mis
lit.

Confulari quirediit, qui incola-

natum
eft

litteras mittere aufus.

Nundus ad Senatum miiTus

AuXlus.

fuerit,

qui non

tnumpha-

Ih. ig,

In Pifon. i6,

MittQ

76

^^fThe

History

of the Life

A. Urb. 698. Rome^ he ftript his Fafces of their laurel, and enCic. 52. tered the City obfcurely and ignominioufly, with-

^^^ ^"y ^^^^^ attendance than his own retirI. P On his firft appearance in public, us Mag- nue [/]. the to Nus II. authority of his fon-in-law, Casfar, trufting M. LiciMius he had the hardinefs to attack Cicero, and comCrassus II. ^Q ^.^e Senate of his injurious treatment of pj^-j^ him but when he began to reproach him with

exil^ the whole AjJemUy inter^ a and general clamor [], loud him by rupted other with which he upbraided Cithings, Among that it was not any envy for told he him, cero,

the difgrace of his

what he had

done^ but the vanity of

had driven him faid, which

Jingle verfe of his,

into exil-y

what he had and that a

Cedant arma

"tog^e, concedat laurea lingua,

all his

was the caufe of

calamity

Pompey

to

make him

feel,

how much

by provoking the power

of the General was fuperior to that of the Orator : he put him in mind alfo, that it was mean and

whom

ungenerous to exert his fpleen onely againft fuch, he had reafon to contemn, without daring to
Mitto de amiiTa parte exercitus ^20.

maxima

quam
tarn

fuerit defertior.

Cum

23,

tu

detradam e cru-

Dyrrhachium
cedens, obfeffus
fismilitibus

ut venit deeft

ab

iis

ip-

entisfafcibuslauream adporEfquilinam abjecifti.

Qiiibuscum jufe,

lb. 30.

ratus affirmaflet,

quje de-

berentur, poftero die perfoluturum ; domum fe abdidit :

[] Tunc aufus es meum difceiTum ilium maledi^i

&

contumeli^ loco ponere

inde no6le intempefta crepidatus, vefte fervili navem confcendit. 38. Macedoni\m\ Sic ifte

Quo quidem tempore

mortaiem
ris

cepi,

Patres confcripti, fruftum imveftri in

me amo-

cus Imperator in urbem fe intulit, ut nuilius negotiateris obfcurifiimi reditus un-

qui non admurmuratione, fed voce & clamore ab-

jedti

hominis

petulantiam

fregiftis,
I

lb. 14.

medih

cf

M.rULLIUS CICERO.
who had more power ^ and where
due [c].

77
A. Urb. 698.

meddle with thofe,

his refentment

was more

But

it

had been

better for him, to have ftifled his complaints and Cn.Pompeius MagfufFered Cicero to be quiet , who, exafperated by nus ir, his imprudent attack, made a Reply to him upJ-icinius on the fpot, in an Inve^ive (peech^ the fevereft CrassusII. ^, r ^ i^ on perhaps, that was ever ipoken by any man,
,

^q^^^'

the perfon, the parts, the whole life and Gondu6t of Pifo ; which, as long as the Roman name fuba moil deteftable chafifls, muft deliver down As to the verf^, radler of him to all pofterity.

with which he was urged, he ridicules the abfurof it, and tells him, dity of Pifo's application *' a contrived had he that very extraordinary pu*^ nifhment {ov poor poets^ if they were to be ba" nifhed for every had line : that he was a Critic *' of a new kind ; not an Ariftarchus, but a "Grammatical Phalaris; who, inflead of ex*'

punging the
thor
:

verfe,

was

for deftroying the au-

**
*'

"
*'
*'

that the verfe itfelf could not imply that he affront to any man whatfoever
:

an

afs,

and did not know

his letters, to

any was ima-

*' *' *'

the Gown, he meant his own gine, that by or ; by arms, the arms of any particugown lar General ; and not to fee, that he was

" " "

*'

fpeaking onely in the Poetical ftile ; and as the one was the emblem of peace, the other of

war, that he could mean nothing cKe, than that the tumults and dangers, with which the City had been threatened, muft now give way that he might have to peace and tranquillity
;

[0] Non ulla tibi, inquit, invidia nocuit, fed verfus tui.

Paullo ante dixifti

iis

me cum

Haec
Togae,

res

tibi

fiuftus illos
dicis, inquit,

excitavit

Tuae

confligere, quos defpicerem ; non attingere eos, qui plus poflent, quibus iratus effe

fummum
cefTurum.

Imperato-

deberem.

Ib.29, 30, 31.

rem

efTe

"

ftuck

78
A. Urb. 698.
CofT^*
cc

The

YLi^roKY

of the Life

"
Cn. Pompeius Mag^^' *^

ftuck a little indeed in explaining the latter P^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^> *^ ^^^^ himfelf had not

"
*<

'^^^

CRAssiril!
^

" "
<'
^' *'
tl

** *'
'*
*'

helped him out ; who, by trampling his own under foot at the Gates of Rome^ had declared how much he thought it inferior to ^^^^ ^s for ^^^^ ^^^^' ^^"^ ^^ ^^^^^ Pompey, it was filly to think that, after the volumes, which he had written in his praife, Ont filly verfe fhould make him at lafl his enemy : but that in truth, he never was his enemy; and if, on a certain occafion, he had fhewn any coldncfs towards him, it was all owing to the perfidy and malice of fuch as Pifo ; who were continually infufing jeaJoufies
laurel

**

"

and fufpicions into him, till they had removed from his confidence all who loved either him,
or the Republic
[/>].'*

About

pey had ornament of the City, was folemnly opened and it is much celebrated dedicated by the ancients, the plan was for its grandor and magnificence taken from the Theater of Mytilene^ but greatly
:
:

this time, the Theater, which Pombuilt at his own charge, for the ufe and

[/] Quonlamte nonAriftarchum, fed Grammaticum Phalarim habemus, qui non

notam apponas ad malum verfum, fed poetam armis Quid nunc te, profequare Afme, literas doceam ? Non dixi banc togam, qua fum
amidus, nee arma,
fcutum

rem,

nifi

cum
tis

tu

tu expediffes. detraftam e cruen-

Nam

fafcibus lauream

ad por-

tam Efquilinam abjecifti, indicafti, non modo ampliflimae, fed etiam minimse laudi

lauream

conceffifTa
ifto

Vis
Pri-

Pompeium cum mihi

verfu inimi-

effe

faftum

gladium unius Imperatoris : fed quod pacis eft infigne & otii, toga ; contra autem arma, tumultus ac belli, more poetarum locutus, hoc bellum ac tuintelligi volui, xnultum paci atque otio concefluruni->--in altero hxre-

&

mo

nonne compenfabit cum

tot

uno verficulo
trae

mea
?

volu-

mina laudum fuarum

Vef-

veftrae criminafraudes, tiones infidiarum mearum

efFecerunt ut ego excluderer &c. In Fifon. 30, 31.

enlarged.

of

M.TULLIUS CICERO.
-

79

enlaro-ed, fo as

thotifand people. in Jhelter the company

to receive commodioufly forty A. Urb. 698. It was furrounded by a Portico, to Sf-

had weather, and had a Curia, q^ Pompeiwith a Bafilica alfo, or Senate-houfe, annexed to it us Magnus II. the or grand Hall, proper for fittings of Judges, Licinius which were all or any other public bufmefs ^'^"^^^ adorned and with a at finifhed Pompefs coft, great number of Images, formed by the ableft majlers, of men and women, famed for fomething very remarkable or prodigious in their lives and characters [^]. Atticus undertook the care of placing all thefejiatues, for which Pompey charged Cicero with his thanks to him [r] : but what made this Fabric the more furprifing and fplendid, was a beautiful
-,

Temple,
;

ere^d
and fo
it is

at one end of

it

to

Venus the Con-

quer efs ater might

contrived, that the feats of the TheThis was ferve as fairs to the Temple.
faid, to avoid the reproach

defigned,

of mak-

ing fo vaft an expence for the meer ufe of luxury ; the Temple being fo placed, that thofe who came to

thefhews, might feem

defs [j].

to

come to worfhip the God-

[q]
les

Pompeius Magnus

in

Gell. X.

i.

Vid. Tertull. de

ornamentis Theatri mirabi-

fama pofait imagines ; ob id diligentius magnorum artificum ingeniis elaboratas ;

inter quas legitur Eutyche, a viginti liberis rogo illata, e-

Spedat, Dion. Caflius mentions it, as a tradition, that he had met with, that this Theater

was not

really built

by Pom-

nixa triginta partus

Alcip-

pe, Elephantum, Plin.

H.

pey, but by his Freedman, Demetrius, who had made himfelf richer than his maf-

7.3.
[r]

Tibi etiam gratias a-

gebat,

quod

figna

compo-

nenda
4. 9.

fufcepifles.

Ad

by attending him in his and to take off the ; envy of raifing fo vaft an
ter,

wars

Att.

[j]
quit,

Quum Pompeius, inasdem Viftoriie dedicaefiet,

turus

cujus gradus vieifent,

out a confideraupon the Theater, and gave the honor of it to Pompey. Dio. p. 107. Senec. de Tranq. Anim. c. 8.
eftate, laid

ble part of

it

ccm Theatri

&c.

A,

At

8o
A, Urb. 698.
Cic. 52.

The

History

of the Life

the folemnity of this dedication, Pompey entertained the people with (be mojl magnificent

At

which had ever been exhibited in Rome: Cn.Pomfei-^^"^'*^' the ^n Theater^ were ft age plays ^ prizes of mufic^ us MagNus II. wreftling, and all kinds of bodily exercifes : in the LiciNius QycuSy horfe-races^ and huntings of wild heafts for M^ 'five days fuccejjlvely ; in which five hundred lions were killed-, and on the lafl day, twenty elephants :
whofe lamentable howling^ when mortally wounded^ raffed fuch a commiferation in the multitude^ from a vulgar notion of their great fenfe and love to man^ that it deftroyed the whole diverjion of the fhew^ and

drew

curfes on

Pompey himfelf for

bei?ig the

author
there
it

of fo 7nuch cruelty [/].

So

true

it is,

what Cicero
that
-,

obferves of this kind of prodigaHty \ is no real dignity or lafting honor in it

tiates,

that

fa-

while

as

it is

pleafes^ over \u\. It

it

and
gives

is

forgotten^ as foon

us however a ge-

nuin Idea of the wealth and grandor of thefe principal fubjedls of Rome \ who, from their private revenues, could raife fuch noble buildings,

and provide fuch Ihews, from the feveral quarters of the world, which no monarch on earth is

now
[/]

able to exhibit.
Magnlficentiffima vero
verfus

confurgeret, dlrafque
ille

Pompeii nollri munera in fecundo Confulatu. De OiF. 2.

16.

Pompeio, quas

mox

luit,

Plin. L poenas imprecaretur 8. Vid, Dio. 1. 39. p. 107= 7.

It.

Pompeii

quoque

altero

Plutar. in

Pomp.
infinitis

Gonfulatu, dedicatioiie Ternpli Veneris Vidlricis, pugnavera in Circo viginti EleAmifia fugx fpe phantes rnifericordiam vulgi inenarlabili habitu querentes Tupplicavere,

[]
tibus,

In his
nihil

-fump-

nos magnopere mirari : cum nee neceifitati fubveniatur, nee dignitas augeatur ipfaque iila deledatic multitudinis fit ad breve
:

quadam

{^{q.

la-

mentatione
tus Imperatori?
f^

complorantes,

tanto popali dolore, ut obliFlens uni-

exiguumque tempus in quo tamen iplo, una ctim fatietate memoria quoque moriatur
voluptatis.

De

Off. 2. 16.

Cicero,

of

M.TULLIUS CICERO.

8i

Cicero, contrary to his cuftom, was prefent A.Urb. 698. at thefe fhews, out of compliment to Pompey, S^'i~" and gives a particular account of them to his ^^^^ Pom-fifriend M. Marius, who could not be drawn by us ?4ag-

them from

his

books and
again,

" The
*'

old adlors,y^jj he^

to
it

came on
to

" " "

for the fake of their

who had left the fliage, M- I^'^'^'^^^/s ^^^^^^^ ^^^ in honor to Pompey but own honour, ought rather
;

retreat in the country,

nus

11.

have

flaid

away

" all people feemed willing to grant him his qui" etus for in attem.pting to raife his voice, " where he had occafion to fwear, his fpeech " faultered and failed him In the other
:

peared to be quite

our friend -/^fopus ap; funk and V\7orn out ; fo that

*'
*'

" " " "

*'
'

plays, the vafl apparatus, and crouded machinery, which raifed the admiration of the mob,
fix hundred mules, fpoiled the entertainment infinite treafures of plate, troops of horfe and The huntings foot fighting on the flage.
:

*'

" " " " you fhould think me v/holly happy, in thefe " days of diverfion, I have almoft burll myfeif
''

indeed were magnificent, but v/hat pleafure to a man of taft, to fee a poor weak fellow torn to pieces by a fierce beat]: ; or a noble beafl ftruck dead with a fpear the lafl day's fliew of Elephants, inilead of delight, raifed a general compafiion, and an opinion of fome relation between that animal and man; but lefl
:

in the defence of
if

"
" "
*'

your friend Gallus Caninius

the City would be as kind to me, as they are to ^fopus, I would willingly quit the
ftage, to live with you, and fuch as you, polite and liberal eale [/l^
in a

The

fummer without

City continued for a great part of this for the it's annual Mamftrates
:

[a-]

Ep. fam.

7. I.

Vol.

II,

eleflions,

82
'

The
^^^

History

of the Life

A. Urb. 693. eledions,

which had been poflponed from the ^^^'^^ ^^^^ ^^P^ ^^ ^y ^^^ Confuls, till ^'c 'k' could fettle them to their minds, and fecurc ^^^y Cn.Pompeithem to their own Creatures which they efFe6tus Mag^^^^^'
;

Nus II. ed at lafl, except in the cafe of /-u?^ Tribuns, who NL LiciNius but the ^jpj- jj^^Q the office agalnft their will: mod remarkable repulfe was, of M. Cato from the FrcetorJJjip^ which was given to Vatinius , from
'

the befl Citizen, to the woffl. Cato, upon his return from the Cyprian voyage, was complimented by the Senate for that fervice with the
offer
gier \^y ].

of the Pr^torJJoip^ in an extraordinary manBut he declined the compliment, think-

ing
it

it

more agreeable
:

to his chara6ler to obtain

free choice of the people but when the eledlion came on, in which he was thought fure of fuccefs, Pompey hroke up

in the ordinary

way, by the

the ajjemhly^ on pretence of fomewhat inaufpicious in the heavens^ and^ by intrigue and management^ got

Vatinius declared Pr^tor^

who had

been repulfed the

year before with difgr ace from the j^.dilefhip [2] ; but this being carried by force of money, and likely to produce an impeachm.ent of Vatinius, Afra-

moved for a decree, that the Prators fhould not be qiiefiioned for bribery after their election ;
nius

which pafTed againft the general humor of the

Senate
in
,

with
they

which

an exception onely^ of fixty days^ were to be confidered as private men.

The

pretence for the decree was, that fo

much

of the year being fpent, the whole would pafs without any Praetors at all, if a liberty of im[y] Cujus mlniflerii gratia SenatuG relationem interponi jubebat, ut Pra^toriis Coniitiis

i.

Plutar. in Cato.

[k]
fragia

Proxima dementiae

fuf-

quoniam quern ho-

extra ordinem ratio ejus

norem

haberetur.

Sed ipfe
eH..
\^'il.

id iieri

Catoni negaverunt, Vatinio dare coacli funt. Val.

paHusnon

Max.

a..

Max.

in 7. 5. Plut.

Pomp.

peaching

of

M,TULLIUS CICERO.
:

83

from this moment^ fays ^'^^^' ^9^peaching was allowed Cicero, they have given the exclufion to Cato ; and^ Coff/' all Cn. Pompeimafias of dl^ refolve that all the world fh
being

know
T^

it

^^
[a].
y

Mag-

I^Palatin houfe, and the adjoining /y^ M. LiCINIUS ^ r n J 7 be as ana Portico of Catulus were now finilhea ; CrassusII. and his brother were the Curators likewife of the

CicERoV r /^

fo they feem repairs of the 'Temple of Tellus [i*], thefe fome to have provided infcriptions for : themfelves of in and honor memory buildings

but fince no public Infcriptions could be ^tt up, unlefs by public authority, they were apprehenfive of an oppofition from Ciodius. Cicero mencafe to Pompey, who promifed his advifed him to talk alfo with Crafbut aiTiflance, took occafion to do, as he attendwhich he fus, Crafliis ed him home one day from the Senate.

tioned the

readily undertook the affair, and told him, that Ciodius had a point to carry for himfelf^ by Fcmpefs help and his^ and that if Cicero would not oppofe

was perfuaded that Ciodius would not Clodius's to which Cicero confented. him ; difturb bufinefs was to procure one of thofe free or ho'norary Lieutena/tcies^ that he might go with a public character to Byzantium^ and King Brogitarus^ to
Ciodius^ he

gather the money, which they owed him for pad fervices. As it is a mere money matter^ fays Cicero, I fid all not concern myf elf about it^ whether I
gain my own point or nct^ though Pc?npey and Craf-

[] A. D. III. id. Mali S. C. factum eft de ambitu in Afranii fententiam. Sed

magno cum gemitu
Senatus.

efient.

Eo

die

Catonem

pla-

ne repiidiarunt. Quid. m;ilta ? Tenet omnia, idque ira

omnes
Quint.
[/;]

intelligere vclunt.
2. 9.

Ad

Confules non funt perlecuri eoruni fentcntias; qui Afraiiio

(^od M^t^

Tellaris

cum

eiient arienil addiita

eft

curationis rnea:.

De

lla-

derunt, ut Pra:tores
rcntur,
ut dies

crea-

rufp. rclp. 14.

LX.

privati

[us

84
A. Urb.
^!J-

The
6()^.fus
52.

History

of the Life

have jointly undertaken it: but he feems to have obtained what he defired, fince befides the Cn Pompei- i"^s^<^^d Infcriptions, he mentions a ftatue alfo of his Brother^ which he had us Magactually ereled at the
Nus If 'Temple of Tellus \c\ LiciNius Trebonius, one of the Tribuns, in ^^ RAssus
. .

the in-

|.gj.gj[|

q:

i-he

Triumvirate, publifhed a law, for

the Confuls for the

the affignment of Provinces to

term of five years

to CrafuSy

Syria,

power of

raijing

Pompey^ Spain and Ah'iCj and the Parthian war^ with a what forces they thought fit : and
:

to

that C^far's commiffion fhould he renewed alfo for five years more. The law was oppofed by the ge; and, above all, by Cato^ two and the Favonius^ Tribuns, C. Ateius Caof G alius P, : and but the fuperior pitOy Aquilius force of the Confuls and the other Tribuns prevailed, and cleared the Forum by violence of all

nerality of the Senate

their opponents.

The law no fooner pafTed, than CrafTus began to prepare for his Eaftern expedition ; and was in fuch haft to fet forv/ard, that he \th Rome above
two months before the expiration of his Confulfhip
given
: :

his eagernefs to involve the Republic in a dcfperate war, for which the Parthians had no

pretext,

was generally detefted by the City

the

bullio

Viad Pompeium. Cumqiie ego egifTera de iftis

[^]

MuUa nole cum

veni

peium c^nfequi. Putare fe, fi ego eum non impedirem,

poffe tione

me

adipifci fineconten-

operibus & infcriptionibus, per mihi benigne refpondit. ' Cum CrafTo {t dixit loqui

quod vellem
2.

&c.

Ad

Quint.

9.
eft

Reddita
Epiftoia
Telluris,
li

mihi pervetus

mihique, ut idem facerem, fuafit. Craffum Confulem ex Senatu domum reduxi fufcepit rem, dixitque efle quod Olodius hoc temvelle,
:

inquade^Ede
de porticu CatuFit utrum-

me

admones.

que

diligenter.

Ad

Telluris

etiam tuam llatuam locavi.

lb. 3. i.

pore cuperet

fe,

&

per

Pom-

Trihun

tf M.

rULLIUS CICERO,
it

8j

^rihun Ateius declared

all the aufpices \ mid but finding CrafTus determined to againft it ; of all religion, he waited for defiance march in him at the gates of the City, and having
drejjed

impious^ and prohibited by A. Urb. 698. ^^c. 52. .denounced direful imprt.ations

q^
us

^
Mag-

'

nus H.

up a

little

to devote

him

altar^ flood ready to defiru5iion

with afire and facrifice

Ateius

^- Licinius

\d\

wards turned out of the Senate by

was after- ^^^'susll. n AppiuSy when he

was

Cenfor^ for fcilfifying the aufpices on this occafton \ but the miferable fate of CraiTus fupport-

ed the credit of them; and confirmed the vulgar

opinion of the inevitable force of thofe ancient rites^ drawing down the divine vengeance on all^ who prefumed to contemn them \e\ Appius was one of the Augurs and the onely one of the College, who maintained the truth of their auguries^ and the
in
:

for which he was laughed at alfo with an abfur\ in which the he reafon, fubfcribed, for his dity, Cenfure upon Ateius, viz. that he hadfalfified the aufpiceSy and brought a great calamity on the Roman
reality

of divination

by the reft

who charged him

people : for if the aufpices ^ they faid^ were falfe^ they could not poffibly have any effeif^ or be the caufe But though they were unof that calamity [/].

doubtedly forged, it is certain however, that they had a real influence on the overthrow of
DIo. 1. Id] Plut. in CraiT,
\e\
derit,

39.

p.

109.

Soranum Augurera
ban:.

effe

dice-

Quibus nulla videba-

M, CralTo quid accividemus, dirarum obnunciatione negleda. lOe

Divin.
I.

tur in Auguriis aut Aufpiciis lb. 47. prsefentio.

16.

gur

In quo Appius, bonus Aunon lads fcienter

[/'J Solus enim multorum annorum memoria, non de-

Cn/em egregium,

Ateium,

cantandi Augurii, fed divinandi tenuit difciplinam

:

cenfor notavit, quod ementitumaufpicia fubrcripfeiit.

Qua;

fi

falfa fuiiret

nullam

quern irridebant CoUegae tui, cuinque turn Pifidam, turn

adferre potuiflet caufani calamitatis.-^-Ib. 16.

CraiTus

.*

86
:

The

History

A. Urb. 69S. Craflus for the terror of them Cic. $<z.. feiTed the minds of the foldiers,

of the Life had deeply pofand made them

Cn

^"^^^ every thing which they faw, or heard, to Pompeius Mag- ^^i omen of their ruin 3 fo that when the enemy Nus II. appeared in fight, they were ftruck with fuch a M.LiciNius that they had not courage or fpirit enough Crassus II. panic, ^ tolerable refiftance. ^^ ^^j^^ 1^^^

defirous, before he left Rome^ to to Cicero be reconciled they had never been real
:

Crass us was

but generally oppofite in party ; and Cicero's early engagements with Pompey kept him of courfe at a diftance from. CrafTus their coldnefs was ftill encreafed on account of CatilineV plot^ of v/hich CralTus was ftrongly fufpe6ted ; and charged Cicero with being the author of that fufpicion they carried it however on both fides with much decency; out of regard to Craffus's fon, Publius, a profefied admirer and difciple of Cicero , till an accidental debate in the Senate blew up their fecret grudge into an open
friends,
: :

The debate was upon Gabinius, whom Craflus undertook to defend, with many fevere reflexions upon Cicero ; who replied with no lefs acrimony, and gave a free vent to that old refentquarrel.

ment of
long,

many injuries^ which had been gahe fays, feverat years ^ hut lain dormant fo thering^
Craffus^s

that he took
it

it

to be extinguifljcd^

till,

from

this

The quarrel accident, burfi out into a fla-me. the the chiefs of who to Senate , gave great joy in to embroil hopes highly applauded Cicero,
him
v/ith

the 'triumvirate
it

but

Pompey

labored

hard to make

preffed his Cicero, as a favor, to be reconciled with Craffijs: fo that he could not hold out againit an intercef'

up, and Casfar alfo by letter exuneafinefs upon it ; and begged it of

f]on fo powerfull, and fo well enforced by his affedlion to 'jounz CrafRis : their reconciliation ivaa

confirmed

of

M,

rULLIUS CIC ERO.

87

confirmed by mutual profeiTions of afincerefriend- ^- Urb. 698. to give a public fhip for the future; and Crafllis, pi^* to the invited it himfelf jufi be- q^ Pompen Cit)\ tejlimony of us Magfore his departure^ to fup with Cicero \ ivho enternus li. tained him in the gardens of his fon-in-laiv^ CrafLicimus were the Thefe brinks upon fipes [^]. gardens ^yM"^. ^^^-^^^ the Tiber-, and feem to have been famous for their and are the only proof, beauty and fituation [h'] which we meet with, or the fplendid fortunes and condition of CrafTipes.
:

fpent a great part of the fummer in the country, in ftudy and retreat ; fleafed^ he fays, that he was out of the way of thofe fquabble.\^

Cicero

where he mufl
approve.,

either

have defended what he did not

or deferted the man whom he ought not to In this retirement, he put the lad for fake [/]. hand to his Piece, on the Complete Orator., which

he fent to Atticus, and promifes alio to fend to Lentulus ; telling him, that he had intermitted his old tajk of orations.^ and betaken himfelf to the milder
[<] Rependnam ejus GaSi fine defenfionem ulla mea contumelia fufcetuliffcm
:

binii

affelum oflenderet habui non temporum fblum meo:

rum

rationem,

led

eciam

piiTet,

fed

cum mt
folum

difputantem, non laceffentem

laefiilet,

CraiTurque ut quafi tellata populo Rom. eilet: nolnaturae.

exarfi

non

tra

prasfenti,

iracundia credo, (nam ea tarn vehemens fortafTe non fuiifet) fed cum inillud

gratia, prcne a meis laribus in provinciam eft pro-

fedus.

Nam cum

niihi

conin

dixilTet, ccenavit

apud

me

clufum

odium multa-

meiGeneri
\_h~\

Craifipedis hortis,

rum

ejus in

me

injuriarum,

Ep. fam. 1.9.

quod ego

effudilTe

me omne
tamen

Ad

Quint.

3. 7.

Ad

arbitrabar, reiiduum infciente me fuiflst,

Att. 4. 12.

repente apparuit

omne Cumque
ut
ut

Pompeius
nihil

ita contendilfet,

me in alter[ z] Egoafuifle catfonibus, quas in Senatu fadtas audio, fero non mO"
lefte
;

unquam magis,
literas
ilia

cum
;

nam

aut

defendifiem

Craffo redirem in

gratiam

quod non
iifem cui

placeret, aut defu-

Ca^farque per
fe moleftia

maxima

non oporteret.

K^
ani,

ex

contentione

Att. 4. 13.

88
A Urb.
'

The
698.

History
\

and gentler

ftudies

in

of the Life which he had finijhedy

to his

Ctc. ^2.

C' Po ->vi. vs MagNus

I

Jatisfa5iio% three books ^ by way of dialogue^ on the I^^^^' ^f ^he Orator^ in ArifiotUs manner \ which
'i^ould be

II.

drawn^
/^^
^j^^j
^^-y
.^j^^
.

M. Ljcuhus
LRA
us

of ufe to his fon^ young heyitulus^ being not in the ordinary way of the fchools^ and

method of precepts^ but comprehending

ancients^

all

and

efpecially Arijlotle

and Ifocrates,

an Orator [], many Dialogues, upon the character and Idea of the perfe^ Orator^ the principal fpeakers were P. CralTus, and M. Antonius % perlbns of the firft dignity in the Repubhc, and the greatefl Mafrers of Eloquence, "which Rome had then known they were near older than and the Cicero^ fir forty years fi Romans
the Inftitution of

had taught en

The

three books contain

as

who
to

with the Greeks

could pretend to difpute the prize of Oratory and who carried the Latin tongue \
little

a degree of perfections which left for any farther improvement [/].

or no room

The

difputation
the injiruc^

was undertaken at
[^]
Scripfi

the deftre^
(r.am

and for

etiam,

nor

ab orationibus disjungo me ftire, reieroque ad manfuetiores mufas) refcripfi igitur

riitoteleo
*

quam Antonius, quod id^ circo pofui, ut dicendi latine

prima maturitas
extitilTet,

qua

a^tate
;

Amore, quemadmovolui, tres libros

pofiet

rotari

&

intelligeretur,

dum quidem

mum

jam ad fum
cKq perdudlam,

in difputatione

&

paene
pofTer,

dialogo de

ut eo nihil ferme

quifquam
qui a Phi-

Oratore, quos arbitror Lentulo tuo non fore inuciles. Abhorrent enim a communibus prsceptis ac omnem
:

addere

nifi

lolbphia, a jure civili, ab hiftoria fuifTet inflruftior. Brut,

antiquaram, & Ariftoteleam ^ Ifocrateam rationem Oratoriam compleftantur. Ep, fam. I, 9.

quatuor & habebat annos, toiidemque annis mihi state pricnabat- Triennio ipfo mi/] Crafius turn trtginta
f

275.

Nunc ad
fumqr.e

A.ntonium, Craf-

ego

lie

pervenimus. Nam exiflimo hos Oratores

:

maximos & in his primum cum Grascorum glofuiilV:

ria latine dicendi

copiam

ae^

quatam

-lb.

250.

tion

of
^lon

M,

TULLIUS CICERO.
who were
:

89
^q^^^'

of

twoymng

Orators of great hopes^ C. Cotta A. Urb. 698.

and P.
at
it^

Sulpicius, florifli at the bar

then beginning to

himfelf was not prefent but being informed by Cotta^ of the principal
Cicero

q^ Pompeius Magnus
II.

heads and general argument of the whole ^ fupplied

the reft

from

his

own

invention^

agreeably to /^^

M. Licinius

He and manner^ different ft were known to purfue ; and

to the

which thofe great men with defign to do honor

memory of them

both^ but efpecially of Craffus^

who had been the dtre5lor of his early ftudies \ and to v/hom he affigns the defence of that notion,
which he himfelf always entertained, of the chara6ler of a confummate Speaker \f}%\, Atticus was excedingly pleafed v/ith this but obtreatife, and commended it to the fKies
;

]e6led to the propriety of difmiffng Sc^^vola from the difputation^ after he had once been introduced
ifito

the firft dialogue,

Cicero defends himfelf by

the example of their Gcd^ Plato as he calls him, in his book on Government , where the Scene beino: laid in the houfe of an old Gentleman, Cephalus, the old man^ after bearing a part in the exciifes himfelf that he muft go ftrft converfaiion^ to prayers^ and returns no more ; Plato not thinking
it

fuitable to the character of his age^ to be detained hi the Company through fo long a difcourfe : that^ with greater reafon therefore^ he had ufed the fame
; fince it was not decent to fuppofe a perfon of his dignity^ extreme age^

caution in the cafe of Scavola

\jn\

Nos enim,
non

qui

ipfi

rum
nati

ferrnone adumbrare co-

fermoni

interfuiflemus,

De

Orat.

3. ^.

&

quibus C. Cotta tantummodo locos, ac lententias hudifputationis

tradidifTet,

Ut ei, (Craffo) & quam parem illius

at

fi

nequa-

ingenio,

jus

quo in genei.2 orationis utrumque Oratorem cognoveraipus, id

pro noflro tamen ftudio meritam gratiam debitamque referamus

Ibid.

ipfam

fviir.us

in eo-

and

5)0

The

History

of

the Life

A. Urb. 698. and infirm healthy /pending feveral days fuccejfwely Cic- 52in another man^s houfe : that the fir fi day^s
'

vsMaG"
Nus
II.

dialogue related to his particular profeffion^ hut the other two turned chiefly on the rules and precepts of the art^ where it was not proper for one of Scavola^s

temper

M.

LiciNius and chara^er to

II.

ajjift

Crassus

admirable work

a hearer [n]. remains intire, a ftanding

onely as

This

monu-

ment
it

exhibits

of Cicero's parts and abilities ; which, while to us the Idea of a perfed: Orator,

and marks out the way, by which Cicero formed himfelf to that charadler, it explanes the reafon likewife why no-body has fince equalled him, or ever will, till there be found again united, what will hardly be found fingle in any man, the fame
induflry^

and

the fame parts,

Cicero returned to Rome^ about the middle of November, to aflifl at Milo's wedding, who
married Faufla,
a rich

and noble Lady,

[(?]
-,

the

daughter
as

of Sylla the Di5iator

fay,

with

whom,

he found Sallull the Hiftorian in bed not long after ^ and had him fomidly lafhedy

fome writers

before he

difmiffed him.

The

Confuls,

Pompey

Craflus, having reaped all the fruit, which they had propofed from the Confulfhip, of fecuring to themfelves the Provinces^ which they wanted^ were not much concerned about the choice of
their fucceflbrs
;

and

fo that, after

poftponing the elec-

end of the year, they gave way at to their laft enemy, L. Domitius Ahenobarbus ; to have joined with him their content being Claudius Pulcher. friend, Appius
tion to the

[]
deras
c[uod

Quod

in

iis

libris,

Cephalum,

locupletem

&
&c,

quos laudas, perfonam

Scaevolae.

defi-

Non
feci

earn

feftivum fenem, quoad primus ille fermo haberetur adeft

temere dimovi, fed

idem,

in difputando

Senex

in ^oKtli'icL Deus ille in Pinofter, Plato. rseeujB Socrates veniiTet ad

Cum

Ad Att. 4. 16. Ad Att. [r']

.

4. 13, 5. 8.

of

M.TULLIUS CICERO.
:

91

As foon as the new year came on, enemies began to attack him in the Senate their ^p'i^* to revoke his commilTion, or abridge defign was ^ Domitius it at leaft of the power of making war upon the Ahenobarbus, Parthians : but Cicero exerted himfelf fo flrenu^- <^laudiv3 oufly in his defence, that he baffled their attempts, Fulcher. after a warm conteft with tbe Confuls themfelves^
CrafTus's A. Urb. 699,

and feveral of the Confular Senators. He gave CrafTus an account of the debate by letter, in which he tells him, that he had given -proof^ not onely to his friends and family ^ hut to the whole City^ of the ftncerity of his reconciliation ; and afto ferve him., with all his fares him of his refolution
advice^ authority., interefl^ in every thing or fmall., which concerned himfelf his friends^ great or clients ; and bids him look upon that letter as a
pains.,

league of amity., which on his part fhoiild he invio^

lahly obferved [^].

of February being generally emgiving audience to foreign Princes and ployed Embaffadors^ Antiochus^ King of Com.agene, a
in territory on the banks

The month

of the Euphrates [^], pre-

ferred a petition to the Senate for

fome new honour or privilege, which was commonly decreed to Princes in alliance with the Republic but Cicero being in a rallying humor, made the petition fo ridiculous, that the houfe rejected it., and
:

at his' motion., referved likewife out of his jurifdiction one of his principal Towns., Zeugma; in which was the chief bridge and paffage over the

Euphra-

tes.

Casfar, in his Confulfhip, had granted to this King the honor of the Pr^texta., or the rohe of the

Roman

Magijlrates
literas

which was always difagreecipio, fandliffime efTe obferva<:urun> Ep. fam. 5. 8.

[/] Has
vim,
^a,

velim ex;

iftimes fcederis habiturus effe

non

epiilolse

meque

[y]

Ep. fam. 15.

i,

3,4.

qu

ubi promiuo ac re-

^ble

02
A. Urb. 699, able to
C^c- 53Coff.

^f^^

History

of the Life

AhenoBARBus,

who did not care to fee Princes thefe petty put upon the fame rank with that fo themfelves ; Cicero, calling out upon the will 'nobles^ you^ fays he, who refufed the Pratexthe nobility,
ta to
the

King of Boftra,

h.Chhvmvs
PuLCHER.

to Jirut in purplel
j^Q|.

But

fuffer this Comagenian this difappointment was

it was to whofe befl were drawn the Confuls, perquifites from thefe compliments, which were always repaid by rich prefents fo that Appius^ who had been lately reconciled to Cicero^ and paid a particular court to him at this time^ applied to him by Atticus^ and their common friends^ to fuffer the peti-

niore mortifying to the King, than

-,

tions of this fort to pafs quietly^ nor defiroy the ufual harvefl of the months and make it piite barren to

him
fit

\f\.

Cicero made an
his feveral feats

and

excurfion this fpring to vieflates in the country ;

Cuman Villa^ began a Treatife on or on the befl ftate of a City^ and the dupolitics \ a ties of Citizen : he calls it a great and laborious work^ yet worthy of his pains^ if he could fuccede in
and, in his
it
;

if not^

I
is

[hall

throw

it^

fays he, into that

before me^ and attempt fomething fea^ which is It was it impoffible for me to be idle, elfe^ ftnce drawn up in the form of a dialogue^ in which the greatcfl perfons of the old Republic were intro,

now

[r]

De Comageno

Rege,

quam
fu

erat

adeptus Ccsfare

quod rem totam difcufleram, mihi & per fe & per Pomponium blanditur Appius. Videt enim, fi hoc genere dicendi utar in caeteris, Febru-

Confule,

magno hominum ricavillatus Vos autem

homines nobiles, qui BoftrenumPraetextatum nonferebatis,

Comagenum

feretis

arium ilerilem futurum.

E:

Multa
gem,
fus.

umque

lufi

jocofe

fatis

ne-

dixi in ignobilem Requibus tonus eft explo-

que folum illud extorli oppidulum, quod erat pofituin in

Euphrate,
terea

Quo

genere commotus

Appius totum
tur.

Zeugma;

fed prae-

Ad

me amplexa2. 12.

Quint.

togam

ejus praetextam,

duced,

of
tion of

M.rULLIUS CICERO.

93

A. Urb. 699. duced, debating on the origin and bed conftitu-

government; Scipio, Lselius, Philus, c The whole was to be di- l. Domitius Manilius, ^r. [s]. Ahenoilributed into nine books, each of them the fubb a reus, one when he had finifhof day's difputation jeft ed the two firft, they were read in hisTufculan^^^^^^^^^ Villa to fome of his friends; where Salluft, who was one of the company, advifed him to change
:

and treat the fubiedl in as Arijlotle had dene before him ;

his plan,

his

own

perfon^

alledging^ that

gravity^

the introdu5lion of thcfe a'ncients^ infiead of adding gave an air of Romance to the argument^ which would have the greater weighty when deliver-

ed from himfelf\ as being the work^ not of a little or contemplative 'Thecrifi^ but of a CcnfuSophift^ and Statefman^ converfant in the lar Senator^

and writijtg what his own praBice^ greatefi affairs, the and experience of many years, had taught him to
he true,

Thefe reafons

and made him think of

pecially lince,

feemed very plaufible, altering his fcheme ; ef-

by throwing the fcene fo far back, from touching on thofe imhimfelf he precluded of the Republic, v/hich revolutions portant were later than the period, to which he confined
himfelf
willing
finifhed,
:

but, after fome deliberation, being unto throw away the two books, already

with which he was much pleafed, he refolved to itick to the old plan, and as he had
[^] Scribebam ilia, quse dixeram '7p-c\>^iKu, fpif/um

Hanc

ego,

quam

inflitui,

fane opus
fi

&

operolum

ex fententia

fuccefTerit,

fed be-

erit opera pofitai fin minus, in iJlud ipfura mare de-

ne

de Repub. difputationem in African! perfonam 8c Phili, & Laslii & Manilii con:uli, &c. Rem, quod te non fugif-,

jiciemus,quodfcribentesfpec-

&

tamus

aggrediemur

alia,

magnam complexus fum gravem, & plurimi otii, quod ego maximeegeo. Ad
4. i6.

quoniam quiefcere. non poffum us. Jb. 14.

Au.

preferred

'

94
A. Urb. 699. preferred
^^^' 53-

The
it

History
firft,

of the Life
for the fake of avoiding

from the

he purfued it without any other altethat of reducing the number of than ^^tion, r^ DoMiTius books from 7tine to fix-, in which form they were Ahenoafterwards pubiiflied, and furvived him for leveral BAREus, A.Claudius lofl now
offencCy

fo

TuLciiER.

Unfortunately [/]. the fragments of this work, which ftill remain, it appears to have been a noble performance, and one of his capital pieces , where all the
ages,

though

From

important queftions in politics and morality were difculTed with the greatefl elegance and accuracy ; of the origin of Society , the nature of law and obligation
;

the eternal difference of right arid

wrong

of juftice being the onely good policy^ or foundation either of public or private profperity : lo that he calls hisf.x books^ fo many pledges^ given to the pubThe the integrity of his conduct \ii]. lic^ for younger Scipio was the principal fpeaker of
the Dialogue,
[/]

whofe part
in

it

was

to

ajfe-rt

the

Sermo autem

novem

& dies &

libros diHributus

Optimo Optimo cive. Hi libri, cum iuTufculanomihilegerentur, audiente Salluilio; admonitus fum ab illo, multo majore
aucloritate
pofTe,
fi

flatu civitatis

&

de de

Ego autem id ipfum ram fecutus, ne in

turn e-

noftra

tcmporaincurrensofFenderem

quempiam. Ad Quint. 3. 5. This will folve that variation which we find in his own
account of
chis

work, in

dif:

de rebus dici ipfe loquerer de Reillis

terent parts of his writings

pub.

przcfercim

cum

efTem,

and why Fannius, who in fome places is declared to be

a fpeaker in it, [Ad Att. 4, 16, Ad Quint. 3. 5.] is denied to be fo in others j being drcpt, when the number

non Heraclides Ponticus, fed

is, qui in maxiconfularis, mis verfatus in Repub. rebus

&

efTem quae tarn antiquis hominibus attribuerem. ca vi:

of books was contraded.

[.v]

fum
vit

iri

ficla efTe
&:

Commonoftrss civita-

Cum

fex

libris,

tan-

me,

eo magis, quod

quam

prsedibus

me ipfum ob-

maximos motus
tis

attingere non poteram, quod erant inferiores, quam

lblnxerim,quos tibi tam valde Ad Att. 6. probari gaudeo.

i.

illorum tetas qui loquebantur.

excellence

rf

M.TVLLIUS CICERO.
/^ A.

9S
Urb. 699;

excellence of the Roman conftitution^ preferably that of all other fates [x'] : who, in the fixth book, ^q^^^' under thefi5lion of a dream, which is Hill preferv- l. Domitius Ahenoed to us, takes occafion to inculcate the doBrine barbus, in the and a future Jlate, foul, cf the immortality of ^^'^^^^^ a manner fo lively and entertaining, that it has
"^p

been the Handing pattern ever fmce to the wits of fucceeding ages, for attempting the fame method of inflilling moral lefTens, in the form of

dreams or vifions. He was now drawn at laft into a particular intimacy and correfpondence of Letters with Csfar ; who had long been endeavouring to engage

him

to his friendfhip, and, with that view, had invited his brother, Qtiintus, to be one of his Lieu^ tenants in Gaul', where Quintus, to pay his court

the better to his General, joined heartily in prelP ins his Brother to an union with him, inftead of
tells

adhering fo obftinately to Pompey, who, as he him, was neither fo Jincere, nor fo generous Cicero did not diflike the a friend as C^far \^y ]. a and readinefs to comply with advice, expreffed which of Balbus it, gave an intimation to Csfar, with a Letter, alfo inchfed, from Cicero himfelf-^ but the packet happening to fall into water, the Letters were all deftroyed, except a fcrap or two of Balbus" s, to which Caefar returned anfwer ,

I perceive,
Cicero,

that you had written for/iewhat about which I could not make cut but as far as
-,

I can
\_x]

guefs,

it

was fomething
in
illis

rather to be wijhed,
]

An cenfes, cum
libris

[y

De Pompeio

afTentior

perfuadere videatur Africanus, omnium Rerumpub. noftram veterem illam fuifie optimam. De

de Repub.

tibi, vel tu

potius mihi,
'

nam,

ut fcis, jampridem,irtum canto Ca^farem. Ad Quint. 2.

13.

Leg.

2. X. vid. ib. i. 6. 9.

than

96

T/je

Hi STORY

of tbe Life

A. Urb. 699. sl^an But Cicero fent another copy hoped for \z\ ^^'^^ 53of the fame Letter, which came fafc to his hands,
in the familiar fiile^ yet withL. DoMiTius "^^^^^^^9 as he fays, his out Csefar anfwered Ahenodeparting from dignity,

BARBus, him with all imaginable kindnefs, and the offer A. Claudius ^^ every thing, in which his power could ferve him, telling him, how agreeable his Brother'' s com-

pany was
tion
j

him^ by the revival of their old affecandfince he was now removed to fuch a dito

fiance

from him^ he would take care^ that in their mutual want of each other ^ he fhould have caufe at leaji to rejoice^ that his Brother was with him^ rather than any one elfe. He thanks him alfo for fendthe to him^ and fays upon it Trebatius Lawyer ing that there was a man before in his arnot jocofely^ to Ciwho how draw a recognizance, knew my^ in his of to his this account Letter cero, Brother, " it is kind in fays , you, and like a Brother,
*'

**

"
** *'
*'

me to this friendfhip, though I am that way apace myfelf, and fhall do, running what often happens to travellers, who rifing
to prefs

*'

"
*^
*'

than they intended, yet, by quickening fpeed, come fooner to their journey's if they had {^t out earlier , fo I, than end, who have over-llept myfelf in my obfervance of this man, though you were frequently rouflater

their

ing me, will corred: my pad lazinefs by mendBut as to his ing my pace for the future."
[2]
Il:e
fcripfit

ad Ealilium Epiftolarum, in quo fuerat & mea Balbi, totum fibi aqua ma-

his verbis.

De

Cicerone vifcripfiffe,
;

bum, faiciculum

deo

te

quiddam

&

quod ego non intellexi quantum autem conjedura

id erat hujufmomagis optaiidum, quam Ad fperandum putarem. Quint. 2. 12.

didum

ell'e

ut ne illud quifuille
ali-

confequebar

dem fciat, meam quam epiilolam.

epiflola intellexerat, ad

di, ui

Balbi

Sed ex pauca verba

qua refcripiit
feeking

of
this

MTULLIUS

CICERO.
you who know

97
Qq^^*

fecking any advantage or perfonal benefit from ^'^^^- ^99

alliance, believe 7ne^ fays he,

me-, I have from him already whal I mojl value^ l^Dq^'^^^^^ Ahenothe ajfurance of his affe5lion^ which I prefer to all b a reus, the great things that he offers me In an[^].

other letter he fays ; / lay no great flrefs on his promifes^ want no farther honors, nor defire any 7iew glory, and wifi nothing more, hut the continuance of his efleem, yet live ftill in fuch a courfe of ambition and fatigue, as if I were ex'pe^ling what

PulVher^^^

I do

not really defire

\b~\.

he naade no ufe of Csefar's generofity for himfelf, yet he ufed it freely for his friends ; for befides his Brother, who was Cas-

But though

and Trebatius, who was his he Lawyer \ procured an eminent pod for Orfius, and a Regiment for Curtius yet Casfar was him while all the his for chiding refervednefs in
far's

Lieutenant,

-,

\^a\

Cum
omni

Csfaris Literis,

refertis

officio, diligeninitia, fuavitate

quidem, ut omnia mea fludia in ilium an am conferam, &c.

Quarum

Sed
nofti,

mihi

tium eft, quam fuavis ei tuus adventus fuerit, & recordatio veteris amoris ; deinde fe effedlurum, ut ego in dolore ac defiderio

quod

in

crede, quern iftis rebus ego

plurimi asftimo, jam habeo : deinde Csfaris tantum in.

medio
tui,

te,

cum

me

fecum

efle laitarer.

abefTes, potiffimum 1 rebatife

um

quern omnibus quos me a fe expeflare vult, antepono. Ad Quint. 2. 15.

his honoribus,

me amorem,

quod ad

mifcrim, per-

humaniter etiam gratias mihi agit negat enim in tanta muldtudine torum, qui
falfe
:

&

[^] Promiifis
tendit,

iis,

qu2B of;
.

non valde pendeo

fitio,

nee honores

nee defide-

rogloriam: magifque cjusvoluntatis perpstuitatem,

una
qui

eflent,

quempiam fuiffe, vadimonium concipere

quam

poiTet.

promilTorum exitum expedlo. Vivo tamen in ea ambitione

Qnare facis tu quidem fraquod me hortaris, fed mehercule currentem nunc

terne,

&

labore,

tanquam

id,

quod
lb.

non

poftulo, cxpet^em.

3. 5..

Vol.

II.

a[klng

5)8
A. Urb.
699..

^p

(T^

L DoMiTi
AhenoB A REUS,

History of the Life His reGommendatory Letter of Treq/hng [c]. will both what a fliare he pofTefTed fhew batiiis, ^^ ^^^^ time of Caefar's confidence, and with what
The
^n affeflionate zeal he ufed to
friends.
cc r-' " Cicero

recommend

his

Claudius PULCHER.

/^ r Tto Caslar iimperor.

^

have perfuaded myfelf to confecond Mf-^ not onely in what you " affe6ts own interefb, but in what concerns my *' I had refolved, whitherfoever I friends my *' went abroad, to carry C. Trebatius along v/ith '* me that I might bring him home, adorned " with the fruits of my care and kindnefs but -' fince Pompey's ftay in Rome has been longer " than I expeded, and my own irrefolution, to *' which you are no ftranger, will either wholly " hinder, or at lead retard, my going abroad at all ; fee, what I have taken upon myfelf: I began prefently to refolve, that Trebatius *' fliould expect the fame things from you, *' which he had been hoping for from me nor *' did I afTure him with lefs franknefs of your ** good will, than I ufed to do of my own but *' a wonderfull incident fell out, both as a tefti*' mony of my opinion, and a pledge of your ''humanity; for while I was talking of this *' very Trebatius at my houfe, with our friend *' Balbus, your Letter was delivered to me ; in *' the end of which you faid ; as to M, Orfius^ *' whom you recommended to me^ I will make him
I
'^

" See, how

fider

as a

*,

*'

even King <?/Gaul, or Lieutenant to Lepta; fend

[c]

M.

Curtio Tribunatum
2.

Caefar

nominatim Curtio paefle

lb. ab eo petivi. fam. 7. 5. De Tribunatu

15.

Ep.

ratum

refcripiit,

meam-

niihi ipfe

rogando verecundiam objurgavit. Ad Quin. 3. i.

que

in

" me

of
**

M.rULLIUS CICERO.
We
therefore^ if lifted up

99
Urb. 699.
^^^- ?3*

me another

the occafion was fo pat, that it feem- t t^ ; 1 lend ed not to be accidental, but divine. Aheno*' you therefore Trebatius ; and fend him fo, as barbus, " at firil indeed I A.Claudius deligned, of my own accord, *' invitation embrace him, ^^^c"^^* but now alfo by your " all with ufual your my dear Caefar, courtefy ; ** and whatever you could be induced to do for *' my friends, out of your regard to me, confer *' I will be anfwerable it all fingly upon him. " for the man not in my former ftile, which " I wrote to when you about you juftly rallied, '' the true Roman in but Milo, phrafe, which *' men of fenfe ufe ; that there is not an honejler^
*'
:
-,

" prefer. " Balbus

you pleafe^ whom our hands, both

I may ^I

and

'

"

worthier.,

mo defter^ man living : what makes the principal part of

mud

add,

his charadter,

"
*'

that he has a fingular knowledge of the civil

neither a

memory, and perfedt Law. I afk for him, nor Government, nor any Regiment
;

*' ^'

certain piece of preferment

afk your bene-

volence and

" the adorning him, whenever you fhall think " in proper, with thofe trappings alfo of glory " fhort, I deliver the whole man to from you, my hand, as we fay, into yours, illuftrious But I am more imporfor vidory and faith. " tunate than I need be to I know
:

generofity

yet

am

not againft

you and continue to love me, as you now do [d].'* Trebatius was of a lazy, indolent, flua lover of books and good comdious temper pany eagerly fond of the pleafures of Rome ; and wholly out of his element in a Camp and
-,

(C

will excufe

it.

Take

you ; yet care of your health,

becaufe Csefar, through the infinite hurry of his

[/\

Ep. fam.

7. 5,

affairs.

160

7he

History

of the Life

A. Urb. 699. affairs, could not prefently admit him ro his fahim io foon as he expedled, and ^^5." miliarity, prefer ^^* L DoMiTius ^^ ^^^ iirtd of the drudgery of attending him,

Aheno-

EARBus,

and impatient to be at home again. Under thefe circumftances, there is a feries of Letters to him Claudjus fj-Qj^ Cicero, written not onely with the difmULCHER. tej-efled affection of a friend, but the folUcitude even of a parent, employing ail the arts of infinuation, as well of the grave, as of the facetious kind, to hinder him from ruining his hopes and fortunes by his own imprudence. " He laughs at
*' *'
**

his childifli

hankering

after the

City
;

bids

him

*' *'

" "
*'

*'

" " "

*'^

which he went abroad, refied; on with obferves from it and purfue conftancy that Medea the of Euripides^ many had ferved themfelves and the public well, at a diftance from their Country ; whilfl others, by fpending their Jives at home, had lived and died of which number, fays he^ you inglorioufly would have been one, if we had not thruil you out ; and fince I am now adling Medea^ take this other lefTon from me, that he^ who is net
the end, for
;

wife for him elf

rallies

his

wife to no purpofe [;?]." '' impatience, or rather imprudence

is

He
;

he had carried a bond, not a Letter to " Csfar, and thought that he had nothing to ^' do but to take his money, and return home ;
as if
\e\

Tu modo
:

ineptias ilUs
5c

&
tis

gerent, propterea funt im-

defideria urbis

urbanitaconfilio

piobati.

depone

Sz

quo

profeilus es, id aiiiduitate

virtute confeq^uere.

&
&

Quo

in

numero

tu

certe

fuilTes, nifi te

extrufifTemub

Nam

quando
fibi

Medeam

ageie

muhi faam rem bene

ccepi, illud

femper memento,
fapiens prodefTe
fapit.

gelTcre

&

poplicam, patria

qui ipfe

procul.

non

quit,

nequicquam
7. 6.

Muiii, quH^ domi atatem a-

Ep, Fam.

(C

not

of

M,

rULLIUS CICERO.

loi

"
''

" "
''

not recollefling, that even thofe, who ed King Ptolemy with bonds to Alexandria^ ^c had not yet brought back a penny of I'no- ^ j^^j^J^j^.g You write me word, Jays he, that Ahenoney [/].
follow- A. Urb. 699.

C^far now confults you ; I had rather hear, bar bus, "that he confults your Interefl [^]. Let me ^-^^^"^^"^ " die, If I do not believe, fuch is your vanity, " that you had rather be confulted, than enrich " ed and railleries thefe perpeby him [/:?]. By
tual admonitions he
his foftnefs,

made Trebatius afliamed of

and content to flay with Cjefar, by whofe favor and generofity he was cured at lafl: of all his uneafinefs and having here laid the
-,

foundation of his fortunes, florifhed afterwards in the court of Auguftus, with the character of the moft learned Lawyer of that age [/'].
into Britain

was now upon his fecond expedition which raifed much talk and expectation at Rome, and gave Cicero no fmall concern for the fafety of his Brother, who, as one of C<efar''s Lieuienayits, was to bear a confiderable But the accounts which he repart in it \k\ ceived from the place, foon eafed him of his ap-,

C^SAR

prehenfions, by informing him, that there iran or to hope from the attempt j yjothing either to fear
[/] Subimprudens videtanquam enim fyngraphain ad Imperatorem, non
bare
;

lb. xi.

epiftolam

attulifies,

fic,

pe-

cunia ablata,

domum

redire

\h\ Morlar, ni, qu^ tua gloria eft, puto te malle a Casfare confuli, quam inau^ lb. 13. rari.

properabas. Nee tibi in mentern veniebat, eos ipfos, qui

[/]
Diftentis.

Nili quid tu,

,

dode

Trebati
[i]
ris

cum

fyngraphis venifTent Alexandriam, nummum adhuc

Hor.Sat 2.1.79.
Quinti
fratris liteefle in

Ex

nulium auferre
17.

potuilTe.

Jb.

fufpicor

jam eum
fufpenfo

Britannia:
Confuli quidem te a
;

animo

[^]

expedlo quid agat

4. 15.

Ad

Att,

fed ego tibi ab ilio confuli vellem.

Cselare icribis

no

102

The

Hist OKY

of the Life

A. Urb. 699. no danger from the people^ no fpoih from the Couna ^^53- try [I], In letter to Atticus, we are in fuf-

L.DoMiTius/^^y^' ^^y^ ^^'

^3'^^/ the Britifh

war :

it is certain^

AhenoBARB us,
ULCHER.

that the accefs of the Ifland is firongly fortified \ and it is known alfo already^ that there is not a grain of
/'/^

ACLAUDiusy^/^^^

//,

wr

any thing

elfe

hut flaves

-,

of

whom

^,^^ ^-ji j-^^y.^^

expe^ any^ I dare fay^ fkilled in. In another to Trebatius-, mufic or Letters \m\.

hear^ that there is not either gold or filver in the Ifiand : iffo^ you have nothing to do but to taka one of their chariots^ and fly back to us Iji].

r
'

From
harity

their railleries of this

'mifery

kind on the bar-

of cur Ifland^ one cannot help refleding on the furprifing fate and revolutions
:

and

of Kingdoms

how

Rorne^ once the miftrefs of

the world, the feat of arts, empire, and glory, now lyes funk in floth, ignorance, and poverty ; enflaved to the moft cruel, as well as to the

moft contemptible of Tyrants, Superjiition and : while this remote Country, anciently the jell: and contempt of the polite Roreligious Impcfiure
is

mans^
ty,

become
letters
;

the

happy
;

feat

of liberty, plenthe arts and re-

and

florifhing in all

finements of

civil life

fame courfe, which Ro7ne

[/] O jucundas mihi tuas de Britannia literas Timebam oceanum, timebam littus Infu-as. Reliqua non eAd quidem contemno
!

yet running perhaps the itfelf had run before it ;

lud

jam cognitum

eft,

neque

argenti fcripulum efTe ullum in ilia infula, neque ullam

fpem
is
;

praedje, nifi

ex quibus

nullos

ex mancipij uto

Quint.

I.

16.

te literis,

aut muficis eruditos

De
liDvi

Britannicis rebus cogtuis literis,

expeclare.
[;zj

ex

nihil effe

Ad Alt 4. 16, In Britannia nihil efTe

xiec

quod metuamus,nec quod gaudeamus. -lb. 3. i.' [w] Britannici belli exitus Cpnfiat enim cxpeftatur. jiditus infulas munitos effe
ypirificis jnolibus.

audio neque auri neque ar^r Id fi ita eft, elTedum genti. aliquod fuadeo capias, & ad nos quam primum recurras,

Ep. Fam. 7.7,

Etiajii ij-

trom

of M.
:

rULLlUS CICERO.
-,

105

from virtuous indudry to 699. from luxury to an impatience of difto luxury n^^' ^ and corruption of morals till by a total l.Domitius cipline, Ahenodegeneracy and lofs of virtue, being grown ripe barb us, for deftruftion, it falls a prey at laft to fome hardy opprefTor, and, with the
elfe that is

wealth; from wealth A.Urb.

every thing barbarifm. ly again into its original Cicero taking it for granted, that Trebatius followed Csefar into Britain, began to joke with him upon the wonder full figure that a Britijb
Lazvyer ivould make at
frofejfion to

of liberty, lofing '\,^^^^^'^^ valuable, finks graduallofs

Rome

and, as

it

was

his

ware

guard other feopk^s fafety, bids him he* that he himfelf was not caught by the Britijh
\o\

charioteers

But Trebatius,

it

feems,

knew

without Cicero's advice ; and when Csefar pafTed over to Britain^ chofe to {lay behind in Gaul : this gave a frefh and Cicero congratulates him, handle for raillery

how

to take care of himfelf

"

" where he was thought to know fomething ; " that if he had gone over alfo to Britain, there " would not have been a man in all that great " IQand, wifer than himfelf '* He obferves, ' that he was much more cautious in military, " than in civil contefts and wonders, that be" he could not be ing fuch a lover of Jwimming, ^' and when the Ocean in to fzvim perfuaded " he could not be away from every fliew
,

upon being

arrived

at

laft

into

a country,

'^
*'

"

kept of Gladiators at Rome, had not the curiofity to fee the BritiJJo charioteers: he rejoices however, after all, that he did not go ; fince they
dicifti,

in[0] Mira enim perfona daci potell Britannici juris confuld. F.p. Fam. 7. xi. Tu, qui caeceria cavere di-

in

efTedariis

decipiaris

Britannia ne ab caveto.

lb. 6.

4.

" Ihould

104
A. Urb. 699.

TJje

History

of the Life

^c P'
L.Do^mItius

" fhould not now be troubled with the imperti" i^e^-ce of his Britifh fhoiies [/>]." QyiNTUs Cicero, who had a genius for
poetry, was projecting the plan of a poem^ upon their Britifh expedition^ and begged his Brother's Cicero approved the defign, and ^jj}jla^^(;g l^ ll Qbfej-y^^j ypon it, that the nature and fituaticn of
.

AhenoBARBus,

A.ChAvmvs
ULCHER.

places fo ftrange^ the

battles

manners of the people^ their with them^ and the General himfelf C^far^
for poetry
to
\

were
ance^
tus^

excellent fubje^s
it

but as to his
:

affifi-

was fending owls

Athens

that ^uin-

could not
his

who had finifroed four 'Tragedies in ftxteen days^ want either help or fame in that way^ after Eledra and the Troades [q]. In other letters,
he

in

qnod gaudeas, te loca veniiie, ubi aliquid fapere viderere quod

[/]
Eft,
lila
:

the
it

wantof Heep; theadvice

leems, being peculiarly agreeable to his own pradice

Britanniam quoque profec^.us eiFes, profecto nerno in

ii

in

and character.
ter unSIi

ilia

tanta

iniuia te

ptrinor

fuilTet

Sed
:

tu in re miiiiari

multo

es cautior quam in advocationibus qui neque in oceano natare voluil^i, homo

^.

tranjnonto Tibirim^ fotnno qui' bus eji opus alto.

Sat. 2. I. V. 8.
[^] Te vero u /rcQcfj/f/ fcribendi egregiam habere video. Q^uos tu ficus, quas naturas reruni & locorum quos mores, quas gsntes, quas pugnas, quern vero ipfum Imperatoiem habes ? Ego te 11-

JiudicJiJJir/.us

nctcindiy neque fpedare eiTedarios, qnem an-

tea ne

Audabatam quideni defraudare poteramus. Ib.x. In Britanniam te profedum non ^Kt gaudto, quod tz labore caruifti, & ego te de illis rebus non audiam. lb.
here given, of TrebariusV lo've of Jkvimmiiig, adds a new light and
little hir.t

benter, ut rogas, quibus re-

bus

vis,

The

adjuvabo,

&

tibi

verfus, quos rogas,

yKavKo,
Qu^'^^*

bV

h^uvcr^i

mittam.

Ad

2. 16.

race,

beauty to that pallage of Howhere the Poet introduces him, advifing, io/ujhn
crofs

Quatuor Tragcedias, cum xvi diebas abfolvifle fcribas,

tu
ris

quidauam ab
?

alio

mutua-

ihrice

the liber, to cure

&

^Ai^-^ qur^ris,

cum

Eleclram

of

M.

TULLIUS CICERO.
ferioufly
,

105
A. Urb. 699.

he anfwers more
to conceive^

thai it

was

impoffihle

how much

he wanted leifure for verjify-

c^^'
l Dqmi'tius
Ahenob a reus,

write verfes required an eafe and chearing : which the times had taken from fullnefs of mind^ that his a72d him ; poetical flame was quite ex tinthat to
the fad profpe^ of things before them [r.] guifhed by had lent Casfar his Greek Poem^ in three

A A. l audi us

He

hooks^

judgment was as good

in

on the hifiory of his Confulfhip \ and C^efar's upon it was, that the beginning of it
as any
things

which he had ever feeyi

that language^ but that the following lines ^ to a certain place ^ were not equal in accuracy and fpirit.

Cicero defires therefore to

know of

his Brother,

what C^far
matter or

really thought of the whole ; whether the the ftile difpleafed him ; and begs that he

would
far
the

tell

him the truth freely

ftnce whether

C^-

liked it or not^
lefs

he fhould not^ he fays, be a jot

pleafed with himfelf \s\

He

began however

Eledlram
feris
?

& Troadem
lb.

fcrip-

men
eft

3.6. N. B. Thefe four Tragedies, faid to be written in cannot be fupJixteen days, pofed to have been original
produflions, but trandations from fome of the Greek Poets,

ut pofTem, fed opus ad poema quadam animi alacritace, quam plane xnihi tempora eripiunt lb. 3. 5. De verfibus deed mihi

of which Quintus was a

opera, qus non modo ternpus, fed etiam animum ab omni cura vacuum defiderat : fed abeft etiam iv^-6a icJi<j \j}n

great Mafter ; finilhed by him in haft for the entertainment

of the Camp for the word Troadem in the text, the name of one of them, ihould moft
:

probably htTroadcs, the title of one of Euripides's Plays; as the Ele^ra a!fo was. [r] Quod me de faciendis
verfibus
eft,

&c. lb. 4. Sed heus tu, celari videor a te, quomodonam, mi frater, de noftris verfibus Csefar? Nam primum librum fe legifTe ad me ante fcrlpfit
\s~\
:

&

prima fic, ut neget Graeca quidem meliora

fe
;

fe

ne

reliqua ad

quendam

legiflo-

rogaS;
frater,

incredibile

cum
rum,

[dJ^v^jJiTif^ct.

mi

am tempore

quantum egeFacerqm ta-

utitur verbo.

Hoc enim Die mihi vecum

aut

num

aut res

o6

^he

History

of the Life

A. Urb. 699. ever another Poem, at his Brother's earneft re^' S^^'/r queft, to be addrefTed to C^far, but after fome
T

-n^/^.rro prosreis

was

fo diffatisfied with

it,

that he tore

Aheno-

It [/]

yet Quintus ItiU urging, and lignitying,

B A REUS, that he had acquainted defar with the deftgn^ he A.Claudius ^^5 obliged to refume it, and adlually finifhed an Epic Poem in honour of Ctefar ; which he promifes to fend as foon as he could find a proper conveyance, that it might not be loft^ as ^intus^s 'Tragedy of Erigone was in coming from Gaul ; the onely a fafe pafjage^ things fays he, which had 'not found

fmce C^far governed that Province [u] While Cicero was exprefling no fmall diflatisfadlion at the meafures, which his prefent fituation obliged him to purfue, Casfar was doing
.

every thing

treated his Brother with

power, to make him eafy he as much kindnefs^ as if Cicero himfelf had been his general \ gave him the choice of his winter quarters^ and the Legion^ which he beji liked [a'] : and Clodius happening tQ write to him from Rome, he fJjewed the Letter to ^intusy and declared that he would not anfwer it j
in his
:

^et^d/jrtf non deleflat hil eft quod vereare.

Ni-

folvam, habeo abfolutum fuave, mlhi

Ego

enim ne pile quidem minus lb. ?. 16. me amabo. Poema ad C^rarem, [/] quod compofueram, incidi.
lb. 3. I.
.

quidem uti videtur, 27r^ ad Casfarem. Sed qusero locnpletem tabellarium, ne

accidat
cui
foli,

quod Erigonae

tuse

4.

Csefare Imperatore, iter ex Gallia tutum non fuit.

lb. g.
[a-]

[k]

Quod me
etfi

inftitutum
perfi-

ad ilium Poema jubes

cere
;

Quintum meum
!

ra, turn

diflentus turn opeanimo Turn multo

Dii

boni
.?

quemadmodum
dignitate, fecus ac fi ego

tradat,
gratia

honore,

magis, quoniam ex epiftola, quam ad te miferam, cognovit Caefar

Non

orfum;
tum.

aliquid efie exrevertar ad inflitulb. 8.

me

effem Imperator. Hibernam Legioncm eligendi optio delata

commodum,
Ad. Att

ut ad
4. 18.

me

fcribit.

Quod me

hortaris,

ut ab-

though

of

M.TULLIUS CICERO.
him not
to

ity

Urb. 699. put fuch an A. though ^iintus civilly prejfed In the their fakes [j]: affront upon Clodius, for ^q'I^' midft of all his hurry in Britain^ he fent frequent ^ Domi'tius accounts to Cicero, in his own hand, of his proAhenob a reus, at the inflant of quitting and and, fuccefs, grefs A.Claudius the Ifland, wrote to him from the very foore^ ^y ^^^^^^* the emharkment of the troops^ and his having taken a 'Tribute : and lefi he fhould hoflages^ and impofed
he furprized at having no Letters at the fa?ne time from his Brother^ he acquaints him, that ^intus was then at a diflance from him^ and could not take

the benefit of that exprefs : Cicero received all thefe Letters at Rome, in lefs than a month after date^ and takes notice in one of them^ that it arrived on

a difpatch equal to that of our \ Couriers by the pofl [z]. prefent As to the news of the City this fummer, Ci" that there were fome cero tells his Brother, " hopes of an eledion of Magiftrates, but thofe " uncertain ; fome fufpicion of a Didlator, yet
the twentieth day
*'

that not
-,

more

certain

" Forum
*'

a great

calm

in

the

but of a City, feemed to be quieted rather by the effects of age, than of concord :
Britannia
Att. 4. 17.

[^] In qua primum eft de Clodii ad Csefarem literis, in quo Cjefaris confilium tibi amantillime probo, quod
petenti veniam non dedit, ut uilum ad illam Furiam ver-

reportabant.

Ad
me

Ex

Britannia Csefar ad
literas
:

bum
3.
I.

refcriberet
.

Ad

Quint.

4.

[x] Caefare

Ab

Quinto
literas,

fratre

&

quas ego accepi A. D. IIII. Kal. Odob. iatis commodas de Britannicis rebus quibus, ne admirer, quod a te nuUas ac:

Kal. Sept. dedit

ceperim,
ifle,

fcribit fe fine te fu-

accepi

A. D. IX.
confefta

cum ad mare
.

acceiTerit.

Kal. Nov.

Britannia, obftdibus acceptis, nulla praeda, imperata tamen pecunia, datas a littoribus
Britannias, proximo A. D. VI. Kal. 0(^ob. ^xercitum

Ad Quint. 3. i. 7. Cum banc jam Epiftolam

complicarem, tabellarii a vobis venerunt ad D. XL Kal.
Sept. vicefimo die.

lb.

31.
that

.5,

"

io8
A. Urb. 699.
Cic. 53.
<c

The
that his
private,

History
own
was
juft

of fbe Life

condudt, as well in public, as In

what Quintus had advifed,

^ofte^ than the tip of his ear; and his votes L D iTius" " ^^ th^ Senate fuch, as Ahenopleafed others, rather '' than himfelf. BARBus, A. Claudius PuLCHER. <c Sueh ills does wretched war and difcord breed,
*'
*'

**

" were
*'

carried fo high, as at the Confular this time, by candidates, Memmius, Domitius, Scaurus, MefTala; that they

that bribery

was never

all alike

-,

no eminence

in

any

for
:

mo-

that ney " above eighty thoufand pounds was promifed " to the firft Tribe; and money grown fo fcarcc, ** of this it, that intereft was rifen profufion by " from four to eight per Cent [a]." Memmius and Cn. Domitius, who joined their interefls, made a flrange fort of contradb with the Confuls, which was drawn up in writing, and attefted in proper form by many of their friends on both fides ; by which, *' the
all
*' *' *' **

levelled

the dignity of

them

Confuls obliged themfelves, to ferve them with all their power in the enfuing eledlion ; and they on their part undertook, when ele6led, to procure for the Confuls what Provinces
la]

Res

Romans

fic

fe

To/ctuO'

TMiy.&'v

habebant. Erat nonnulla fpes comitiorum, fed incerta e:

i^ya,(^{\ctt,

'T^-.Kifj.o^ \BEurip. Iketid.

rat aliqua fufpicio Didlatufumrae, ne ea quidem certa

:

Ambitus

redit

immanis, run-

quam

par

fuit.

Ad

Quint,

jnum

otium

forenfe

fed

fenefccntis

magis

civitatis,

adquiefcentis. Sententia autem noftra in Senatu

quam

ejufmodi, magis ut
eilentiantur,
i^ii,

alii

nobis

quam nofmet

2.15. Sequere me nuncinCamav^ pum. Ardet ambitus cT^ rot ipkco ; foenus ex tri//.c6 ente Idib. Quint. fa6tum erat bejubus ^^o% in nullo eft,
:

pecunia
ex2cquat

omnium

dignitatem
^'

Ad

Att. 4. 15.

they

of

M.TULLIUS CICERO.
;

109
A. Urb. 699.
p'/r^*
j^^^^j^j^g

" and gave a Bond of above they defircd " to provide three Augurs, who iliould 3000/. " that they were prefent at making teflify, *' a law for granting them thofe Provinces, *' when no fuch law had ever been made; and
two Confular

Ahenobarbus,

" that they were prefent likewife at paffing a de" cree of the Senate, for furnifhing the fame " with arms and money, when the provinces " Senate had never been confulted about it [F\" Memmius, who was ftrongly fupported by C^far [r], finding fome reafon to diflike his bargain, refolved to break it, and, by Pompey's ad-

Senators,

who

Ihould

affirm, ^^^^''''^'^^

gave an account of it to the Senate. Pomwas pey pleafed with the opportunity of mortithe and willing likewife Conful Domitius fying to take fome revenge on Appius, who, though his
vice^
,

into his meafures [^] ; humor at this ftep [^]

near relation, did not enter fo fully as he expelled but Csfar was much out of
;

as

it

was

likely to raife

great fcandal in the City, and flrengthen the intereft of thofe who were endeavouring to rellrain that infamous corruption, which was the
[b'] Confules flagrant infamia, quod C. Memmius candidatus padionem in Se-

Senatus quidem fuilTet. Haec padio non verbis fed no-

minibus
fafta

&

natii

recitavit,

quam

ipfe

Sc

multorum

perfcriptionibus, tabulis cum efl'e

fuus competitor Domitius

cum
amipii

dic^retur,
eft

Confulibus

fecilTent, uti

Memmio
AdAtt.
[c]

prolata a nominibus in-

bo H.
libus

S.

quadragena Confufi

dudis, audlore Pompeio

4. i8.

darent,

eflent

Confules

facll, nifi tres

Auad-

Memmium
Dio.
1.

Csfaris

gures dediffent,
fuiffe dicerent, riata ferretur,

qui fe

omnes opes confirmant

lb. 15. 17.
\_d']

effet

&

cum lex cuqus lata non

ornandis pro^

39. p. 118.

duo Confulares, qui

[^]

Ut

qui

jam

intellige-

fe dicerent in

bamus enunciationem illam

vinciis

confulari'ous fcriben-

Memmii
cere

valde Ceefari difpliAtt. 4. 16.

do

affuiife,

cum omnino ne

Ad

main

110
A. Urb. 699^
Cic. 53.
Cofl.

'^he

History

of the Life
his

main inftrument of advancing

power.

Ap-

Ahenoand Memrmus^ now grown defperate^ BARB us, difcompofed A. CLAUDIUS refohed to promote the general diforder and the creaPuLCHER. iJQjj^ a Dictator [/]. QjQuiMTus fent his Brother word from Gaul,
I,

pius never changed countenance^ nor loft any credit but his collegue Domitius^ who ^j^Q difcovery j ^^ i^y afFecSted the charader of a Patriot, was extremely

that
this

it

was

reported there^ that he

:

was

prefent at

but Cicero aflures him that it wa^ falfe, and that the bargain was of fuch a nature ^ as Memmius had opened it to the Senate^ that no The honeft man could have been prefent at it [^]. Senate was highly rncenfed ; and to check the infolence of the parties concerned, paffed a decree^
contra^
that their conduct fhould be inqiiired into by what they called a private or filent judgement ; where the Sentence was not to be declared till after the
eledlion, yet fo,
as

to

make void

the eledlion
:

of

this they fhould be found guilty refolved to execute with rigor, and made an allotment of Judges for that purpofe : but fome of the Tribuns were prevailed with to interpofe their

thofe

who

negative^ on pretence of hindering all inquifttions^ not fpecially authorized by the people \h\

This
[y] Hie Appius
erat
i-

modi enim padliones

in

ifta

dem

nihil

fane

Corruerat

alter,

&

jadlurae. plane, in-

coitione fadae funt, quas poIlea Memmius patefecit, ut

quam, autem

jacebat.

Memmius

nemo bonus
rit

interefle

debue.

plane refrixerat,

&

eo magis nunc cogitare didlaturam, tum favere juflitio &

omnium rerum
I. 18.

licentiae.

Quint. 3. i. 5. \h\ At Senatus decrevit ut taciturn judicium ante comitia fieret Magnus timor
Judices

Ad

\.z\

Qh^^

fcribis

te

au-

Candidatorum. Sed quidam Tribunos pi. appel-

diffe, in

Candidatorum Con-

fularium coitione fuiffe, id falfum

me
elt.

inter-

Ejuf-

larunt, ne injuffu populijudicarent, Res cedit, comitia dilata ex S. C. dum lex de

tacito

of

M,

rULLIUS CICERO.

iii

deteflable bargain of forging laws and A.Urb. 699. decrees at pleafure, in which fo many of the firft ^j?*^^* rank were concerned, either as Principals or wit-

This

^ Domitius
Aheno-

b a reus, ^-^^^^^^^^ So are [/]. far "^^^"^^* private vices from being public benefits^ that this free and great Republic, of all others the

alledged by an ingenious French writer, as a flagrant inftance of ibai Liberiinifmy which

nefles,
is

haftened the deftru^ion c/

Rome

mod

elfe

Liberty to nothing but a general defedlion of its Citizens, from the probity and difcipline of their anceftors. Ciflorifhing,
its

owed

the lofs of

this very caufe

cero often foretells their approaching ruin from ; and, when he bewails the wretcHcdnefs of the times, ufually joins the wickednefs of their morals^ as the genuin fource of it [y^].

But left thefe corrupt Candidates fhould efcape without punifhment, they were all publicly impeached by different Profecutors, and the City was now in a great ferment about them ; fince^ as Cicero fays, either the men cr the law mujl neceffarily perijh
:

yet they

will

all^

fays he, be ac-

quitted',

for

that no
unlefs

man

fo corruptly^ will ever be condemned for the future^

trials are

now managed
But

for murder [/].

Venit
inter-

Q^

Scasvola, one of

tacito judicio ferretur. Terentius legi dies.

ceffit.

veterem dignitatem tatem vindicaturus.

&

liber-

AdAtt.

4. 16.

Fam.
[/]
petant
eft.

Ep.

2.

5.

\t\

Confiderations fur les

De

de la grandeur, &c. de Remains. C. X. {k] His praefertim moribus

caufes

funt omnes,

ambitu poftulati qui confulatum

res in

Magno
aut

motu

Propterea quod aut ho-

atque temporibus, quibus ita prolapfaRefp. ell, ut omnium opibus refrsnanda, ac coercendafit.

minum
Sed
nabitur,

legum

interitus
3. 2.

oftenditur

Ad

Quin.

omnes
nifi

abf.;lventur

DeDivin.2.2.

Qui

fit

Remp.

affliclam

&

nee poilhac quifquam damocciderit.

opprefFam miferis temporibus, ac perdi:is moribus, in

Ad

qui hominem Att. 4. 16.

the

112
Cic.

^he

History
more

of the Life
effedlual

A. Urb. 699. the Tribuns, took a

way

to

mor-

p.

perL.D0MITIUS fevered, and by his authority dijfhlved all the af- fl Aheno^ BARBus, femblieSj convened for that purpofe [ni]. The A.Claudius cfyilunician Candidates however were remarkably PuLCHER. for they made an j^Q(^ef(- this year agreement among themfelves, which they all confirmed by
:

fify them, by refolving to hinder any eledlion of Conluls during his Magiftracy ; in which he

an oath, " that

"
'

in profecuting their feveral in-

*'

*' *'

terefls, they would fubmit their condu6t to the judgement of Cato, and depofit four thoufand pounds a piece in his hands, to be forfeited by thofe, whom he Ihould condemn of

any irregular pra6lice.

free, fays Cicero^

If the election proves

**
^'

as

it is

thought
all

it

will,

Cato
all

alone can do

more than

the

Laws and

"the Judges

great part of this year was taken up in public trials : Suffenas and C. Cato, who had been

[;/]."

Tribuns two years before, were tried in the beginning of July, for violence and breach of peace but in their Magiftracy, and both acquitted " one of their conwas Procilius, Collegues,
:

*'

demned for killing a Citizen in his own houfe " whence we are to colled, fays Cicero^ that our
;

**

"
**

Areopagites value neither bribery nor elections, nor interregnums, nor attempts againfl we the State, nor the whole Republic, a rufh
:

[w] Comitiorum quotidie

finguli dies toUuntur obnanciacionibus, magna voluntate

apud eum H. S, quingena depofuerunt ; ut qui a Catone damnatus elTet,

petituros
:

bonorum
volam
diebus

Ad Quin. 3. 3. Obnunciationibusper Scaeinterpofitis,

id perderet,

&

tribueretur

Si

competitoribus comitia, ut
fuerint
;

Ad
fe

Att. 4.

fingulis 6.

putantur,

gratuita

plus unus Cato potuerit,

quam
lb,

[]

Tribunitii Candidati
arbitrio Catonis

omnes quidem
15.

judices.
2. 15.

jurarunt

Ad

Quin.

" mufl

CICERO. 113 of muft not murder a man indeed in his own ^^'^' ^99** houfe, though that perhaps might be done cofT.^ ** moderately, fmce twenty-two acquitted Pro- l. Domitius " ciUus, when Ahenotwenty- eight condemned him [^]-" Clodius was the accufer in thefe impeachments ^arbus, which made Cato, as foon as he was acquitted, iu^^^^^^^ Ic feek a reconciliation with Cicero and Milo [^]. was not Cicero's bufmefs to rejedl the friendfhip of an a(5live and popular Senator ; and Milo had
*'
:

MTtlLLIUS

occafion for his fervice in his approaching fuit for

the Confulfhip. But though Cicero had no concern in thefe trials, he was continually employed
in others,

" was " now

*'
'
'

through the

reft

of the fummer

"

never, fays he^ more bufy in trials than in the worft feafon of the year, and the \

greateft heats, that we have ever known ; there fcarce pafles a day in which I do not de-

fend fome [^]."

Befides his Clients in the

City, he had feveral towns and colonies under

his patronage, abroad, as the
his help of did Reate now, to Corporation

which fometimes wanted

plead for them before the Conful Appius^ and ten CommiJfwnerSy in a controverfy with their neighbours of Interamna^ about draining the lake Velinus inti) the River Nar, to the damage of their
{0]
III.

Non. Quint. Sufabfoluti

:

fenas
cilius

&

Cato

Pro-

[/] Is tamen & mecam & cumMilone in gTatiam rediic.

lb. i6.
[^]

condemnatus.
eft,

Ex quo

intelledlum

T^KTct^itoTo.y'nct^\ ambitum, comitia, interregnum, majeftatem, to-

Sic enim habeto nuna caufis

quam me

&

judiciis

dift'-idliorem

fuifle,

tarn

deinque Remp. flocci nonfacere. Debemus patrem familias domi fiiae occidere
3iolIe,

anni tempore graviilimo, & caloribus ma.ximis. Ad Quint,

2. 16.

atque id

neque tamen

id

ftbunde.

Nam

ipfum
3.

Diem

fcito

efle

nullum,
lb. 3.

abfolverunt

quo non dico pro

reo.

22, condemnarunt 28 Ad Att. 4. 15.

Vol,

II.

9-rounds,

114
A. Vvh. 6g^. grounds.
Ci<^-

^^^

History

He

of the Life returned from this caufe

in

the

?3'

xs^

midfl of the ApoUinarian Jhews; and, to relieve himfelf from the fatigue of his journey, went directly lo the al clap iiniv erf

AhenoBARBus,

^heater^
:

'where he

in the account of

was received by an which to Atti.

ir u

Claudius cyg^ he adds, but this you are not to take notice of LcHE R ^^^ J ^^^ ^ jr^^j^ indeed myf elffor mentioning it [r ] He now alfo defended Meflius, one of Cse.

who ca?ne from Gaul on purp of e then Drufus, accufed of prevaricating or betraying a caufe^ which he had undertaken to defend \ of which he was acquitted by a majority onely of four voices : After that Vatinius, the laft year's Prater ^ and i^milius Seaurus, one
far's

Lieutenants,
:

to take his trial

of the Confular Candidates, accufed of plundering the Province of Sardinia [j] ; and about the fame time likcwife his old friend, Cn. Plancius ; who had entertained him fo generoufly in his exil, and
being now chofen jEdile^ was accufed by a difappointed Competitor, M. Laterenfis, of bribery and corruption. All thefe were acquitted, but the Orations for them are loft, except that for Plancius ; w^hich remains a perpetual monument of Cicero's gratitude for Plancius having obtained the Tribunate from the people, as the re:

[r]
T^jw-TTH

Reatini

me

ad

fua

Drufus erat de praevaricatione

duxerunt, ut ageiem caufam contra Interarnnates Veni in Redii Romain

abfolutus, in
i'ententiis

quatuor
die poft
facilis

fumma Eodem

fpedaculum ; primum magno & cequabili plaufu, (ied hoc ne curaris ; ego ineptas Ad. Ate. gui icripfcirim)
4.
ic;.

meridiem Vatinium aderam defenfurus ; ea res

Scauri judicium
cui

ftatim exercebitur,

nos
2.

non
16,

deeriraus.

Ad

Quin.

[j] px)bis,

Mcffius defendebatur a
e legatione revocatus

Scaurum
3. i.
.

beneficio

defenlb.

fionis valde cbiigavi.

5.

Dcinde me exDedio ad Drufiim, indc ad Scaurum.

ward

cf
ward of

M.rULLIUS CICERO,
his
fidelity to Cicero,
j "^

xi^
^\^- 53-

did not behave A. Urb. 699.

-S^^'
^^

himfelf in that poft, with the fame afFed:ion to

him as before, but feems ftudioufly to have flighted him; while feveral of his Collegues, and efpccially RaciHus, i;jre exerting all their the defence of his perfon and dignity [/].

Aheno-

power i?i b a reus, Yet Ci- A. Claudiuji cero freely undertook his caufc;, and as if no ^^^^her. coldnefs had intervened, difplayed the merit of his fervices in the moil pathetic and affecfling manner ; and refcued him from the hands of a powerful! accufer, and his own particular friend. *' Drufus's trial was held in the morning frorri *' which, after going home to write a tew Let" to return to Vatinius's in ters, he was " the afternoonobliged :" which gives us a fpecimen of the hurry in which he generally lived, and of the Httle time which he had to fpend upon his and though he private affairs, or his fludies was now carrying on feveral great works of the learned kind, " yet he had no other leifure, he *' tells usy for and compofing, but " when he was meditating a few turns in his gartaking " dens, for the exercife of his body, and re" frefhment of his voice Vatinius had [u]," been 'one of his fiercefl enemies; was in a per;
:

and, like petual oppofition to him in politics Beftia mentioned above, a feditious, profligate, abandoned Libertine fo that the defence of him
:

gave a plaufible handle for fome cenfure upon Cicero but his engagements with Pornpey, and
:

efpecially his new friendihip with Casfar, necefTary to embrace all C^far's friends ;

made

it

among
coiificio

[/] Negas Tribunatum

Planciiquicquam attiilifTc adAtjumenti dignitati meae. que hoc loco, quod veriiTime facere potes. L. Racilii divina in me merita coamie-

moras, &c. Pro P]ancio32,

\_u]

Ita quicquid.

aut cognito in ambulationis fere ternpus conferO. Ad Quint. 3. 3.

I 2

whom

Il6
A. Urb. 699.

TheViis'XQV.Y of the Life ^vhom Vatinius was moft warmly recommended

Gabinius being
recalled, as

L. DoMiTius

has

been

faid,

from his government, returned to Rome about B A REUS, the end of September: he bragged every where qj^ his journey, that he was going to the demand A^Claudius a and to on that farce, conti; carry of triumph nued a while without the gates till perceiving how odious he was to all within, he Ji ok privately
Aheno;

by nighty to avoid the difgrace of There were being infulted by the populace \x\ three different impeachments provided againft him :
into the

City

for treafonable prapices againft the fate ; the plunder of his province ; the and fo many third, for bribery and corruption offered to be themfelves profecutors, perfons that there was a contefi among them before the Frafirft,

the

the fecond, for

-,

tor^
firft

how

to

adjujl their feveral claims [y'].

fell

The

to L. Lentulus, who accufed him the day after he entered the city, " that, *' in defiance of religion and the decree of the

indictment

*' *'

Senate, he had reftored the

with an army, leaving his

*'

*'

and open to the had made great devaftations in it." Cicero, who had received from Gabinius all the provocation, which one man could receive from another, had the plcafure to fee his infolent adver[x] Ad urbem acceffit A D. Kal. 061. nihil turpius,
.

King of ^gypt own Province naked, incurfion of enemies, who

[j

Gabinium

tres
:

adhuc
lb.

xii.

nee
3.
I.

dcfeitius.
.

Ad

faftiones poftulant

Sec.

Qu. Ft.

i..5.
lucem,

Cum Gabinius, quacunqiie

triumphum
fe

5."

Cum

haec fcribebam ante

apud Catonem erat

poftulare dixiffet, iubitoque bonus Imperator noLtu in urinvabeiii, horijiim plane,

fifr#t

veniebat,

divinatio in
ra, inter

Gabinium
Sc

futu-

Memmium,
Sc

Ti.

Meronem,
nios.

C.

$i

L. Anto-

lb. 2.

-lb. 2.

lary

of

M.rULLIUS CICERO.
I

117

A. Urb. 699. fary at his feet ; and was prepared to give him ^'^' 53fuch a reception, as he deferved : but Gabinius venture to fhew his head for the firft r t^ durft not ^- aJomitius . Ml 11-1 o ten days, till he was obhged to come to the Se* Ahenonate, in order to give them an account, accordbarbus, to cuftom, of the ftate his Province^ cind ^-^^^^^^"^^
1

the troops which he had left in it : as foon as he ^u^^"^^had told his (lory, he was going to retire, but the Confuls detained him, to anfvver to a com-

ing

of

plaint brought againll him by the PuhlicanSy or Farmers of the revenues^ who were attending at the door to make it good. This drew on a debate, in which Gabinius was fo urged and teized on all fides, but efpecially by Cicero, that^ tremMing with paffion^ and tinahle to contain himfelf he called Cicero, a banifhed man : upon which, fays

Cicero, in a Letter to his Brother, " ever happened more honorable to

*'

"

nothing
:

me

the

whole Senate

left

their

feats

to

man, and

''

" while
''

with a general clamor ran up to his very face ; the Publicans alfo were equally fierce and clamorous againft him, and the whole
juft
as

*' *'

company behaved
have done
[2;]."

you yourfelf would

Cicero had been deliberating for fome time, whether he fhculd not accufe Gabinius himfelf \ but out of regard to Pompey v/as content to appear
[z]
die,

Interim ipfo decimo quo ipfum oportebat ho-

voceexulem

appellavit. Hie,

Dii, n.hil

ilium

numerum & militum

haifit,

unquam

honori-

ficentius nobis accidit.

Con-

renunciare, in re

fum-

ma
let

in frequentia : cum velexire, a Confulibus reeft

;

fun exit Senarus cum clamore ad uniim, lie ut ad corpus ejus accederet. Pari clamore
quasris

tcntus
cani.

Homo
a

introducti publir undique aclus,

cum
tur,

me maxime vulneraretul'it,

arque imperii publicani. Quid : Onines, tanquam ii

lb.

tueiFes, ita fuerunt.

non

& me

trementi

onely

7he

History

A. Urb. 699. onely as a witnefs the trial was over, gives the following account ^/n fr^'

of the Life againft him [a] ; and when

AhenoBARBus,

"
cc

A.Claudius
ruLCHER.

cc

** **
''

"
''
''

nothing was ever nothing fo Pompey had not i^aken incredible pains, and the rumor of a Diclatorfhip had not infufed fome apprehenfions, he could not have held up his head even againft Lentulus fince with fuch an accufer, and fuch Judges ; of the feventy-two,
is

" Gabinius

acquitted:

fo flupid, as his accufer Lentulus fordid as the bench : yet, if

*,

" "

but there's no repub'' lie, no Senate, no Juftice, no dignity in any " of us what can I fay more of the Judges ? " There were but two of them of Praetorian " rank, Domitius Calvinus, who acquitted him '' fo forwardly, that all the world might fee it ; '' and Cato, who, as foon as the votes were de-^ *^ clared, ran ofHcioufly from the Bench, to car*^ Some fay, and ry the firft news to Pompey. ** particularly Salluft, that I ought to have ac*' but fhould I rifl<: my credit with cufed him " fuch Judges ? What a figure fhould 1 have *' But there made, if he had efcaped from me *' were other things, which influenced me " Pompey wguld have confidered it as a ftrug'* gle, not about Gabinius's fafety, but his own " it muft have made a breach between dignity " us: we fnould have been matched like a pair ^' of Gladiator^ j as Pacidianus, with iEferninus
-,

fat upon him, him. The fentence is feems likely to fall in cially that of plunder

who

thirty-two

condemned
he
;

fo infamous, that

the other trials

efpe-

[a] Ego tamen me teneo ab accuiando vix meliercule. Sed tamen tenep, vel quod

nolo
ne.

cum Pompcio pugnare ;

quod inftatde Milolb. 3.2.
."

fatis eft,

the

of

M TULLWS
my
!
*,

CICERO,

119
Urb. 699.
SJJ^'i^'

"the Sdmnite-, he would probably have bitt off A. " one of ears, or been reconciled at leaft:
*

*'

*'
*'

" "
*'

for after all the pains, which t r.? \ with Clodius ij.UOMlTIUS r when I owed no- AhenoI had taken to lerve him barbus, thing to him, he every thing to me ; yet he would not bear my differing from him in pub- ^- Claudius ^'c^^Rlie affairs, to fay no worfe of it-, and when he was lefs powerfull than he is at prefent,

Till

iTi

ihewed what power he had againft me,

florifhing

in

my

*'

" "
*'

" " " advifed me to "to have done

*'

fhould I now, when I have loft even all defire of power, when the Republic certainly has none ; when he alone has all ; chufe him of all men to contend with ? for that muft have been the cafe : I cannot think that you would have
condition
;

why

it.

Salluft fays, that I

ought

cither
to
it

the one or the other;

and

in
;

I am enmity, or perpetual infamy. delight-, and when I had ed with my middle v/ay *' given my teftimony faithfully and religioufiy, " was pleafed to hear Gabinius fay, that if it " fhould be permitted to him to continue in the *' he would make it his bufinefs to give City, *' n^e fatisfa61:ion nor did he fo much as interro, \

" " " " "

compliment

him

who begged

to wifh neftly fpecial friend this Sallufl me to involve myfelf either in a dangerous
!

Pompey have defended of me indeed very ear-

"

count of this trial to his other friends ; " how " Lentulus a6led his part fo ill, .that people '* and were perfuaded that he prevaricated " that Gabinius's efcape was owing to the inde" fatigabie induftry of Pompey, and the corrup-

gate

me

[^]."

He

gives the fame ac-

"

tion of the

Bench

[t^]."

I
A<J Quint. 3. 4.

4
[r]

About
Quodmodo
ergo abfolutus
?

[hi

I20
A. Urb. 699.
Cic.

Tioe

History

of the Life

the time of this trial there happened of the 'Tiber ^ which did much p. ^^ ^^^^^ niany houfes and L. DoMlrias^^^'^^g^ fhops were carried away by it, and the fine Ahenogardens of Ci-^ barbus, cero's fon-in-Iaw, Craftpes, demolifhed. It was all charged to the abfolution of Gabinius, after his

About

terrible inundation

^p^^^^^^^^^^'^^

daring violation of Religion, and contempt of the Sibyl's books : Cicero applies to it the following paffagc of Homer [d].

As when

in

autumn Jove

his

fury pours^

And earth is loaden with inceffant fhowers ; When guilty mortals break tF internal lawSy And Judges bribed betray the righteous caufe^
From
-

And opens

their deep beds he bids the Rivers rife^ all the flood-gates of thejkies\ M.Pope, U. i6. V.

466.

But

Gabinius's

he was to be

tried a

of his Province , Tribuns, was his Accufer, and M. Cato his Judge, with whom he was not likely to find any favor: Pompey prefled Cicero to defend him^ and would not admit of any e3t<:ufe j and Gabinius's humble behaviour in the late trial was intended to make way for Pompey's follicitation. Cicero flood firm for a long time r Pompey^ fays he, labors hard with me^ but has yet made no imlutus
?
'

danger was not yet over : fecond time, for the plunder where C. Memmius, one of the

Accufatorum
infamia, id
;

in-

credibilis

eft

L.

luvies.
tio

Appia ad Martis, mira proCraiTipedis ambulaablata,

horti,

Lentuli, quern fremunt

Ties

om-

tabernx
vis

praevaricatum

deinde
Att.
4.

plurimse.

Magna

aquaj

Pompeii mira con^ent^o, Juidicum fordes.

X

Ad

6.

ufque ad pifcinam publicam. Cadit Viget illud Homeri enim in abfolutionem Gabinii

[^] Romae, & maxime

Ad

Quint. 3. 7.

prejfwn^

of
prejjion,

M.fVLLIUS CICERO.
nor, if

121
ever A. Urb. 699;

retain

a grain of

liberty,

Oh

e'er that dire difgrace

mall blaft

O'erwhelm

me

my fame,
4. 218.

L.DOMITIUS Ahenobarbus, A. Claudius '^"^^"^^^

earth

//.

Casfar's earneft requeft,

but Pompey's inceflant importunity, backed by made it vain to ftruggle

any longer ; and forced him againft his judgement, his refolution, and hrs dignity, to defend
Gabinius , at a time when his defence at laft proved of no fervice to him ; for he was found guilty by Cato, and condemned of courfe to a It is probable, that Ciceperpetual banifhment. ro's Oration was never publilhed, but as it was his cuflom to keep the minutes or rough draught of all his pleadings, in what he called his Commentaries^ which were extant many ages after his death [/]; fo St. Jerom has prefer ved from them a fmall fragment of this fpeech , which feems to be a part of the apology, that he found himfelf obliged to make for it wherein he ob*,

ferves,

when Pompey's authority had " once reconciled him to Gabinius, it was no *' longer in his power to avoid defending him ;
that
*'

"

for
all

it

was ever

" "
*'

my

perfuafion, fays he^ that

"
"

friendfhips Ihould be maintained with a religious exadnefs , but efpecially thofe, which happen to be renewed from a quarrel for in
:

friendfhips, that have fuffered

a failure of duty
[(?]

is

eafily

no interruption, excufed by a plea of

Gabinio
II.

Pompeius a me valde
:

De
%ttto/.

nihil fuit faciy.ot

contenditderedituingratiam, fed adhuc nihil profecit nee fi ullam partem libertatis te-

endum
[/]
paret.

iftorum, &c. r'^js

4. 218. Quod fecifie

M. Tul-

nebo,
3. I.

proficiet.
.

Ad

Quin.

lium Commentariis
Quimil.
*'
1.

5.

ipfius apx. c. 7.

inadvertency,

122
A. Urb. 699.
<c

; The ^1^1 OViX of the

*'

Life

^c'^^'
L. Po^MiTius AnfiNo-

" ^^^^^ ^^ it never pafles for negligent, " but wilfullgiven, and is not imputed to imprudence,
;

inadvertency, or> at the word, of negligence ; whereas, if after a reconciliation any new of-^

BARBus,

^^

hut to perfidy

\^g\'*^

-Tjjg Proconful, Lentulus, who refided ftill A^^^AUDiu* Mh^M^K, .^ Cilicia, having had an account from Rome^ of Cicero's change of condu^^ and his defence of Vatinius^ wrote a fort of expoflulatory Letter to him, to know the reafons of it ; telling him, that he had heard of his reconciliation with Cafar and Appius^ for which he did not blame him ; hut was at a lofs how to account for his new friendfhip with Craffus ; and above all^ what it was that induced him to defend Vatinius, This gave occafion to that long and elaborate anfwer from Cicero, already referred
to, written before

Gabinius's

trial

which would otherwife have made his apology more difficult, in which he lays open the motives and progrefs of his whole behaviour from the
time of
*'^<he

to the cafe of Vatinius, foon as he was chofen Prastor, *!: where I warmly oppofed him, in favor of Ca*^ to, Pompey prevailed with me to be recon*^ ciled to him ; and Csefar afterwards took fur** prizing pains with me. to defend him; to " which I confented, for the fake of doing what, " as I told the court at the trial, the Farafite^ in " the Eunuch^ advifed the Patron to do
his exil

" As

faysy

as

*'
^^
*'
*'

Whenever fhe

talks of Fhocdria

do you pre-

fently praife

**
** **

fo I begged of fmce certain perfons of diI was much ftinguifhed rank, to whom fo were fond of my enemy, and affe6tobliged,

Pamphila^ ^c.

the Judges, that

ed to carefs him in the Senate before my face, with all the marks of familiarity ; and fince
[^] Vid. Fragment, Orationum.

"
they

*'

" might be allowed to have my PubHus alfo, to ^*i^^' " teize them with in my turn." Then as to ^ Domitius his general conduft, he makes this general de* Aheno" that the union and firmnefs of the barbus, fence; " honell, which fubfifted when Lentulus left A.Claudius ^^cher. " R^mey confirmed, fays he^ by my Confullhip, " and revived by yours, is now quite broken " and deferted to have thofe, who

of they had

M.TULLIUS CICERO.
their Publius

123
I A. Urb. 699.

to give

me jealoufy,

" "

*'

" always wilh to be ranked, ought to be changed " too for it is a precept of Plato, whofe au" thority has the greateft weight with me, to " contend in public affairs, as far as we can per" fuade our Citizens, but not to offer violence, " either to our Parent or our If I Country " was quite free from all engagements, I fhould " a6t therefore as I now do fhould not think it " a to contend with fo
:

by ought and were looked upon as Paand triots , for which reafon, the maxims meafures of all wife Citizens, in which clafs I
fupported
it,

great power , prudent '^ nor if it could be effected, to extinguifh it in *' our prefent circumllances ; nor continue al" ways in one mind, when the things themfelves " and the fentiments of the honeft are altered ; fince a perpetual adherence to the fame meafures has never been approved by thofe, who know
*'

beft
is

how

to

" "

govern

eftates

but, as in failing,

it

be diredled by the and foolifh to weather, perfevere with danger ia *' the courfe, in which we fet out, rather than by " changing it, to arrive with fafety, though later, " where we intended fo to us, who manage
the bufinefs of
art

to

-,

*'

public
**

affairs,

the chief end propofed being

is not but always aiming at the

"
**

dignity with public quiet, our bufmefs

to be always laying,

fame thing.

Wherefore

if

all

things,

as I
faid,

"

124
A. Urb. 699.
Cic. 5s. Coff.

The History of the Life " faid, were wholly free to me, I flioiild be " fame man that I now am but when I am
:

the
in-

<

AhenoBARBus, A. Claudius PuLCHER.

" "
*< cc

vited to this condu6t on the one fide by kindnefTes, and driven to it on the other by injuries,
I eafily fuffer myfelf to vote and ad what I take to be ufefull both to myfelf and the Republic ; and I do it the more freely, as well

*'

"
**

on the account of my Brother's being Csefar's Lieutenant, as that there is not the leaft thing, which I have ever faid or done for Csfar, but what he has repaid with fuch eminent gratitude, as perfuades me, that he takes himfelf
to be obliged to me ; ufe of all his power
:

have as much intereft, which you (4 as if they were my the loiow to be greatefl, '' have defeated the otherwife 1 could own nor *' of my defperate enemies, if to thofe defigns *' which I have always been mafter of, I forces *' had not joined the favor of the men of power. *' Had you been here to advife me, I am per*' fuaded, that I fhould have followed the fame *' for I know your good nature and meafures " moderation ; I know your heart, not onely ** the moft friendly to me, but void of all ma*' levolence to others ; great and noble, open *' and fincere, (^c, [^]." He often defends himfelf on other occafions by the fame allufion to the " I cannot reckon it art of Jailing: inconflancy, ^^ fays he^ to change and moderate our opinion, *' like the courfe of a fhip, by the weather of *' the Republic ; this is what I have learnt, have *' obferved, have read , what the records of *' former ages have delivered, of the wifeft and ** moft eminent Citizens, both in this and all '' other Cities , that the fame maxims are not al*" ways to be purfued by the fame men ; but
*'

fo that I

and

[h"]

Ep. Fam.

i. 9.

*'

fuch,

of

M.TULLIUS CICERO.
:

iij

" "
*'

A. l^rb, 699. fuch, whatever they be, which the (late of the the the the of inclination times, RepubHc, ^Q^p' this is what ^ DomItius occafions of public peace require
I

Aheno[i]" barbus, a per/on vf Equejirian rank^ was an appendix to that of 4;^^*"'^** Gabinius. It was one of the articles againft
Gabinius, that he had received about two
7nillions

*'

am now doing, and fhall always do The trial of C. Rabirius Poftumus,

for reftoring King Ptolemy ; yet all his eftate, which was to be found, was not fufficient to anfwer the damages in which he was condemned ;

nor could he give any fecurity for the

this cafe,

reft

in

the

method was

to

demand

the defi-

ciency from thofe through whofe hands the

ma-

nagement of his money affairs had pafled, and who were fuppofed to have been fharers in the this was charged upon Rabirius ; and that fpoil he had advifed Gabinius to undertake the reftoration of the king^ and accompanied him in it^ and was
:

employed to folUcit the payment of the money ^ and lived at Alexandria/d?r that purpofe^ in the King's fervice^ as the public Receiver of his taxes^ and

wearing the
*'

Fallium

or habit of the country,

Cicero urged

in defence

of Rabirius,

"

that

he had born no part in that tranfacflion ; but " that his whole crime, or rather folly, was, that " he had lent the King great fumms of money " for his at Rorae and ventured to trufi: fupport ^ a Prince, who, as all the world then thought,
-,

tis

Neque enim inconftanputo, fententiam tanquarn aliquod navigiam atque cur[/]

tatibus
licera:

monumenta nobis & prodiderunt: no n fern iif-

per eaidem iententias ab

fum

ex Reip. moderari. Ego

tempeftate vero hsc

dem, fed quafcunque Reip. ftatus, inclinatio temporum,

ratio
fe
&;

didici,

hsc
:

vidi, hscc fcrip-

& claniTimis viris, Sc in hac Repub. Sc in aliis civi-

ta legi fimis

hzec

de fapientif-

concordi^ pc;llularet,erdefendcndas. Quod ego facio, & femper faciam.

--.Pro Plancio 39.

" was

126
A. Urb. 699.
Cic. 53. Coff.

'^^^

Hist OR r
:

of the Life

" was going

cc

Aheno-^^ BARB us, A.Claudius

PuLCHER.

" " "

cc

to be reftored by the authority of ^j-jg Jiofnan people that the necefiity of going ^Q jEgypt for the recovery of that debt, was ^^^ fource of all his mifery : where he was forced to take whatever the King would give or

impofe
bitrary

that

it

was
:

his misfortune to be ob-

"
<^'

liged to

commit himfelf to the power of an arMonarch that nothing could be more

"
'^

"
*'
*'
*^

*'
*'

" " "

mad than for a Roman Knight, and Citizen of a Republic of all others the moft free, to go to any place, where he muil needs be a (lave to the will of another ; that all who ever did fo, as Plato and the wifeft had fometimes done too haftily, always fuffered for it ; this was the cafe of Rabirius necefTity carried whole his fortunes were to Alexandria him ; fo he was far from imwhich ilake at [^]; that his with traffic King, that he proving by
:

ill treated by him, imprifoned, threatened with death, and glad to run away at laft with *' and at that very time, it was the lofs of all " to C^far's generofity, and rewholly owing '' and misfortunes of an old merit the to gard " friend, that he was enabled to fupport his for-

v/as

**

mer rank and Equeftrian dignity

had

binius's trial

was
/>7>/^
it
:

Ga[/]." fo near a relation to this, and fo often referred to in it, that the Profecuomit
fo fair

tors could not

an opportunity of raU

Mem

Cicero, for the part which he had aded in mi us obferved, that the Deputies of Alex-

andria had the fame reafon for appearing for Gabithe nius, which Cicero had for defending him^ command of a maflcr No^ Mcmrnius^ replied Ci-

my reafon for defending him^ ivas a recGnciliation with him \ for I am not afbamed to own^ that my quarrels are mortal^ my friendships immortal :
cero^
[k]

ProRabir. 8,9.

[/] lb. 15.

and

of
and
if

M.

rULLIUS CICERO.
j^

127
A. Urb. 699.
^^cli^'

you imagine^ that I undertook that caufe for fear of Pomfey^ you neither know Portipey^ nor me\ for Pompey would neither defjre it of me againfi rny will^ nor would /, after I had preferred the liberty

Domitius
Ahei^o-

bareus, of my Citizens y ever give up my own [m'l, Valerius Maximus reckons Cicero's defence '^^^^^^^^^

of Gahinius and Vatinius^ among the great and laudable examples of humanity, which the Roman Hiftory furnifhed ; as it is nobler, he fays, to coytquer injuries with
kind^ with an

than to repay them in hatred obflinacy of [n]. This turn is the that to of writer, whofe view defign agreeable it feems to be, in the collection of his ftories, to give us rather what is flrange, than true ; and to
benefits^

up fads as it were into fables, for the fake of drawing; a moral from them for whatever Cicero himfeif might fay for it, in the florifhing ftile of an oration, it is certain, that he knew and felt it to be, what it really w^as, an indignity and difhonour to him, which he was forced to fubmit to by the iniquity of the times, and his engagements with Pompey and C^far, as he often ladrefs
:

ments

/ am
als
;

to his friends in a very paffionate ftrain : fays he, my deareji Brother, I am afflicted, that there is no Republic^ no Juflice in triaffli^edj

that this feafon of

my

life,

which ought

to flo'

[//;]

liaria,

Ait etlam meus famicandem caufam Alex-

ilium
ras.

& me vehementerigRONeqce enim Pompeius

quidquam
fa-

andrinis fuille, cur laudarent

me

faa caufa
cui

Gabinium, qase mihi fuit, cur eundemdefenderem. Mihi,

cere voluiiTet inrirum;

ne-

que ego,

omnium

civiuiii

C. Memmi, caufa defendendi Gabinii fuit reconciliatio -^^/ati^. Neque vero me

?nor tales

libertas, cariinma faifFet,

me-

am

projsciffem

Pro C. Ra-

bir. Poft. 12.

pcenitet,

iaimicitias

jhnpiternas amlcitias

habere,

fi me invitum putas ne Cn. Pompeii animum. oiFentlerem^ dtfendiile caufam, &

Nam

[n] Sed hujufce generis humanitas etiam in M. Cicerone prascipua apparuic, &.t.

Val.

Max.

4, z.

^iJ^

128

^he
wafted

History
that

of the Life
.

A, Urb. 699. rijh in the authority of the Senatorian character ^ 14 Cic. 53. in the drudgery of the Bar^ or relieved qIiIjqy^

L DoMiTius ^^^
AhenoA.Claudius
PuLCHER.
is

^y domeftic ftudies

',

what I have

ever

ken

fi^d of from a hy,

In every virtuous

aB and glorious ftrife

and
heft
<

^0 fhine

the fir ft

wholly loft and gone ; that my enemies are partly not oppofed^ partly even defended by me ; and neither what I love^ nor what I hate^ left free to

me

[i?].

While

Casfar

pedition^ his Daughter Julia, in child-bed at Rome^ after fhe

was engaged in the Britifh exPompefs wife^ died was delivered of a

alfo

Her lofs foon after her. was not more lamented by the Hufband and Father, who both of them tenderly loved her,
fon,

which died

than by

M * well-wifhers and all their common friends,

Two

to the public peace ; who confidered it as a fource of frefh difturbance to the ftate, from the ambitious views and clafliing interefts of the

Chiefs

relation

whom the life of one of Son and Father feemed hitherto to have united by the ties both of duty and afFedlion [p]. Csefar is faid to have born the news of
;

fo dear,

and the

[0]

Angor, mi fuaviffime

me

frater,

angor, nuUam effe Remp. nulla judicia,noilrum-

partim non oppugnatos ; partim etiam effe defenfos;

fed ne

meum non modo animum,

berum
[p] Cum medium jam, ex invidia pbtentiae male cohaerentis inter Cn. Pompeium & C. Caefarem, concordice pighus, Julia nxor Mag-

que hoc tcmpus

in
ilia

setatis,

quod

Sanatoria auftoritate florere debebat, aut forenfi labore jadlari, aut domefticis litteris

odium quidem efle Ad. Quin. 3.5.^

li-

fuftentari.

lUud

vero quod a pucro adama-

ramj
Aiiv d^i^tvtiv, Kcii vWi^o-xyv
l{Xy.iv(ti
clk?.foi'.

m deceflit--

-Filius

qUoque
intra

208. lotum occidiflej iiiimicoa a

II. (T.

parvus, Julia natas, breve Ipatium obiit. Veil Pat. 2. 47. Val. M. 4. 6.

her

cf
jb^r

MTULLIUS

CICERO.

129

^'99death with an uncommon firmnefs [^] : ir is cer'^J^'"^-_ all ferve tain, that (he had lived long enough to Coff^' the ends, which he propofed from that alliance, L. L/omiti-s and to procure for him every thing that Pom- Ahenofor- ^ barbus, pev's power could give: for while Pompey, T" ^ A. CLAUDirs r if r J /I r was Ipenaing p^lcher. getfuU or his honour and interelt, his time inglorioufly at home, in the careffes of
1 1

if

a young wife, and the delights of Italy and, as he had been onely Csfar's agent, was continuand money ally decreeing freih honors, troops, to him ; Csefar was purfuing the direct road to
\

toils and training his Legions in all the himfelf a war of ; always at bloody difcipline their head, animating them by his courage, and

Empire

rewarding them by his bounty ; till from a great and wealthy Province, having raifed money enough to corrupt, and an army able to conquer all who could oppofe him, he feemed to want execution of his defigns, but for the vait nothing a pretext to break with Pompey ; which, as all wife men forefaw, could not long be wanted, when Julia, the cement of their union, was removed. For though the power of the Triumvirate

had given a dangerous blow to the liberty of Rome^ yet the jealoufies and feparate interefts of the Chiefs obliged them to manage it with fome decency and to extend it but rarely, beyond the forms of the conflitution but when-, -,

ever that league fhould happen to be diffolved, which had m^ade them already too great for private fubjed:s, the next con tell of courfe muft be for dominion, and the fmgle maftery of the Empire.
Ca^far

\ji\

cam

audivit

deceifi/Te filiam

inter ter-

Senec. Confol. ad munera. Helv. p. Ii6.

tium diem Imperatoria obiit

Vol. IL

On

1^0
A. Urb. 699.
Cic. 53.

The

History

of the Life

On the fecond of November, C. Pontlnius triumphed over the Allohroges : he had been Prator^ _ T^ when Cicero was Conful^ and at the end of his L.DoMlTIUS ,, .^ 5 r AhenoMagiftracy obtained the government or that part o^ Gauly which having been tampering with CaBARBus,
1
1

A.Claudius tihne in his confpiracy, broke out foon afterwards FuLCHER. -j^i-Q Qpgj^ Rebelhon, but was reduced by the vigor of this General. For this fervice, he demanded a Triumph, but met with great oppofition, which he furmounted with incredible pafor he perfevered in his fuit for Jive tience years fucceffively \ refiding all that while, according to cuftom, in the fuburbsof the City, till he gained his point at laft by a kind of violence. Cicero was his friend, and continued in Rome on
:

purpofe to
ierved

aflift

him

and
power
;

the Conful

Appius

but Cato protejied^ that Pontinius Jhould never triumph while he livedo though this^ fays Cicero, like many of his other But the Prathreats, will end at laft in nothing.
all his

him with

his Lieutenant, having an a6l of the people in his procured by ftratagem favor, he entered the City in his Triumphal Chariot, where he was fo rudely received and oppofed in his pafTage through the ftreets, that he was forced to make his way with his fword^ a?id the Jlaughter of many of his adverfaries [r]. In the end of the year, Cicero con fen ted to he one of Pompefs Lieutenants in Spain j which he

tor Galha,

who had been

[;]

Ea

re

non longius,

lius

Praetores aperte,

& Q^
erit

quam vellem, quod Pontinio ad Triumphum volebam adcfTe

:

Mucius Tribunus

Sed

eteaim

erit nefcio

quid
5.

negotioli, &c.

Ad Quin. 3.

Conful. Cato tamen affirmat, fe vivo ilium ntn triumphare, id ego

puco, ut
nihil

cum Pontinio Appius

Pontinius vult A. D. IV^.

Non. Novemb. triumphare. Huic obviam Cato & Servi-

16.

muka ejufdem, ad recafurum Ad Att. 4. It. Dio. 1. 39. p. 120.

hgan

of M.
affairs^

rULLlVS CICERO.
forward for that ProJanuary
[j]
;

131
S^^'J^*

began to think convenient to the prefent flate of his A.Urb. 699.

but this l Dq^j jus feemed to give fome umbrage to Caefar, who, by Ahenob a reus, the heJp of Qiiintus, hoped to difengage him -^-^^^^^'^s from and to attach him. to gradually Pompey, ^'^^her. himfelf ; and with that view had begged of him, in his Letters, to continue at Rome [/], for the fake of ferving himfelf with his authority, in all affairs which he had occafion to tranfad; there ; fo that, out of regard probably to Csfar's uneafinefs, Cicero foon changed his mind, and refigned his lieutenancy : to which he feems to allude ia a Letter to his Brother, where he fays, that he had no fecond thoughts in whatever concerned Cafar ; that he would make good his engagements to him \ and being entered into his friendflnp with judgement ^
vince^

refolved to fet about the middle of

and

was now attached to him He was employed at

in fettling the

by affe^icn [u]. Csefar's defire along

with

plan of a moft expenfive Oppius, and magnificent work, which Csefar was going to execute at Rome^ out of the fpoils ^/Gaul ; a new Forum^ with many grand buildings annexed to it;
for the area

to

pay to the

of which alone, they had contraded feveral owners, about five hundred
;

thoufand pounds
double that

or^

as Suetonius

computes^

fumm
tii,

[x\.

Cicero

calls it

near a glorious

[j]

Sed heus
tibi

fcripfe-

pa,^ 'pooujlS'ct^

ramne

me

effe

Pompeio ; & extra urbem quidem fore, ex Id. Jan, vilum eft hoc mihi ad multa
quadrare

legatum

in Csfaris rebus

habere pofTum Videor id

judicio

facere.

Jam

enim.

debeo

led

tamen

amore
Quin. 3,

fum
1.
.

iricenfus
5.

Ad

Ad

Att. 4. 18.
ifte

[/] Quod mihi tempus,

[_x1

Forum de manubiis
;

Romae

prsefertim, ut

me

inchoavit

cujus

rogat, manenti, vacuum oftenditur r Ad Quin. 2. 15.

[u]

H.

S. millies conftitic.

area fuper Suet,

J. Caef.

26.

Ego vcro nuUas

J'ivTi-

piece

1^1
^3-

The

History
were

of the Ltfe

A. Urb. 699. piece of work^ and fays, that the partitions^ or eH^ in which the Tribes ^^5,' dofiires of the Campus Martins^

L Do MIT

^^ vote^ us ^fi^

all to be

tico a mile in Circuity A_Claudius^^ 'k;^^ a public Hall or Town-houfe was to be While this building was going forjoined [yl. ward, L. i^milius Paullus was employed in raif-

AhenoBARB us,

with a roof

likewife of the fame ^ carried round the whole ^ of

made new of marble^ and a fiately For-

ing another, not much inferior to it, at his own expence for he repaired and beautified an ancieyit
:

Bojilica in the old Forum \ and built at the fame time a new one with Phrygian columns^ which was

called after his

own name and is frequently tioned by the later writers, as a Fabric of

-,

derfull magnificence,

computed

to

menwonhave cofl him

three hundred thoufand pounds

A. Urb. 700.
Cic. 54.

\z\

tribuns purfued the meafures of \}[x\x Predeceffors, and would not fuffer an election of Confuls ; fo that when the new year

The

new

came on,

the Republic wanted

its

in this cafe the adminillration

fell

into the

proper head hands

:

of an Interrex , a provifional Magiflrate, who muft neceflarily be a Patrician^ and chofen by the
body of Patricians^
I

called together for that pur-

[_)']

Itaque Cscfaris amici

<!'

&

te<5la fadluri,

(me dico
illud,

paris licet)

Oppium, dirumin monunientum

tu tollere laudibus

mus

eaque cingeexcelfa porticu, ut mille

paiTuum conficiatur.

Simul

quod

Sz

Forum laxaiemus, uique ad Libertatis atrium conrurr.nir.us explicaremus,

folebas, ut

adjungetnr huic operi, villa etiam pubiica Ad Att. 4.

16,

H.

S,

Sexcenties

cum

pri-

[2] Paullus in medio Foro Bafilicam jam pa^ne texuit,

vaiis

uon poterat
pecunia.

tranfigi

nore

miEfnciemus

iiidem antiquis columnis

jl-

lam autem,
hil

rem

o-loriofilTimam.

Nam

quam

locavit,

in

facit map-nificentifiimam.

Ni-

Martio fepra Tribuxm comitiis niarmorea fumuf,

Campo

gratius illo nihil gloriofius

monumento,
Ibid.

pola

of

M.

rULLIUS CICERO.

135

His power however was A. Urb. 700, pofe by the Senate [a]. ^''^* 54but ihort-lived, being transferred, every Jive dciys^ from one Interrex to another^ till an eleflion of
but the Tribuns, whofe authority was abfolute, while there were no Confuls to controul them, continued fierce fome were for revivagainft any eledlion at all ancient the dignity of military Tribmis \ but ing
-,

Confuls could be obtained

that being unpopular, a more plaufible Scheme was taken up and openly avowed, of declaring Pompey Dilator. This gave great apprehenfions

to the City, for the

memory of

Syllas Di^lator^

fbip ; and was vigoroufly oppofed by all the Chiefs of the Senate, and efpecially by Cato Pompey chofe to keep himfelf out of fight, and
:

retired into the country, to avoid the fufpicion

of affecting
*"'

*'
it.

The rumor

" the other things, which they talk of, are " more fo to me the whole affair is dreaded, *' but flags Pompey flatly difclaims it, though he *' never denied it to me before the Tribun Hir" rus will probably be the promoter good Gods! *' how filly and fond of himfelf without a rival ? " At Pompey's requeft, I have deterred CralTus '' Junianus, who pays great regard to me, from *' meddling with it. It is hard to know whe" ther Pompey really defires it or not but if " Hirrus flir in it, he will not convince that
;
:
:
:

fays Cicero^

is

difagreeable to the honeft

of a Didlatorlhip, but ,

us,

*'

he

is

averfe to

it

[^]."

In another Letter

"
:

Nothing

[a] Vid. Afcon. argument, in Milon.

[^J

antea Ipfe mihi negat velle non negabat. Hirrus auilor

fore videtur.

Rumor

Di6latoris in:

jucundus bonis

mihi etiam Sed jnagis quae loquuntur.

tota res Sc timetur
gefcit,
Sc

ineptus,

O Dii, quam & quam Te amans fi-

nerivali! CrafTumJunianum,

refriie

hominem mihi deditum, per

Pompeius plane

me

deterruit.
3

Velit, nolit,
fcire

134
A.Urb. 700.
Cic. 54.
cc

^^^
Nothing
** ^'
^'

History
is

of the Life

yet done as to the Diftatorfhip ^ abfent ; Appius in a great bufPompey tie ; Hirrus preparing to oppofe it ; but feve
is flill

ral are

tive

"
*'

named as ready to interpofe their negathe people do not trouble their heads about it ; the Chiefs are againft it I keep myfelf quiet [<:]." Cicero's friend, Milo, was ir:

refoiute

how

to

adf

on

this

occafion
;

forming an

intereft for the

Confulfhip

and

he was if he

declared againfl: aDi^iatorforp^ was afraid of mak-^ ing Pompey his enemy ; or if he Jhould not help the

would be carried by force ; in his own pretenfions were fure he was inclined therefore to to be difappoiiited in the join oppofition, but fo far onely as to reopponents^ that
it

both

vv^hich cafes,

pell

any violence \_d]. Tribuns in the mean time were growing every day more and more infolent, and engrofling

The

all

power

to themfelves

till

Q^Pompeius Rufus,

the Grandfon of Sylla,

of a

Jji5lator^

was^

the r^ofl failions efpoufer a by refolute decree of the Se>-

and

natey committed to prifon : and Pompey himfelf, on his return to the City, finding the greater

up-

and

ed

better part utterly averfe to his Didatorihip, yieldat laft, after an Interregnum offix months^ that Cn, jDomitius Calvinus, and M. Meffala.^ fhould be declared Confids \f\,

to Capfar

Thefe were agreeable likewife Cicero had particularly recommended

Hirro
fe

fcire difficile eft.

jTien

ta-

agente,

nolle

non

probabit
[f]

Ad

Quint. 3.8.

Hoc horret Milo Diftator fadlus fit, pasne diiiidit. Intercefforem dic[^'J
fi

&

ille

De Didatore tamen
nihil
eft.

tatarae
fidio

fi

juverit

a6lum

Pompeius

fuo

manu & praePompeium metuit

abeft: Appius mifcet: Hirrus parat multi interceflb:

inimicum ; fi non juverit, timet, ne per vim perferatur

lb. 8.
[^]

res

numerantur
:

curat

principes nolunt Jb. 9. qyiefco

populusnon ego
:

Vid.- Die.

1.

40. p

141.

Meflala

of

M.rULLIUS CICERO.
*,

13^

MefTala to him ; of whom, he fays in a Letter A. Urb. 700. As to your reckening Mejfala and ^if 54to his Brother Calvinus fure Confuls, you agree with what "^"^^ c-H.^ohnnthink here \ for I will be anfwerable to Cafar for us CalviMejfala [/].
nus,

M. Valerius
about a DiSIator, there
:

But
much

after all this Buflle

Messala.

feems to have been no great reafon for being for the Republic afraid of it at this time was in fo great a diforder, that nothing lefs than the Di5!atorial power could reduce it to a tolerable flate fome good of that kind might reafonbe ably expelled from Pompey, without the fear of any great harm, while there was fo fure a check upon him as C^far; who, upon any exorbitant ufe of that power, would have had the Se:

the better fort on his fide, by the fpecious pretence of alTerting the public liberty : Cicero therefore judged rightly, in thinking, that there were other things, which might be appre-

nate and

all

hended, and feemed likely to their prefent fituation, were of

happen, that, in more dangerous

confequence than a Di^atorfhip, There had fcarce been fo long an Interregnum in Ronze^ fince the expulfion of their Kings , during which, all public bufinefs, and efpecially all judicial proceedings, were wholly interrupted :

which explanes a jocofe pafTage in one of Cicero's letters to Trehatius ; if you had not already^ fays
he, been abfent

from Rome, you would

:

have run away now

for zvhat

a Lawyer in fo many Interregnums my Clients^ if fued in any a^ion^ to move

[/] MefTalam quod certum Confulem cum Domitio
nuineratis,
nijiil

certainly bufinefs is there for ? I advife all

every In-

a noltra opi-

nione diiTentitis. Ego MefAd falam Casfari pr^ellabo Quint. 3. 8.

terrex

136
A. Urb. yco. terrex
^^c- S+-

The /

History

of the Life
.

twice for more time : do not you thinks that have learnt the law of you to good purpofe \^g] ?

^ r? M IT _ IvN. Do

a correfpondence of Letters be2;an ^ ^ a of Senator usCALvi-^ith Curio, young diftinguiflied birth and parts, who upon his firfl entrance into Nus,
^v^q

He

now

M.Valerius
Messala.

Forum had
^^
^j^-g

been committed to his care, and

^^^

fefled

He was pofof a large and fplendid fortune, by the late death of his Father ; fo that Cicero, who knew his high fpirit and ambition, and that he was formed to do much good or hurt to his
^Ij^g ^i^Jlor in Afia.

country, was diefirous to engage him early in the interefts of the Republic \ and by inflilling great and generous fentim^ents, to inflame him with a

Curio had fent orders to his love of true glory. to at Rome^ prodayne ajhew of gladiators in agents honor of his deceafed Father : but Cicero ftopt the
declaration of
it

for a while, in

him from

fo great

and

fruitlefs

hopes to diifuade an expence [^].

He

that nothing was more likely to than the ruin of his fortunes ; virtue his corrupt or to make him a dangerous Citizen, than pro-

forefaw,

to which he was naturally inclined, and digality which Cicero, for that reafon, was the more de:

but all his firous to check at his firfl fetting out endeavours were to no purpofe ; Curio refolved to give the fid ew of Gladiators \ and by a continual
:

profufion of his money, anfwerable to this beginning, after he had a6led the Patriot for fome
'

[^]

Nifi ante

Roma

pro-

civile didicifle?

Ep.Fam.7.11.

nunc earn certe Qiqs enim tot relinqueres.

fettus efTps,

Rups Studium nondefait declarandorum munerum

\h\

intei-regnisjurifconfultum deilderat
?

tuo nomine:
placuit, nee

fed

nee mihi

Ego omnibus, unde

hoc
confilii

cuiquam tjorum,

pt:tir.ur,

dederim,

ut a fingulis Interregibus bi-

quidquam te abfente fiv-ri, quod tibi, cum veniiTes, non

eiTet

nas advocationes poilulent. $atifne tibi yideor abs te jus

integrum, &c. Ep. Fain.

2,3.

pme

of

M.'TULLIUS CICERO.

137

t;me with credit and applaufe, was reduced at laft A. Urb. 700. to the necefTity of felHng himfelf to Csefar. ^c ff"^* There is but Httle of politics in thefe Letters, Cn.Domitius Calvibefides fome general complaints, cf the loft and the Republic : in one of them, nus, defperate ftate of the various of after reckoning up fubjedls Epiflo- ^Valerius I joke with ycu then^ fays he, lary writing , Jhall
in

my

Letters ?

On my
who

confcience^

there

is

not a Ci-

tizeny

Jhall cero write ferioufiy to Curio^ unlefs public ? where my cafe at prefent

can laugh in thefe times : or write fomething ferious ? But what can Cibelieve,
it is

be on the

fuch^

that

ReI

have no

what I do not think [?*]. In another, after putting him in mind of the incredible exped:ation which was entertained of
inclination to write^

him
*'

" " " " " "

*' ^^ *^

not that I am afraid, fays he^ that your virtue fhould not come up to the opinion of the public \ but rather, that you find nothing worth caring for at your return;
at

Rome

*'

but I whether it be to fo much prudent fay queftion It is your part however, whether you retain any hopes, or quite defpair, to adorn yourfelf with all thofe accomplilhments, which can qualify a Citizen, in wretched times and proto reftore the Republic to its fligate morals,
all
:

things are fo ruined and opprejffed

'^

ancient dignity [^]."

The

firft

ration of the Confuls,

news from abroad after the inauguwas of the miferable death

ea, quse fcribere
\Ji\

[/]

teras

Jocerne tecum per litcivem meherqule non

non

fentio,

velim
ne tua

ib. 4.

puto

ridere pofiit.

qui temporibus his An gravius aliquid fcribam ? Quid eft quod a Cicerone pofiit graviter icribi ad Curionem, nifi de
efTe,

Non quo verear

:

virtus opinioni hominum non fed mehercule, refpondeat

cum veneris, non habeas jam quod cures ita funtomne

:

Pvep. ? Atque in hoc genere hsec mea caufa ell, ut neque

nia debilitata
exftindta,

jam prope
ib. 5.

&

&c.

of

1^8
Coff.

TheYLi^roy^YoftheLife

A. Urb. 7C0. of Crajfus and his fin PuhliuSy with the total defeat Cic. 54. This was one of of his army by the Parthians,

Cn.Domiti-j-

grcateft blows that Rome had ever received r J r l- l -^ ^ foreign enemy, and tor which it was ever f^^"^ us Calviafter meditating revenge : the Roman writers geNus,
^i^g

M.Valerius nerally imputed it to CrafTus's contempt of the AnMess A LA. jpices ; as fome Chriftians have fince charged it, to his facrilegious violation of the temple of Jerufalem, which he is faid to have pkmdered of two both of them with equal Superflition millions pretending to unfold the counfils of heaven, and to fathom thofe depths, which are declared to be The chief and immediate conunfearchahle [/].
-,

cern, which the City felt on this occafion, was for the detriment that the Republic had fufFered, and the danger to which it was expofed, by the

of fo great an army ; yet the principal mifchief lay in what they did not at firft regard, and feemed rather to rejoice at, the lofs of Craffus For after the death of Julia, CrafTus's himfelf.
lofs

authority was the onely means left .of curbing the power of Pompey, and the ambition of Casfar j being ready always to fupport the weaker,

of the ftronger ; and againft the encroachments the bounds of a decent within both them keep

refped to the laws but this check being now taken away, and the power of the Empire thrown, as a kind of prize, between Two ; it
:

gave a new turn to

their feveral pretenfions ; and created a frefh competition for the larger fhare ; which, as the event afterwards fhewed, mufl neceiTarily
[/]

end

in the fubverfion

of the whole.

M. Crafibquid accldevidemus dirarum obnunciatione neglefta. [De Dio,

rit,

deftined to deftrudion, God did call infatuations into all his councils, for the leading

J.

16.]

Being for
crilege
at

his

impious

fa-

him thereto Conned. Par.

Prideaux.
2. p.

362.

Jerufalem juftly

PuBLIUS

A.Urb. 700. periilied with his Faan a of was ther in this fatal expedition, youth ^p'i"^' amiable charadter ; educated with the ftri6left q^ Dqmiticare, and perfe6lly inilru6i:ed in all the liberal iludies ; he had a ready wit and eafy language ;
us Calvinis,

of PuBLius Crassus, who

M.TULLIUS CICERO.

135;

^.Valerius was grave without arrogance, modeft without with all the accomplifliments negligence, adorned a principal Citizen and Leader of form to proper the Republic by the force of his own judgement himfelf very early to the obferdevoted had |ie vance and imitation of Cicero, whom he perpewith a kind of tually attended, and reverenced a conceived mutual affe6lion Cicero filial piety. for him, and obferving his eager thirft of glory, was conflantly inftilling into him the true notion of it ; and exhorting him to purfue that fure path to it, which his anceflors had left beaten and traced out to him, through the gradual afcent of civil honours. But, by ferving under Casfar in the Gallic wars, he had learnt, as he fancied, a fhorter way to fame and power, than what Cicero had been inculcating ; and having fignalized himfelf in a campaign or two as a foldier, was in too much hafte to be a General when C^efar fent him at the head of a thoufand horfe, to the afHere fiftance of his Father in the Parthian war. the vigour of his youth and courage carried him on fo far, in the purfuit of an enemy, whofe chief art of conqueft confifted in flying, that he had no way left to efcape, but what his high fpirit difdained, by the defertion of his troops, and a precipitate flight ; fo that finding himfelf oppofed widi numbers, cruelly wounded, and in danger of falling alive into the hands of the Parihians^ he chofe to die by the fword of his Armour-bearer. Thus while he afpired, as Cicero fays, to the fame of another Cyrus or Alex:
-,

'

ander,

I40
Cic. 54.
};)is

The

History
had
-I

of the Life
many of
of
*^

A. Urb. 700. ander, he fell Jhort of that glory ^ which

Predecejfors
.

reaped^

from

fiiccefjion

'^

honours, conferred by their country^ as the reward of Cn. DOMITI- T r r US Q^Lwi'thetr fervices [mj. By the death of Tcung Craffus^ a place became Nus, W.Valerius vacant in the College of Augurs^ for which Cicero
V^
,

Messala.

(declared

himfelf a Candidate
as to

fo

hardy

the 'Tribun^
office

nor was any one appear againft him, except Hirrus, who truiling to the popularity of his
:

and Pompey's favor, had the vanity to pretend to it but a Competition fo unequal fur:

nifhed matter of raillery onely to Cicero ; who was chofen without any difficulty or ftruggle, with the iinaniynoiis approbation of the whole body [n].

This College, from the

laft

regulation of

it

by

Sylla, confifted of fifteen^ who were all perfons of the firft diflindion in Rome : it was a prieft-

hood

for

life,

of a chara6ler indelible
:

which no

crime or forfeiture could efface the Priefts of all kinds were originally chofen by their Colleges ;
Domitius, a Tribun, about fifty years before, transferred the choice of them to the people ; whofe authority was held to be fupreme in facred,
till

[w]

lio deditus,

Hoc magis fum Pubquod me quan-

efTe

ejus

duceret, quam majores ei tritam reliquifTent.

inftitutus opplane perfefteque Ineratque $c inge-

ficut alterum parentem & obfervat & diligit [Ep. Fam.

quam a pueritia Temper, tamen hoc tempore maxima,

Erat enim
tinie, turn

cum

eruditus.

5.8.] P. CraiTum ex omni nobilitate adolefcentem dilexi plurimum, &c. [ib. 13. 16.]

nium fatis acre, & non inelegans copia

eaque
fine

orationis
:

praster-

Cum
setatis

P. Crallb,

cum

initio

arrogantia gravis elle videbatur, & fine fegnitie verecundus, Vid. &c. Brut. p. 407. It. plut. in
CrafT.
tas

ad amicitiam fepe

fe

me-

am me

contulifiet,

egilTe

eiim vehementifTime hortarer, ut earbitror,

cum

puAuguratus tui competitorem Ep. Fam. 8. 3.

[] Quomodo Hirrum

am

laud is

I'iam rediiTimam

as

of
by
Sylla,

M.TULLIVS CICERO,

141
*

This ad was \o']. and the ancient right reftored to the ^q^^^' Colleges; but Labienus, when Tribun, in ^'^- q^.-Oomitius Calvicero's Confullhip, recalled the law of Domitius, nus, to facilitate Csefar's advancement to the HighJ^- ^ alerius was it Prieflhood neceffary however, that every Messala, Candidate Jhould be nominated to the people by two
as well as civil affairs
:

reverfed A. Urb. 700*.

Augurs^

who gave a foleimt teftimony upon oath of his digfiity and ftnefs for the office : this was done and Hortenfius, the in Cicero's cafe by

Pompey

two
after

mod

eminent members of the College ; and the eledbion, he was inftalled with all the
by Hortenfius
[/>].

iifual formalities

the laft year, fo in this, the faftions of the City prevented the choice of Confuls the
in
:

As

Candidates, T. Annius Milo, Q^Metellus Scipio, and P. Plautius Hypfseus, pufhed on their feveral interefts with fuch open violence and bribery, as if the Confulfhip was to be carried onely by moClodius was in or arms at the ney [q], putting fame time for the Pr^torfhip, and employing all
his credit and intereit to difappoint Milo, by whofe obtaining the Confullhip, he was fur e to be eclipfed and controuled^ in the exercife of his fubordinate magijlracy [r]. Pompey was wholly averfe to Milo, who did not pay him that court, which
[o] Atque hoc idem de C3Eteris Sacerdotis Cn. Domiti-

juratus judicium mes feceiat &

:

dignitatis

us Tribunus

PL

tulit,

^c.

De

inauguraturn ab eodem, ex quo, au-

Leg. Ag.
[/>]

2. 7.

Quo enim tempore me Augurem a toto Collegio expetirum Cn. Pompeius & Q. Hortenfius nominaverunt; ne-

gurum inftitutis in parentis eum loco colere debebam.

Brut.
[^ql

init.

Plutar. in Cato.

[t]

Occ
ac

.rrcbat

ei,

man-

que enim
nominari

licebat a pluribus

cam

Philip. 2. 2.

Cooptatum me ab eo in collegium recordabar, in quo

debilem Pra:turam fuam futuram Confule Milone Pro IViilon. 9.

he

14^

"The

History

of the Life

A. Urb. 700. he expe6i:ed, but feemed to afFed an indepen5+^If deney, and to trufl to his own ftrength, while the two competitors were wholly at his devoother Qj, Pqj^j^j.
tis

Nus,

M-Valerius

Calvi- tion : Hypfasus had been his^aftor^ and always his Creature , and he defigned to make Scipio

by marrying his daughter Corof celebrated Lady accomplifhments, the widow ol young Crajfus, Cicero, on the other hand, ferved Milo to the utmoft of his power, and ardendy wifhed his fucthis he owed to Milo's conftant attachment cefs to hirn, which at all hazards he now refolved to
j^^ Father-in-law^

nelia, a

however was likely to give him from the difficulty of the trouble, own condud:, and unas from Milo's oppofition, bounded prodigality, which threatened the ruin of all his fortunes in a Letter to his Brother, who was ftill with Csfar, he fays, " Nothing " can be more wretched than thefe men and ^ v/herefore fince no pleafure can thefe times " now be had from the Republic, I know not
repay
:

the affair

much

as well

*' *'

why
all,

fhould
quiet,

make

ftudy,
''

my
:

books, myfelf uneafy and above houfes, country

:

"
*'
*'

my

children are
I

my

fole delight

Milo

is

my

onely trouble
I

put an end
pains, than
afiifl

to itj

wifh his Confulihip may in which I will not take lefs

did in

"
*'

my own

and you
:

will

" "

all us there alfo, as you now do things fland well with him, unlefs fome violence de-

feat us

am
:

afraid onely,
for he
is

bounds *' in the magnificence of his Ihews, which he is '' now preparing at the expence of 250000/. " but it fhall be my care to check his inconfidewill

hold out

how mad beyond

his
all

money

"

ratenefs in this

one

article,

as far as I

am

able,

''

^c
\j]

[j]."
iraque

In
ex Rep.
_

duonlam ^
^

nihil

jam vdnptatis capi

:../

of

M.rULLIUS CICERO,
fhortly
to
-,

143

In

the heat of this competition, Curio was

coming home from JJia, and expedled whence Cicero fent an exprefs at Rome

meet

him on

the road, or at his landing in Baly^ with a moil earned and prefling Letter to engage him

to Milo's intereil.

M. T.

Cicero, to C. Curio.
A. Urb. 701.
Cic. 55.

" Before we had yet heard of your coming " towards Ualy, I fent away S. Villius, Milo's " but when friend, with this Letter to you
:

*'

your arrival was fuppofed to be near, and it " was known for certain, that you had left Jfia, *' and were upon the road to Rome, the impor*'

*'

tance of the fubjed: left no we fhould be thought to

room
fend
it

to fear, that

too

haftily

*'
*'
*'
'

when we were
you

defirous to have

delivered to

" by me, I fhould be more referved in " if I had any great favor to beg of you
poteft; cur pi nefcio. LItterae

If as foon as pofiible. fervices to you, were fo Curio, really great, as they are proclamed to be by you, rather than confidered

my

afking,
:

for

it

ftomacher,

me &
;

paret.

Cujus

in

hoc uno

in-

ftu-

conriderantiam
bo, ut potero
9.

dia noftra,

&

otium

Villae-

& ego fuflineAd Quint. 3.

que
lo.

dele6\ant,

pueri noftri.

maximeque Angit unus MiafFerat

Sed velim finem

Confulatus: in quo enitarncn minus quam fum enifus in nollro tuque iftinc, quod facis, adjuvabis. De quo cae:

Cicero had great reafon for the apprehenfions, which he expreffes on account of Milo's
for Miio had extravagance already waited three eflates in giving plays and (hews to the people ; and when he went foon after into exil was found to owe ftill above half a million of our money. Plin. 1. 36. 15. Afcon. Argum. in Miion.
;

tera

(nifi

redle funt

plane vis eripuerit) de re familiari ti:

Jneo.

OJ^i

y.etiv{jcciiiKiT ayi)Clco^'-

QuiludosH.

S.

CCC.com*'

goes

144
A.
tJrb. 701.
*

of the Life goes hard with a modeft man, to

Ti)e

Hist ORY

afl<:

Cic. 55.

tc *'

*'
^'

"
''

thing confiderable of one, whom he takes to be obliged to him ; left he be thought to demand, rather than to afk and to look upon it as a debt, not as a kindnefs. But fince your
:

any

fervices to

me,

late troubles, are

fo eminently difplayed in known to all to be the greateft ;

my

**
**

and

"
'

*'

"
*'

it is the part of an ingenuous mind, to wifh to be more obliged to thofe, to whom we are already much obliged ; I made no fcruple to beg of you by Letter, what of all is

things

the moft important and necefTary to

me.

*'
''

I am not afraid left I ftiould not be able to fuftain the weight of all your favors, though ever fo numerous ; being con-

For

*'

fident,
*'

that there
is

is

none

fo great,

which

my

mind
amply
all

"
*'

not able, both fully to contain, and

my

to requite and illuftrate. I have placed ftudies, pains, care, induftry, thoughts,

*'

"
*' *'

my very foul, on Milo's Confuland have refolved with myfelf, to exHiip ; from not it, only the common fruit of ped: but the nor was duty, praife even of piety
and
in Ihort,
:

''

" own
''

any man,
;

I believe,

ever fo follicitous
I

for his

fafety and fortunes, as nor on which 1 have fixed

*'

" vice to him, if you " no occafion for any

*'

hopes.

You,

hoviews and my perceive, can be of fuch ferfor his

ail

am

pleafe, that we fhall thing farther.

We

have have

"
'^

already with us the honeft, engaged to

:

good wifties of all the him by his Tribunate ;

*'
*'
''

and, as you will imagine alfo, I hope, by his attachment to me of the populace and the
multitude, by the magnificence of his fhewS) and the gcncrofity of his nature of the youth
:

" and men

*'

ot intereft,

by

his

own pecuHar
fort
:

creall

die

or diligence

among

that

he has

"

my

of M.

TULLIUS CICERO.

145
A. Urb. 701;
^^^* Si*

"
*'
*'

*'

*'
*'

" we could not find a man fo fit for the purpofe " as Wherefore, if from all the pains, you. *' which I am now taking for Milo, you can be* " lieve me to be mindfull of benefits if grate" full if a man if in fhort of
;
;

which though of Iktlt weight, yet being allov/ed by all to be jiifl and due to him, may perhaps be of fome influence. What we want, is a Captain and Leader, or a Pilot, as it were, of all thofe winds ; and were we to chufe one out of the whole City,

my

^flillance likewife,

good
;

*'

your kindnefs
to

*'

" " "

*'

prefent foilicitude,

worthy beg of you to relieve my and lend your helping hand

;

" " "

"
''

"
*'

" " much it concerns me, not only to ilruggle, " but even to for Milo's fuccefs, I fliould fight " but I now recommend ftiU farther
-,

to fpeak more truly, to my T. Annius himfelf, I promiie fafety. if embrace him, that you will not you, you find a man of a greater mind, gravity, conand as flancy, or of greater affedlion to you for myfelf, you will add fuch a lufler and frefii dignity to me, that I fhall readily own you^ to have fhewn the fame zeal for my honor, which you exerted before for my prefervation. If I was not fure, from what I have already faid, that you would fee how much I take my duty to be interefted in this affair, and how

my

praife

or,

As

to

*'

*'

"
*' *'

prefs you and throw the whole caufe, and myfelf alfo with it, into your hands and beg of you, to
j

afTure yourfelf of this one things that if I obtain this favor from you, I fliall be more in-

debted

"
*'
*'

almofl to you,

than

even
I

to

Milo

himfelf^ fince
cipaily afTifted

my

fafety, in

which

was prin-

the

"

piety
II.

by him, was not fo dear, as of fhewing my gratitude will bo

agreeable to

mci

which

am

Vol.

perfuaded,
^'

Ihali

1^6
A. Urb. 701. Cic.55.

The

History
to

of the Life by your

affiftancc.

"

lliall

be

able

effed

cc^aieu

[/]."

The

ly in Milo's intereil

Senate and the better fort were generalbut Three of the Tribuns
:

were violent againft him, Q. Pompeius Rufus, Munatius Plancus Burfa, and Salluft the Hiftorian ; the other ^^vtn. were his fail friends, but above ail M. Cselius, who, out of regard to Cicero, But while all ferved him with a particular zeal. were proceding very profperoufly in his things favor, and nothing feemed wanting to crown his fuccefs, but to bring on the eledlion, which his adverfaries, for that reafon, were laboring to keep back all his hopes and fortunes were blafted at once by an unhappy rencounter with his old enemy Clodius, in which Clodius was killed by his fervantSy and by his command. Their meeting was wholly accidental, on the Appian road, not far from the City j Clodius coming home from the country towards Rome ; Milo going out about three in the afternoon ; the firfl on horfeback, with three companions, and
-,

thirtv fervants well

armed the latter in a Chariot with his wife and one friend, but with a much greater retinue, and among them fome GladiaThe fervants on both fides began prefenttors. each other ; when Clodius turning to infult ly fome to of Milo's men, who were nearbriildy eft to him, and threatnine; them with his ufual
;

In his fhoulder, from and after receiving feveral more in the general fray, which inflantly enfued, finding his life in danger, was forced to fly for fhelter into a neighbouring Tavern. Milo heated by this fuccefs, and the thoughts of revenge,

fiercenefs, received a

wound
;

one of the Gladiators

[/]

Ep. Fam.

2. 6.

and

of M.
and

TULLIUS CICERO.

147

refledling, that he had already done enough A, Urb. 701': ^^^' 55* to give his enemy a great advantage againfl him, if he was \th aUve to purfue it, refolved, what-

ever was the confequence, to have the pleafure of deftroying him, and lb ordered the houfe to be ftormed, and Clodius to be dragged out and murdered the mailer of the Tavern was likewife killed, with eleven of Clodius's fervants, while the reft faved themfelves by flight fo that Clodius's body was left in the road, where it fell, till S. Tedius, a Senator, happening to come by,
: :

took

it

him

to

up into his Chaife, and brought it with Rome where it was expofed in that con-,

blood and wounds, to the view of the populace, who flocked about it in crowds to lament the miferable fate of their
dition, all covered with

Leader.

The

next day the mob, headed by S.

Clodius, a kinfman of the deceafed, and one of his chief Incendiaries, carried the body naked, fo
as all the v/ounds

might be

fcen, into the

;

Forum,

and placed

it

in

the Roftra

where the Three

Tribuns, Milo's enemies, were prepared to harangue upon it in a ftile fuited to the lamentable occafion, by which they inflamed their mercenaries to fuch a height of fury, that fnatching up the body, they ran away with it into the Senate-houfe, and tearing up the benches, tables, and every
thing combuftible, drefled up a funeral pile upon the fpot, and, together with the body, burnt the houfe itfelf, with a Bqftlica alfo, or public Hall
adjoining, called the Po'rcian
fit
;

and, in the fame

of madnefs, proceded to ftorm the houfe of Milo, and of M. Lepidus, the Interrex, but were repulfed in both attacks, with fome lofs [u].

These
[] Quanquamrevera,
erat
fu1.

6. c. 5.
'^A7ri(jcL<:
IZ'jv

pugna

fortuita.

Quintil.

ts

(^ivx

75-

hvfh\7ci,-/\^

148
A.Urb. 701.
^^^' SS'

Tloe

History

of the Life

These

in the City

extravagancies raifed great indignation and gave a turn in favor of Milo ; ;

looking upon himfelf as undone, was menothing beford, but a voluntary exil : but now taking courage, he ventured to appear in public, and was introduced into the Rojlra by Colitis ; where he made his defence to the people ;

who

ditating

mitigate their refentment, diftributed the Tribes above three pounds a man^ to every poor Citizen. But all his pains and ex-

and,

to

through

all

pence were to

little

purpofe

for the three 'Tribuns

employed

up the ill more fatal, Pompey would not be brought

-,

the arts of party and fadion to keep humor of the populace and what was
all

into

any meafures of accommodating the matter ; fo that the tumults dill encreafing, the Senate paf{cd a decree, that the Interrex, ajjjfied by the Tribuns and Pompey^ Jhould take care^ that the Republic received no detriment ; and that Pompey^ in
particular^ Jhould raife

a body of troops for the

common fecurity \ which he prefently drew together from all parts of ItoJy, In this confufion, the rumor of a Dilator was again indujlrioujly revived^ and gave a frefh alarm to the Senate; who,
create

to avoid the greater evil, refolved prefently to Pompey the fingle Conful : fo that the Interelelion accordafter an Interregnum of near two months [^].
r^ Tfctvpoena
efTet,

rex^ Servius Sulpicius^ declared his

ingly^

?.ivji'i(TcL/j^ ctuTH,>}
//.ojcv',

exturbari taberIta Clodius la-

TP-'iCiyiyvoijc; dtiiOri'

nam

juffit.

czaBcti,

Dio.

1.

40. p. 143.

Milo, ut cognovit viilneraturn CJodiuiH, cum fibi periculofmsilludetiam,vivoeo,

fiitiirum
intelligeret,
fi

ell, multifque &c. vulneribus confelus Vid. Arconii Argum. in Mi-

tens extradus

Ion.

occifo
effet

autem

macnum

folatium

[xj Vid. Dio. ibid. con. Argum.

&

Af-

habiturus, etiam

fubeunda

POMPEV

M. rULLIUS CICERO. PoMPEY applied himfelf immediately to calm

of
and publilhed feveral new LawSy prepared by him for that purpofe one of
the public diforders,
to
:

149
A. Urb. 701
55-

p*

^^

Mac-'

n us III. appoint a fpecial commijfton to inClodius^s into deaths the burning of the Senate- Sine CoUegi. quire and to aphDufe^ and the attack on M, Lepidus an extraordinary Judge^ of Confular rank, point to prefide in it : a fecond was, againjl bribery and corruption in ele5lions^ with the inflilion of new
-,

them was,

and fever er penalties. By thefe laws, the method of trials was altered, and the length of them limited three days were allowed for the examination of witnejfes, and the fourth for the fentence ; on which the accufer was to have two hours onely^ to
:

enforce the
:

charge

-,

the Criminal three^ for his defiep towards the ruin of tht
reins^

fence [y'\ confider, as the

which regulation Tacitus feems to

firji
:

Roman
its

eloquence

by impofing

as

it

were^

Caelius opcourfe [z]. upon thefe as to his Laws, being rather negative pofed
privileges

free and ancient

than
:

Laws^

and provided particularly

but he was foon obliged to withdraw it, upon Pompey's declaring, that he would The three Tribuns^ fupport them by force of Arms.
againjl Milo
all

the while, v/ere perpetually haranguing, and terrifying the City with forged ftories, of magazines of arms prepared by Milo^ for inajfacring his
enemies^

and burning the City ; and produced their creatures in the Rofira^ to vouch the truth of them
to the people
:

they charged

him
\

defign againft

Pompeys

life

particularly with and brought one Lifacrifice.,

cinius,

killer

of the vi5Iims for

to

de-

clare that Milo's fervants had conjeffed it to him in their cups., and then endeavoured to kill him^ left

[j] Ibid. [z] Primus

latu

tertio

Confu-

loquentige

Cn. Pompeius

aflrinxit,

impofuitque veluti fraenos e5:c. Dialog, de Orator. 38,

he

A. Urb. joi. he Jhould dif cover

.

of the Life make his Ji cry the mere Cic. 5 5 wound in his fide^ made by a credible^ Jhewed Jlight affirmed to have which he been given by ^v Mag-' ^i^f^^f

ifo

7he

History
it :

and

to

Nus

III.

Sine Collega.

Pompey himfelf conan account of it before the fact, Senate ; and by doubling his guard afFeded to in^ timate a real apprehenfion of danger \a\ Nor were they lefs induftrious to raife a clamor againft Cicero ; and, in order to deter him from pleading Milo's caufe, threatened him alfo with trials and it out every where, that profecutions , giving
firmed this

the ftroke of a Gladiator.

and

laid

Clodius

was

killed indeed by

hy the advice

the hand of Milo^ but and contrivance of a greater man \b\

Yet fuch was

his conftancy to his friend, fays that neither the lofs of popular favor^ Afconius, nor Pompey^ s fufpicions^ nor his own danger^ nor

the terror of arms^ could divert

tion

him from the

refolu-

of undertaking Milo's defence [r].

it

and authority^ was the [^]. onely man in Rome who had the power either to bring
influence

But

was Pompey'j

which ruined Milo

He

him

to a trial, or to get

him condemned

not

that he was concerned for Clodius's death, or the manner of it, but pleafed rather, that the
[a] Audiendus Popa J-icinefcio qui de Circo maximo, fervos Milonis apud
lb. 18.
[r] Tanta tamen conftantia ac fides fuit Ciceronis, ut non populi a fe alienatione, non

nius,
fe

ebnos faftos confefTos effe, de interficiendo Cn. Pompeio

conjurafle de amicorum fententia rem defert ad Senatum
-

Pro Milon. 24.

Cn. Pompeii fufpicionibus, non periculi futuri metu, non armis, quse palam in Milonem fumpta erant, deterreri potuerit a defenfione
ejus.

[^] Scitis, Judices, fuiiTe, qui in hac rogatione fuaden-

da

dicerent,
efTe

Milonis
:

manu

caedem

faflam, confilio

Argum. Milon. Milonem reum non magis invidia fafti, quam

[^]

videvero majoris alicujus licet me latronem & ficarium

Pompeii damnavit voluntas,

Veil. P. 2. 47.

abjedi homines defcribebant.

Republic

of
a

M.TULLIUS CICERO.
at

lyi

He would not any overtures, v/hich were made to him by Milo's Friends ; and when Milo
to

^^c. 55. yet he refolved to take the benefit of the occafion, for getting rid of Milo too, ^""^^ ^1"' from whofe ambition and high fpirit he had caufe j^us III.

Republic was freed

any

rate

from

fo peftilent A. Urb. 701.

Demagogue

*,

apprehend no
therefore

lefs trouble.

Sine Collega.

Jiflen

to

for the ConfuIJhip. if that would fatisfy him, he anfwered, that be "jooiild not concern himfelf with any man's filing or defifling^
offered to drop his fuit

of to preferve peace, and perfon with a ftrong guard either fide there from prevent any violence
:

nor give any obftru5lion to the power and inclination He attended the trial in the Roman people.

and pofitive proofs produced were many them were fuppoagamft Milo, though fome of the to fed be forged reft, the r'ejlal vir^ among came to them^ unknown woman a that gins depofed, in Milo'^s name^ to difcharge a vow, faid to be made
clear
;

Clodius's death [f]. by him, on the account of the examination v/as over, Munatius

When

judgement

Plancus called the people together, and exhgrted them to appear in a full body the next day, when was to be given, and to declare their

fentiments in fo public a manner, that the cri* minal might not be fuffered to efcape ; which Cicero reflects upon in the defence, as an infult on the of the Bench [/]. Early in the
liberty

morning, on the eleventh of April, the fhops were all fhut, and the whole City gathered into the Forum where the avenues were poiTelTed by Pompey's foldiers, and he himfelf featert in a confpicuous part, to overlook the whole preceding,
-,

[e]

in

Vid. Milon.

Afconii argum.
intelligatis

licere

[/] Ut
heilernani

contra

vobis, quod fentiatis, libere judicare. Pro Mil. 26, Vid. Afcon. ibid.

illam

concionem

and

Ty2
A. Urb. 701.
Cic. 55.

77?^

History
difturbancc.
the

of the Life

and hinder
^^^*^'
"^

all

The

accufers were,

Xoung Jppius,

Nephew of

Clodius^

M,

Anto-

who, according to the s M^^-' new law, employed two hours^ in fupporting Nus III. Cicero was the onely advocate Sine Collega. their indidtment. on Milo's fide but as foon as he rofe up to fpeak he was received with fo rude a clamor hy the Clo^ dianSy that he was much difcompofed and daunted at
^' Valerius^
;

his firft Jetting out , yet recovered fpirit enough to go through his fpeech of three hours ; which was
.

and puhlijhed as it was de* the liver ed ; though copy of it now extant is fupbeen retouched and corrected by pofed to have
taken

down

in writings

him

afterwards,

for

a prefent to

Milo

in

his

exil [gl.

In the counfil of Milo's friends, feveral were of opinion, that he fhould defend himfelf, by avowing the death of Clodius to he an a5l of public But Cicero thought that defence too de^ benefit : fperate y as it would difguft the gra\^, by opening fo great a door to licence ; and offend the powerfull, left the precedent fhould be extended to themfelves. But Toung Brutus was not fp cautious , who, in an oration, which he compofed and publifhed afterwards in vindication of Milo, maintained the killing of Clodius to be right undjujl^ and of great fervice to the Republic [b]. It was notorious, that on both fides, they had
often threatened death to each other : Clodius efhad declared feveral times both to the pecially
Cicero, cum inciperet dicere, acceptus eft acclamationc Clodianorum itaque
ea, quafolitas erat, conManet autem ilantia dixit
ilia

cuifTet,

ita

defendi crimen,

interfici
fuifTe,

Clodjum pro Repub, quam fbrmam M. Brucompofuit,

non

tus fecatus eft in ea oratione,V

quam pro Milone

quoque excepta ejus OraAfcon. Argum. tio y?] Cum quibufdam pla-

&edidit,quamvis non egiffet, Ciceroni id non placuit

ibid,

Senzitc

of
and
hiniy

M,

"TULLIUS CICERO,

153

Senate and the people, that Milo ought

thaty
his life could

to be killed-, A. Urb, 701. 55if the Confiil/hip could 7iot he taken from p-

: and whe?i Favonius ajked him us Mag-' nus III. hopes he could have of flaying his mad Sine Collega. franks y while Milo was living he replied^ that in three or four days at mofi^ he flooidd live no more :

cnce,

what

-,

which was fpoken juft three days before the fatal Since rencounter, and attefted by Favonius \i\ Milo then was charged with being the contriver of their meeting, and the aggreflbr in it, and feveral teftimonies were produced to that purpofe, Cicero chofe to rifle the caufe on that iiTue ; in hopes to perfuade, what feemed to be the moft
probable, that Clodius aElually lay in wait for Milo, and contrived the time and place \ and that Milo^s part was hut a necejfary ai of felf defence. This appeared plaufible, from the nature of their equipage, and the circumftances irr which they

though Milo's company was the more numerous, yet it was much more encumbered, and unfit for engagement, than his adverfary's ; he himfelf being in a chariot with his wife, and all her women along with him ; while Clodius with his followers were on horfehack ; as if prepared and

met

for

equipped for fighting \k\

He

did not preclude himfelf

[/]

Etenim palam didita-

bat, confulatum Miloni eripi

Clodius

non

pofTe, vitam pofTe. Significa\dt hoc faepe in Senatu ;

Interim cnm fciret Iter Iblenne necefTarium Miloni efle La[ i ]

nuvium

Roma ipfe
re

profec-

dixit

Quinetiam Favonio, qusrenti ex CO, qua fpe fureret, Milone

Refpondit, triduo iiium, ad fummum quatriduo Pro Mil. 9. periturum. Poft diem tertium gefta res
?

in

concione.

tus pridie eft,

ut ante

fcum

fundum, quod
eft,

infidias

intelledum Miloni colloca-

vivo

ret

Milo autem cum

fuiffet

natu
natus

in 3eeo die, quoad Se-'

eft,

dimifTus

domum
dum
fe

venit,

calceos
;

veftimenta

eft,

quam

dixeiAt.

lb.

16.

mutavit

paullifper,

\iixar.

i^^
Cic. 55.

'

Th History

A. Urb. 701. himfelf

^Ir^A/r*^^^' vs Mag

however by this plea, which he often takes occafion to infinuate, that and contrived to kill Clo// Milo had really deftgned
dius^ he

of the Life from the other

NUS

III.

Sine Collega. ni/bmentj

infiead of pufor cutting off fo defperate and dangerous an enemy to the peace and liberty of Rome [/]. In this fpeech for Milo, after he had Ihewn the folly of paying fuch a regard to the idle ru-

would have deferved honors

mors and them the

fine

forgciics ot his enemies, as to give credit of an examination, he touches

'pretended fears^
;

Pompey's conducl and

and mafterly

with a

and from a kind of of what might one day happrophetic forefight

raillery

pen, addrefles himfelf to him in a very pathetic " I could not but manner. applaud, fays he^ ' the wonderfull diligence of Pompey in thefc ' but to tell you freely, what I think ; inquiries ' thofe who are charged with the care of the ' whole Republic, are forced to hear many
:

'

things,
*
'
'

'

were at an audience to that paultry fellow, Licinius, who gave the information about Milo's fervants I was fent for among the firil of
tum gladium tenens clamaret T. Annius, adefte, qusefo,
atque audite cives
:

which they would contemn, if they He could not refufe liberty to do it.

fit, comparat, comobviam fit ei moratus eft Clodius expeditus in equo, nulla rheda, nullis impedi-

uxor, ut

P. Clo-

dium
quos

interfeci
nullis

ejus furores,

mentis, nullis Grsecis

Comi-

tibus, fine uxore, quod nunquam fere ; cum hie Infidia-

judiciis

jam legibus, nullis fraenare poteramus,

hoc

cum uxore in (Milo) rheda veberetur penulatus, magno impedimento, ac muliebri & delicato ancillarum &
tor,

ferro, atque hac dextra a cervicibus veftris repuli, &c. Vos tanti fceleris ul-

nullis afficietis,

torem non modo honoribus fed etiam ad

puerorum comitatu
Mil. 10.
[/]
it.

Pro
ft

21.

fupplicium rapi patiemini?Pro Mil, 28-^&c.

Quamobrem

cruen-

thofe

of
'*

M.rULLIUS CICERO.

155

whofe advice he laid it be- A. Urb. 701. *' and was, I own, in no fmall ^^^- 55" confternation, to fee the Guardian both of me ^^f ^*J^^ *' and my Country under fo great an apprehen^^^ III.
thofe friends, by fore the Senate j

" fion " fuch "

^'

yet I could
credit

not help wondering, that

Sine Collega.

was given to a Butcher ; fuch reflaves ; and how the wound to drunken gard " in the man's fide, which feemed to be the
^'

fhewing his caution, rather than his fear and difpofed to be fufpicious of every thing, that " you might have reafon to fear nothing. There " was a rumor alfo, that Cjefar's houfe was at** tacked for feveral hours in the night the " neighbours, though in fo public a place, heard " nothing at all of it ; yet the affair was thought *' I can never fufpedl fit to be enquired into. ** a man of Pompey's eminent courage, of be*' nor yet think any caution too ing timorous " has taken upon hiiufelf the who one in great " defence of the whole Senator Republic.
:

"
**

prick onely of a needle, could be taken for But Pompey was the flroke of a Gladiator.

'

-,

" "

like wife, in

full

houfe,

Capitol,
**
*'
^'

that

Milo

affirmed lately in the had a dagger under his

:

Milo flript himfelf that very time gown facred moft in that Temple ; that, prefently
at
viince his life

and manners would not give him itfelf might fpeak for him, ^' which was found to be falfe, and bafely forged. " But if, after all, Milo mull Hill be feared ; it is no ,^* longer the affair of Clodius, but your " your, fufpicions, Pompey, which we dread " your fufpicions, I fay, and fpeak it fo, that *' If thofe fufpicions flick you may hear me.

"

credit,

the thing

^'

"
*^
.

fo clofe, that they are

if Italy

never to be removed

mult never be free from new levies, nor the City from arrns, without Milo's de<*

Urudion 5

1^6

Th^

History

of the Life

A. Urb. 701." ftruftion; he would not fcruple, fuch is his <c Cic. 55. nature and his principles, to bid adieu to his " Country, and fubmit to a voluntary exil : but

^^*^M^^^'
Nus
III.

Sine CoUega.

" ^t taking leave, he would call upon Thee, " O Thou Great One as he now does, to con" fider how uncertain and variable the condition " of life is how unfettled and inconftant a
!

*'

" in friends what diffimulation fuited to times " and circumftances what defertion, what *' cowardice in our dangers, even of thofe, who "are dearefl to us: there will, there will, I " and the day will certainly fay, be a time, *' come, when you, with fafety ftill, I hope,
;

thing fortune

what
;

unfaithfullnefs

there

is

*' *' *'

*'

to your fortunes, fome turn of the

though changed perhaps by

common
will often

times, which, as

*'

"

happen to us all, experience fhews, the affedion of the friendliefl, the may want the courage of the fidelity of the worthieft,
braveft

man
and

living,
fifty

^c. [/]"

who fat upon Milo, and thirteen onely acquitted, thirty-eight conthe votes were him demned ufually given by

Of

one

Judges^

',

ballot; but Cato,

who
;

were convinced, that he, killed, was, of all who had ever " lived, the mofl pernicious enemy to his *' all to and good men [n].^' Milo Country, went into exil at Marfeilles^ a few days after his condemnation his debts were fo great, that he
-,

" "

give

his vote

openly

earlier, fays Felleius, fince all after him

if he had done it would have drawn others

and "

abfolved him, chofe to

*'

who was

[w] Pro Mil. 24, 25, 26 [k] M. Cato palam lata

abfolvit
fententia,
tuliiTet,

plum, probarentque eum

ci-

vem

quam

fi

occifum, quo nemo perniciofior Reip. neque bonis

inimicior vixerat.
-

maturius
fent,

non defuifqui fequerentur exem-

Veil.

P. 3. 47.

wa^

of

M.TULLIUS CICERO.

t^j

was glad to retire the fooner from the importu- A. Urb. 701; ^^^- 55nity of his creditors , for whofe fatisfadlion his was fold whole eftate by public audlion. Here ^""^s^mIg-' Cicero ftill continued his care for him, and in nus III. concert with Milo's friends, ordered one of his Sine Collega.
wife's freedmen, Philotimus, to afTift at the fale, and to purchafe the greateft part of the efFedls, in order to difpofe of them afterwards to the

beft advantage^ for the benefit of Milo and his wife Fatijia^ if any thing could be faved for them.

was not fo well reiilhed he by Milo, expected ; for Philotimus was of fufpeded playing the knave, and fecreting of the effedls to his own ufe ; which part gave Cicero great uneafinefs ; fo that he prefTed Atticus and Caslius to inquire into the matter very " to narrowly, and oblige Philotimus give fa" tisfadion to Milo's friends ; and to fee efpe*' cially, that his own reputation did not fuifer " by the management of his fervant [^J." Through this whole ftruggle about Milo, Pompey treated Cicero with great humanity he afhis intended fervice
as
:

But

figned him
*'

"

guard

at the trial

his labors for his friend,

though
ei

in

forgave all oppofition

hoc [0] Confilium fuerat, primum ut in poteftate noftra res eflet, ne ilium malus

meum

ego que
vito

coram dixeram, mihireceperat, ne

it.

ille

fit

in-

Milone in bonis
6. 4.

Ad

emptor

&

alienus manci-

Att. 5. 8.

piis,

que permulta fecum ha:

Qyod ad
tinet,

bet,

deinde ut fpoliaret Fauftae, cui cautum ille vo-

ofHcium & dedimus operam ut

Philotimi liberti bona Milonis ac-

&

luiflet,

ratum
iliud,

effet.

Erat
fi

Philotimus

quam

honeftiffime

etiam
cillime

ut ipfi nos,
pofTet,

quid fervari

quam fafervaremus. Nunc

rem totam

perfpicias velim Si ille queritur Si idem Faufta vult, Philotimus, ut

Miloniabfenti, ejufqueneceffariis fatis faceret, & fecundum ejus fidem & fedulitatem exiftimatio tua confervaretur.

Ep. Fam,

8. 3.

cc

to

y8
**

^he
'*

History

of the Life

from refenting what he fuffer other people's refentnot did, would *' him hurt ments to [^]." The next trial before the fame Tribunal, and for the fame crime, was of M. Saufeius, one of Miio's confidents, charged with being the ring-*
to himfelf ; and fo far

leader in fiorming the hcufe^ and killing Clodius : alio by Cicero, and acquitted one vote : but being accufed a fecond onely by

he was defended

time on the fame account, though for a different fa6t, and again defended by Cicero, he was acBut Sex. Clodius, quitted by a great majority. the Captain of the other fide, had not the luck to efcape fo well , but was condemned and banifhed, with feveral others of that faftion, to the great joy of the City, for burning the Senate-houfey and the other violences committed upon Clodius'' s
death [^].

A. Urb. 701.
Cic. 55.

fooner publifhed his new law the late Confular Candidates, than againft bribery^ and ^ ^^* Scipio Hypfaeus, were feverally impeached upf Cn.Pompei^ r! -1 ^^ ^^ y ^^^^ being both or them notorioully guilus Magcondemned : Nus ill. ty, were in great danger of being Q^C/EciLius but Pompey, caihng the body of the Judges to-

FoMPEY no
1
1

Metellus

ggj-j^^j.^

begged

it

of them as a favor, that out

of the great number of ftate Criminals^ they would remit Scipio to him : whom, after he had refcued he declared his Collegue in from this
profecution,
the Confuljbip^ for the laft five months of the year
firil
\

Father-in-law by marhaving The other CanCornelia. his daughter, rying

made him

his

[^] Qua hamanitate tulit contentionem meam pro Miadverfante interdum lone, adionibus luis ? Quo lludio illius providir, ne quae me
tcmporis invidia attingeret
?

Cum me
ritate, texit fuis

confi'io, turn auclo-

cum

armis

denique
pro

lb. 3. 10.

[q]

Afcon. Argum.

Miloa.

didate.

of
didate,

M.rULLIUS CICERO.

159

A. Urb. 701. Hypfaeus, was left to the mercy of the SSfare worfe to the for Scilaw ; and being likely ^ ^pand a to be made facrifice to the ^^ Mag-' pio's efcape, popular odium, he watched an opportunity of nus III.

Pompey, as he was coming out of his Q^C^cilius and hath^ throwing himfelf at his feet, implored ^^'^^llus his froteBion : but though he had been his ^^ftor^ and ever obfequious to his will, yet Pompey is faid to have thruft him away with great haughtinefs and inhumanity, telling him coldly, that he would onely fpoil his /upper by detaining him [f]. Before the end of the year, Cicero had
accefs to

fome amends

for the lofs of his friend

Milo, by

the condemnation and banifhment of Two of the TrihinSy the common enemies of them both,

Q^ Pompeius

Rufus, and T. Munatius Plancus

Burfa, for the violences of their Tribunate^ and As foon as their office burning the Senate- houfe.

and Cicero expired, Cselius accufed the firll himfelf the fecond ; the onely caufe, excepting that of Verres, in which he ever a6led the pare
-,

of an Accufer.

But Burfa had deferved

it,

both

for his public behaviour in his office, and his perfonal injuries to Cicero ; who had defended

and preferved him in a former trial. He depended on Pompey's faving him , and had no apprehenfion of danger, fince Pompey under[r]

quam
reum
bi

infolenter

Cn. autem Pompeius ? Qui balneo

fuum moraretur,
Ille

refpondit

egrefTus, ante pedes fuos pro-

vero P. Scipionem, Socerum fuum, legibus noxium,

quas ipfe tulerat, in

ftratum

&

Hypfeum ambitus nobilem virum k fireliquit,

maxima

quidem reorum
bus depofcere
9, 5.
it.

&

illuftrium

amicum, jacentem

ruina, muneris loco a JudiciPlutar. in

contumeliofa voce proculcaturn. Nihil enini eum aliud

agere,

Val. Max. Pomp.

quam

ut

convivium

i\. too^

l6o
A. Urb. 701. took to

"The

Vil^TOTLY of

the Life

plead his caufe, before Judges of his appointing ; yet by Cicero's vigor in maCoir^' Cn.Pompei- '^^S^^S the profecLition, he was condemned by an us Mag- Unanimous vote of the whole bench [j]. Cicero

^^^

T^us 111.

CLC^ciLiuc

was highly pleafed

i^gg in
.

v/ith this fuccefs,

.

as

he figniwill

a Letter to his friend Marius, lvm. ETELLUS Scipio. explane the motives of his condudl in

which
it.

'

very well, fays he^ that you rejoice fate, but you congratulate me too " you imagine, you tell me, that for coldly *' the fordidnefs of the man, I take the Jefs " but believe me, I have more pleafure in it fentence than from the death from this "joy ^^ of my enemy for, in the firil place, I love '* to purfue, rather by a trial, than the fword ; " rather with the glory, than the ruin of a
I
*'

"

know
:

at Burfa's

**
**

" "
*'
*'

"
*'
*'

extremely, to fee honeft men on the incredible fide, againft pains of one, my and laftly, the moft eminent and powerful what you will fcarce think pofiible, 1 hated for I this fellow worfe than Clodius himfelf had attacked the one, but defended the other : and Clodius, when the fafety of the Republic
friend
fo
j

and

it

pleafed

me

great an inclination of

all

*'

"
*^
**
'*

upon my head, had fomething not indeed from his own view, great the but help of thofe, who could ftrength, not maintain their ground, whilll I Hood firm but this filly Ape, out of a gayety of heart, chofe me particularly tor the obje(5l of his inwas
rifl<:ed

in

*'
*'

*'

and perfuaded thofe, who envied , me, that he would be always at their fervice, Wherefore I to infult me at any warning.
vedlives

*'

charge you to rejoice in good earned

fu

for

it

[j] Plancum, qui omnibus fententiit maximcveftroplau-

condemnatus-

Philip. 6, 4.

"is

of

M.TULLIUS CICERO.

i6i

" "
*'
''

is

by III. which they would never have done, if they ^^ *' had not made my caufe and grief their own. mete^llus* *' We are fo diflradled here by a multitude of Scipio. " trials and new laws, that our daily prayer is
:

No ''^Jr*'''' 7'a areat viftory, which we have won. ' Citizens were ever flouter than thofe who Coff condemned him, againfl fo great a pov/er ofcN.PoMPEius Magwhom, themfelves were chofen Judges one,

*'

ex

againft

all

Intercalations, that

we may

fee

you

as foon as pofTible [/]." Soon after the death of Clodius,

Cicero feems

to have written bis "Treatife on laws [u\ ; after the example of Plato, whom of all writers he naoft

loved

to

imitate

for

as Plato,

after

written on

government

in general,

drew

tip

he had a bo-

dy of lazvs^ adapted to that particular form of it^ which he had been delineatiyig ; fo Cicero chofe to

deliver his political fentiments in the fame method [;c] ; iiot by tranllating Plato, but imitating his manner in the explication of them. This

work being defigned then, as a fupplement, or fecond volume, to his other upon the Republic^ was diftributcd probably, as that other was, into
fix hooks : for we meet v/ith fom.e quotations among the ancients, from the fourth and fifth ;

though there are but three now remaining, and thofe in fome places imperfedt. In the firll of he the thefe, lays open origin of law^ and the he derives from the which fource of ohligation ;
univerfal nature of things^ or, as he explanes it, from the confiimmate reafon or will of the fupreme
[^]
[z^]

\_x]

Ep. Fam. 7. 2. Vid. de Legib. 2. 17. Sed ut vir. doclilTimus

atque idem graPhilofophorum om-

fecit Plato,

nium, quiprincepsde Repub. confcripfic, idemque feparatim de legibus ejus, id mihi credo efle faciendum De
Legib.
2. 6.

vilTimus

Vol. IL

God:

l6t
A. Urb. 701.
Cic. 55.

of the Life two G^^ [^] ; in the other books, he gives a body of laws conformable to his own plan and
^^^^ ^^

The

History

which religion and the worjhip of the QX^ciLius Gods ; fecondly, thofe which prefcribe the duties Mete LL us and powers of the feveral Magijirates^ from which the peculiar form of each government is deTh'efe laws are generally taken from nominated. the old conjlitution or cujiom of Rome [^] ; with fome little variation and temperament, contrived
relate to

us Mag^us III.

^^^^

ordered City

[-z]

firfl,

thoie

to obviate the diforders, to which that Republic was liable, and to give it a ftronger turn towards the Ariflocratical fide \h\ : in the other books

which

are loft, he

the particular rights

people [fl.

had treated, as he tells us, of and privileges of the Roman

preparing an Infcription this the Temple^ which for front of the he had lately built to Venus the Conquerefs^ containing as ufual, the recital of all his Titles : but

PoMPEY was

fummer

New

in drawing it up, a queftion happened to be liar ted, about the manner of expreffing his third
\y
]

Hanc

igitur

video fa-

pientifTimorum fuifTe fententiam, legem neque hominum

quae de optima Repub. fentiremus, in fex libris ante

diximus,

accommodabimus

nee excogitatam, fcitum aliquod efie populorum, fed aeternum quiddam, quod univerfum mundum reingeniis
geret,

hoc tempore leges ad ilium, quern probamus, civitatis fta-

tum
[a] Et

fi

lb. 3. 2. quas forte a

me

imperandi

prohiben-

dique fapientia. Ita principem legem illam & ultimam

hodie rogabuntur, quae non fint in noilra Repub. nee fuerint, tamen erunt fere in more

mentem effe dicebant, omnia ratione aut cogentis aut

vetantis
ratio ell

majorum, qui tum,

valebat.
lb. 2. 10.

ut lex,

Dei

Quamobrem
Jovis.

lex vera atque princeps

[^] Nihil habui ; fane non multum, quod putarem no-

reda fummi

vandum

in legibus.

lb. 3. 5,

lb. 2. 4.
[2;]

[r] lb. 3. 20.

Non

autem quoniam
Confulfhip
;

of M.

rULLIUS CiCEkO.

16^

A. Vrh.yot: onful/hip% whether it fhould be by ConfulTerThis was referred to the princitium ov Tertio, ^q'J^' pal Critics of Rome^ who could not, it ferns, ^j^Po^pei. vs Magagree about it ; feme of them contending for the
nus III. one, fome for the other ; fo that Pompey left it to Q^C^cilius to decide the and to infcribe what Cicero^ matter,

he thought the

beft.

But Cicero being unwiHing

scipiq.

to give judgement on either fide, when there were great authorities on both, and Varro among

them, advifed Pompey to abbreviate the word in E R T. onely to be infcribed \ qvefiion^ and order which fully declared the thing, without determining the difpute. From this fadl we may obferve, how nicely exaft they were in this age, in preferving a propriety of language in their public monuments and infcriptions [d].

Among

the other

ads of Pompey,

in this

were already fubfifting againft it, " by difquali** fying all future Confuls and Prastors, from

third Confulfhip^ there was a new law againft bribery, contrived to ftrengthen the old ones, that

"

holding any province, till five years after the expiration of their Magiftracies :" for this was thought Hkely to give fome check to the eagernefs of fuing and bribing for thofe great ofEces, when the chief fruit and benefit of them was removed to fuch a difiance \e\ But before the law pafled, Pompey took care to provide an
**

and to get the governexception for himfelf, " ment of to him for ?iyt years continued Spain

"

"
**

longer
the

with an appointment of money for payment of his troops :'* and left this
;

fhould give offence to C^far,

\_i'\

if

fomething alfo

This

ftory

is

told

by

Letter preferved by A. Gellius.

1.

Tiro, a favorite flave and freedmaa of Cicero, in a

10. i.

[^]

Dio. p.

42.

-^

Ma

of

'

1^4

^^'^

History

of the Life

A.Urb. 701. of an extraordinary kind was not provided for he him ; propofed a law, to difpenfe withCafar^s C ff^ in fuing for the Confuljhip ; of which CasCn. PoMPEi- ^^fince Csehus us Mag- far at that time feemed very defirous. Nus III. vvas the of this law, to it

promoter

engaged
1

by

Q^C^ciLius Metellus
SciPio.

(;^j^(.j.Q

r r r-\ jJ^^ L/ J > "^^^ 1^ of all the Tribuns, though not without difficulty and obibrud:ion from the Senate but this unu:

^^ ^^^ j^-^^

of Pompey and Cai -i was carried with the concurrence

requeji

fual favor ^ infiead of fatisfying Cafar^ ferved onely^ as Suetonius fays, to raife his hopes and de-

mands jiill higher \g\. By Fompefs lcni\ jufl mentioned, it was provided, that for a fupply of Governors for the interval *' of five years, /// which the Confuls *' and Pr^tors were difqualilied, the Senators of " Confular and Praetorian rank, who had never
*'
*'

held any toreign

command,

fliould divide the

vacant Provinces among themfelves by lot :" in confequence of which, Cicero, who was obliged to take his chance with the reft, obtained the Government of Cilicia^ now in the hands of Appius, the late Conful this Province included alfo Tifidiuy Paniphilia^ and three Diocefes^ as they were called, or DiJlri5Js of Afia^ together with the If]and of Cyprus ; for the guard of all "a which, ftanding army was kept up of two ** Legions, or about twelve thoufand foot ; with f two thoufand fix hundred horfe [^] :" and
:

[/] Rogatus ab
vennse

de

ipfo RaCcslio .Tribuno

retur

Quod

aldora

jam meditans &

ut adeptus ell, fpei

pleb. ab ipfo

autem

Etiam
Att. 7.

a Cnseo
I,

nollro.

Ad

plenus, nullum largitionis, aut officiorum in quemquam

genos
Ei"]

publice

privatimque

Egit
lit

cum Tribunis
abienti fibi-

omii:t.
\}j\

pleb.

Suet. J. Csef. 26. Ad Att, 5. 15.

petitio fecundi Confulatus da-

thus
k

of

M,rULLIUS CICERO.
7
7 7
7

x6s

thus one of thofe Provincial Governments^ which A. Urb. 701. were withheld from others by Jaw, to corredl ^'^- 55their inordinate paffion for them, was. contrary ^ J? Cn. Pompei;/ n to his will ana expectation^ obtruded at us Maglajt upon whofe bufinefs it had been through hfe nus Ifl. Cicero
7 7
/>
-,

to avoid

them

[/].

Q.C^cilius
^'^^^"^^^^^^

City began now to feel the unhappy effeds, both of Julians and Craffus's deaths from the mutual apprehenfions and jealoufies, which difcovered themfelves more and more every day
the Senate was geand Pompey's intereft; trading to the name and authority of fo great a Leader, were determined to humble the pride and ambition of C.iefar, by recalling him from his Government ; whilft Csefar, on the other hand, trufting to the

The

between

Pompey and

Csefar

nerally in

fion of

flrength of his troops, refolved to keep pofTefit in defiance of all their votes ; and by

drawing a part of

his forces into the Italic or as fo to be read^i^at any warning Gaul, Cifalpine to fupport his pretenfions, began to alarm all

with the melancholy profpedb of an approaching civil war : and this was the fituation of affairs, when Cicero fet forward towards his Government of Cilicia.
Italy
[/]

Cum &
meam
Sz

contra volun-

cum

imperlo in Provinciam
eflet.

tatem

nionem

pra^ter opiut mihji accidiflct,

proiicifci necefle Fam. 3. 2.

Ep-

SECT.

i66

^e History

of the Life

SECT.
^. Urb. 702.

VIL

new fcene in , Ci* _. and him a in life, charader, prefents ^P*/r^* Coff. "^^^^^ he had never before fuftained, of the GoServ^Sulpicius RuFus, i^^rmr of a Province, and General of an army. Thefe M. Claupreferments were, of all others, the moft ardent-

rr^ HIS tJI^

to us a year ,-- opens .^

cero's

ciLLus.

DiusMAR-]y

great, for the advantages which both of acquiring power, and amaffing wealth for their command, though accountable to the Roman people, was abfolute and uncontroulable in the Province ; where they kept lip the ftate and pride of foverein Princes, and
(3efired

by the

^i^gy afforded

had all the neighbouring Kings paying a court to them, and attending their orders. If their genius was turned to arms, and fo^d of martial glory, they coU-ld never want a pretext for war, lince it was eafy to drive the fubjedls into rebellion, or the adjoining nations to ads of hoftility by their oppreflions and injuries, till from the
definition of a number of innocent people, they had acquired the ^'itle of Emperor^ and with it ^he pretenfion to a triumph; without which fcarce any Proconful was ever known to return from a remote and frontier Province [a]. Their
Opportunities
[a] While the ancient difcipline of the Republic Tubfifted, no general could pretend to a triqmph, who had not enlarged the bounds of the Empire by his conquefts, and killed at leaft five thoufand enemies in battle, with-

his

own
:

foldiers.

This was

exprefsly enabled

cut any confiderable

lofs

of

law in fecond was afterwards provided, that piade it penal for any of their triumphant Commanders to give a falfe account of the number of flain, either on the enemy's iide, or
their.

by an old fupport of which a

vf

M.TULLIUS CICERO.
were as immenfe
q^,

16^
A. Urb. 702.
^'^' S^-

opportunities of raifing money as their power, and bounded only by their own appetites : the appointments from the trea-

%',.

and necellary tur- cius Rufus, fury, for their equipage, plate, as amounted, niture, appears from fome in- M. Claua and fifty thoufand diusMarnear hundred to flances, cellus. befides the revenues of king: and, pounds [J?]

doms, and pay of armies, of which they had the arbitrary management, they could exadt what (Contributions they pleafed, not onely from the Cities of their own jurifdidion, but from all the ftates and Princes around them, who were unBut while their der the protection of Rome. enrich to was care themfelves, they carprimary ried out with them always a band of hungry friends and dependents, as their Lieutenants^ Trihuns^ Prafe^iSy v.'ith a crew of freed men and
favorite (laves, who were all likewife to be enriched by the fpoils of the Province, and the Hence flowed all fale of their mailer's favors.

thofe accufations and the fubjeds, of which

trials

we

for the plunder of read fo much in the

for as few or none of the Proconbehaved themfelves with that exad juilice, as to leave no room for complaint, fo the fadions of the Gity, and the quarrels of families, fubfift:

Roman writers

fuls

theirown; and obliged them.

upon

their entrance into the

General of any credit, who had gained fome little advantage againft Pirates or fugitives, or repelled the incuriions of the wild barbarians, who bordered upon the diftant provinces,
[b']

City, to take an oath before the Quaeftors or public Treathe accounts, furers, that

which they had

Senate,

fent to the

number, were true. [Val. Max. 2. 8.] Butthefe laws had long been negleded and treated as obfolete ; and the honor of a
ufually granted, by intrigue and fa^ion, to every

of

each

Nonne HS.

centies

&

olagies quali vafarii nomine ex aerariotibiattributum,

Romseinquiefturelicjuilli? in
Pifon. 35.

Triumph

ing

1^8
A. Urb. 702.

The

History

of the Life

^^50-

ingfrom former impeachments, generally excited fome or other to revenge the affront in kind, by

Serv. Sulpi- ^undertaking the caufe of an injured Province, CI us RuFus, and drefTing up an impeachment againll their

M. Clauenemy. diusMar' But whatever benefit or glory this GovernCELLUS. ment feemed to offer, it had no charms for Cicethe thing itfelf was dijagreeahle to his temro per [r], nor vv^orthy of thofe talents, which were formed to fit at the helm, and fhine in the admifo that he conniflration of the v/hole Republic
: :

lidered

onely as an honourable exil, or a burthen impofed by his country, to which his duty Flis firfl care therefore obliged him to fubmit.
it

was

to provide, that this command might not be prolonged to hmi beyond the ufual term of a
cefTities

year

v/as frequently c^one, when the neof the Province, the chara6ler of the man, the intrigues of parties, or the hurry of other buHnefs at heme, left the Senate neither leifure nor inclination to think of changing the Go;

which

vernor

at prefent,

who

likely to happen the fcarcity of magiflrates, through were now left capable by the late law of fuc-;
:

and

this

was the more

ceding him.

Before his departure therefore he fuch a mortification to fall upon him , and after he was gone,
follicited all his friends, not to fuffer

fcarce wrote

fmgle

letter

to

Rome^ without

urging the fame requcfl in the moffprefTing terms : in his firfl to Atticus, within three days from their parting ; do 'not imagine fays he, that I
[t-]
eft;

Totum negotlum non

moribus, &c. ad Att.

5.

10.

viribus noflris, qui ipajore onera in Rep. faftincre

dignum

Sed

eft

incredlbile,

quam
ille

me
tibi

negotii toedeat,

non habet

&
2,.

poffim
xi.

foleam. Ep. fam.

fatis

magnum campum
ib.

non ignotus curfus animi

15.

reip miniflie

aptam meis

mei.

of
the

M.I'ULLIUS CICERO.
in this

169

have any other confolatmi

hopes
that
it

A. Urb. 702. great trouble^ than

will not be continued beyond the q ^ who judge of me by others^ do not take Serv.Sulpiyear : many^ me to be in earneft^ but you ^ who know me^ will ufe cwjs Rufus,
all

your

diligence^

efpecially,

when

the affair

is

to

comeonUl

ClaudiusMar-

He left the City about the firfl o^ May, attendfor Quined by his Brother and their two Sons tus had quitted his commiffion under Caefar, in
:

order to accompany

him

into Cilicia, in the

fame

Atticus had defired capacity of his Lieutenant, to left admonifL his Brohe before him, Italy,
ther, to his wife

fhew more complaifance and affeclion to Pomponia, who had been complaining to him of her hufband's peevifhnefs and churlifh carriage ; and left Cicero fhould forget it, he put him in mind again, by a letter to him on the

road, that fince all the family were to be together in the Country, on this occafion of his going

abroad, he would perfuade Quintus to leave his in wife at leaft in good humor at their parting relation to which, Cicero fends him the following
:

account of what pafTed.

*'

" was on you ; which gave me an opportunity " of falling upon the affair of your Siller, which " you and I had talked over together at Tufcu" lum : I never faw fo mild and mo*'

" When I arrived at Arpinum, and my Brotherwas come to me, our firft and chief difcourfe

derate as
leaft

"

any thing Brother was, without giving the hint of his ever having had any real

my

Iji] Noli putare mihialiam confolationem efTe hujus in-

credunt ex confuetudine alio-

gentismoleftize,nifi

quod fpero non longiorem annua fore, Hoc me ita veile niulti non

Tu, qui fcis, omnem turn diligentlam adhibebis fcilicet, cum id agi debebit.
rum.
;

lb. 2,

cc

caufe

170
A. Urb. 702.
Cic. 56. Coff.

^^^

History
;

of the Life

The next morn^ and that Arpinum day being a c feftival, Quintus was obliged to fpend it at Ar" canum, where I dined with him, but went on ciusRuFus' '*' afterwards to Aquinum: You know this Villa M. ClaudiusMar-" of his as foon as we came thither, Quintus 6i cLLU5. f^i(j Q \y[^ mh^ in the civilleft terms ; do you, " Pomponia, invite the women, and I will fend
caufe of offence from her.
left

"

ing we

''

to the

*'

men (nothing, as far as I faw, could be faid more obligingly, either in his words or
:

*'
'

"
^'
**

manner:) to which fhe replied, fo as we all might hear it, I am hut a firanger here n^felf: referring, I guefs, to my Brother's having fent Statius before us to order the dinner upon which, fee, fays my Brother to me, what I am
:

*'
''

*'
*'

*' *'
*^

This, you will fay, Yes, truly, great much me concern ; to fee to enough give her reply fo abfurdly and fiercely both in her words ^nd looks but I diffembled my unea-

was

forced to bear every day. no great matter.

linefs.

When we
fit

fat

down
us
:

to

dinner, fhe

would not
fent

down with
back
:

*'
*'

tus fent her feveral

them
:

all

and when Quinthe table, fhe from things in fhort, nothing could be

cc

milder than
Sifter

my

Brother, or ruder than your

*'
'

*'
<

than to Quintus himfelf. went away to Acjuinum ; he ftaid at Arcanum but when he came to me early the next morn1
:

more trouble

yet I omit to

many particulars, which gave

me

'

**
*'
*'
*'

ing, he told me, that flie refufed to \y^ with him that night; and at their parting continued in the fame humor, in which I had feen her,

In a word, you
that, in fide that

may
I

let

her

know from me,

my

opinion, the fault was

day.

all on her have been longer perhaps,

^'

than was necefTary, in

my narrative,

to let yoii

of
<

M,

rULLIUS CICERO.
[e]."

171
^Coff^'

fee, that there is

occafion alfo on your part for A. Urb. 70a,

advke and admonition

cannot help obferving from this little rn- Serv.Sulpieident, what is confirmed by innumerable inftances cius Rufus, in the Roman ftory, that the freedom of a divorce^ M. Clauwhich was indulged without reflraint at Rome, ^^^^ Ma%'^ ^^^^^^* to the caprice of either party, gave no advantage of comfort to the matrimonial ftate ; but on the contrary, feems to have encouraged rather a mu^
tual pervcrfenefs
little

One

and obllinacy

lince

upon any

difguft, or obftrudlion given to their follies, the expedient of a change was ready always to flatter them, with the hopes of better liiccefs in another trial for there never was an age or there was fo profligate a conwhere Country, and of the nuptial bond, or fo violation tempt much lewdncfs and infidelity in the Great of both fexes, as at this time in Rome. Cicero fpent a few days as he pafled for:

ward, at his Cuman

Villa^

was fuch a

refort

of

near Bai^, where there Company to him, that he

had^ he fays, a kind of a little Rome about him : Hortcnfius came among the reft, though much

put of health, to pay his compliments, and wifh a good voyage, and, at taking leave, when he afked, what commands he had for him in his <ib fence ^ Cicero begged of him onely, to ufe all his authority, to hinder his Government from being In fixteen days from prolonged to him [/]. Rome, he arrive^ ^t Tarentum, where he had

him

[^]

Ad A tt.

5.1.

[/] In Cumano cum effem, venit ad me, quod mihi pergratum fuit, nofter
cui, depofcenti jnea mandata, caetera uni-

ne; pateretur, quantum e/Tet in ipfo, prorogari nobis provinciam. habuimus in Cu-

mano quafi
tudo,

Hortenfius

pufillam Romam : tanta erat in his locis multiib. 2.

Yfrre fijandavi

illud proprie^

promifed

lyi

The

History

of the Life

A. Urb. 702. prbmifed to make a vifit to Pompey, who was Cic. 56. taking the benefit of that foft air, for the re" covery of his health, at one of his Villa's in thofe

and had invited and prefTed Cicero to fome M. Claudays with him upon his journey fpend Dius Marthey propofed great fatisfadlion on both fides cELLus. from this interview, for the opportunity of conferring together with all freedom, on the prefent Hate of the Republic, which was to be their fubthough Cicero expeded alfo to get fome l^^jedt of the military kind, from this renowned fons
RuFus parts;
: :

^ cius

He promifed Atticus an account Conference ; but the particulars being too delicate to be communicated by Letters, he acCommander*
this

of

quainted him onely in general, that be found Pomfey an excellent Citizen^ and provided for all events^
which. could pojfibly be apprehended
[

].

he prowhere was he detained for ; twelve days by ajlight indifpofition^ and the expectation, of his principal officers, particularly of his Lieutenant Ponlinius, an experienced Leader, the fame who had triumphed over the Allohroges \ and on whofe fkill he chiefly depended in his martial From Brundifium, he failed to Aclium, affairs.
three days fiay with Pothpey^

After

ceded to BrundifiLim

en the fifteenth of June

whence partly by
cefn libenter multos
jus prsclaros de

fea,
e-

\\ Nos
Pompeio

Tarenti, quos

cum

enim

cT/ctAo-j/K^deRepub.
te perfcribe-

Repub.
:

fer-

habuerimus ad
ib. 5. mus Tarentum

mones accipiam

inltruar e-*

Kal. Jun.

veni a. d. xv quod Pontinium

tiam confiliis idoneis ad hoc ib. 6. nollrum negotium. Ego, cum triduum cum

ftatueram expeftare, commodiirimum duxi dies eos cum

Pompeio
fuiffem, difium.

&

apud Pompeium

proficifcebar Brun-

Pompeio confumere eoque magis, quod ei gratum eile

:

id videbam, qui etiam a me ut fecum apud fe petierit,

Civem iilum egregium relinquebam, &: adhaec,

quae

timentur,

propulfanda,
ib. 7*
.

&

paratifiimum.

elTem

quotidie

quod con-

and

of

MTULLIUS

CICERO.

175
A. Urb. 702^

he arrived at Athens on the Here he lodged in the houfe twenty -fix th [h']. of Ariftus, the principal profeffor of /^^^(f^J^my, and his Brother not far from him, with Xeno, another celebrated Philofopher of Epicurus's School: they fpent their time here very

and partly by land,

^q ^^'
Serv.sIjlpicius Rufus,

M. Claud'usMar-

agreeably at home, in Philofophical difquifitions ; abroad, in viewing the buildings and antiquities of the place,; with which Cicero was much de,

there were feveral other men of learnboth Greeks and Romans, of the party , efing, Caninius and Patro, an eminent Gallus pecially intimate friend of Atticus [i]. and Epicurean, The R E lived at this time in exil at Athens, Memmius, baniflied upon a convidion of bribery, in his fuit for the confulfhip ; who, the

lighted

happened to go figure, which he had away born in Rome, gave him authority in Athens ; and the council of Areopagus had granted him a piece of ground to build upon, where Epicurus formerly livedo and where there flill remained the But this grant had given old ruins of his walls. the to whole offence body of the Epicureans^ great to fee the remains of their mailer in danger of They had written to Cicero at being deftroyed.
arrival,

day before Cicero's

to Mitylene.

The

Rome,
to

to

beg him

to intercede with

confent to a revocation of it; and

Memmius, now at

Athens, Xeno and Patro renewed their inflances,. and prevailed with him to write about it, in the mofl effedual manner , for though Memmius had
[^] Ad Att. 5. 8, 9. [z] Valde me Athene deleclarunt urbs duntaxat, urbis ornamentum, & homi:

&

Jium amores in
[*i?dam

te,

&

in nos
i

multum & Philofophia fi quid eft, eft in Arifto apud quern eram, nam Xenoneni tuum Quinto concefTeram ad Att. 5. x. Ep. fam. 2.
-

benevolentia

fed

8.

13. i.

laid

1/4

72'^

til sro'kx of the Life

A, Urb. 702. laid afide his defign of building, ibe Areopagites Cic. 56. iDQuld not: recall their decree without his leave [k], ^i<^^^o's letter is drawn with much art and accuIS s cius KuFus, raey : he laughs at the trifling zeal of thefe Phield rubhijh and paultry ruins of M. Ci.Avlofophers, for the
cfitius.

PfusMAR-/^^^> Founder^ yet earnefily preffes Memmius^ to in^ ^a^^ them in a prejudice^ contra^ed through weak-^ and though he profefles an nefsy not wickednefs \ utter diflike of their Philofophy, yet he recomas honefiy agreeable^ friendly men^ he entertained the highefl efteem [/]* From this letter one may obferve, that the greateft difference in Philofophy made no difference of friendfhip among the great of thefe times. There was not a more declared enemy to Epi^ he thought it decurus's do^rine, than Cicero llru6live of morality, and pernicious to Society ; but he charged this confequence to the principles, not the ProfefTors of them ; with many of whom
for

mends them,

whom

he held the flrideft intimacy ; and found them to be worthy, virtuous, generous friends, and lovers of their Country : there is a jocofe Letter to Trebatius, when he was with C^far in Gaulj upon his turning Epicurean, which will help to
confirm
this refledion.

Cicero
"
I
**

to

Trebatius.

was wondering, why you had given over writing to me ; till Panfa informed me, that
[if]

Vifum
ipfi

eft

Xenoni,

& Memmio
fet.

impetrari non pofasdifi-

poll,

Patroni,

me ad

Memmius autem

Memmium
die

fcribere, qui pri-

quam ego Athenas veni, Mitylenas profedus erat, npn enim dubitabat Xeno,
q^wn ab Arcopagitis invito

candi confilium abjeciffet, fed erat Patroni iratus, itaque

fcripfi

ad eum accurate^ ad
Ep. fam. X3.
i.

Att. 5. 11.
/]

<c

you

'

of
'

M.TULLIUS CICERO.
O
I

175

<

*'
'

rare Camp A. Urb. 702. you were turned Epicurean. what would you have done if I had fent you ^^off to Tarentum, inftead of Samerobriva ? I began Sekv. Sulpito think the worfe of you, ever fince you ciusRufus, made my friend Seius your pattern. But with M. Clau^iusMarnow
will you when Law, you are

what face

pretend to pradife the

*<
' *

**'

<

"
*'

do every thing for your own intereft, and not for your Client's ? and what will become of that old form, and tefl of fidelity ; as true men ought to a5i truly ^ with one another ? what Law would you ai ledge for the diftribution of common right, when nothing can be common with thofe who meato

face can

"
^'

*'
*

by their pleafure with what fwear by Jupiter ; when Jupiter, you never be angry with any man ? can know, you and what will become of your people of Ulubr^ ; fince you do not allow a v/ife man to meddle with politics ? wherefore if you are
fure all things
.?

really
*'
<' *'

gone off from

us, I

am

forry for

it ;

be convenient to pay this compliment to Panfa, I forgive you ; on condition how-

but

if it

you write me word what you are what you would have me do for and doing, *' here [?]." The change of principles in you Trebatius, though equivalent in effedl to a change of Religion with us, made no alteration in CiThis was the didlate of cero's affeftion for him. reafon to the beft and wifeft of the Heathens \ and may ferve to expofe the rafhnefs of thofe zealots, who, with the light of a mofl divine anci benevolent religion, are perpetually infulting and
ever, that
*'

perfecuting their fellow Chriftians, for differences

of opinion, which, for the moll part, are merely fpeculative, and without any influence on life, or the good and happinels of civil Society.
[m] Ep. Fam. 7. 12.

Aft^r

176
A. Urb. 702.
Cic. 56.
j^j^^g

The

History

of the Life

Athens, where Pontihim, Cicero fet fail towards -^^^^Upon leaving Italy, he had charged his Serv^Sulpicius RuFus, friend Cseiius with the tafk of fending him the M. Claunews of Rome ; which Caslius performed very DiusMAR-punftually, in a feries of Letters, which make a cELLus. yaluable part in the collediion of his familiar EpiJlles : they are polite and entertaining ; full of wit and fpirit yet not flowing with that eafy turn, and elegance of exprelTion, which we always The firfl of them, with Cicefind in Cicero's.
ten days fpent at
^^ \2i^ joined
-,

After

ro's anfwer, will give us a

fpecimen ot the

reft.

M. C^Lius
According
fend you
''

to

M. Cicero^

Town,
you
but
fo

to my promife at parting, to account of all the news of the have provided one to colledl it for

an

*'

" "
*'
*'

pundually, that

ftiould think
I

my
is

afraid, left you at too minute : laft diligence

am

curious you are ; and how who are abroad, to be agreeable informed of every thing that palles at home,
it

know how

to all,

*'
''

*'
'*

*'

"
*'

though ever fo trifling. I beg of you, however, not to condemn me of arrogance, for deputing another to this taflc fince, as bufy as I now am, and as lazy, as you know me to be in writing, it would be the greateft pleafure to me, to be employed in any thing that revives but the paquet itthe remembrance of you
: :

*' *'
*^ *'

I imagine, reafor what leifure excufe would it reme dily to but to attend not tranfcribe, only quire, even to the contents of it ? there are all the
felf,

which

have
:

fent,

will,

^'
*' *'

decrees of the Senate, Edidls, plays, rumors : if the fample does not pleafe you, pray let me

know

it,

that I

may

not give you trouble, at

*'

my

of
*' *'

M.rULLIUS CICERO.
If

177
in A. Urb. 702;

".

"
*' *'

" " " " " " made any motion for a fuccefTor to the two " Gauls^ but puts it off, as he told me himfelf, " to the firfl of June^ has revived the fame talk " concerning him, which was flirring when we " were at Rome If you faw Pompey, together. " as to do, pray fend me word in you deligned " what him what converfafound temper you
:

any thing important happens repubhc, above the reach of thefe hackS^^'i^ ney writers, I will fend you an account of itgERv Sulpimyfelf ; in what manner it was tranfadled; cius Rufus, what fpeculations are raifed upon it ; what ef- M. ClaudiusMarfedts apprehended at prefent there is no C T TTC as to thofe rugreat expedation of any thing mors, which were fo warm at Cum^, of affembUng the Colonies beyond the Po, when I came to Rome, I heard not a fyllable about them. Marcellus too, becaufe he has not yet
the
:

my

coft.

/^

*'

tion he

had with you

for he
is

what

inclination

he

''

*'
''

; apt to think one thing, and has not v/it enough, to confay another, yet ceal what he really means. As for Caefar,

fhewed

*'
*^

there are

many

ugly reports about him

but

"
*'

propagated onely in Vv'hifpers ; fome fay, that he has loft all his horfe ; which I take indeed
to be true^ others, that the feventh Legion and that he himfelf is be;

" has been beaten

*'

fieged by the Bellovaci

reft

-,

and cut off from the

*'
'^

" " know,

*^
*'

of his army. There is nothing yet ccrtain ; nor are thefe uncertain ftories publicly talked of i but among the few, whom you
told openly, by way of fecrets Domitius never mentions them, Vvir.hout clapOn the twentyping his hand to his mouth. firft of M^jy, the mob under the Roftra* fent
:

"
*'
*'

about a report, (may it fall on their own heads) which was warmly propagated through the

Vol.il

^-

Forum

78

A. Urb. 702.
Cic. ^6. CofT.

Serv. Sulpicius rufus,

of the Life whole Forum and the City, that you were the road killed upon by Q^Pompeius but I, to then at Bauli^ and in fuch be him knew who
:

7he

History

M. Claudius
.

Mar-

a flarving condition, that I could not help pitying him, being forced to turn Pilot for his

CELLUS.

bread, was not concerned about it; and wifhed onely, that if any real dangers threatened you,

we might be

your friend quit for this lie Plancus Burfa is at Ravenna , where he has had a large donative from C^far ; but is not Your books on yet eafy, nor well provided.
:

government

are

applauded by
to

all

people [n].

M.
"

T. Cicero, Proconful,

M. C^lius.

How
;

was
;

it

this,

you with
tors

to fend

me

think you, that I charged the matches of Gladia-

the adjournments of caufes , and Chrefand what nobody dares mentus's news-letter
-,

tion to

me when
you
in

at

Rome?

See,

how much
:

nor indeed without reafon, for I have never yet met with a better head for politics; I would not have
afcribe to

my

judgement

you write what palles every day in public, though ever fo important, unlefs it happen to
affedl

myfelf others v/ili write it ; many bring accounts of it ; and fame itfelf conveys a great I expecl from you, neither the part to me but as the from one, who nor prefent paft,
: :

fees a great

before him, the future onely, that when I have before me in your Letters the plan of the Republic, I may be able to fort of Edifice it will be. Nor judge vv^hat

way

have

of you

hitherto indeed any caufe 'to complain for nothing has yet happened, which ;
[?/]

Epift.

Fam.

8.

<c

vou

of
*'

MTULLIUS CICERO,
forefee better than
:

lyp

"
*'

any of us elpe- A. Urb. 702* *' ^^c. 56. daily m y fel f, who fpent feveral days with *' Pompey, in converfmg on nothing elfe, but g ^^' *' the Republic ; which is neither pofTible nor cius Rufus' " take this M. Clauproper for me to explane by Letter *' diusMaronely from me-, that Pompey is an excellent " ^^^^^^* both with Citizen, prepared courage and *' counfil for all events, v/hich can be forefeen :

you could

"
*'
*'

wherefore, give yourfelf up to the man ; beme, he will embrace you ; for he now holds the fame opinion with us, of good and
lieve

*' *'

bad Citizens. After I had been ten days at Athens, where our friend Gallus Caninius was " much with me, I left it on the fixth of July,

*'

" "
*'

when I fent aw^ay this Letter as I earnellly recommend all my affairs to you, fo nothing more particularly, than that the time of my
:

Provincial
is

Command
me
is
;

every thing to

" be

and by

whom

it

be not prolonged this which, when and how, to be managed, you will
:

the befl able to contrive.

Adieu

landed at Ephefui on the twenty -fecond of July^ after a flow but fafe paffage of fifteen days ; the tedioufnefs of which was agreeably relieved by touching on the way at feveral o^ the ijlandsof the Mgean Sea, of which he fends a kind of journal to Atticus [/>]. Many deputations from the Cities of Afia, and a great concourfe of people came to meet him as far as Samos ; but a much

He

[^].

greater ftill was expelling his landing at Ephefus : the Greeks flocked eagerly from all parts, to fee a man fo celebrated through the empire, for the

fame
his

ot his learning and eloquence hoafiings, as he merrily fays, of

Ep. fam.
2. 8.
a.

fo that all

many years
ad Att. 5.
faft.

[i?]

d. xl. Kal. Sext.

[/>]

Ephefum venimus

i^. vid,

it.

ib. 12.

i8o

The

History

of the Life
-

A. Urb. 702 After re* paft^ were now brought to the teji [q]. at he three himfelf for marchdays Ephefus, poking c (T on his the laft Province ^^ forward towards , and, Serv. SulpiCI us RuFus, of July, arrived at Laodicea, one of the Capital

M, ClaudiusMar-

Cities of his
j.j^g

Jurifdidion.

From

this

moment

^j^fg

Qf

he bids

Government commenced; which Atticus take notice of, that he might

]^jg

know how to compute the precife extent of his annual term \r\ It was Cicero's refolution, in this Provincial
Command, to praftife thofe admirable rules,which he had drawn up formerly for his Brother , and from an employment wholly tedious and difagreeable to him to derive frefli glory upon his character, by leaving the innocence and integrity of his adminiltration, as a pattern of governing to all It had always been fucceeding Proconfuls. the cuftom, when any Governors went abroad to their Provinces, that the Countries^ through which
journey
they pajjed^ JJjoidd defray all the charges of their : but Cicero no fooner fet his foot on fo-

reign ground, than he forbad all expence whatfoever^ public or private^ to be felf or any of his company ;

made either upon himwhich raifed a great

of Greece
[j].

admiration of him, in

all the cities

In
concurfu legatio& de incredibili multitudine,quaE mihi jam Sami, fed mirabilem
[q\ in

De

[s]
tor,

Ego

quotidie medi-

num, privatorum,

pra^cipio meis ; faciam denique ut fumma modellia

& fumma

abftinentia

munus

modum Ephefi

praello fuit,

aut te audifle puto

~

ex quo

hoc extraordinarium traducamus. ib. 9.

te intelligere certo fcio mul-

Adhuc fumptus nee

in

me

torum annorum oftentationes meas nunc in difcrimen efle ib. 13. addudas [r] Laodiceam veni prid.
Kal. Sextiles. Ex hocdieclavum anni movebis lb. i;;;.

aut publice aut privatim, nee in quemquam comitum. Nihil accipitur lege Julia, nihil

ab hofpite, perfuafum eft omnibus meis ferviendum gK^

famse meae.
Belle

adhuc.

Hoc

of

M.TULLIUS CICERO.

i8i

In Afia he did the fame ; not fuffering his offi- A. Urb. 702, cers to- accept what zvas due to them even by law ; r'a; forage and wood for firings nor any thing elfe^ ^^^^Serv-Sizlpimere houfe-room^ with four beds ; which he remit- cius Rufus,
ted alfo, as oft as it was practicable, and obHged them to lodge in their tents and by his example and conftant exhortations brought his Lieutenants,
-,

M- Clau*usMar-

Tribuns, and Pr^fe^s, fo fully into his meafures, that they all concurred with him, he fays, wonderfully, in a jealous concern for his honor [/].
defirous to put himfelf at the head of army, before the Seafon of adlion was over, he fpent but little time in vif-ting the Cities of his
his
jurifdidiion, referving the winter months for fetwent tling the civil affairs of the Province \ii\.

Being

He

therefore to the

Camp,

at Iconium in Lycaonia,
-,

about the twenty-fourth of Augujt where he had no fooner reviewed the troops, than he received

an account from Antiochus^ King of Comagene^ which was confirmed from the other Princes of thofe parts, that the Parthians had paffed the Euphrates with a mighty force, in order to invade the Roman territory under the condu5i of Pacorus^ the

Hoc animadverfum rum laude & multo

celebratur.
lb. 10.

Graeco-

fermone

Nos adhuc iter per Graeciam fumma cum admiratione

feclmus.
[/]

tectum quidem, & in tabernaculo manere plerumque

quidquam

multis

locis

ne

ad Att.

5. 16.

Ut
matur
etiam

nullus teruncius infuin

lb. 11.
civi-

Levantur miferae

tates,

quod

nullus

fit

fump-

k Legatorum Sc Tribunorum k Prsefedlorum dili-

quemquam

id

fit

tus in nos, neque in Legatos, neque in Qusilorem, neque

gentia.
ibf.

Nam omnes mirifice

gloris:

ovfj.(i)ifyoS'o^^'jiv

me?e

in

quemquam.

Scito,

non

17.

inodo nos fcenum, aut quod

lege Julia dari folet non accipere, fed ne ligna quidem, nee praeter quatuor iedos, &

[u] Erat mihi in animo re6ta proficiici ad exercitura

aeftivos

menfes reliquos

rei

ledum, quemquam accipere

militari dare, hibernos jurifdiftioni ib. 14.

>'

^^^'^

i82
^^5^*
Serv^SulpiCilicia,

The

History
this

A. Urb. 702. King^sfon,

Upon

of the Ltfe news, he marched towards

to fecure his Province from the inroads

^^ ^^^ enemy, or any commotions within ; but as cius RuFus, all accefs to it was difficult, except on the fide of iM. ClauCappadocia, an open country, and not well proDiusMAR-yi(^g^. IpLe took his rout through that kingdom, CELLus. ^^^ encamped in that part of it which bordered upon Cilicia^ near to the town of Cyhifira^ at the His army, as it is faid foot of mount 'Taurus. of twelve thoiijfand foot and about confiiled above, two thoufandfix hundred horfe^ befides the auxiliary troops of the neighbouring flates, and efpecially of Detotarus, King of Galatia, the moll faithful! and Cicero's particular friend y j^lly of Rome, whofe whole forces he could depend upon at any

warning

he lay in this Camp, he had an opof executing a fpecial commiiTion, with portunity which he was charged by the Senate ; to take A^ riobarzanes. King of Cappadocia, under his particular protection ; and provide for the fecurity of in honor of whom, his perfon and government the Senate had decreed, what they had never
:

While

[x].

done before to any foreign Prince, that was of great concern to the Senate and
In cailra veni \x'\ vii. Kal. Sept. add. iii.
a.

his fafety

people of
mihi
lit-

d.

Ciliciam ducerem
terae reddita

exer-

funt a Tarcon-

citum
tris

luftravit.

Ex

his caf-

cum

graves de Parthis

trans

dimoto, qui fideliffimus focius Taurum Populi. Rom.

nuncii venirent, perrexi in Ciliciam , per Cappadocias

Pacorum Orodi Regis Parthorum filium, cum

exiftimatur.

partem earn,
attingit

quae Ciliciam

permagno equitatu
Euphratem, &c.
15. i.

tranfifle

Ep. fam.

Regis Antiochi Comageni Legatis primi mihi nunciarunt Parthorum magnas copias
pifTe.

Euphratem
'
-

tranfire coe-

Eodem die ab Jamblico, litterae Phylarcho Arabum de eifdem rebus, &c.

Cum

exercitum in

Km^^

of
Rome.

M.rULLWS
His Father had been

CICERO.
killed

183
trea- A. Urb. 702,

by the
;

chery of his fubjedls, and a confpiracy of the ^c <r^' fame kind was apprehended againft the fon Ci-sRvSuLPi.
cero therefore, in a council of his ofncers, gavecius Rufus, the King an account of the Decree of the Senate^ M. Clau-

confequence of it he was then ready to aflift him with his troops and authority in any meafures that fhould be concerted for the fafety and quiet of his Kingdom The King, after great profefllons of his thanks, and duty to the Senate for the honor of their decree ^ and to Cicero him|felf for his care in the execution of it, faid, that he knew no occafion for giving him any particular
in
'

and that

iusMar-

^^l"^*

^~

nor had any fufpicion of any' \ defign againfi his life or Croivn : upon which Cicero, after congratulating him upon the
trouble at that time

tranquil-

of his affairs, advifed him however, toremember his Father's fate^ and, from the admonition
lity

of the Senate^ to he particularly vigilant in the care But the next, of his perfon, and fo they parted.

morning the King returned early to the Camp, attended by his Brother and Counfellors, and with many tears implored the protection of Cicero,
and

" " "

*' *'
*'

the benefit of the

Senate's

decree

declaring,

that he

a plot, durfl not venture to difcover

had received undoubted intelligence of which thofe, who were privy to it,
till

Cicero's arri-

val in the Country, but trufting to his autho-

" troops might be left with him for his better " guard and defence. Cicero told him, that un" der the alarm of the Parthian he
*'

rity, had now given full information of it ; and that his Brother, who was prefent, and " ready to confirm what he faid, had been folli" cited to enter into it by the offer of the crown : *' he begged therefore, that fome of Cicero's

war, prefent could not poffibly lend him any part of his ar-

"

myj

184
A. Urb. 702.

The "Hi ST o-s^Y of

rny
'*
;

the Life

^r'

^^^

^^^

Serv.Sulpicius RuFus,

" "
"
ct jg

that, fince the confpiracy was detefled, forces would be fuflicient for prevcntit;

^"S ^^^ effedls of

a6l the
his

that he Ihould learn to

M.ClaudiusMarcELLus.

King, by fhewing a proper concern for life, and exert his regal power in puthe authors of the plot, and pardoning nifhing

own

^ji ^j^^

^^^

^^^^

j^^

^^^^^

^^^ apprehend any

'.'

*'

**
''

farther danger, when his people were acquainted with the Senate's decree, and faw a Roman army fo near to them, and ready to put it in

execution :'* and having thus encouraged and comforted the King, he marched towards Ciliciay and gave an account of this accident, and of the motions of the Parthians^ in two public Letters to the Confuls mid the Senate: he added a private Letter alfo to Cato, who was a particular favorer, and Patron of Ariobarzanes, in v;hich he informed him, " that he had not onely fecured the King's *' perfon from any attempt, but had taken care, *' that he fhould reign for the future with honor '' and dignity, by refloring to his favor and fer" vice his old Counfellors, Vv'hom Cato had re" commended, and who had been difgraced by *' and by obliging a the intrigues of his Court *' turbulent young pried of Bellona^ who was " the head of the Malecontents, and the next " in power to the King himfelf, to quit the coun;

"

try

[y]This King, Ariobarzanes, feems

:

to have been

poor even to a proverb

Mandpiis locupks

egit ^ris

Cappadociim rex,

Hor. Ep.
for he

I. 6.

had been miferably fqueezed and drained

by

the

Rommt Generals and Governors

[yl Ep.fam.
'

to

whom

15. 2, 3,4.

he

vaft fiimms, either adlually borrowed, A. Urb. 702. or ftipulated to be paid for particular fervices. It q ^ was a common pradlice with the Grt2ito^ Rome^ Serv.Sulpito lend

of owed he

M.TULLIUS CICERO.
to the Princes cius
\

185

money at an exorbitant inter eft ^

Rufus,

and

Cities^ dependent on the Empire

; thought an ulefull piece of poHcy to io the Princes, for the opportunity of engaging to their interefls the moil powerful! men of the

which was M- Claudius Marboth fides

Republic, by a kind of honorable penfion ; to the Romans^ for the convenience of placing their money where it was fure to bring the greatefl re-

' Provincial

ordinary intereil of thefe by the months with intereft upon intereft : this was the loweft ; but, in extraordinary or hazardous cafes, it was frequently four times as much. Pompey received monthly from this very King, above fix thoufand pounds fterling ; which yet was fhort of his full
turn of profit.
loans was, one per Cent,

The

Brutus alfo had lent him a very large and fumm, earneftly defired Cicero to procure the of but it, with the arrears of intereft payment Pompey's agents were fo prefTing, and the King
intereft.
:

fo needy, that
aftair

though Cicero follicited Brutus's very heartily, he had little hopes of getting
:

any thing for him

therefore to offer

when Ariobarzanes came

the fame prefent of money, which he had ufually made to every other Governor, he generoufly refufed it, and defired onely,
that inftead of giving it to him, Brutus : but the poor Prince that he excufed himfelf,
it

him

might be paid
fo

to

was

diftrelTed,

by the necefTity, which he was under, of fatisfying fome other more preffing demands ; fo that Cicero gives a fad account
his negotiation, in a

of

long

letter to Atticus,

who

had warmly recommended Brutus*s

him.
2

interefts to

*'

come

l66
A.Urb. 702.
I

The

Hi story
I

of the Life

^c'^^'
Serv^Sulpicius RuFus,

" y^"^ " ^"^

you
j-q

come now,
authority
to fay
?

fays he, to Brutus;

:

M. ClaucELLus.

" going "

<c

began even to
I

whom by embraced with inchnation, love but what am I

recall myfelf, left I offend

diusMar-cc
*'

*'
*'

do not think, that I ever entered in^j^y thing more wilhngly, or took more pains, than in what he recommended to me. He gave me a memorial of the particulars, which you had talked over with me before
;

** *' *' *'

*'
*'

**
*' *' **

purfued your inflru6lions exatftly in the firft place, I preffed Ariobarzanes to give that moncy to Brutus, which he promifed to me : as long as the King continued with me, all things looked well, but he was afterwards teized by fix hundred of Pompey's agents; and Pompey, for other reafons, can do more with him than all the world befides ; but efpecially, when it is to be fent to the Paris he that imagined,
I
:

thian

"
*' *'
''

war they now pay Pompey thirty-three Attic talents per month, out of the taxes, though
:

this falls fhort

friend Cnasus takes

*'
*' *'

"
*' *'

but our content calmly to abate fomething of the intereft, without As for others, he prefTing for the principal. for he neither does, nor can pay any man he raifes taxes has no treafury, no revenues but thefe by Appius's method of capitation
intereft
;
:

of a month's
it

and

is

are fcarce fuiiicient for

Pompey

's

monthly pay

two or
rich
,

three of the King's friends are very

*'
**

"
*'
*'

*'

*^

but they hold their own as clofely, as you or I I do not forbear however to alk, and chide him by Letters King Deiotaurge rus alfo told me, that he had fent people to him on purpofe, to follicit for Brutus but they brought him word back, that he had realwhich I take indeed to be the ly no money cafe j that nothing is more drained than his
either
:
-,

*'

kingdom

of

M,

TULLIUS CICERO.

187

"

A. Urb. 702. kingdom , nothing poorer than the King [2]." But Brutus had recommended another affair ^q'^^'

of the fame nature to Cicero, which gave him Serv!^Sulpi. much more trouble. The City of Salamis in Cy- ciusRufus, M. Clauprus owed to two of his friends, as he pretended, ^^^sMar. above and Matinius, twenty thoufand Scaptius pounds ft erling upon bond, at a mofb extravagant interefl \ and he begged of Cicero to take their his fpecial protedion. perfons and concerns under Brutus's was who father-in-law, had Appius, was afked to Scaptius which granted every thing a Pr^fe5iure in Cyprus^ with fome troops of horfe^ with which he miferably haraffed the poor Salaminians, in order to force them to comply with
.

-,

his unreafonable

demands

Brutus la\_a]. bored to place him in the fame degree of favor with Cicero but Cicero being informed of this violence at Ephefus, hy a deputation from Salamis^ made it the firft acl of his government to recall the troops from Cyprus, and put an end toScap:

whole fenate in the council-room^ were ftarved to death with hunger

for he Jhut up their till five of them-

tius's Prsefediure,

having laid

it

down

for a rule,

to grant no command to any man, who was concerned in trade^ or negotiating money in the Proto give fatisfadion however to Brutus, he vince
:

injoined the Salaminians to pay off Scaptiiis's bond^ which they were ready to do according to the teliis edid:, by which he had ordered, that in his bonds no province fhould carry above one per Cent, by the month, Scaptius refufed to take the

nor of

money on

thofe terms, infifling

o7i

four per Cent,

as the condition of his

bond expreffed ; which by

clufum in curia fenatum Salamine obfederat, ut fame fenatores quinque morerentur,
ibid.

[z] AdAtt. 6. I. \a\ Fuerat enim Pr2Efed>us

Appio, & quidem habuerat lurmas Equitum, quibus in-

computation

i88

^he

History

of the Life

A. Urb. 702. cbmputation almoft doubled the principal fumm;^ Cic. 56. 'vvhile the Salaminians, as they protefled to Cicecould not have paid the original debt^ if they SuLPr- ^^9 cius RuFus, had not been enabled to do it by his helf^ and out of which his own dues^ that he had remitted to them M. Clau<;
-,

^i

diusMar- amounted

"""=

to

fomewhat more than

Scaptius'^s legal de-

raifed Cicero's indignation ; and the repeated inftances of Brutus notwithftanding was determined to over-rule it ; he and Atticus, in order to move him the more though Brutus,
effedlually,

mad[b]. This extortion

thought proper to confefs, what he

that the debt

had

all along dijfembled,

was

really his

This \c\ he ftill more, and Cicero had a though furprifed warm inclination to oblige Brutus, yet he could not confent to fo flagrant an injuftice, but makes of it in his letters frequent and heavy complaints " You have now, to Atticus fays he, in one " of them, the of if Brucondudt ; my ground *' tus does not approve it, I fee no reafon *' why we Ihould love him ; but I am fure, it
onely his agent in it
*'

cwn^ and Scaptius

will be

approved by

his uncle,
mine,
torio
[r]

Cato [^]."

In

tetigi

Itaque ego, quo die provinciam, cum mihi Cyprii Legati Ephefum obvi[hi]

quam

in veftigali prae-

ib. 5. 21.

Atque hoc tempore

ip-

veniffent, litteras mifi ut deceequites ex infula llatim

am

fo

derent

ad Att. 6. i confeceram, ut folverent cemefi*4mis Scaptius quaternas poftulabat-^ib. homines non modo non recufare, fed etiam dicere, fe a me folvere. Quod enim Praerori dare confuef.

impingit mihi epillolam Scaptius Bruti, rem illam fuo periculo efTe : quod nee mihi unquam Brutus dixerat nee
tibi
ib.

nunquam ex
pecuniam

illo

audivi illam

qH^q

fuam
[d]

ib.
:

Habes meam caufam quae fi Bruto non probatur,

nefcio cur ilium
tur.
ib.

cent,

quoniam ego non acceperam, fe a me quodam modo dare; atque etiam minus dfe aiiquanto in Scaptii no-

amemus

fed

avunculo ejus certe probabi5.

2,1.

another i

cf
another
-,

M.'TULLIUS CICERO.
"
If Brutus thinks that I

189
^q' ^^' Serv.Sulpi-

" low him four per Cent, when by edid I have " decreed but one through all the province, and " that, to the fatisfadion of the keenell ufurers ,
*'
*' *'
'

ought

to al- A. Urb. 702.

cius Rufus, he complains, that I denied a Praefedlure to M. ClaudiusMarone, concerned in trade, which I denied, for
if

that reafon, to your friend Lenius,

Statius,

and

to Sex. for the

though Torquatus

follicited

*'

one, and

*'

"
**
*'

" "
*'

*'

" brought back nothing " but Brutus's friendfhip, " let it be fo, fince
*'

Pompey himfeif for the other, yet without difgufting either of them ; if he takes it ill that I recalled the troops of horfe out of Cyprus \ I fhall be forry indeed, that he has any occafion to be angry with me ; but much more, not to find him the man that I took him to be I would have you to know however, that I have not forgot what you intimated to me in feveral of your Letters, that if I

dk

that

you will mufl always be with this exception j as far as " it can be done, without my "committing any *' How, my dear [e]" In a third ; wrong *' Atticus you who applaud my integrity and *' good condudl, and are vexed fometimes, you
!

from the province would be enough: have it fo ; yet it

[^] Si Brutus putabit me qUaternas centelimas oportuifie decernere, qui in tota provincia fingulas obferva-

irafci,

fed multo

majorem,

non

talem, qualem Sed plane te inputaiTeiii telligere volui, mihi non excidiiio illud

efTe

eum

rem, itaque edixiflem, idque ctiam acerbifTimis foeneratoribus probaretur; fi praefcdu-

quod
litteris

tu

ad

me

quibcfdam
fi

fcripfiJTes,

ram

denegatam queretur, quod ego Torquato nortro in tuo Lenio,Pompeio

negotiator]
ipfi

de hac Provincia benevolentiam depcrtaflem, mihi id fatis effe.

nihil aliud
nifi illius

Sit

fane,

in S. Statio negavi,
;

&

iis

fed

quoniam ita t\i vis tamen cum eo credo,

fine peccato m.eo fiat

probavi
molefte

fi

equites
;

dedudos

quod
ibid,

accipiam equidem dolorem, mihi ilium

feret

''

fav,

"

ipo
A. Urb. 702.
Cic. ^6, Coff.

^'^^

History
you

of the Life

"
<c

fay, that

are not with

me

how

can fuch

cius RuFus ' " M. Clauyou, if you were with me, fuffer me to do it, diusMar-" if I would? if I really had done fuch a CELLus. cc thing, with what face could I ever read again, ," or touch thofe books of mine, with which you
are fo much pleafed [/] ?" He tells him likewife in confidence, that all Brutus's Letters to him, even when he was afking favors, were un-

a thing, as Ennius fays, come out of your mouth, to defire me to grant troops to Scap^^^^ ^^^ ^"^ ^^^^ ^^ extortmg money r could

"

and arrogant without regardor to whom he was writing ; and ing either what, that in humor ; you may love him if he continued alone^ fays he, if you pleafe, you /hall have no rival
mannerly^
churliJJj^
*,

of me

but he will come,

believe^

mind [^].
clination

But

to fhew, after all,

to a better what a real in-

he had to oblige him, he never \th urging King Ariobarzanes, till he had fqueezed from him a hundred talents, in part of Brutus' s debt, or about twenty thoufand pounds \ the fame fumm probably, which had been deflined to Cicero himfelf

{h\

While
[/] Ain* tandem
Attice,

laudator ittegritatlscVelegantiae noftrae ? aufus es hoc ex

gat aliquid, contumaclter, arroganter, daoivmnTojf folet fcnbere ib. 6. i.

<

ore tuo, inquit Enninc, ut e-

cogendam
an
tu,
ft

ad pecuniam quites Scapvio darern, me rotare ?

Omnino (foli enim fumus) nuilfts unquam ad me literas

mifit Brutus

in quibus

non

mecum
fis,

elles,

qui

fcribis raOrderi te

internum
paterere
r

eiretarrogans,ctx.c/f<y;/HT(?j/ali* quid -in quo tamen ille mi-

quod

Hiin fmsul
fi

hi ril'um

me

id facere,

vellem

chum movere

magis quam ftomafolet. Sed pla-

& ego
cero
[g]

audebo legere unquam,

aut attingereeos iibros, quos ta dilaudas ? fi tale quid fe'

ne parum cogitat, quid fcriib. 6. 3. bat, aut ad quem

[^] Bruti tui caufa, ut
fae-

ad Att.

6. 2.

pe ad

te

fcripfi,

feci

omnia

Ad me

etiara,

cum

ro-

Ariobarzanes non in

Pompeium

\.

of

M.rULLIUS CICERO.

191

he lay encamped in Cappadocia, ex- A. Urb. 702, what way the Parthians would move, he ^p i^* pedling received an account, that they had taken a difFe- serv.Sulpirent rout, and were advanced to Antioch in Sy- cius Rufus, M. Clauria, where they held C. Caflius blocked up , and diusMarthat a detachment of them had adlually penetrated into Cilida, hut were routed^ and cut of- hy which were left to guard the Country, thofe troops J this he prefently decamped, and by great Upon over mount 'I^aurus^ marched in all hafte journies to poflefs himfelf of the paffes of Amanus : a great and ilrong mountain, lying between Syria and Cilicia, and the commiOn boundary of them both. By this march, and the approach of his army to the neighbourhood of Syria, the Parthians being

While

difcouraged, retired from Antioch; which gave Caflius an opportunity of falling upon them in their retreat^ and gained a conftderahle advantage^ in

which one of their principal commanders^ Ofaces^ was mortally wounded [t]. In the fufpence of the Parthian war, which the late difgrace of CrafTus had made terrible at

Rome^ Cicero's friends, who had no great opinion of his mihtary talents, were in fome pain but now that he for his fafety and fuccefs found himfelf engaged, and puihed to the necef:

pelum

quam
cft

per

prolixior per Ipfum, me in Brutum

liberius

cia In
dit

aquaram divortio diviramore adventus noflri,

pro ratione pecuniae

Brutus
traflatus,
\

&

CaiTio, qui Antiochia tene-

quam

batur,
this

Pompeius. Bruto curata hoc anno talenta circiter c. Pompeio in fex menfibus promifface.
[z]

animus acceflit, & Partimor injedus eft. Itaque eos cedentes ab oppido
Caflius infecutus
geffit.

rem bene

ibid.

Qua

in fuga

magna

Itaque confeftim iter in Ciliciam feci per Tauri pylas. Tarfum veni a. d. iii. Non. Oft. inde ad Amanum
contendi, qui Syriam a Cili-

aufloritate Ofaces,

dux Par-

thorum, vulnus accepit, coqueinteriitpaucispoft diebus.

Ad

Att. 5. 20.

fity

ipz

The

History

of

the Life

A. Urb. 702. fity of adling the General, he feems to have wantCic. 56. e(j neither the courage nor condud of an experienced Leader. In a Letter to Atticus, dated c c* SeRV.SuLPI^ cc \liT r r are rrom his Camp ; " great Ipirits, lays cius
1
.

RuFus, M. ClaudiusMarcELLus.

We

m
'

"
f

*'
*'

*'
*'

**
'' **

" " "

*'
*'

as our counfils are good, have no of an engagement we are fecurely encamped, with plenty of provifions, and in fight ahnofl of CiUcia ; with a fmall army indeed, but, as I have reafon to believe, intirely well affeded to me ; which I fhall double by the acceffion of Dciotarus, who is upon the road to join me I have the allies more firmly attached to me, than any Governor ever had : they are wonderfully taken with my eafinefs and abftinence ; we are making new levies of

he,

and

diflruft

Citizens,

and cftablifhing magazines

if there

"
*'

be occafion for fighting, we fhall not decline fliall defend it ; ourfelves by the if not, be of good of our wherefore pofts flrength
:

heart, for

fee as

much

as if

you were with

me, the fympathy of your love for me [k]" But the danger of the Parchians being over for
loiL,

Cicero refolved, that his labor fhould and his army difmifled, without attempting fomething of moment. The inhabitants of the mountains, clofe to which he now lay, were a fierce, untamed race of Banditti or Freebooters, who had never fubmitted to the Roman power, but lived in perpetual defiance of it, trufling to
this feafon,

not be

their forts and caflles, which were fuppofed to be impregnable from the iirength of their fituaHe thought it therefore of no fmall importion. tance ro tliC Em.pire, to reduce them to a ftate of

fubjedlion ; and, in order to conceal his defign, and take them unprovided, he drev; off his forces

[Q

lb. 5. 18.

on

of M.
Cilicia
;

rULLIUS CICERO.
.to

193
S^^n^^'

on pretence of marching

the diftant parts of A. Urb. 702.

but after a day's journey ftopt fhort,

and having refreflied his army, and left his bag- ^^^^ Sulpigage behind, turned back again in the night \vith cius Rufus, the utmoil celerity, and readied Amanus hforeM.ChAxj-

Ke divided his day on the thirteenth of O^ober, troops among his four Lieutenants, and himfelf,
accompanied by his Brother, led up one part of them, and fo coming upon the natives by furprize, they eafily killed or made them all prifoners they took f.x ftrong forts^ and burned many more , but the Capital of the mountain. Era:

diusMar^^^^^'s.

na^ made a brave refiftance, and held out from break of day, to four in the afternoon. Upon this fuccefs Cicero was faluted Emperor,, and fat

down

again at the foot of the hills, where he fpent five days in demolifhing the other ftrong holds, and wafting the lands of thefe Mountaineers.

In this place his troops were lodged in Camp *xhich Alexander the great had formerly ufed, when he beat Darius at Ifj'us \ and where there remained three Altars,^ as the monument of his vi^ory^ which bore his name to that day : a circumftance, which furniflied matter for fome
the fame
his friends at pleafantry, in his Letters to

<

Vol. IL
[/]

Rome [/]. From

Qui mons

erat hofti-

fempicernorum. Hie a. ad. iii. idus Odtoo. magnum numerum hoftium Caflella munioc idimus.
plenas
tifliina,

um

or, quam auttuautego. Ibi dies quinque morati, direpto

&

valiato

Amano, inde

dif-

cefTimus.

Att. 5, 20. Extedito exercitu ita nocId.

lucilceret, in

Ad

nodurno

Pontinii ad-

tu iter feci, ut ad iii.

ventu, noftro matucino cepimus, incendimus. Imperatores appellati fumus. Caftra

Odob. cum

A-

manum
curr.

afcenderem, diftributifque cohortibus & auxiliis,

:iliis

paucos dies habuimus, ea ipquas contra Darium habuerat apud IfTum Alexander,
la,

g-*"-i^

mecum

Quintus frater Lefimul, aliis C.

Legatus,
reliquis

Pontinius

Imperator baud pauUo meli-

M. Anneius, & M.

Tullius

Legati

194-

^h^

History

of the Life

A.Urb. 702.

a flout and free Serv. Sulpi- ^^^ Roman name, poflefled by cius RuFus, people, who had never been fubjed even to the M. ClauTheir chief was Xing of that Country.

^c^^'

Amanus, he led his army to anothei ^^ ^^^ High-lands, the mofl difafFed:ed to P^^^

From

Town

diusMar- called PindenifTum, fituated on a fteep and craggy CBLLus, j^.||^ (Irongly fortified by nature and art, and provided with every thing neceflary for defence it was the conftant refuge of all deferters, and the harbour of foreign enemies, and at that very time was expedling, and prepared to receive the Par:

thians

Cicero^ refolving therefore to chaftife their infolence, and bring them under the Roman and though he yoke, laid (icge to it in form
:
-,

puflied it on with all imaginable vigor, and a continual battery of his Engines, yet it coft him

above fix weeks to reduce

furrendering at difcretion.
fold for flaves^ and

it

The

to the necefTity of inhabitants were

when Cicero was writing the account from his Tribunal, he had already raifed about a hundred thoufand pounds by that fale : all
to the foldiers.

the other plunder^ excepting the horfes^ was given In his letter upon it to Atticus,
fays he, furrendered to me on the Saturnalia, after a Jiege of fev en- andforty days : hut what^ the plague, will you fay, are thefe Pin-

the Pindeniffians,

denijfmns ?

How

can

I help

never heard of their name before-that ? could I turn Cilicia into jE:

Legati prsefTent plerofque riec opinantes oppreflimus Kranam autem, qu^e fuit non
Vici inftar, fed urbis, quod acnter& erat ani caput

occifa, cepimus, caflellaque fex capta: complura incendi-

mus.

His rebus

ita

geftis,

caftra in radi^ibus

Amani ha-

Am

diu repugnantibus, Pontinio

iilam partem

buimus apud aras Alexandri & in reliquiis quatriduum

:

Amani

renente,

Amani
ftandis

delendis, agrifque va-id

ex antelucano tempore ufque ad horam diei dtcimam,

tempusomnecon'
Ep. fam.
15. 4.

Tumfimus

magna

multitudine liollium

vid. ibid. 2. lo;

U/ia

tf
iolia or

M.

TVL LIUS CICERO.

this

ip^

however for certain^ A. Urb. 702. ^^^- 5 6that no man could do more, than I have done, with After &c this an another adion, {w\ army^ .fuch Serv s nation, of the fame fpirit and fierce- cius Rufus neighbouring i called Tiburani^ terrified by the fate of Pinde- M. Clautiefsy and gave hoftages % fo diusMarnijfum, voluntarily fubmitted, CELLUS. that Cicero fent his army into winter quarters under the command of his Brother, into thofe parts of the province^ which were thought the mojl turbu'
Macedonia ? take
lent [n].

While he was engaged in this expedition, Papirius Psetus, an eminent wit and Epicurean, with whom he had a particular intimacy and correfpondence of facetious Letters, fent him fome military inftrudlions in the way of raillery ; to which Cicero anfwered in the fame jocofe manner
**

" Your Letter, fays he, has made me a I was wholly ignorant commander complete
:
:

**

before of your great Ikill in the art of

[tn] Confeftis his

war ; buc
Pindenif:

rebus ad
fae

Qui (nialumj
?

ifti

Oppidum
duxi
:

Eleutherocilicum, Pindeniffiim, exercitum ad-

men

qui funt ? inquies audivi uunquam.

no-

Quid

mo &
iflent:

quod cum

efiet ahiffi-

munitiffimo loco,

ab

iifque incoleretur, qui ne

Re-

gibus quidem

cum

&

unquam parufugitives reci:

ego faciam ? potui Ciliciam, >^toliam, aut Macedoniam redd ere ? hoe jam fic habeto, nee hoc exercitu hictanta ne&c. gotia geri potuilTe.
ad Att.
nalibus
5.

perent, & Parthorum adventurn acerrime expedarent ad exiftimationem imperii

pertinere arbitratus

20.

Mancipia vsenibant Saturlertiis,

cum

hsec fcrires erat

primere

eorum

fum comaudaciam
circum-

bebam in tribunali, ad H. S. cxx. lb.

vallo

&

fofTa

[] His
fcelere
Sc

erant finitimi pari

dedi, fex caftellis, caftrifque maximis fepli, aggere, vineis, turribus oppugnavi, ufufquetormentis multis, multis fagittariis, magno labore

audacia Tihurani : ab his, PindenifTo capto, obfides accepi, exercirum in hiberna dimifi. Q^ Fratrem
negotio praspofui, ut in vicis aui ccptis aut nialo pacatis exercitus collocaretur. Ep.

meo feptimo quadragefirao tlie rem confeci Ep. fam.

15. 4.

fam. 15.

4,
*'

perceive.

Ti;6

The
<c

History

of the Life

A. Urb. 702.

^^5^-

"

perceive, that you have read Pyrrhus and CiWherefore I intend to follow your preneas.

have fome lliips in reaServ^Sulpi-" cepts, and withal, to " dinels on the coad ; for cius RuFus, they deny that there " can be M. Claubetter defence any againfl the Parthian
^J^^^^^^' CELLUS.

" horfe. But raillery apart: you " what a General you have to deal
*'

little

think,
for in

with

have reduced to pradlice, government, *' what I had worn out before with reading, the " whole inftitution of Cyrus, i^c. [f?]" Thefe martial exploits fpread Cicero's fame into Syria, where Bibulus was juft arrived to take upon him the Command; but kept himfelf clofe within the gates of Antioch, //// the Country was cleared of all
this
I

the Parthians
title

: his envy of Cicero's fuccefs, and of Emperor, made him impatient to purchafe the fame honor by the fame fervice, on the Syrian fide of the mountain Amanus : but he had the misfortune to be repulfed in his attem.pt, with the intire lofs of the fr/l Cohort^ and fever al officers of diftin^ion^ which Cicero calls an ugly blow

both for the time and the effeB of

it

[^

].

Though

Cicero had obtained what he

calls

jufl vi^lory at Amanus^ and, in confequence of it, the appellation of Emperor^ which he afTumed from
this

time

yet he fent no public account of

it

to

KomiC,
ploit of

////

after the affair of Pindeniffum^ an exmore eclat and importance , for which he

expedfed the honor cf a Thankfgiving^ and began to His public entertain hopes even of a Triumph. Letter is loft, but that lofs is fupplied by a parfam. 9. 25. [_o] Ep. [/] Erat in Syria noftrum nomen in gratia. Venit interim Bibulus.
efie

coepit laureolam in muftaceo

qaasrere.

Credo

voluit

At ille cohortem priniam totam perdidit iane plagam odioiam acceperat turn re turn

appaJlatione liac inani nobis

par.

tempore.

In eodem

Amano

ad Au.

5. 20.

ticular

cf

MTULLIUS
:

CICERO.

197
q ^

ticular narrative of the whole adlion in a private A. Urb. 702. Letter to Cato the defign of paying this com-

pliment to Cato, was to engage his vote and con- Serv.SulpiCLirrence to the decree of the Supplication ; and by cius Rufus, the pains, which he takes to obtain it, where he M. Clau^^^sMarwas fure of o;ainino; his point without it, fhews CELL us the high opinion which he had of Cato's authority, and how defirous he was to have the teflimony of it on his fide. But Cato was not to be
.

moved

fi*om his purpofe

:

by compliment, or mo-

he was an enemy by princito all decrees of this kind, and ple thought them beftowed too cheaply, and proftituted to occafions unworthy of them fo that when Cicero's Letters came under deliberation, though he fpoke with all imaginable honor and refpecft of Cicero, lnd highly extolled both his civil and military adtives of friendlhip
:

minijlration^ yet he voted againfi

the Supplication

which was decreed however without any other

diffenting voice, except that of Favonius, who loved always to mimic Cato, and of Hirrus, who had a perfonal quarrel with Cicero yet when the vote was over, Cato himfelf affijled in drazving up the decree^ and had his name infert(d in it which was the ufual mark of a particular approbation of the thing, and triendlhip to tlie perfon But Cato's anfwer in whofe favor it pafled [q]. to Cicero's Letter will fhew the temper of the
:
*,

[^]

Nunc

publice littcras

ter ira^us

Roir.am mittere parabam. Ubcriores erunt, quam fi ex

Amano
video,

mififTem.

Ibid.

Hirius. Cato autcm & fc/ibendo afFuit ib. Res Ipfa dcclarat, tibi illum honorem fupplicationis

Dcindede Triumphs, quern

Reipub. tempora ad impcdient, ivTto^i'^oi/
Alt. 7. I.
nifi

jucundum
bendo

Ei porro afTenfus
fdijiiliarjs

eft

unus,
i

quod IcriHa:c enim Senatus confulta non Ignore ab amiciilimis ejus, cujus dc honore agitur, fcribi Iblere.
fuifl'e,

afFuilli.

meus Favonius

al-

Ep. fam. 15

6.

man,

ipS
^3f-5^CoJi.

The
occafion.

History

^- Urb.702. man, and the grounds on which he

SeRV.SuLPIcius RuFus,

of the Life aded on

this
,.

^- ^^^^
"
Jic

-R/T

/-I

^^

^*

-%/r

^' rT. Cicero, Emperor.

T-i

^'

^^^M
cELLug!"^

" ^^ compliance with what both

the

Repub.

and our private friendfhip require of me, I ^' rejoice that your virtue, innocence, diligence, " approved in the greateft affairs, exerts itfelf

"

*'

*'
*'
*^

*'
'

" "

" "
*'

"
''

every-where with equal vigor ; at home in the gown, abroad in arms. I did all therefore, that I could do, agreeably to my own judgement, when in my vote and fpeech, I afcribed to your innocence and good conduft the defence of your province, the fafety of the kingdom and perfon of Ariobarzanes ; the recovery of the allies to their duty and affection to our Empire. I am glad however, that a is decreed ; if, where chance had Supplication no part, but the whole was owing to your confummate prudence and moderation, you are better pleafed, that we fhould hold ourfelves
indebted to the Gods, than to you. But if you think that a Supplication will pave the way
to a

" "
*'

Triumph, and

fortune

fhould have

for that reafon chufe, that the praife, rather than

yourfelfi yet a Triumph does not always fol" low a and it is much more ho" norableSupplication, than any Triumph, for the Senate to *'

*'

preferved " by the mildnefs and innocence of the Empire " General, rather than by the force of arms, " and the favor of the Gods. This was the pur" of vote have and I now employed ; my pofe " more than it is cuflom to

decree,

tliat

a Province

is

to the

words,

my

^'

"
*'

you might perceive, what

fy,

I chiefly

do, that wifh to tefli-

how

defirous

am

regard to your glory,

to convince you, that in I had a mind to do what

'

took

of M.

TULLIUS CICERO,
honoraBle for

199
A. Urb. 702. yet

"
*' *^

"
*'

"

took to be the moft you ; lee that done which you are the ^q'^^' mod pleafed with. Adieu, and Hill love me ; Serv. Sulpiand agreeably to the courfe, which you have cius Rufus, M. Claubegun, continue your integrity and diligence diusMarto the allies, and the Republic [r]. C^SAR was delighted to hear of Cato's ftifFI

rejoice to

nefs, in hopes that it would create a coldnefs between him and Cicero ; and in a congratulatory Letter to Cicero y upon the fuccefs of his arms, and the Supplication decreed to him, took care to aggravate the rudenefs and ingratitude of Cato [j]. Cicero himfelf was highly difguiled at it; efpecially when Cato foon afterwards voted a Supplica-tion to his Son-in-law^ Bikulus, who had done much
lefs

to dejerve he malicious
-,

it.

gave me what I did

.^

raBer of

integrity

was Jhamefully not ajk^ a chabut denied me juftice^ clemency ;

Cato.,

fays he,

what 1

yet this fame man voted a Supplication of twenty days to Bihulus : pardon me^ if I cannot as he had a good opinion bear this ufage [/] yet,

did

main, and a farther fuit to make to the Senate, in the demand of a Triumph, he chofe to diflemblc his refentment, and returned

of Cato

in the

a civil anfwer, to fignify his fatisfadtion and thanks for what he had thought fit to do [ti].

him

Cicero's campaign ended juft had wilhed in one of his Letters

fighting enough
to

fo,

as Caslius

to

him

with
\

give a claim

to the laurel

yet

[r] Ep. fam. 15. 5.

[.f]

pJter fuit malevolus.

integritatis, jultitiae,
tise,

ris,

&

Itaque Cscfar iis littequibus mihi gratulatur,

pollicetur,

Dedit clemen-

fidei

tellimonium, quod

omnia

quo moin

do exukat Catonis
graciffimi injuria 2.
[/]
J

me

in7.

ad Att.

non quasrebam, quod polluat hie idem labam, negavit Bibulo dierum viginti. Ignofce mihi, non poli'um hxc
ferre
ibid.

Aveo
:

fcire

Cato qui4

agat

qui quidem in

me

tur-

[] Ep.

fam. 15.

6.

without

200
^^S;

^he

STORY

of the Life

A' Urb. 7p2. without the a battle with the Parthians [x]. rijk of

During thefe months of adlion, he fent away the ^ tivo ycung Cicero^Sy the fon and nephew, to King SulpiServ cfus RuFus, Deiotarus'i courts under the condu5f of the King's M.Claufnny who came on purpofe to invite them: they
Diu;

Mar

vt-ere

kept firidly to

their

books and

exercifes,

Tijade great proficiency in both ; though the one of thcr.iy as Cicero fays, wanted the bit^ the ether the fpur : their Tutor Dionyfius attended

and

them, a man of great learning and probity^ but^ as his young pupils complained, horribly paffionate \j\ Deiotaius himfelf was fetting forward to join Cicero with all his forces, upon the firfl news of the Parthian irruption : he had with him thirty cohorts^ cf four hundred men each^ armed and disciplined after the Roman manner^ with two thoufmd horfe \ but the Parthian alarm being over, Cicero fent Couriers to meet him on the road, in
order to prevent
his

marching
[z]
:

to no purpofe^

fo far

from

his

own dominion

the old

King how-

ever fecms to have broucrht the children back o

[.v]

Ut

optafti, ita eft; velais,

les

enim,

tautunimodo

autem aiunt eum furenter iSed homo nee docraici.

tior,

ut

habetem

negotii
Talis.

quod

eflet

nee fandior
i.

fieri

potefl.

ad laureolam
times,
iioftris.

Parthos
2.

lb. 6.

quia

diffidis

Ep. fam.

copiis 10. 8.

[r] iotaro

Mihi tamen eum De-

5.
\_y']

iotarus

CIccrones noftios Deiilius, qui Rex a Seeft,

ut ille in eonvenit, meiscatlrisefiet eum omnibus fuis copiis, habet autem co-

hortes quadringenarias noHra

natu appcl'atu5

iecimi in

armatu a triginta

regnum.

Dum

equitum

in a:ftivis nos

duo
ad

millia

ib.

eiienius, ilium eiie belli'.].

mum duximus. Ad
:

pueris

locum

Att.

5.

17.

k
Ik

Deittirum confeftim jam me venienrem cum magno iirmo equitatu & peditatu

Cicerones pueri amant inter fe, dilcunt, exercentur frrenis fed alter eget, alter
ealcaribus

cum omnibus
feci,

fuis

certiorem
clTe

non
4.

copiis, videri

cauiam cur
f.p.

abeilet a reg-

quid-m

in

Dionyf^ub niihi aniciibiio eft, Pueri

no

f^m. 13.

again

of

M.TULLIVS CICERO.

201
his A. Urb. 702.

of paying again in perfon, for the opportunity with his time feme and fpending compHments, Coff^* friend; for, by what Cicero intimates, they ap- Serv. Sulpicius Rufus, pear to have had an interview [c]. The remaining part of Cicero's Government M. Clau^"^ MhKwas employed in the civil affairs of the Province
:

where his whole care was to eafe the feveral cities and diftri6ls of that exceflive load of debts, in which the avarice and rapacioufnefs of former He laid it down governors had involved them. for the fixt rule of his adminiftration, not to fuffer any money to be expended
his officers
:

and when one of

either upon himfeJf or his Lieutenants, L.

Tullius, in pafling through the country, exa5Ied cnely the forage and firings ijohich was due by law, cind that but once a day^ and not^ as all others had
done before^ from every Town and Village through which they paffed^ he was much out of humor, and could not help complaining of it, as a flain upon
his Government^ fince none of his people befides

had

taken even a fingle farthing. All the wealthier Cities of the Province ufed to pay to all their Proconfuls large contributions for being exempted

from furnifhing winter quarters to the army : Cyprus alone paid yearly on this fingie account two hundred talents^ or about forty thoufand pounds : but Cicero remitted this whole tax to them, which alone made a v aft revenue and applied all the cuflomary perquifites of his office to the relief of the opprefTed Province yet for all his fervices and generofity, which amazed the poor people, he would accept no honors, but what were mere-,

ly verbal ; prohibiting all expenlive monuments, as StatueSy Temples, brazen hcrfes, &c. which,

[a] Deiotarus mlhi narravit, Sec. ad Att. 6.

;;. '

z\.

by

toi
A. Urb. 702.
Cic. 56.

Tbe

Hi STORY

of

tf)e

Life

by the flattery of Afia, ufed to be eredled of courfe to all Governors, though ever fo corrupt

^"^ opprefTive. While he was upon his vifitaServ^Sulpiof the Afiatic Diftrids, there happened to be tion cius RuFus, a kind of famine in the country , yet where-ever M. ClauPlus Mar- he cELLvs,
his family at but with the Merexpence, prevailed chants and Dealers, who had any quantity of corn in their ftore-houfes, to Jupply the people with
jj-g

came, he not only provided for

^^^

it

on eajy terms [^]

living himfelf,

all

the while,

hofpitably^ fplendidly not onely for all the Roman officers y but the Gentry In the following Letter to of the Province [cj.

and

and keeping an open tahky

him a fummary view of manner of governing.

Atticus, he gives
'*

his

" with my moderation and " would be much if

fo,
**

I fee,

fays he, that

you are much pleafed

abflinence
;

but you

efpecially at

Laodicea ;

you were with me ; where I did wonders at

[^] Cave putes quicquam homines magis unquam efTe

exinfula(nonuTp^oA/)?&^^ fed veriflimeioquor)numniusnul-

miratos,

cium, me obtinente provinciam, fumtus faftum efle nee in Remp. nee in quemquam meorum, prxterquam in L.
Tullium, Legatum.
Is caste-

quam nullum

terun-

lum me obtinente erogabitur.

Ob

ftupefcunt,

hsec beneficia, quibus obnullos honores

mihi, nifi verborum, decernj fmo. Statuas, fanajTsflpiTr-TT-cf,

prohibeo

ib.

roquiabllinens (fed Julia lege femel tamen in tranfitans,

Fames,

mea
rit.

quse erat in haq Afia, mihi optanda fue-

diem, non ut alii folebant omnibus vicis) facit ut mihi

excipiendus
ciuni
Praeter
fit,

Quacunque
vi,

iter

feci,

nulla
ci

audoritate

cum

terun-

nego

fumtus factum,

Has
iiio

eum accepit nemo, fordes anoftro Q^Titinad Att. 5.21.

accepimus

Civitates locupletes, ne in hiberna milites reciperent,

dabant. jnagnas pecunlas Cyprii talenia Attica cc, Qua

hortatione perfeci, & Gives Romani, qui frumeritum comprelferant, magnum numerum populis poUiib, cerentur [f] Ita vivam, ut maximos fumptus facio. Mirifice deledor hoc inftituto. A'X
Att. 5. 15.
^'

& cout & Grae-

thq

of

M.TULLIUS CICERO.

203

"
^^

the feflions, which I have juft held, fof the A. Urb. 702^ affairs of the Diocefes, from the thirteenth of

**
*'
<

<'
'*
*'

February to the lirft of May. Many cjties are Serv!^Sulpiwholly freed from all their debts , man^r great- ciusRufus, allowed to govern M. Clauly eafed ; and all, by being ^'usMarthemfelves by their own laws, have recovered

^q^^'

new

*'

"
'

''

There are two ways, by which I life. have put them into a capacity of freeing, or of eafing themfelves at leaft of their debts ; the one is by fuffering no expence at all to be made on the account of my government. When I fay none at all, I fpeak not hyperbolically
;

*'
*' **

there

is

not fo

much
what

is

incredible to think,
their

as a farthing : it relief they have

found from
this

"
*' *'

this fingle article.

The

other

is

"
*'

; Magiftrates had ftrangeand I examined abufed plundered them. ly who had of born one them, every any cfEce

own Greek

"
*'

they all plainly confeiTed ; the without and, ignominy of a public conreftitution of the money, which made vidion,
: :

for ten years pail

fo that the people, who they had pillaged " had our farmers for the prefent to paid nothing ** now have Luftrum, paid the arrears of the

**

**
'

*'

"
*' ** *'
*'

without murmuring. This has favour with the Publicans, high placed a grateful fet of men, you'll fay I have really found them fuch the reft of my jurifdid:ion fhall be managed with the fame addrefs and create the fame admiration of my clemency and eafinefs. There is no difficulty of accefs
lad,

even

me

in

to

me,
:

as there
;

is

to

all

other Provincial

Go-

vernors
lain
I

*^

*'
*'

no introdudiion by my Chamberam always up before day, and walking

:

"

Hall, with my doors open, as I ufed when a Candidate at Rome this is great and gracious here ; though not at all " troublefom ^
in

my

to do,

20+
A. Urb. 702.
Cic. 56.
T

'^^^'^

History

to me, &c." {d\ difcipline of governing gave no fmall method This V S PI. S who confidered it as a recius RuFus, umbrage to Appius M Clau- proach upon himfelf, and fent feveral querulous Dius Mar- Letters to Cicero, becaufe he had reverfed fome cELLUi. ^^ 1^^^ conftitutions " And no wonder, fays Cice' ro, that he is difpleafed with my manner, for " what can be more unlike, than his adminiftra*' tion and mine ? under him the Province was " drained by expences and exadions j under me,
C4
\
:

" troublefom

of the Life from my old habit and

*'

" what
*'

" " with fuch order, difcipline, and ly governed " This fome of Apmodcfty, as my Province, " as if 1 was pius's friends interpret ridiculoufly " to exalt my own charadler, in
;

not a penny levied for public or private ufe Ihall I fay of his Prasfedls, attendants, Lieutenants ? of their plunders, rapines, injuries ? whereas now, there is not a fingle fami:

*'

*'

and doing all this, not credit, but of his dif" truth the But was, that, from grace [^]." with his reconciliation of the time Appius, he live on to defire fincere had a good terms with the fplendor to of out well as him \ regard his great alas to and his of fortunes, birth, was married to of his for one liances ; daughters Brutus to another and [/] fo Pompey's fon,
;

taking pains order to deprefs his

for the fake of

my own

that,
fy] lb. 6.

z.

U\ Quid enim poted

tair.en diliimile,

efTe

quam

illoim-

[/] Ego Appium ut tccum fepe locutus fum, valcle Meque ab eo diligi diligo.
ftatim coeptum effe, ut fimultatern

iunpperante,exhauftam tibus & jadluri-s provinciam,

TiObis earn obtinentibus,

effe

depofuimu?,

fenfi

jam
;

num.

mum

nullum

^i^t

erogatum

me Pompeii totum efle fcis Brutum a me amari intelli.

gis.

&c. nee privaiimnecpublicc^ '

ib. 6. I..

Quid

ell

caufsB,
eft

cur

mihi non in optatis

compledi

of
that,

M.rULLIUS CICERO.
their principles

205
A. Urb. 702,

though

and maxims were

he took care to do every ^q'^^^' the with greateft profefTions of honor and Serv.Sulpithing it cius Rufus, refped towards Appius, even when he found M. Clau himto refcind his decrees ; confidering necefTary ^'^sMarfelf onely, he fays, as a fecond Phyfician called in to a cafe of Jicknefs^ where he found it neceffary to change the method of cure^ and when the Patient
totally different, yet

had

been brought low by evacuations^ ting^ to apply all kinds of lenitive medicines [^].

and blood-letand rejlojing

foon as the Government of Cilicia was alhim, he acquainted Appius with it by Letter, begging of him, that^ as no man could fuccede to it with a more friendly difpofition than him^ felf fo Appius would deliver up the Province to him^ in fuch a condition^ as one friend would expe5l to rein anfwer to which, ceive it from another [^] ; Appius, having intimated fome defire of an interview, Cicero took occafion to prefs it with much earneftnefs, as a thing of great fervice to them both ; and, that it might not be defeated, gave him an account of all his ftages and motions, and offered to regulate them in fuch a
lotted to

As

manner, as
plefti
setate,

to

make the place of

their meeting the

hominem, florentem opibus, honoribus, in-

Att. 6. i.
[/y]

Cum

genio, liberis, propinquis aflinibus, amicis. Ep. fam.

2. 13. fi"]

tern
niihi

meain

contra voluntaaccidiiTe:, ut

cum

imperio in Provin-

Ut

aegrotus alio
fit,

iraici

Medicus, cum medico traditus velit ei medico, qui

fi
fi

fibi fuccefierit,

quce ipfe in

curando
ille.

conilituerit

mutet
i^ d-

clam ire neceiTe efiet hsec una confolatio occuirebat, quodnequetibiamiciorjcuam ego l"um, quifquam pofiet fu'ccedere, neque ego ab ullo provinciam atciperi,quimallet earn

Sic Appius,

cum

mihi

quam maxime
3.

^cttfia-kui

provinciam curarit, ianguineni miferit, &c. ad

aptam explicatamqiictradere,
&c.
Ep. fam.
2.

mofi

266
A.
iJrb. 702.

57>^

History

cf th^ Life
convenience
:

mqfl agreeable to Appius*s

but

Ck.
g

Ap-

56.

GiusRuFuspo^"^ him; and as Cicero advanced into the Pro^ M. Clauvince^ retired ftill to the remoter parts of it^ and diusMar- contrived to come upon him at laft fo fuddenly^ cELLus. jj^^j. Cicero had not warning enough given to go which Appius laid hold of, asout and meet him
'

^^*

the firft edidts which Ci= pius being difguiled by cero publilhed, refolved for that reafon to difap-

a frefh

gi-ound

that pride, for refufing to him [/*].

of complaint againft Cicero's common piece of refpeft

This provoked Cicero to expoftulate with " I was informed, fays him, with great fpirit *' he, by one of my Apparitors, that you com*' plained of me for not coming out to meet you ; *' I defpifed you, it feems, fo as nothing could
when your fervant came to me told me, that you would and midnight, '' be with me at Iconium before day, but could *^ not fay, by which road, when there were *^ two ; I fent out your friend Varro by the one, *' and Q; Lepta, the Commander of my Artil" with inftru6lions to each lery, by the other, " of them, to bring me timely notice of your
*'

" be prouder " near

"
"

; upon which I went diwhere you know the reft. redly to Iconium^ " Did I then refufe to come out to you ? to Ap-

" meet " in all "

*

come out in perfon to approach, that I might you. Lepta came running back prefently hafte to acquaint me, that you had already
by the

paired

Camp
to

Emperor ; pius Claudius ; cordinff to ancient cuftom j and

an

then,

acall

above

[/]

me

libeoter ad earn

Appius

nollcr,

cum me adeft

partem provinciae fie venturum, quo te maxime Velle arbitrarer, &c.-.ib. 5.

prinium

ventare videt,
Att. 5, 17.

profedus Tarfum ufque Laodicea

**

ad

ta

*'

to

*'

*' **
*'

207 A. Urb. am to of all men who 702. I, apt my do more in that way than becomes my digni^ "i The fame man told Serv-Sulpity ? but enough of this. me likewife, that you faid, What! Appius cius Rufus^ went out to meet Lentulus Lentulus to Ap- M. Clau^'^^ ^'^^^ pius ; but Cicero would not come out to Apof
friend
?
;

M,rULLIUS CICERO.

pius.
**

Can you then be

?

tinence
greateft:

a tnan,

in

my

guilty of fuch imperjudgement, of the

;

**

"
*'
*'

prudence, learning, experience

and

politenefs too, which the Stoics rightly judge to be a virtue ? do you imagine, that your Appius's and Lentulus's are of more
I

may add

*'

weight with

*'
*'

"
*'
*'

me than the ornaments of virtue ? before I had obtained thofe honors, which, in the opinion of the world, are thought to be
I never fondly admired thofe names of yours I looked indeed upon thofe, who had left them to you, as great men ; but after I had acquired, and born the highefb Commands, fo as to have nothing more to defire, either of honour or glory, I never indeed
:

the greateft,

**
*'
*'

"
*'

that I

"
*' *'

"
**
*'

confidered myfelf as your fuperior, but hoped, was become your equal nor did Pomwhom I prefer to all men. Who ever pey, nor lived, Lentulus, whom I prefer to mythink if you however are of otherwife felf, a different opinion, it will do you no harm to
:

read with fome attention what Athenodorus

fays on this fubjedl, that you may learn wherein true nobility confifts. But to return to the : I defire to look point you upon me, not onely as
:

*'

" "

your friend, but a moft affedionate one be my care by all polTible ferv^ices to con*' vince you, that I am truly fo but if you have " a mind to let that fee, people you are lefs con*'
it

fhall

**

cerned for

my

intereft,

in

my

abfcnce, than

"

my

2o8
A. Urb. 702.
Cic. 56. Coff.

Tlje

History

of the Life
you from

''my

pains for yours deferved, I free that trouble i

CI us

RuFus

M. ClaupiusMarCELLUS.

" ^^^ ^ have friends enough to ferve and love " Both me and mine^ and above all Great Jove. E.I. 174.

"
*' ''

but not

if

you
all

are naturally querulous,

you

fliall

dill
:

hinder
that

my good
you

offices
is

and

wifties for
lefs

"
**
*' **

you

will do,

to

make me

follicitous

take them. I have written this with more than my ufual freedom,

how you

from the confcioufnefs of my duty and afFection, which being contradted by choice and ** judgement^ it will be in your power to preferve, *' as long as you think proper. Adieu [k]" Cicero's Letters to Appius make one book of his familiar EpiftleSy the greateft part of which are of the expotlulatory kind, on the fubjedt of their mutual jealoufies and complaints: in this flippery
at
flate

of their friendfhip, an accident happened

like to

Rome, which had

have put an end to

it.

His daughter Tullia, after parting from her fecond hufband Cralfipes, as it is probably thought,
by divorce [/], was married in her father's abfence to a third, P. Cornelius Doiabella : feveral parties had been offered to her, arid among them Ti.

Claudius Nero,
his
to

who

afterwards married Livia,

:

whom Auguilus took away from him

him
[h]

Nero made
referred
left

propofals to the women, to

Ep. fam.
3. 7.

Cicero

in

Cilicia,

who
had

whom
him
fides

he

the

[7]

What

corif.rins

this

notion is, that Criiiiipes aprears to hav:- been :ilive at .'this time, and and^^r Cicero's
difpleafuit
:

onely Senator, beHirrus, to whom he did not think fit to write about
as the

the affair of his Supplication. Ad Att. 7. 1.

'

who

mentions

management

of M. management of

rULLIUS CICERO.
that
affair;

209
^'"b. 702.

but before

thofe A-

overtures reached them, they had made up the ^^' ^ match with Dolabeila, being mightily taken "^^"^^ Serv.Sulpi-

and obfequious addrefs \m\, HcciusRufus, was a nobleman of Patrician defcent^ and of great M. ClaudiusMarparts and politenefs-, but of a violent, daring,
his complaifant

ambitious temper, warmly attached to Csefar , and by a life of pleafure and expence, which the prudence of Tullia, it was hoped, would corredt,
greatly diftrelled
in

his

fortunes

which made

Cicero very uneafy, when he came afterwards to know it []. Dolabeila, at the time of his marriage, for which he made way alfo by the divorce of his wife [<?], gave a proof of his enierpri-

fmg

genius, by impeaching Appius Claudius, of

praoiices againjl the fiat e^ in his government cf Qlicia, and of bribery and corruption in his fuit for

This put a great difficulty upon and made it natural to fufpedl, that he privately favored the impeachment, where the Accufer zvas his fon-in-law : but in clearing himthe Confuljhip,

Cicero,

felf

of

it

to

Appius, though he difTembled a

in provincia

little

[rn]

Ego dum

qus
7. 3.

nofti ferenda.

Ad

Att.

Omnibus rebus Appium orno, fubito fum fadlus accufatoris ejus focer-^ fed crede mihi nihil minus putaram ego, qui de Ti. Nerone, qui mecum egerat, c;rtos homines ad muiieres mi.eram, qui Ro-

Dolabellam a

te

gaudeo

primum
tiam

laudari,

amari.

deinde eNam ea qua?

fperas Tuliis

mea prudencia
Ep.

pofle temperari, fcio cui tuse

epiflolse

mam

refpondeant.
15.
ic.

venerunt

libus.

TponfaSed hoc fpero melius.

faftis

fam.

2.

8. 13,

Hac

obleflabar

fpecula,

Muiieres quidem valde.intelligo deletlari obfequio & comitate adolefcentis. ad Att.

Dolabellam
molelliis,

ab iis quas libertate fua

meum fore

6^6.
[//]

ib. 16. contraxerat, liberura [0] Illud mini occuric,quod

Gener

eft

fuavis

quantumvis vel ingenii, vel hdmanitatis; fatis. Reiiqua

nis

inter poftulationem, Sc delacionem uxor a

nomiDola-

bella difceffit

ib. 8. 6.

Vol.

II.

perhaps

2IO
^r-'

The

STORY

of the Life

A. Urb. 702. perhaps in difclaming any part or knowledge of ^^^^ match, yet he was very fincere, in pro-

^'

cius RuFus, inent,

',. fefline himfelf an utter ftransfer to the impeachand was in truth greatly dilturbed at it.

M.ClaudiusMarcELLus.

But as from the circumilance of his fuccedingto y\ppius in his Government, he was of all men ^^^ nio^ capable of ferving or hurting him at the
trial

fo Pompey, who took great pains to fkreen ; Appius, was extremely defirous to engage him on their fide, and had thoughts of fending one of his fans to him for that purfofe : but Cicero faved them that trouble, by declaring early and openly for Appius, and promifing every thing from the Province that could polTibly be of fervice to him j which he thought himfelf obliged to do the

more forward! y,

to

prevent any ftifpicion of trea-

chery to his friend^ on the account of his new aliiance [/>] : fo that Appius, inflead of declining a trial, contrived to bring it on as foon as he

could

and

v>^ith

that view, having

dropt his

pretenfions to a Triumph, entered the City, and offered himfelf to his Judges, before his Accufer

was prepared for him, and was acquitted without any difficulty of both the indidments. I N a little time after his trial he was chofen
Cenfor.^

the lafl

together with Pifo, Cafar's father-in-law^ who bore that office during the freedom
Clodius^s

of the Republic.

law^

mentioned anon majore equidignitatem

[/] Pompeiusdiciturvalde pro Appio laborare, ut etiam patent alterutrum de filiis ad te mifTurum. Ibid.
Poll

nunciata,

dem

lludio, fed acrius, aper-

tius, fignificantius

tuam defendilTem
vetuG
nollra

nam

ut

hoc nesiOtium autem temeritatem noflri Dola-

fimultas

antea
re-

flimulabat

me, ut

caverem
fidle
:

bella^^ deprecatorem illius periculo prcebeo

me

pro

ne cui fufpicionem
conciliate; gratia;
affinitas

ib. 2.

^3,

darem fic novam curam affert

lb. 3. 12.

Tamen

hac mihi

affinitate

cavcndi.

bov^

greatly reftrained the power of thefe Magiflrates, was repealed the lad year by Scipio, the Conful, and their ancient authority Serv.Sulpi-

of bove, which had

M,rULLIUS CICERO.

an
A. Urb. j^z,

q^

them [^], which was now exercifed cius Rufus, with great rigor by Appiiis who though really M. Clau^' us Mara libertin, and remarkable for indulging himfelf in all the luxury of life, yet by an affedation of
reftored to
:

feverity,

hoped to

retrieve

his

charader, and

pafs for an admirer of that ancient difcipline, for which many of his ancellors had been celebrated.

Caslius gives apleafant account of him to Cicero; " Do you know, fays he, that the Cenfor Ap*'

" tues and pidures, the number of our acres, " and the payment of debts ? he takes the Cen*'

pius

is

doing wonders amongft us, about

fiia-

*'

"
'' '*

forfhip for foap or nitre, and thinks to fcour himfelf clean with it; but he is miftaken; for

while he

" " Drufus fits Judge upon Adultery, by the " Scantinian law Appius on ftatues and pic" tures But this vain and unfeafonable
:

laboring to wafh out his ftains, he very veins and bowels, and lets us opens fee him. the more run away to us intimately to all the at thefe things : Gods, by laugh
is

his

[r]."

attempt of reformation, inftead of doing any good, ferved onely to alienate people from Pompey*s caufe^ with whom Appius was ftridly allied
:

whilft his collegue Pifo, who forefaw that effedl, chofe to fit flill, and fuffer him to difgrace
[$]

Dio, p. 147.
Scis

Nam
nas
?

[r]

Appium Cenfode

fibi

ford es eluere vult, vevifcera aomnes

&

rem hie
lignis

oftenta facere
tabuljs,

&

do,

Sc cere

de agri moalieno accerrime a-

Curie per Deos, & quam primum hsec rifum veni. Legis Scantinias judiciperit.

gere
elie.

f perfuafum eft ei, Cenfuram lomentum aut nitrum

um apud Drafum fieri. Appium de tabulis Sc fignis agere.

Errare mihi

videtur.

Ep, fam.

8. 14.

.the

2lt
r w
M. Clau-

The

History

of the Life

A. Urb. 702. /^^ Knights and Senators at pleafure^ which he did

^^^^ great freedom, and

among

others, turned

Serv.Sulpi- ^^^^^^^' the Hijlorian^ out of the Senate^ and was cius RuFus, hardly reftrained from putting the fame affront

upon Curio, which added

ftill

more

friends

and

DiusMAR.-|.j.ength to Csefar [s\ As to the -pubhc news of the year, the grand affair, that engaged all people's thoughts, was

the expectation of a breach between Casfar and Pompey, which feemed now unavoidable, and in which all men were beginning to take part, and

ranging themfelves on the one fide or the other. On Pompey's, there was a great majority of the Senate and the Magiftrates^ with the better fort of nil ranks : on C^far's^ all the criminal and obnoxious^ all who had fiiffered piinifhr/ient ^ or deferved it ; the greatejl part of the youth^ and the City mob , fome of the popular Tribuns^ and all who were oppreffed with debts ; who had a header fit for their purpofe, darings and well provided^ and wanting nothing but This is Cicero's account ; and Caelius's a caufe. is much the fame / fee^ fays he, that Pompey will have the Senate^ and all who judge of things ; C^far^ all who live in fear and uneafinefs ; hut
:

there
far

is

no comparifon between their armies [/].

Cas-

had put an end to the Gallic war, and reduced the whole Province to the Roman yoke but
:

[j]

Dio.

[/J

Hoc

mine

40. p. 150. video, cum hoaudaciffimo, paratiffi:

1.

caufam folam ilia caufa non habet, casteris rebus abundat

In

moque negotium eiie nes damnatos, omnes

niinia

cmigno-

ad Att. 7. 3. hac difcordia

video,

afFcftos, omnes damnadone ignominiaqi.e dignos

.iliac

facere.

Omnem

fere

iuventutem, Oinnem illam urbanam ac perditam plebem j

,

Tribunes valentes

omnes,

Cn. Pompeium fenatum, quique res judicant, fecuni habiturum ad Caefarem omnes, qui cum timore aut mala fpe vivant ad Casfarem acceiTu^ros. Exercitum conferen* dura non zKi, Ep. fam. 8.
:

^ui xre alieno premantur

14.

thousfh

of
though feemed

M.rULLIUS CICERO.
his
:

i^ij
A. Urb.
70;^.

commifTion was near expiring, he to have no thoughts of giving it up, and returnino; to the condition of a private fubjed: he

^^^- 5^-

pretended, that he could not pjjihly he fafe^ tf >b^cfus Rufus farted with his army^ efpeciaJly, while PompeyM ClaudiusMarheld the Province of Spain ^ prolonged to him for

The Senate, in the mean while, five years \u\. in order to make him eafy, had confented to let
him take
in perfon

CELLUS.

the ConfuJfloip^ without coming to fue for it

:

but

when

that did net fatisfy him, the

his
his
\

Conful, M. Marcellus, one of mies, moved them to abrogate

re^ly^ and appoint him a

fiercell

ene*
di-

Command

fiicceffor

and Jince the

war was
troops^

at an end^
to

and

come

oblige him to difband his likewife in perfon to fue for the

to

Confuljhip^ nor to allow the freedom of the City to his Colonies beyond the Po : this related particular-

ly to a favorite Colony^ which C^far^ when Conhad fettled at Comum, at the foot of the Alps., with the freedom of the City granted to it by the Vaful,

tinian
fide

law [;^]. All the other Colonies on that of the Po had before obtained from Pom-

pey's father the rights of Latium^ that is, the freedom of Rome to thofe who had born an annual

but M. Marcellus, out of a Magifiracy in them fingular enmity to Csefar, would allow no fuch
:

right to his Colony of Comum ; and having caught a certain Comenfian Magijirate^ who was adiing the Citizen at Rome, he ordered him to be feized, and publicly whipt\ an indignity, from which all Citizens were exempted by law ; bidding the man

ge and fhew
\ji]

thefe

marks of

his Citizenfhip to

Ca^

Csfari autem perfuafe falvam elfe non poife, fi ab exercitu recefTeFert illam tamsn conrit.

ditionem, ut
tradant.
[at]

ambo exerckus
J. Caef. c.

fum

eft,

Ibid,

Sueton.
1.

28,

Strabo,

5.

326.

M,

ai4
i^.

7i&^
'}02. far

History

of the Life

Cicero condemns this a6l as violent and Marceilus, fays he, behaved JhamefuUy in unjuft; ^^^ ^^f^ ^f ^^^ Comejtjian : for if the man had never SuLPiS cius RuFus, ^^^^ a Magijirate^ he was yet of a colony beyond M. Clauthe Po^ fo that Por/ipey will not be lefs fhock^d at it
Urb.

[^].

Cic. 56.

PIUS Mar- ^j^^^ Q^f^y. himfelf cELLus.

\%\
Serv. Sulpicius, was of a

^^^

^^^^ Conful,

and being ; a for civil war, a handle fuch give of his Colthe motions over-ruled and oppofed kgue, by the help of fome of the Tribuns nor was Pompey himfelf difpofed to procede fo viothat foot ; but lently, or to break with Casfar on

more candid and moderate temper

unwilling to

thought

term run out, and lb throw of itfelf, expire his arms againft odium of him the turning upon his Country, if he fliould refolve to adl againft This counfil prevailed the Senate and the laws.
it

more

plaufible to let his

and

his

command

many warm contefcatlons, in which the fummer was chiefly fpent, and a decree was offered oi the laft of September, *' That the Confuls
afcer
*'

" move
''
.

eled, L.

Paullus

and C.

Marceilus fhould

the Senate on thefirftof march, to fetand if any Matie the Confular Provinces ;
glilrate ihould interpofe, to hinder the effedt their decrees, that he Ihould be deemed an

*'

"of
''

"
,

*'
''

to the Republic , and if any one adlually interpofed, that this vote and refolution fnould be entered into the journals, to be con-

enemy

fidered

fome other time by the Senate, and

But four of the laid alfo before the people." Tribuns gave their joint negative to this decree,
*.'

C. Caslius, L. Vinicius, P. Cornelius, and C. Vi[y] Appian,

:

2.

443.

padanus.
noii

[x] Marceilus foede de Comenii etli ilJe Magiftratuip

Ita mihi videtur minus llomachi noilro,

ac Caefari moviiTe.

Ad

Att.

non

gefferit, erat

tamen

tranf-

5.11,

bius

of
pey,

M.

rVLLIUS CICERO.
In the coiirfe of thefe debates,

215
A. Urb. 702.

bius Panfa.

Pom-

affecled great moderation in whatever ^^'^ of he faid Casfar, was teized and urged on all Serv^^Sulpi. fides to make an explicit declaration of his fenti-cius Rufus, When he called it unjull to determine M. Clauments.

who

any thing about Casfar's Government, i?efore the the term prefcribed to it by law, firjl of march^ " What, if any one fhould then being afked, *' a put negative upon them, he faid^ there was '' no difference whether Casfar refufed to obey

diusMar-

CELLU^.

" "
*'

the decrees of the Senate, or provided men to obflru6l them What, fays another^ if he
:

fhould

infift

" Province too ? What, replied Pompey^ if my " fon fhould take a ftick and cudgel me [^] ?" intimating the one to be as incredible, and as imas the other. pious alfo

on being Conful, and holding his

C I c E R o's friend Cslius fhip this Summer from his

the fame

obtained the Mdile^

Competitor Hirrus, Cicero in the Augurate, and whofe difappointment gave occafion to many jokes between them in their Letters [hi. In

who had oppofed

this magiftracy,

being cuflomary to procure kinds from different parts of the Empire for the entertainment of the City, Calius begged of Cicero to fupply him with Panthers from
it

wild beads of

all

and to employ the CibariteSj a people of Province famed for hunting, to catch them : for it would he a refieBion upon you^ fays he, when Curio had ten Panthers from that Country-^ not to
Cilicia,

his

[
fi

<7

Cum

interrogaretur,

quit alius,

qui turn intercederent: dix-

exercitum
ille
fi

& Conful efTe & habere volet? at

it

hoc nihil interefie, utrum C. Casfar Senatui didlo audiens futurus non eflet, an pararet, qui Senatuiti decernere non Quid fi, in-

quam

filius

clementer. Quid meus fuftem mihi im-

pingere volet ? Ep. fam. 8. 8. 10. it, 2. [/>] Ep. fam. 9,

8. 2, 3, 9,

pateretur.

4-

let

216
A.Urb.
702. l^t
^"

The
^^ ^^^

History
more.

me have many

cf the Life He recommends

to

him

^Sirnt Feridius, a Roman Knight y ^c'ff in Cilicia, charged with fome ^^ Eftate ^^^ Serv. Sulpi-"^^^ cius RuF us, services or quit-rent to the neighbouring Cities, M. Clauv^hich he begs of him to get difcharged fo as to ^iusMar^2ake the lands free \c\ : he feems alfo to have de^ fired Cicero's confent to his levying certain contributions upon the Cities of his Province, to-

time

M.

%vards defraying the expence of his Jhews at Rome a prerogative, which the i^diles always claimed,
-,

to

and fometimes pradifed \ though it was denied them by fome Governors, and particularly by Quintus Cicero in Afia, upon the advice of his
:

Brother [J]

which, Cicero reto was find that his a6lions forry plied, " were fo much in the dark, that it was not yet *' known at Rom.e, that not a farthing had been

in anfwer to all

"

that he

"

exacted in his Province, except for the pay-

*^

^'

"
*'

ment of juft debts: that it was neither fit for him to extort money, nor for Caslius to take
it,

if it

were defigncd

for himfeif

and admo>f

**

niihed him,

"
*'

the part of live with to himfeif more cauothers, accufing tion and as to Panthers, that it was not confiflent

who had undertaken

" of hunting them upon

[f] t'bi de

with his charader to impofe the charge the poor people [^]."
lltteris

Fpre

Pantheris

fcripfi.

omnibus Tur-

[is'J

Ad

Qaint. Frat.

\. 9.
[/?]

pe
te

tibi erit,

ni decern

Patifcum CurioPantheras miiifie,

ferre,

fi

Refcripfi, me molefte ego in tenebris late-

non multis paitibus plures, &c. Ep. fam. 8, 9. M. Feridium tibi com-

rem,

nee audiretur

Roms,

mum
gari
iili

rmlluminmeaprovincianumnifi in aes alienum eradocuique nee mihi conciliare pecuniam licere, nee
;

mendo.
arios

Agros quos

fruttu-

habent

civitates,

vult

tuo bentiicio, quod

le

tibi faciell,

&

honelium fadu
efie

im-

capere ; monuique eum^ hz. ad Att. 6. i.

uiunes

ib,

But

of

M,rULLIUS CICERO.

217
A. Urb. 702. ^^^ 5^-

'

JBut though he would not break his rules for the fake of his friend, yet he took care to provide Panthers for him at his own expence, and fays that the Beafts made a fad compleafantly upon it, and him^ refolved to quit the country^ plaint againjl

Serv Sulp

cius Rufus,

fmce no fnares 'were laid in his Province for any other elves [/]. Creature hut themf

M. Claudius Mart cellu.

Curio

likewi'fe

obtained the 'Tribunate this

Summer, which he fought with no other defign, as many im.agined, than for the opportunity of
mortifying Casfar, againft whom he had hitherto But Cicero, who acSted with great fiercenefs [^]. knew from the temper and views of them both, how eafy it would be to make up matters between them, took occafion to write a congratulatory

Letter to him upon this advancement, in which " to confider Jie exhorts him with great gravity,

"

into

what

a dangerous criiis his Tribunate

had

*'
*' ^'
^'

fallen, not by chance, but his own choice ; what violence of the times, what variety of dangers hung over the Repubhc, hov/ uncertain the events of th:no;s were, how change-

'^

able

"
^'
^'

falfhood in
fore
fils,

mens minds, how much treachery and human lifehe begs of him thereto beware of entering into any new counbut to purfue and defend, what he him-

*'

thought right, and not fuffer himfelf to be drawn away by the advice of others" referring without doubt to M. Antony, the chief companion and corrupter of his youth in the conclufelf
^'
:

(ion, he conjures hirn, to

^'

employ

his prefent
.

[f] De Pantheris, per eos, qui venari folent,agitur mandato meo diligenter led mira paucitas eft & eas, quae fvint, valde aiunt queri quod nihil cuiquam inlidiarum in
:
:

&

[^]

Ep. fam. 2. 1 1 Sed ut fpero

&

volo,

uc fe fert ipfe
Sc

nos

Curio, bofenatum malct. Toeft:,

tus ut

nunc

hoc

fcaturit.

ib. 8. 4.

jnea provincia

nifi fibi

fiat.

*'

power

2i8
'* *' **

The
power

History

of the Life
from
acl of the Se-

to hinder his Provincial trouble

being prolonged by any new

nate" \h\ Cicero's fufpicions were foon confirmed by Letters from Rome ; whence Caslius fent him word of Curio'j changing fides^ and dehimfelf for C^efar : in anfwer to which, Cicero fays, ihe lajl page of your Letter in your own hand really touched me. What do you fay ? is Curio turned advocate for C^far? who would have
claring
.

thought

it
it

hejides
!

myfelf? for

let

me

die^

if

I did
to be

Good Gods, how much do I long laughing with you at Rome \f] ?
not exfe5t
A. Urb. 703.
Cic. 57.

The

new Confuls being

Cicero's particular

friends, he

^^'

wrote congratulatory Letters to them ^oxh upon their ele(5lion, in which he begged the

Paull us concurrence of their authority to the decree of his C. Claudivs fi^ppl^cation ; and what he had more at heart, that Marcellus. they wculd not fuffer any prolongation of his annual
term ; in which they readily obliged him, and received his thanks alfo by letter for that favor \k\ It was expedled, that fomething decifive would

now be done in relation to the ^wo Gauls ^ and the appointment of a fucceffor to C^far^ fince both the Confuls were fuppofed to be his enemies :
attempts of that kind were ftill fruflrated for when C. Marcellus intrigues of C^far began to renew the fame motion, which his kinfman had made the year before, he was obflrudl-

but

all

by the

-,

ed by

whom

his Collegue Paullus^ and the Trihun Curio^ Cafar had privately gained by immenfe bribes y his interefi to pafs
is

to fuffer nothing prejudicial to during their Magifiracy [/J.

He

faid to

have
ita vit;

\h'\

Ep. fam.
tuo

2. 7.

ret praeter

me

nam
13. 15.

[/]
git

Extrema pagella pupu-

chirographo. Quid ais ? Caefurem nunc defendit Curio ? quis hoc puta-

me

vam, putavi ib, \k\ Ep. fam. 11,12,13.

[/]

7,

10,'

Sueton. J. Cssf. 29.

given

of

M.

TtULLIUS CICERO.

219

half \n\ his great fortunes fo efFedlually in a few years, that he had no other revenue left^ as Pliny fays, but in the hopes of a civil war \o~\,
for he

A. Urb. 703. given Paullus about three hundred thoufand pounds^ and to Curio much more \m\ The firft wanted it to ^^^* 57defray the charges of thofe fplendid buildinzs. t m ,' which he had undertaken to raile at his own coft : Paullus, the fecond, to clear himfelf ^/ //6f load of hhCCiAVDiui Marcellus. a million : debts, zvhich amounted to about

had wafted

Thefe fads are mentioned by

writers
;

all

the

Roman

Momentumque fuit mutatus Curio rerum^

Gallorum captus fpoliis

^ C^faris auro

Lucan. 4. 819. the and Gaul^ fpoils of Cefar's gold^ Caught by Curio turrid traitor^ and his country fold.

and Servius
dit hie auro

Rome Cicero

applies that palTage of Virgil, Vendipatriam^ to the cafe of Curio's felling to Cafar,
in

the

mean time was expedting with

impatience the expiration of his annual term, but before he could quit the Province, he was oblig-

ed to fee the account of all the money, which had pafTed through his own or his officers hands, ftated and balanced ; and three fair copies provided, two to be depojited in two of the principal Ciand a third in the Treafury ties of his Jurifdi5iion, That his whole adminiftration thereat Rome. fore might be of a piece, he was very exa6t and punctual in acquitting himfelf of this duty, and would not indulge his officers in the ufe of any
[w] Appian.
[n]
asiis alieni.
1.

ii.

p.

443.
1.

buerit,

Sexcenties

Seftertium

principum.
15.

difcordiam prseter Plin. Hill. 1. 36.

Val.Max.9.
nihil in

[0]

Qui

cenfu ha-

public

of the Life A. Urb. 703 puMic money beyond the legal time, or abov the ^^^- 57fumm prefchbed by law, as appears from his Letters to fome of them who defired it \ pi. Out S^* T ^"^ annual revenue, which was decreed to Of Paullus, C Claudius him for the ufe of the Province, he remitted to Marcellus. /^^ Treafury all that he had not expended, to the
2

20

^'^^

History

amount of above eight hundred thoufand pounds, " This, fays he, makes my whole company " ; they imagine that it fhould have groan " been divided among themfelves, as if I ought *' to have been a better manager for the treafu" ries of Phrygia and Cilicia, than for our own,

But they did not move me ; for my own honor weighed with me the mofl yet I have *' not been wanting to do every thing in my " power that is honorable and generous to them
*' *'
:

all

[qV

His lalt concern was, to what hands he fhould commit the Government of his Province upon
no fuccefibr apit, fmce there was the Senate on account of the heats by pointed among them about the cafe of Casfar, which difturbed all their debates, and interrupted all other
his leaving
[j{)]

Laodicese

me prides
omnis
eft,

acceptarum

arbitror

publicae ptcunlit

nihil

cuiquam Scz. Ep. poffim commodare,

qaod
tam.

in illo genere

qui rnihi decretus C. Cslio Quaeflori relinquere annuuir., referre in asrarium ad H. S. ero, in-

fumptu,

eilet.

Me

2. 17.

Illud

quidem

certe

fadum

gemiiit noilra cohors, oirine illud putans dillribui fibi out ego amicior inportere
:

ed, quod lex jubebat, ut apud duas civ'tates, Laodicenf

venirer

cum
Sed

sranis,

& Apamaenf.-m, quse nobis maximas videbantur

fern,

Phrygum aut Cil;quam nofl o.

;

mea

rationes confedas
20.
[^]

&

me non moverunt nam laus apud me plurimum

Nee tamen quicquam quemquam fieri
quod praetermiferim.
7. i.

confoliib.

vah]it

datas deponeiemus, Lc.

5.

honorifice in
potiiit,

enim reflur & gloricfum putarem ex annuo

Cum

ad Act.

bufnief?.

of
bufmefs.

M.TULLIUS CICERO.
He
had no opinion of
his

221

A. Urb. 703. Quasftor,

C. Cslius, a young man of noble birth, but of no great virtue or prudence ; and was afraid af-

^q'^^'

^miuus

ter his glorious adminiftration, that by placing fo Paullus, C. Claudius great a trufl in one of his charader, he fhould But he had no ^-^arcellus. expofe himfelf to fome cenfure.

body about him offuperior rank^ who was willing it, and did not care to force it upon his left that might give a handle to fufpe5l him of fome inter eft or partiality in the choice [r\ He dropt the province therefore, after fome deliberation, into Callus's hands, and fet forward
to accept Brother,

immiediately upon his journey towards Italy. But before he quitted fia, he begged of Atticus by Letter to fend him a particular detail of all

the news of the City

" There

are odious re-

"

*'

" " "

*' *'

ports, fays he, about Curio and Paullus ^ not that I fee any danger, while Pompey ftands,

or

but

my

fay indeed, v/hile he fits, if he has health ; but in truth, I am forry for friends Curio and Paullus. If you are now

may

his

Rome, or as foon as you come would have you fend me a plan of " the whole Republic, which may meet m^ on " the road, that I may form myfelf upon it, and *' refolve what temper to aiTume on my coming " to the for it is fome City advantage not to *' come thither a mere ftranger [j]." We fee what
therefore at
I

thither,

\j-'\

Ego de

provincia de-

cedens

Qossilorem

Gallium

A Quinto non poterat

fratre
:

impetrari
ii

quern tamen

prspofai provinciae Pueram? At Qua^ftorem ; at inquies. nobilem adoleicentem j at

omnium
que
fus,

fere

erat fuperiore

quem

exemplo. Nehonore uPonprsficerem.

ante difcefTerat.

reliquiUem, dicerent iniqui, non ms plane poft annum, uc Senatus voluifi'et, de provinciadecefiifre,quoniam alteram me reliquifiem. Ep. fam. 2.
15-.

vit. it.

ad Att.

fc.

5, 6.

tinius

muko

[j]

Hac

odiofa afFerebantur

222
A. Urb. 703.
Cic. 57,
i,,

The

History

of the Life

whom indeed

what a confidence he placed in Pompey, on their whole profpedt either of peace

/p?./r ,. with Csefar, or of fuccefs affainft him, depended : ZCMILIUS r. Paullus, as to the intimation about his health, it is exprelC. Claudius fed more llrongly in another Letter ; All our

...

Marcellus.

fays he, hang upon the life of one man^ who attacked every year by a dangerous fit of JickHis conftitution feems to have beenpenefs \t\.
jjopes^
is

'

ciiliarly fubje6t to fevers

the frequent returns of

which,

great thofe fevers, which threatened his

in the prefent fituation of affairs, gave apprehenfion to all his party : in one of
life

for

many

days fucceffively,
public prayers for

all

the

^owns of

Italy

put up

his fafety ; an honor, which had never been paid before to any man, while Rome was free [].

Upon
vifit to

taking leave of Cilicia, Cicero paid a

Rhodes, for the fake ^ he fays, of the chilHis defign was to give them a view dren [a*]. of that florilhing Ifle, and a little exercife perhaps in that celebrated School of eloquence, where he himfelf had iludied with fo much fucHere he received the news of cefs under Molo. Hortenfms's death [ j ], which greatly afFeded him,
tur de Curione,

de Paullo

fpes

habemus

ibid. 8. 2.

non quo uUum periculum

vi-

[] Quo quidem tempore

univerfa Italia vota pro falute

deam

ftante

Pompeio,

vel e-

tiam fedente, valeat modo. Sed mehercule Curionis & Paulli meorum familiarium

ejus,

primo omnium

civi-

um,

Veil. Pat. fufcepit 2. 48. Dio, p. 155.

[.v]

vicem doleo.

Formam
li

tur mihi totius Reip.

jam

igies

Rhodum

volo pueroAtt. 6. 7.

rum

caufa.

Ad

Romae, aut cum

eris,

velim

niittas, quaj mihi obviam veniat. Ex qua fingere poffum, &c. ad Att. 6. 3.

me

[j ] Cum e Cilicia decedens Rhodum venifTem, & eo mihi de Q^Hortenfii morte efiet allatum ; opinione

[/]

In unius hominis, quotpericulofe

aegrotantis, pofitas omnes noiiras

omnium majorem animo

dolorem
Brut. init.

cepi

annis

anima,

by

of

M.TULLIUS CICERO.

223

A. Urb. 703. by recalling to his mind the many glorious llrughad fuftained at the that Bar, they together gles ^q in their competition for the prize of eloquence, l.^milius

P'

Hortenfius reigned abfolute in the Forum, when Paullus, Cicero firil entered it ; and as his fuperior fame C. Claudius was the chief fpur to Cicero's induftry, fo the Marcellus. fhining fpecimen, which Cicero foon gave of himfelf, made Hortenfius likewife the brighter for it, by obliging him to exert all the force of his genius to maintain his ground againil his young Rival. They pafied a great part of their lives in a kind of equal conteft and emulation of each but Hortenfius, by the fuperiority other's merit
:

having firft pafied through the ufual of gradation public honors, and fatisfied his ambition by obtaining the higheft, began to relax fomewhat of his old contention^ and give way to the charms ofeafeand luxury^ to which his nature fi:rong]y inclined him [z], till he was forced at laft, by the general voice of the City, to yield the poll of honor to Cicero ; who never loft fight of the true point of glory, nor was ever diverted by
his years,

of

any temptation of pleafure from his fteady courfe and laborious purfuit of virtue. Hortenfius publilhed feveral orations which were extant Ions: and it were much to be wifhed, after his death that they had remained to this day, to enable us to form a judgment of the different talents of thefe two great men but they are faid to have owed a great part of their credit to the advantage of his adion, which yet was thought to have
-,

more of art than was neceffary to an Orator^ fo that his compofitions were not admired fo much by the
[z] turn

Nam

is

fummum

poft Confulailiud fuum

nium rerum abundantia vout ipfe putabat, remiflius certe vivere. Brut,
luit beatius,

iludium rcmifit, quo a puero

fuerai incenTus; ati^ue in

cm-

p. 443.

Reader

24
Cicero's

The

Hi ST okY
had

of the Life
-,

A, Urb. 703- Pleader as they

been by the Hearer [^]

while'

^c' P'

more valued produ6lions made

all

others

Marcellus. Cicero himfelf, to have pofTefied every accomwhich could adorn an Orator; ekpliiliment,
gance of Jlile
tion
\

^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ fought for, and confequently i^MiLius lefs carefully preferved. the Hortenfius however Paullus, C. Claudius was generally allowed by the AncientSj and by

art of compojition
;

fertility

of inven-

fweetnefs of elocution

gracefidnefs of alli-

en

Thefe two Rivals lived however always [I?]. v/ith great civility and refpedl towards each other,and were ufualiy in the fame way of thinking and
acting in the affairs of the Republic ; till Cicero, of his exil, difcovered the plain marks of a lurking envy and infidelity in Hortenfius :
in the cafe

him no farther than to it to their common friend of complaints Atticus, who m.ade it his bufinefs to mitigate this difguft, and hinder it from proceding to an open breach ; fo that Cicero, being naturally placable, lived again with him after his return on the fame eafy terms as before, and lamented his death at this time with great tendernefs, not onely as the private lofs of a friend, but a public misfortune to his Country, in being deprived of the fervice and authority of fo experienced a fiatefnan at fo
yet his refentment carried
free

fome

critical a

conjuncture

[^].

From
\^a]

Motus

5:

gediis etiam

plus artis habebat, quam trat Oratori fatis. Brut. 425. di-

gentes non invenimus Quint, xi. 3. [^] Erat in verborum fplen-

cebat melius quam (cripfit Hortcniius. Orator, p. 261. Ejus fcripta tantum intra famam funt, qui diu princcps

dore elegans, compofitione aptus, facuhate copiofus nee pra:termittebat fere quic:

quam, quod
vox canora
425,
[r]

erat in caufa
-

Oratoram

exiitimatus

eit,

& luavis

Erut.

noviirime quoad vixir, iecundus-y ut appareat placuilTe a-

liquid

eo dicentt:,
J

quod

ie-

cum

& amico amiflb confuetudine jucuncia,

turn

Nam

of M.

rULLIUS CICERO.

225
A. Urb. 703.
^^^'

Rhodes he pafTed on to Ephefus, whence he fet fail on the firft of 05ioher^ and after

From

P'

a tedious pafTage landed at Athens on the ^ ^milius Here he lodged again in his old Paullus, fourteenth \d\ C. Claudius quarters, at the houfe of his friend Aridus. His
PredecefTor, Appius, who pafled alfo through Athens on his return, had ordered a new Fortico
or Veftihule to he built
the Eleufinian Ceres
\

Marcellus.

at his coft to the Temple of

which fuggefted a thought likewife to Cicero of adding fome ornament of the fame kind to the Academy^ as a public monu-

ment of
the

his

name,

as well as

of his affedion for

place: for he hated^ he fays, thofe falfe infcriptions of other people'' s ftatues {e\ with which the Greeks ufed to flatter their new Maflers, b^'
effacing the old titles, and infcribing them anew to the great men of Rome. acquainted At-

He

ticus

with his defign, and defired his opinion upon it but in all probability, it. was never exe:

now very (hort, thoughts wholly bent on Italy for as all his Letters confirmed to him the certainty of a war^ in which he muft neceflarily bear a part, fo he was impatient to be at home, that he might have the clearer view of the ftate of affairs, and take
cuted, fmce his flay at Athens was

and

his

turn

conjundlione
leftiam,

mukorum oiRciorum me privatum videbam augebat etiam moquod magna fapientium civium bonorumque penuria, vir egregius, conjunc-

verfis ventis ufi

elTemus
-Ts-poT J-

Ep. fam.
[^]
Ait/of,

14. 5.

Audio Appiam

tiffimufque

mecum confiliorum omniuin focietate alieniffimo Reipub. tempore extinclus Brut. init.
{d'\

Eleufinefacere. inepti fuerimus, fi nos quoque Academias fecerimus ? equidem valde ipfas Athenas amo, V^olo efie alifalias

Num

quod moaumentuni. Odi

inlcriptiones

alienarum
at tibi piat.

Prid. Id. O6lob. Athe-

Statuarum.
cebit.

Sed

nas venimus,

cum

fane ad-

Ad

Art. 6.

Vol.

II.

Q^

his

226

The

STORY

of the Life

A.Urb. 703. his meafures with the greater dehberation [/]. Yet he was not flill without hopes of peace, and ^^57' L ^Emilius ^^^^ ^^ fhoLiid be able to make up the quarrel bePaullus, tween the chiefs ; for he was, ot all men, the bell C.Claudius qualified to efieci: it, on account not onely of his Marcellus. authority, but of his intimate friendfhip with

them both
and wrote

who feverally /?^/^^rf^/ court to him at this time^ and reckoned upon him as their own,
-,

to

him with a
[

confidence

of his heing a

determined friend

^]

In his voyage from Athens towards Italy, Tiro, one of his flaves, whom he foon after made free, happened to fall Tick, and was left behind at Parrs to the care of friends and a Phyfician. 1 he mention of fuch an accident will feem tnfiing to thofe v/ho are not acquainted with the charader and excellent qualities of Tiro, and how much we are indebted to him for preferving and tranfmitting to poflerity the precious coiledlion of Cicero's Letters, of which a great part ftill remain, and one intire book of them written to Tiro himlelf ;

which relate to the fubjecl of this 'very Tiro was trained up in Cicero's family, illnefs. reft the of his young flaves, in every among
feveral of

[/] Cognovi exmultorum ad arnia amicorum Uteris

Ad
lira

Att, 7. 3.

\g\ Ipfi^m

tamen Pompei-

rem

Ut mihi cum fpedlare. vcnero, diflimulare non lice-

feparatim ad concordiam hortabor. lb.

Sed quum at, quid fentiamfabeunda fortuna eft, eo citius dabimus operam ut vcniamus, quo facilius de tota re delibereraus. Ep. fam.
14.5. Sive euim ad concordiam res adduci poteil, five ad bo-

Me
rat
alter.

autem uterque numefuum. Nifi forte fimulat

Nam

Pompeius non
fen-

dubitat (vere enim judicat)

ea, qua? de
tiat,

Repub. nunc

mihi valde probari.

U-

triufque

autem accepi
ut neuter

literas

ejufmodi

quemi
.

vidoriam, utriufve rei me aut adjutorem elle ^'elim, aut certe non c.xpertera.

norum

quam omnium pluris facere quam me vider^tur. lb. 7.

kind

cf

M.TULLIUS CICERO.

ni;

kind of ufefull and polite learning, and being a A. Urb. 703. youth of fingular parts and induftry, foon tecame q P' an eminent Scholar, and extremely ferviceable to ^ ^mVlius his mailer in all his affairs both civil and domeftic. Paullu;, *' As for Tiro, fays he to Atticus, I fee you C. Claudius " have a Concern for him Marcellus. though he is won:

*'

*'
''

me, when he is every kind both of my bufinefs and

derfully
ufefull

to

well, in
ftudies,

wifh his health more, for his own hurna* " nity and modefty, than for any fervice which I " But his Letter to Tiro reap from him [/:?]." himfelf will befl; ihew what an afFe6tionate mailer he was for from the time of leaving him, he never failed writing to him by every meiTenger or fhip which pafled that way, though it were twice or thrice a day, and often fent one of his fervants exprefs to bring an account of his health the firft of thefe Letters will give us a notion of the reft.
yet
I
:
:

M. T.
"

Cicero to Tiro,

" " "

*'

I thought that I fhould have been able to but in truth bear the want of you more eafily I cannot bear it ; and though it is of great importance to m.y expecled honor, to be at Rome
-,

" "
**
*'

as foon as poffible, yet I

ted a fin
utterly

when

I left

feem to have commitBut fmce you v/ere you.

" " have begun

[/^]

againft proceding in the voyage till health v/as confirmed, I approved your your refolution ; nor do I now think otherwife, if you continue in the fame mind. But after you
to take

meat again,
vel

if

you think
meorum..
ta-

De
fi

curae efTe.

go,
iTiihi

&

Tirone video tibi Quein quidem emirabiles iriiitates

fliidiorum

men

propter hrir.nnitarem

&

pra^bet,

omni genere

cum valet, in vel n<?gotiorum

modeiliamma:ofalvum,qnain prdpcer ulum msum. AdAtt.

7- 5-

0^2

''

that

228
A. Urb. 703.

The

History

of tic Life
Ls

have fent Mario ^c'a^^' ^^^^^ inflrudlions, either to come with ^^ y^^ L. ^Emilius Paullus, you to me as foon as you can, or if you Ihould C.Claudius" ftay longer, to return inflantly without you. Marcellus. (c AfTure yourfelf however of this, that, as far *' as it can be convenient to your health, I wifh '' nothing more than to have you with me , but " if it be neceflary for the pcrfedling your reco*' to very, ftay a while longer at Patr^ ; that I *' If wifh nothing more than to have you well.
^^^^

" " " "

that

you

fhall

be able to overtake me, that

I

^^ y^^^^ confideration.

*'

*'

you fail immediately, you will overtake me at Leucas but if you ftay to eftablifli your health, *' take care to have good company, good wea*' Obferve this one ther, and a good veffel. " if love me, that neither thing, my Tiro, you " Mario's this nor Letter coming, hurry you. *' By doing what is mofb conducive to your health, '' you will do what is moft agreeable to me: weigh *^ all thefe things by your own difcretion. I want '* fo as to love love makes ; you ; my you yet " me wifh to fee well want of ; you my you,
:

as foon as pofTible the firfl is the all take care above ^ therefore, things, " to all well of innumerable feryour get again: *' vices to me, that will be the moft acceptable. c the third of November [{]." By the honor, that he mentions in the Letter, he means tbe honor of a Triumph ^ which his friends

''
*'

to fee

you

better

encouraged him to demand for his fuccefs at Amanus and PindenilTum in writing upon it to " confider what he would ad:

Atticus,

"

fays,

you

vife

me

with regard to a

Triumph
part, if

to

which

*'

"

Bibulus, my my a was while in there Parthian who, Syria, nefriends invite

:

me

for

[/}

Ep.

hvti, 16. 1.
^'

veri

of
*'

M.TULLIUS CICERO.
a foot out

22c,'

ver

fet

" any more than he did upon a certain " out of his own houfe, had not follicited a ^ Jp " Triumph, I fliould have been quiet; but now Paullus '' " it is a fliame to fit Hill as to a C. Claudius
*'

of the gates of Antioch,

A. Urb. 703. ^^c- 57occafion

" " "

" "
*' *'
''

*'

[k],'' Again, had no thoughts of it before Bi- Marcillus. bulus's moft impudent Letters, by which he obtained an honorable fupplication. If he had really done all that he has written, I fhould rejoice at it, and wifh well to his fuit but for him, who never ftirred beyond the walls, while there was an enemy on this fide the Euand phrates, to have fuch an honor decreed for me, whofe army infpired all their hopes and fpirits into his, not to obtain the fame,

Triumph,

*'
*' *'

be a difgrace to us , wherefore you

will

I I

fay to us

joining

to myfelf

am

determined to

pufli at all,

and hope

to obtain all [/].'*

the contemptible account, which Cicero gives of Bibulus's conduct in Syria, it mufl appear llrange to fee him honored with a fupplication,

After

and afpiring even to a Triumph

but

this,

was not for any thing that he himfeif had done, but for what his Lieutenant CaiTius ha.d perform*
ed
in his abfence againft the Parthians
;

the fuc-

cefs

of the Lieutenants being afcribed always to

the aufpices of the General,

v/ard and glory of
[/J]

who

reaped the re-

it

and

as the Parthians v/ere

Ad Art.

6.8.
nulla
tenuit

[/]

De Triumpho,
unquam

non extalerit, honore augeri, me, in cujusex*

tern fuit,
cjcitu fpem illius exercitus habuit, idem non aiTeqni, de-

me

cupiditas

im'pudcntiffimas litteras, quas amplilTima fuppiicatio conlecuta elL A quo

li

ante Bibuli

dccus

ei\

nollrum

noilrum,

gauderem

ea gefta funt, quae fcripfu, & honori faverem.

ilium, qui

inquam, te conjungens. Itaque omnia expcriar, &, ut

fpsro, affequar,
7. 2.

Ad

Att.

Nunc
ta,

pedem perEuphra*

quoad A

hollis cis

0^3

tke

^230

The

History

of the Life

A. Urb. 703. the moft dangerous enemies of the Republic, and the more particularly dreaded at this time for their ^^57^^^^ defeat of Crafllis, fo any advantage gained

L ^MiLius

Paullus, againft them was fure to be well received at Rome, C.Claudius and repaid with all the honors that could reafonMarcellus. ably be demanded.

Whenever any proconful returned from his Province with pretenfions to a Triumph^ his Faf ces^ or Erifigns of Magiftracy^ were wreathed with Iciirel : v/ith this equipage Cicero landed at Brundifium on the twenty-fifth of November, where his wife Terentia arrived at the fame moment to
fo that their firfi falutation was in the From Brundifium he great fouare of the City.

meet him,

marched forward by flow ftages towards Rome, making it his bufinefs on the road to confer with all his friends of both parties, who came out to falute him ; and to learn their fentiments on the from which he foon perprefent ftate of affairs all what of ceived, things he moil dreaded, an univerfal difpofition to war. But as he forefaw the confec^uences of it more coolly and clearly than any of them, fo his firil refolution was to npply all his endeavours and authority to the mediation of a peace. He had not yet declared for either ''A^q^ net that he was irrefolute which of rhem to chufe, for he was determined within him,

felf to

fcllcw Pompey, but the difficulty was,

in the

how

to

'did:

mean time towards

Csefar, fo as to

avoid taking part in the previous decrees, which Vv'ere p-T oared againfl: him ^ for abrogating his command., and obliging him to dtjhand his forces on pain of hei'ng declared an enemy : here he wiflied to ilmd neuter a vvhilc, that he might adl the mediator V/ith the better grace

and

effecl [m].

In
[;;/]

Bnindifium venimu?

vii

Kal. Decemb.

- Terentia

vero.

of

M.

rULLIUS CICERO.
:

231

In this difpofition he had an interview with A. Urb. 703. of which he Pompey on the tenth of December^ ^p'i'^' " were toge- ^ Account the W^ following ,l,us gives '^ He feemcd Paullus, ther, fays he^ about two hours. " to be extremely plealed at my return-, he ex- C.Claudius " horted me to demand a Triumph promifed^^^'^*^^^^^^" to do his part in it ; advifed me not to appear *' in the Senate, before I had obtained it, led I '' fliould difguft any of the Tribuns by declaring " my mind in a word; nothing could be more " obliging than his whole difcourfc on this fub" But as to public affairs, he talked in jed. " fuch a ilrain as if a war was inevitable, with" out giving the leail hopes of an accommoda"tion. He faid, that he had long perceived *' Csfar to be alienated from him, but had re" ceived a very late inftance of it ; for that

" Hirtius came from Ctefar a fev/ days before, " and did not come to fee him and when Bal" bus an account of to
;

promifed

''

*'

" "
^

before day, bufinefs, the Hirtius was gone back again to C;far this he takes for a clear proof of Casnight In fliort, far's refolution to break v/ith him.
his

bring Scipio the next morning

''
''

that

" "

have no other comfort but in imagining, he, to whom even his enemies have voted a fecond Confulfhip, and Fortune given
the grcateft power, will not be fo

mad

as to

put

all

this

to

hazard
eodem

yet

if

he begins to
afTentio
ib.

vero,

quae

quidcm

Cn.Pompeio

3,

tempore ad poiram Brundifinam venit, quo ego in perturn, mihiqiie obvia in Foro
luit.

Nunc
ipfum,
tu

incido in difcrimen dabunt opevam, ut

ellciant fententiam

meam
Itatu

Ibid.
o-ta/s
.-^

autem de noftro

co-

ivlihi

unum

erit,

quod a Pompeio gubernabitur

die.
iVl.

gitabis j primuiii quo artificio tueamur bencvolentit.m*-

Tulli

(jCv']'<'j.:t.

Csfaris

ib. 1.

0^4

"

ruHi

2^2
A. Urb. 705.
Cic. 57.

"

of the Life more rufli on, I fee many things to be appre<c venture I dare to commit to writtended than " ine at prefent I propofe to be at Rome on

The

History

"

There is one little circumftance frequently Marcellus. touched in Cicero's letters, which gave him a in his prefent fituation, viz. uneafmefs particular his Coding a fumm of money to defar^ which he
C.

Paullus, Claudius

the third of January \n].

imagined might draw fome reproach upon him, fince he thought it dijhonorahle and indecent^ he to one^ againft whom we were fays, to be a debtor
ailing in public affairs : yet to pay it at that time would deprive him of a part of the money which He defires he had referved for his Triumph [i?]. Atticus however very earneftly to fee it paid, which was done without doubt accordingly, fmcc we meet with no farther mention of it it does not appear, nor is it eafy to guefs, for what occafion this debt was contracted, unlefs it was to
:

fupply the extraordinary expence of his buildings after his return from exil, when he complained of being in a particular want of money from that general diflipation of his fortunes. PoMPEY, finding Cicero wholly bent on peace, contrived to have a fecond conference with him before he reached the City, in hopes to allay his
fears,

and beat him off from that vain

:

projecfb

of an accommodation, which might help to cool he overthe zeal of his friends in the fenate took him therefore at Lavernium, and came on
[;r]

Ad

Att. 7. 4.

eft,

quod folvendi funt numCaefaii,

[0] Illud

tamen

nor. defi-

mi
Eft

&

nam, dum
de
lit

adeffe te putabo,

triumphi

eo

inftrumentum conferendum.

Csefaris

nomine rogare.
lb.

confedlum relinquas.
6.
jVIihi

5.

enim dixo^tcVj dvliToKi-^ efTe. TcvofMi/a yjx.o}ZiKiT',]V ^ lb. 7. 8.

autem moleiliftim'am

with

CICERO. of M. with him to Formias, where they fpent a whole

afternoon in a clofe converfation. Pompey ftrongly difcou raged all thoughts of a pacification, de" that there could be none but what daring,

rULLIUS

233
A. Urb. 703,
^^^- 57r

^
Paullus,

was treacherous and dangerous; and that if C.Claudius Caefar (hould difband his army, and take the Marcellus Confullhip, he would throw the republic into confufion : but he was of opinion, that when
he underftood their preparations againft him, he would drop the Confulfhip, and hold faft his army but if he was mad enough to come forward and aft offenfively, he held him in
:

contempt from a confidence in his own and thofe of the Republic. They had got with "them the copy of a fpeech, which Antony, one of the new Tribuns, made to the people four days before it was a perpetual inve&ive on Pompey's conduct from his firft appearance in public, with great complaints againfl the violent and arbitrary condemnation of Citizens, and the terror of
utter

troops,

his arms.

After
if in

reading
fays

it

over

what think you,

himfelf do,

Pompey, would

together, Casfar

pofTeflion

of the Republic,

beggarly fellow, his Qiiasto talk at this rate ? on the whole, dares flor, feemed not Pompey onely not to defire, but

when

this paultry,

even to dread a peace

[/>]."
flill

Cicero however would not

be

driven

from the hopes and purfuit of an accommodation J the more he obferved the difpofition of both parties, the more he perceived the necefTity of it the honefl, as they were called, were difunited among themfelvcs many of them difTaand fisfied with Pompey ; all fierce and violent
:

lb. 7, 8.

denouncing

25+

7^^

History

of the Life

denouncing nothing but ruinto their adverfaries; he clearly forefaw, what he declared without fcru* " that which fide foever pie to his friends, got " the better, the war muft necefTarily end in a " Tyranny j the onely difference was, that if
Thoucrh fcribed, if their friends, be flaves." he had an abhorrence therefore of Char's caufe,
yet his advice was, to grant him his own terms, rather than try the experiment of arms, " and *' prefer the mod unjuft conditions to the juileft
*^'

" "

their

enemies conquered, they Ihould be pro-

*'
'

*'

arrived at Rome on the fourth of fils, when he P C.Ci^hvmvsJ^^^^^U'y where he found the two new Confuls On his Marcellus, intirely devoted to Pompey's interefts. L. CoRNELitowards the multitudes came City great approach us Lentuq^^ ^q m^tt him with all poffible demonftrations of honor his laft ftage was from Fompeys villa
:

A. Urb. 704. '5

after they had been arming him for themfelves ten years againft pafl, it was too late to think of fighting, when they had made him too ftrong for them [^]." This was the fum of his thoughts and coun:

war

fince

becatife his own at 'Tufculum lay out of the great road^ and was not commodious for a public entry : on his arrival^ as he fays, he fell into the very flame of civil difcordy and found the war in

near Alha^

[y] De Repub. quotidie magis timeo. Non enim boni,

vias.

Ad pacem
fino,
eft,

Jb. 7. 7. hortari

non deutilior

ut

putant,

confentiunt.

quae vel injufta

Quos ego Equites Romanos,

quos Senatores vidi, qui acerrime turn cetera, turn hoc

quam juftifTimum
nunc

bellum.

Mallem

lb. 7. 14. tantas ei vires

non

Pompeii vituperarent. Pace opus eit, exvitftoria cum multa mala, turn certe Tylb. 7. 5. rannas exiflet.-'

iter

dedilTet, quam lenti refifterit.

tarn va-

Nifi forte hasc

lb. 7. q. illi turn ar-

ma

dedimus, ut nunc

cum

Ut
here
;

fi
fi

vi6\us

eris,

profcri-

viceris, tamen. fer-

\)tnt parato 7. 6.

pugnaremus. lb.

effeft

of
cffecSt

M fULLIUS
:

CICERO.

235

proclamed [r] " that C^far motion, had juft voted a decree, ^q' ff^' *' his difmifs a certain fhould army by day, or c. Claudius *' be declared an enemy; and when M. Antony Marcellus, " and Q. Caffius, two of the Tribuns, L-Cornelioppofed
negative to it," as they had done to decree every propofed again ft C^far, and could not be perfuaded by the intreaties of their friends,
their
*'

for the Senate,

at Sclpio's A. Urb. 704.

us^^^^'^"'

to give

to the authority of the Senate, they to that vote, which was the laft reproceded fort in cafes of extremity, " that the Confuls,

way

"

**

Pr^tors, Tribuns, and all who were about the city with Proconfular power, Ihould take care
that

*'

the

As

this

Republic received no detriment." was fuppofed to arm the Magiftrates

with an abfolute power, to treat all men as they pleafed, whom they judged to be enemies, fo the Two TrikmSy together with Curio, immeelves upon it, and fled in diately withdrew themf difguife to
Ctefar's ca?np^
"violence to their perfons^

on pretence of danger and though none was yet offered

or dejtgned to them \_s\

figure in the affairs

began to make a of Rome, was of an ancient and noble extradion ; the Grandfon of that ce-' lebrated ftatefman and orator, who loft his life in the mafTacres of Marius and Cinna his Fa:

M. Antony, who now

[r] Ego ad urbem acceffi prid. non. Jan. obviam mihi iic eft proditum, ut nihil poffit fieri

[.?]

Antonliis

fter

ornadus. Sedincidi in
civilis difcor-

Q^Caffius, nulla vi expulii, ad Csefarem cum Curione profedli erant ; poftea

&

quidem no-

ipfam flammam

quam

fenatus

diai vel potius belli

Prstoribus,

Ep. Fam.

i6. ii.

&
nihil
eft
x'^tt.

Confulibus, Tribunis plebis

nobis, qui Proconfules fu-

Ego
Toi<;

in

Tufculanum
&-c.

hoc tempore.
d7rif.vl6o<T(,

Devium
ad

mus, negotium dederat, ut curaremus, ne quid Refp. detrimenti caperet Ep.

7. 5.

Fam.

16, II.

ther.

236
A. Urb. 704. ther, as
Cic. 58. Coil.

^^^
it is

History

of the Life already related, had been honored

one of the mofl important commifTions of ^f^g Republic ; but after an inglorious difcharge ^i^^ ^^^^ ^^^ character of a corrupt, o^ i^> opMarcellus, The Son, L. Corn ELI- preflive, and rapacious Commander. us Lentu- trained in the difcipline of fuch a Parent, whom LU8 Crus. was very young, launched out he when Iq^ j^g at once into all the excefs of riot and debauche'with
.

and wafted his whole patrmcTjy before he had the manly gown ; fhewing himfelf to be the on pit genuin Son of that Father, who was born, as
ry,
to fquander money^ without ever ema thought on hufinefs^ till a prefent fiecejjity ploying His comely perfon, lively wit, inhim. urged finuating addrefs, made young Curio infinitely fond of him ; fo that, in fpight of the commands of a fevere Father, who had often turned Antony out of doors, and forbidden him his houfe, he could not be prevailed with to forfake his company ; but fupplied him with money for his frolics and amours, till he had involved himfelf on his account in a debt of fifty thoufand

Salluft fays,

This greatly afflidled old Curio pounds. was called in to heal the diftrefs of the Cicero
lyy

-^

and

whom

fami-

eyes, to himfelf,

the Son entreated, with tears in his intercede for Antony, as well as for and not fuffer them to be parted ; but

Cicero having prevailed with the father to make his fon eafy, by difcharging his debts, advifed him to infift upon it as a condition, and to enforce it by his paternal power, that he ihould have no farther commerce with Antony [/].

This
^

\f\

Tenefne memoriaPrste decoxiffe

?

domini

poteflate,

quam

tu in

textatum
Ivbidinis

nemo unquam puer emptus

caufa
tani
tuit in

Quoties te pater ejus domo fuo ejecit ? kifne me de ^rebus mihi no-

Curionis.

of

M.TULLIUS CICEsRO.

237

This laid the foundation of an early averfion in A. Urb. 704. Antony to Cicero, encreafed ftiil by the perpe- ^^'i^* tual courfe of Antony's life, which fortune hap- q Claudius Cicero's inveterate ene- Marcellus, pened to throw among -L. Cornelifecond the mies for, by marriage of his mo"* Lentuto that who he became Lentulus^ fon-in-lavj ther, was put to death for confpiring with Catiline, by whom he was initiated into all the cabals of a traiterous fadlion, and inferred with principles perniTo revenge the cious to the liberty of Rome. death of this father, he attached himfelf to Clo:

dius,

and during

his

Trlkmate, w^as one of the mi-

; yet was detected at the fame time in fome criminal intrigue in his family, injurious to the honor of his Patron [ti]. From this education in the City, he went abroad

niflers of all his violences

to learn the art of

profligate of
all

command
his

of his courage in

war under Gabinius, the mod who gave him the ; in Syria, where he iignalized horfe
Generals
the rejioration of
firft

and acquired the

ligion

tail of

King Ptolemy^ martial glory, in

re^

an expedition undertaken againll the laws and

of
his

Country

[x'].

From

Egyft, inflead

tiflimisdicere? recordaretem-

li

pus illud, cum Pater Curio mcerens jacebat in ledlo ; filius fe ad pedes meos profternens,

num

patri perfuafi, ut zes aliefilii diflblveret, &:c.

lacrymans

te

milii

commendabat, orabat,
contra patrem fuum,
fi

ut te

M. Amo. [Philip. 2. nius, perdundse pecuniis genitus, vacuufque curis, nifi Salluft. Hiilor, inllantibus.

18.]

H.

S.
:

Fragm.
\_ii]

l.iii.

fexagies peteret defenderem tantum enim fe pro te interceffifTe ipfe autem amore
:

Te domi
erat

?.

Lcntuli

educatum
Intimus Clodio

[Phil, 2. 7.] in Tribunatu

ardens confirmabat, quod defiderium tui difcidii ferre non

poflet

tjUo

cendiorum fax
litus eir,
[,v]

uninium incujus etiam

turn

quo ego tempore

ilorentiflinia^.

domi quiddam jam

kc. Inde

mo-

tanta mala
Eiiiis:

fa-

fedavi vel potius fufiu.

ib. 19. iter Alejvaudri-

am.

238
-^

The

History

cf the Life

A. Urb. 704. of coming home^ where his debts would not fufFer ^^ ^^ ^^ y^' ^^ '^^^^ ^^ Ctefar into Gaul^ the C ff^* C.Claudius ^^^^ refuge of all the needy, the defperate, and

and after fome flay in that ProMarcellus, the audacious L. CoRNELivince, being furnifhed with money and credit by he returned to Rome to fue for the Qusexus"cr^^' Csfar, Csfar recommended him in a florfhip [jy].
:

prefiing
''
*'

entreating him to accept Antony's fubmifTion, and pardon him

to Cicero,
for

manner

''

what was
:

"
*'

pafb,

and to

afiifh

him

in his

prefent fuit

with which Cicero readily com-

plied," and obliged Antony fo highly by it, that he declared war prefently againft Clodius, " whom he attacked with great fiercenefs in the
*'
*^'

Forum, and would certainly have killed, if he had not found means to hide himfelf under fome flairs." Antony openly gave out, that he owed all this to Cicero's generofity, to whom he could never make amends for forinjuries,

**
*'

*^

but by the deflrudlion of his ene[z]" Being chofen Queflor, he went back immediately to C^far, without expe6ling his lot^ or a decree of the Senate^ to apwhere, though he had point him his Province all imaginable opportunities of acquiring money, yet by fquandering, as fafl as he got it, he came

" mer "

my

Clodius

am, contra
tatem,
:

fenatus aulori-

contra Rempub. & fed habebat dureligiones cem Gabinlum, &c. ib.

Aim a te, tu a me obfervatus in petitionc Quaecuftoditus

fturae,

P.

quo quidem tempore Clodium in foroes cona-

[j] Prius
liam ex

in

ultimam Gale Gallia

mum
[z]
tisfieri

^gypto quam dovenifti

tusocciderc ita praedicabas, te non exilHmare nifi ilium

interfeciiTes, pro tuis in
^9lt

ad
ib.

unquam

mihi

Quaefluram petendam. vid. Plutar. in Anton.

me

injuriis fatis

fafturum
fe ille

Acceperam jam ante

paterer a te

Cum

ib. 20. fugiens in fca-

Ciefaris litteras, ut mihi fa-

larum tenebras
pro Mil. 15.

abdidillet,

&c.

poftca

a fecond

cf

M.TULLIUS CICERO.

139

example
caufe

a fecond time emply mid beggarly to Rorne^ to put ^- V^^- 74' in for the Tribunate ; in which office, after the ^^^q|^* o^ his friend Curio ^ having fold himfelfc Claudius
to C^far, he was, as

of the enfuing
^

Cicero fays, as much /^^ Marcellus, war^ as Helen was of that ofl^- CorneliTus^Cru"."

rroy [al

certain at leafl, that Antonyms flight gave the immediate pretext to it, as Cicero had foretold :
is
'
'
'

It

Csefar, fays he, will betake himfelf to arms, either for our want of preparation, or if no
fuls

regard be had to him at the eledion of Con but efpecially, if any Tribun, obflru^t; ' the deliberations of the Senate, or exciting ing ' the people to fedition, fhould happen to be * cenfured or over-ruled, or taken off, or ex' pelled, or pretending to be expelled, run " ' in the fame Letter he [b] away to him of the merit of his true but ftate a fhort, gives " caufe What, fays he, can be more impudent ?
'
:

*'

*'

" "
*'

have held your government ten years, not granted to you by the Senate, but extorted by violence and fa6tion the full term is expired, not of the law but of your licentious will but allow it to be a law ; it is now de:

You

*'
*'

you muft have a fuccelTor you and fay, have fome regard to me do " will you you firfl fhew your regard to us
creed, that
:

refufe,

[ci]

Deinde

fine

fenatus

caufa

belli,

&c

Phil. 2.

confuko, fine ad Csefarem

forte, fine lege cucurriili. Id

21, 22.
[h']

Aut addita

caufa,

fi

cnim unum
ditis
vitas

in teriis

egefta-

forte

Tribun us pleb. fenatum

tis, aeris alieni,

gium

nequitiae, perrationibus perfuefie ducebas advolafti

egens adTiibunatum, ut in eo Magiftratu, fi poifes, viri

tui fimilis efles

ut

Helena

impediens, aut populum incitans, notatus, aut fenatus confulto circumfcriptus, aut fublatus aut expulfus fit, dicenfve fe expu'fum ad fe ad Att. 7.9. confugerit
*'

Trcjanis,

fie ifte

huic R.eipub.

pretend

240
A. Urb. 704.
Cic. 58.
'^
cc

^he

History

of the Life

ci!fuDius

Marcellus,
L. CoRNELi-

us LentuLus LRUS.

pretend to keep an army longer than the peoto the will of the pig ordered, and contrary " Senate but ?" C^far's ftrength lay not in [c] the goodnefs of his caufe^ but of his troops [d] ; a confiderable part of which he was now drawing together towards the confines of Italy, to be
Yesif^Y

to enter into

adion

at

flight of the 'Tribuns

gave him

any warning the a plaufible handle

:

and feemed to fandlify his attempt ; but " his real motive, fays Plutarch^ was the '' fame that animated Cyrus and Alexander be'' fore him to diflurb the peace of mankind ; *' the unquenchable thirft of Empire, and the *' wild ambition of being the greateft man in
to begin,
*'

the world, which was not pofTible,

till

Pom-

*'

pey was

firfh

deftroyed

[^]."

Laying hold

therefore of the occafion, he prefently paffed the Rubicon, which was the boujidary of his Province

on
an

that fide of Italy, and

hoflile

marching forward in

manner, pofleiTed himfelf without renext great Towns in his way, Aof the fiftance

riminum, Pifaurum, Ancona, Arctium, &c [/]. In this confufed and difordered flate of the
City, Cicero's friends were folliciting the decree of his Triumph^ to which the whole Senate figni-' '' the conful Lenfied their ready confent : but
*'

tulus, to
[c] Ibid.
it.

make

the favor

more

particularly his

Ep. fam. 16.

1 1

eft,

caufa fy] Alterius duels melior videbatur, alterius erat firmior.

ciofa,
illie

quod paulio ante decretum ut exercitum citra Rubiconem, qui finis eft Gallise,
educeret
?

Philip. 6. 3.

Hie omnia
valentia.

{"pe-

Itaque
tia

Pom-

peium fenatus audoritas, farem militum armavit fiducia.

[e']

C-

cum Caefar amenquadam raperetur, &

[/]

Veil. Pat. 2. 49. Plutar. in Anton. An ille id faciat,

Ariminum, Pifaurum, Anconam, Arretium oceupaviiTet, Urbem reliquimus Ep.fam.

i6. 12,

(C

own.

of
**

M,TULLIUS CICERO.
it
till

24,1

" "
*''

Own, defired that

while,

A. Urb. 704. might be deferred for a

giving

his

the public affairs were better fettled, word, that he would then be the

^p'n^^'

q Claudius

mover of it himfejf [^]." But Casfar's fud- Marcellus. den march tov/ards Rome put an end to all far- L. Corneh^^ Lentuther thoughts of it, and flruck the Senate with fuch a panic, that, as if he had been already at
the
gates,

City, and
Italy. di(lrid:s

they refolved prefently to quit the retreat towards the fouthern parts of

All the principal Senators had particular afligned to their care, to be provided with troops, and all materials of defence againft
Csefar.
Cicero

the Sea coaft from

had Capua^ ixjith the infpeMon of Formic : ht zvotdd not accept any

greater charge for the fake of preferving his authority in the tafk of mediating a peace \h\ ; and for

the fame reafon, when he perceived his new Province wholly unprovided agalnii ^n enemy, and that it was impoffihle to hold Qapua without afirong
Garrifon^ he refigned his Employment^ to a5t at all [f]; ,

and
^

chofe not

Vol. IL
[^1 Nobis tamen
:

R
Inter h?.3

Capua
Nullum

prsfam

a rormiis.

turbas Senatus frequens flagifed Lentavit Triumphum

tulus Conful, quo

majus fuum
elTent ne-

beneficium faceret, fimul atijiie

majus ncgotiun) fufclpere volui, quo plus apud ilium mea; ad litters cohortationefque pacem valerent. Ep. fam. i6;
li.

expediflet

qu^

cefTaria

de Repbb.
negOtib
;

dixit
1

fe
1.

[/]

Nam

cdrte nd'qu^ turn

ielaturum.
[>&]

p. Fanl. i6.

Ego

lion

turbulerito

prsfurri vult enim

cUmimparatam jam Capuam, non folum ignavise

pec'cavi,
delciflus,

fed etiam

peffidce

me Pompeius efTe, quern tota haec Campana & maritiina orahabeat;'STicr>;e7?-oj', ad quern deleAus & fumriia negotii ref&rentur.

fufpicionem fugiens, acciper^ noliii ad Ait. 8. 12.

Quod
a

tibi

oftenderam,

cum

me Cilpuam
feci

rejeciebam;

Ad

Act. 7,

quod

i,
Ego adhuc
orse

maritime

caufa, fed fleri illam

non vitandi oneris quod vidcbam te-

urbem

fine cxer-

citu

2^2
A,Urb. 704.
Cic. 58. Coff.
i-y

7he

History

of the Life

Capua had always been the common femlnaor place of educating Gladiators for the great

where Csefar had a famous fchool which he had long mainMarc^llus^ of them mafters for the occafions of beft the L. Corn ELI- tained under us Lentu- his in the City ; and as they were fhews public lusCrus. and well furnilhed with arms, ygj-y numerous to apprehend that they would was reafon there make fome attempt in favor of and break out, which their mafter, might have been of dangerin the prefent circumftances of ous confequence that fo the Republic ; Pompey thought it neceftheir fchool, and diftriof out them take to fary bute them among the principal Inhabitants of the place, affigning two to each mafier of a family^ by which he fecured them from doing any mifj^gj^ qj:
;

Rome

at this time,

chief \k\

While the Pompeian party was under no fmall deje6t:ion on account of Pompey's quitting the City, and retreating from the approach of Csefar, T. Labienus, one of the chief Comcame over
manders on the other fide, deferted Ccefar^ and to them, which added fome new lifft to their caufe, and raifed an expecftation that

clta

non

pofle

Pomp. Ad Att. 8. u. As Cicero, when Proconoften menful of Cilicia,

tions the Diocefes that were annexed to his government,

Ep. Clc. ad

powers Ecclefiaftical, carried with them in their original ufe, the notion of a real authority, and jurifdiftion. [ i ] Gladiatores Csfaxis^

qui Capuae funt

fane

com-

[Ep.
this

Fam.

13.

67.]

fo in

mode Pompeius

diftribuit,bi-

command of Capua he
of

calls himfelf the Epifcapus

nos fingulis patribus familiarum. Scutorum in ludo 00

1

the Campanian coaft : which Ihews, that thefe names,

which were appropriated

terwards
in to

af-

fuermit eraptionem fafluri fane mulfuiffe dicebantur turn in eo Reip. provifumeft.

the

Chriftian

AdAtt.

7. I4.

Church

charat^ers

and

many

of M. many more would follow

TULLIVS CICERO.
his

245
^^^5 8-

example.

Labie- A. Urb. 704.

nus had eminently diflino-uifhed himfelf in the Gallic war, where next to Casfar himfelf, he had born the principal part; and by Casfar's favor, had raifed an immenfe fortune fo that he was much carefTed, and carried about every-where
:

q q
Marcellus
L.Corneli^^ Lentu^^^ ^Rus

by Pompey, who promifed

from from
his

himfelf great fervice

fame
all

his credit in Csefar's

and experience, and elpecially army, and the knowcounfils

all
:

ledge of

his

but his account of

things, like that

friends
;

of

defertors,
the

was accommo-

dated rather to pleafe,

reprefenting

than to ferve his

weaknefs of

new

defar^s

troops^ their averjion to his prefent defigfis^ the difthe two Gauls^ and difpofition to revolt ; affeiliojt of

the contrary of all which was found to be true and as he came to them finin the experiment without bringing with him any of thofe gle,
:

his reputatroops with which he had acquired no other had defertion than fo his effedt, tion,

to ruin his
fervice to

own Pompey

fortunes,
[/].

without, doing any

a much better profped to all honeft men, was the propofal of an accommodation, which came about this time from Cosfar ;

But what gave

[/] Maximam autemplagam accepit, quod is, qui fummam audoritatem in illius

exercituhabebat, bienus focius fceleris

:

T. Laefle

(Pompeius) ron dubltantem de imbecillitate Caefaris copiarum cujus adventuCnzeus nofter multo animi plus
:

luit

reliquit ilium,
eft
:

&

nono-

habet. lb. 7.16.

Nam in
dignitatis,
'

Labieno parum
lb. 8. 2.

efl

bifcum

multique idem faduri dicuntur. Ep. fam.

16. 12.

Aliquantum animi videtur ad attuliffe nobis Labienus

Att. 7, 12.

forth in armis Cafaris Labienus erat

trans fuga
'vilis

nunc

Lucan.

5.

345.

Labienum

fecum

habet

who

i44
A. Urb. 704.
Cic. 58.

of the Life who while he was pufhing on the war with

credible

The

Hi St c>Rr

in-

nothing but peace, vigor, ^ perfuade Cicero, C C Dius ^^^^"^^^^^"^^^P^^^^^'^^^^^y " that he had no other view, than to fecure himMarcellus. L. CoRNELi- " felf from the infults of his enemies, and yield us Lentu- ic fj^e j.flrank in the ilate to Pompey [m]." ttJsCRus. ^^^ conditions were, " that Pompey Ihould go " to his government of Spain, that his new le" vies fliould be difmiiTed, and his garrifons *' withdrawn, and that Caefar Ihould deliver up
talked of
'' *'

his

"
^'

Provinces, the farther Gaul to Domitius, the hither to Confidius, and fue for the ConfuKhip in perfon, without requiring the privilege of abfence*"
in

Thefe terms were readily

embraced

grand council of the Chiefs at Capua, and young L. Casfar, who brought them, was fent back with Letters from Pompey, and the " that addition onely of one prasliminary article,
a

"

Csefar in the

mean while

fliould

recall

his

**

troops from the Towns, which he had feized *' beyond his own Jurifdidion, fo that the Senate *' might return to Rome, and fettle the whole *' Cicero affair with honor and freedom [;/]." was prefent at this council, of which he gave an

account to Atticus
*'

I came to Capua, fays be, the twenty-fixth of January, where yefterday

;

"

[w] Ealbus major ad

fcribit,

me

traditurum.

Ad

Confttlatus

nihil malle Caefarem,

quam, principe Pompeio, fine metu vivere. Tu, puto,

hasccredis.

petitionem fe venturum ; neque fe jam velle, abfente (c,

[]
4:at

Att. 8, 9. Feruntur oftlnino con-

Ad

rationem fuihaberi. Ep. fam. 16. 12. ad Att. 7. 14.

Accepimus
ex
iis

conditiones

ditiones ab illo,aut,Pompeius
in

fed ita at removeat praefidra

locis, quae

Hifpaniam
:

diledus
prjefidia fe ultericite-

qui funt habiti,

&

ut fine
beri

metu de

iis

occupavit, con-' ipfis

noftra dimittantur

ditionibus

Romse Senatus haIbid,

rem Galliam Domitio,

pofl'et.

riorem Confidio Noniano

"

met

of 245' I met the Confuls, and many of our order: A. Urb. 704: ** S^^'i^* they all wifh that Csefar would ftand to his *' Favo- p r\. conditions, and withdraw his troops *' nius alone was agamlt all conditions impofed Marcellus, " by Casfar, but was little regarded, by the L. Corne" Council: for Cato himfelf would nov/ rather ^^^^^ Lentu.
*'
' :

M.rULLIUS CICERO.

"
*'

*' *'
''

"
*'

*'

" " " "

'*

than fight; and declares that if^^^ Csfar recall his garrifons, he will attend the Senate, when the conditions come to be fetded, and not go to Sicily, where his fervice is more neceiTary, which I am afraid will be of ill confequence there is a itrange variety in our Sentiments ; the greateft part are of opinion, that Casfar will not ftand to his
live a Slave

Crvs.

terms, and that thefe offers are made onely to but I am apt to think hinder our preparations his he will that v/ithdraw troops ; for he gets
;

"
*'
*

" fmce "

'

made Conful, and in than the way, which he iniquity, is now purfuing , and we cannot pofTibly come off without fome lofs ; for we are fcandaloufly unprovided both with foldiers, and with money,
the better of us by being
lefs

with

all

that

which was

either private in the

is

City, or public, in the treafury,

left

a prey

to

him

[<?]."

the fufpence of this treaty, and the of Caefar's anfwer, Cicero began to expedlation conceive fome hopes that both fides were relent-

During

and difpofed to make up the quarrel ; Csefrom a refie6lion on his raflinefs, and the Senate on their want of preparation but he ftill and the a C^efar, fending fufpedled meflage fo
ing,
far
:

important by a perfon fo infignificant, as yowtg Lucius C^far^ looked^ he fays, as if he bad done it by way of contempt^ or with a view to difdame it^
[0]

Ad

Att. 7, 15,

efpecially

24^
were

"^^^

History

of

th

Life

A. Urb. 704. efpecially,

when

after offering conditions,

which

likely to be accepted, he would not Tit ftill Coff^* C, Claudius ^o wait an anfwer, hut continued his march with Marcellus, the fame diligence^ and in the fame hofiile manner^ L. CoRNELi- ^j His fufpicions proved true; for hefore [^]. ^^ which came foon after from Furnius letters, Crus^' ^^ and Curio, he perceived, that they made a mere jefi cf the Emhaffy [^].

It feems very evident,

real thoughts of peace,

that Casfar
his

to

by Pompey's anfwer, and the trifling reafons which he gave for flighting it [r] but he had
:

had no no regard paying

a double view in offering thofe conditions ^ for by Pompey's rejefting them, as there was reafon
to expedl from his known averfion to any treaty, he hoped to load him with the odium of the war :

or by his embracing them, to flacken his preparations, and retard his defign of leaving Italy; whilfl: he himfelf in the mean time, by following him with a celerity that amazed every body [j],

might
[/>]

cem
lum

Spero in prjefentiapanos habere. Nam & ilfuroris, & hunc noftrum

Ib.

fermone aliqiio arrepto pro mandatis abufus eft ib. 13. litteras tuas, [y] Accepi
Philotimi,
Furnii,

copiarum fuppcenitet.

Curionis

vereor ut his ipfis (Caefar) contentus fit.

Tamen
ifia

Nam
L.

ad Furnium, quibus irridet L. Caefaris legationem,

ib. 19.

cum

mandata
debuit

dedifiet

Caefari,
qiiietior,

efle

paullo

dum refponfa refer-

[r\ Casf. Comment, Bell. Civ. 1. i.

'is']

dc

rentur. Ib. 7. 17.

O
!

celeritatem incredi-

Caefarem quidem, L. Caefare cum mandatis de pace miflb, tamen aiunt acerrime
Joca occupare
ib. 18.

bilem

adAtt. 7.22. Cicevi-

ro calls
8.

him a monfter of gilance, and fcelerity

9.] for

L. Ciefarem vidi

ut id ip-

fummihi

ille

videaturirriden-

di caufa fecifie, qui tantis de rebus huic mandata dedcrit.

nili

from his paf[ib. fage of the Rubicon, though he was forced to take in ail the great Towns on his road, and fpcnt feven days before
Corfinium,
yet in
lefs

forte

non

dedit,

&

hie

than

two

of

M.TULLIUS CICERO.

24.7

might chance to come up with him before he could A. Urb. 704. embark, and give a decifive blow to the war ; ^^^ y^' from which he had nothing to apprehend, but q Claudius *' I now plainly Marcellus, it's being drawn into length. ''fee, fays Cicero, though later indeed than IL. Corneli^^ Lentu*' could have wifhed on account of the afTurances

"
*^

given
elfe,

"

me by Balbus, that he aims at jiothing nor has ever aimed at any thing from the beginning, but Pompey's life [t]"
we
confider this famous pajfage of the Ruabftradtedly from the event, it feems to been fo hazardous and defperate, that

If
bicon^

have
of
it,

Pompey might

reafonably contemn the thought

man

as of an attempt too ralh for any prudent If Csfar's view into venture upon.
:

deed had been to poflefs himfelf onely of Italy, his arthere could have been no difficulty in it then in was which my was undoubtedly the belt with animated the world , flufhed with vidory, zeal for the perfon of their Ger.eral, and an over-

any which could be brought againft it into the field: but this fingle army was all that he had to trull to ; he had no refource the lofs of one battle was certain ruin to him ; and yet he mull necefTarily run the rifk of many before he could gain his end for the whole Empire was armed againft him; every Province offered a freih enemy, and a frefh field of adion, where he was like to be expofed to the fame dangler as on the plains of Pharfalia. But above all, his e-

match

for

two

months

he

marched

[/]

Intelligo

ferlus

of through the whole length

the Italy, and came before before gates of Brundifium Pompey could embark on the

dem quam
epiftolas

vellem,

equlpropter

fermonefque Balbi,
plane nihil aliud

fed video
agi,
nihil

9th of March.
13.

Ad

Att., 9.

quam

ut

a6tum ab initio, hunc occiderec. Ad

Att. 9. 5.

nemies

248

The

History

of the Life

A, Urb. 704. nemies were mafters of the fea, fo that he could 5^* not tranfport his forces abroad without the hazard ^1^-

C Claudius ^^ ^^^'^^ being

usLentuRus.

deilVoyed by a fuperior fleet, or of at land by the difficulty of conveyftarved Marcellus, being L. CoRNELi- ing fupplies and provifions to them Pprnpeyre^:

];^(j

Lus

chiefly

on

this fingle circumftance,

it

and was
th&

pej-f^jaded, war in his

that

tnujl
:

necejjarily
it

determine

feems furprifing, favor [u] how fuch a fuperiority of advantage, in the hands of fo great a Commander, could poflibly fail of
fo that

fuccefs; and we niufl: admire rather the fortune, than the condudl of C^far, for carrying him fafe

through

all

thefe difliculties to

the poflTefllon of

the Empire.

feldom fpeaks of his attempt, but us a kind of madnefs [^], and feemed to retain fome hopes to the lafl:, that he would not perfift in it the fame imagination made Pompey and the
:

Cicero

Senate fo refolute to defy, condition to oppofe him,

when they were

C^efar

in no on the other

hand might probably imagine, that their fl:iffnefs proceded from a vain conceit of their fl:rength, which would induce them to venture a battle with him in Italy, in which cafe he was fure efo th^t both fides were nough to beat them drawn farther perhaps than they intended, by
:

mifl:aking

each other's

view.

C^efar,

fay,

might well apprehend, that they deiigned to try their ftrength v/ith him in Italy: for that was the confrant perfuafipn of the whole party, whq thought it the befl; fcheme which could be purfued Pompey humored them in it, and always talked big to keep up their fpirits , and though he
:

q;ii

\u] ExiHimat, (Pompeius) mare teneat, eum neceiTe rgrum potiri Itaque navilis

fima cura
\_x]

fuit.

lb. 10. 8.

Cum

Csfar amentia
Ep. fam.

qqadam
16. 12.

raperetur

.apparatus ei Temper antiquif-

of faw from the

he kept

M.TULLIUS CICERO.
firft

249
^p'i^*

^be necejfity of quitting Italy ^ yet A. Urb. 704. the fecret to himfelf, and wrote word at

the fame time to Cicero, that he Jhould have a q Claudius Jirm army in a few day5^ with which he would Marcellvs, march againji C^efar into Picenum^ fo as to give ^-CoRnELithem an opportunity of returning to the City [jyj. ^sLentuThe plan of the war, as it was commonly under-

was to pofTefs themfelves of the principal of Italy, and a6l chiefly on the defenfive, pofls in order to diftrefs Csefar by their difi^erent armies, cut off his opportunities of forage, hinder his accefs to Rome, and hold him continually employ-^
flood,
ed,

under Pompey's Lieutenants, Afranius, Petreius, and Varro, could come up to iinifh his overthrow [z]. This was the notion which the Senate entertained of the war ; they never conceived it pofllble that Pompey Ihould fubmit to the difgrace of flying before Caefar, and giving up Italy a prey to histill

the veteran

army from

Spain,

enemy

in

this

confidence Domitius,

with a

very confiderable force, and fome of the principal Senators, threw himfelf into Corfinium, a ftrong town at the foot of the Apenninc, on the
[^] Omnes nos
vyiTui,
d-yrfoij-peo-

tionibus

flare

noluerit, beleft
:

expertes

fui tanti

&

lum paratum

tantum-

tam

inufitati confilii relinqueAtt. 8. 8. bat.

modo

Ad

intercludamus, ne ad urbem poflit accedere :

ut

eum

Pompeius
citum
afFert,

ad

me

fcriblt,

paucis diebus fefirmum exer-

diledlus

habiturum,
fi

in

fpemque Picenum agrum

nos

quod fperabamus fieri poffe : enim magnos habeex Hifpaniaque fex bamus

ipfe venerit, dituros effe.

Romam

re-

lb. 7.16.

legiones & magna auxilia, Afranio & Petreio ducibus, habet a tergo. Videtur, fi infaniet, poiTe

Sufcepto autem bello, aut tenenda fit urbs, aut ea

[]

ut urbe falva
12.

|-elifta,

ille

commeatu

&

opprimi, modq Ep. fam. 16.

fpes Afracopiis ad8. 3.

re-

liquiscopiisintercludendus

Summa autem
ventare

ad Att. 7. 9. Sin autem

nium cum magnis

ille

fuis

condi-

ad Att.

Adriatic
-^i *'

2^0

:Jrhe

History

of the Life

C ff^* Q Claudius ^"^ ^^ ^^^ Marcellus. number of

A. Urb. 704 Adriatic fide, where he propofed to make a ftand againft Csefar, and Hop the progrefs of his march ;
^^^

^^^ troops in the attempt, to the

L.CoRNELi. Pompey's us Lentuwhat Domitius

want of knowing indeed, when he faw intended, preiTed him earneftfeveral Letters, to come away and join ly, by with him, telling him, '' that it was impoffible
three Legions^ for fecret. Pompey

"
"

**

*' **
*'

to make any oppofition to Casfar, till their whole forces were united ; and that as to himfelf, he had with him onely the two Legions, which were recalled from Caefar, and were not to be trufted againft him 5 and if Domitius

" be precluded by Caefar from a retreat, that he ** could not come to his relief with fo weak an " army, and bad him therefore not to be furprized to hear of his retiring, if Caefar Ihould march towards him [^a] :" yet Doperfift to mitius, prepoflefled with the opinion, that Italy

ihould entangle himfelf in Corfinium, fo as to

was to be
fo

would never

the feat of the war^ and that Pompey fuffer fo good a body of troops, and

many of his

beft friends to be loft,

would not

quit the advantageous poft of Corfinium, but depended ftill on being relieved ; and when he was

adually befieged, fent

Pompey word, how

eaftly

Ccefar might be intercepted between their mies [^].

[.2] Nos disjecla res adverfariis effe

two ar*

manu panon pof-

mit. ad Att. 8. 12.

[^]

Domitius ad Pompeimittit,

fiimus.

urn
nolito

qui petant at-

Quamobrem
moveri,
di,
fi

com-

audieris

forte Caefar

ad

me r^greme ve-

etiam atqtie etiam te hortor, ut cum omni copia

niet,

orent, ut fibi fubveniat : Caefarem duobus exercitibus, locorum anguftiis interclndi pofTe, frumentoque prohi-

que

&

quamprimum ad me venias. vid. Epift. Pomp^ ad Do-

beri, &c. Caef. Comment,

civ.
1. i.

de

Bell.

Cicero

cf
the

M.rULLIUS CICERO.

251

Cicero
reft;

was as much difappoint^d as any of A. Urb. 704. he had never dreamt of their being ^p'J^*

obliged to quit Italy, till by Pompey's motions q CiIudius he perceived at laft his intentions ; of which he Marcellus. of his Let- L. Cornelifpeaks, with great feverity, in feveral ^^ Lentuters, and begs Atticus's advice upon that new face of their affairs ; and to enable Atticus to give it the more clearly, he explanes to him in ihort what occurred to his own mind on the one
fide
*'
'

and the other. fays he, which I

" The great obligations, am under to Pompey, and

*'
*

my particular friendlhip with him, as well as the caufe of the Republic itfelf, feem to perfuade me, that I ought to join my counfils
and fortunes with his. Befides, if I ftay behind, and defert that band of the beft and moft eminent Citizens, I muft fall under the

*'
*'

^^

"
*'

power of a
as

iingle perfon,

who

gives

me many

proofs indeed of being

my

friend,

and whom,

*' *'

**
*' *'

you know, I had long ago taken care to make fuch from a fufpicion of this very ftorm, which now hangs over us yet it fhould be
-,

*'
*'

well confidered, both how far I may venture to truft him, and fuppofing it clear, that I may truft him, whether it be conliftent with the charader of a firm and honeft Citizen to continue in that City, in which he has born the greateft honors, and performed the greateft ad:s, and where he is now invefted with the moft honorable Priefthood, when it is to be attended with fome danger, and perhaps with

*'
*' *'

"
*^

**
*' *'

fome
the

difgrace, if

Pompey

ftiould ever reftore

^'
*'
^^

Republic. Thefe are the difficulties on the one fide ; let us fee what there are on the other nothing has hitherto been done by our Pompey, either with prudence or courage ;
:

may add

alfo

BOthing but what

v/as contra(;

252
A. Urb. 704.
Cic. 58.

^e History
"
cc

of the Life
:

ry to
|.j!^Qfg

" ^^^ armed this man " how he fupported him Marcellus, L. Corn ELI- " violence, and without

my advice and authority I will omit how he firft nurfed, raifed q1^ flories
:

C Cla

againft the Republic

in carrying his laws

by
;

us LentuLus Crus.

regard to the Aufpices

<c
**

how he added the farther Gaul to his Governrnent, made himfelf his fon-in-law, affifted as Augur in the Adoption of Clodius, was more
zealous to reftore me, than to prevent my being expelled ; enlarged the term of Casfar's command, ferved him in all his affairs in his
abfence, nay,
in
his

*' *' *'

"
*'

third Confullhip, after

**
*'

he began to efpoufe the interefts of the Republic, how he infifted, that the ten Tribuns fhould jointly propofe a law to difpenfe with
his abfence in fuing for the Confulfhip,

*'
*' *' *'
'

which

** *' *' *'

*'
*'

he confirmed afterwards by a law of his own, and oppofed the Conful Marcellus, when he moved to put an end to his government on the but to omit, I fay, all this, firfl of March what can be more dilhonorable, or fhew a greater want of condudt than this retreat, or
:

rather Ihamefull flight from the City ? what conditions were not preferable to the neceflity of abandoning our country ? the conditions, I
confefs,
this
?

"
*' *'

were bad ; yet what can be worfe than but Pompey, you'll fay, will recover
;

the Republic there for it ?

*' **
*' *'

or what preparation is is not Picenum loft ? is not the way left open to the City ? is not all our treafure both public and private given up to

when

all

**
*'

*'
**

? in a word, there is no party, no the no of for friends rendezvous forces, place of the Republic to refort to ; Apulia is chofen for our retreat ; the weakeft and remoteft part of Italy, which implies nothing but deand a defign of flying by the opportu* fpair,

the

enemy

"

nity

of
**

M.TULLIUS CICERO.

2^5
5^-

nity of the Tea, ^c. [r]. there is but one thing wanting, fays he, to ''complete our friend's difgrace ; his failing ^o

"

In another Letter, A. Urb. 704.

^^^-

qq^^^^^^^

*'

fuccour Domitius:
that mind.

nobody doubts but

that Marcellus,

*'

*'
*'

he will come to his relief; yet I am not ofL. CorneliWill he then defert fuch a Citi^^^^J^J^""" and the zen, reft, whom you know to be with him ? efpecially when he has thirty cohorts in the

*'

Town

yes, unlefs all things de-

*'
''

ceive me, he will defert

;

him

he

is

ftrangely

** *'

**
*' **

*'
*'
**

means nothing but to fly ; yet frightened for I you, perceive what your opinion is, For think, that I ought to follow this man. whom to I I know, my part, eafily fly, ought not whom I ought to follow. As to that faying of mine, which you extoll, and think worthy to be celebrated, that I had rather be conquered with Pompey^ than conquer with C^y^r
;

'tis

*'
*'

Pompey
be
:

but true, I ftill fay fo as he then was, or as I

-,

with fuch a took him to

*'
'

this man, who runs away, beknows from whom, or whither ; who has betrayed us and ours, given up his country, and is now leaving Italy ; if I had rather

but as for

fore he

" am

be conquered with him, the thing is over, I " conquered, ^c, [d] There was a notion in the mean while, that

univerfally prevailed
cruel

through Italy, of C^far^s and revengeful temper^ from which horrible efi^edls were apprehended Cicero himfelf was with as it, fl:rongly pofleflfed appears from many of his Letters, where he feems to take it for granted, that he would be a fecond Phalaris, not a Pijiftratui ; a bloody^ not a gentle Tyrant. This he inferred from the violence of his pafi life \ the
:

[c]

Ad

Att. 8. 3.

Ad

Att, 8. 7.

nature

2^4

^^^

History

of the Life

A, Urb. 704. nature of his prefent enterprize ; and above alU Cic. 58. from the character of his friends a7jd followers i

^^^^' generally fpeaking, a needy, proMarcellu^ fligate, audacious crew ; prepared for every thing It was affirmed likewife L.C0RNEL1- that was defperate [^]. us Lentu- with that he had openly deconfidence, great

Claudiu

^^^

hvs Crus.

ciared, that he was now coming to revenge the deaths of Cn. Carho, M. Brutus^ and all the other

Marian Chiefs^ whom Pompey, when adling under Sylla, had cruelly put to death for their opBut there was pofition to the Syllan caufe [/]. no real ground for any of thefe fufpicions : for Csefar, who thought Tyranny, as Cicero
fays,

the greateft of Goddeffes^ and whofe fole view it had been through life to bring his affairs to this
crifis,

and to make a bold pulh

for

Empire, had,

the obfervation of paft times, and the fate of former Tyrants, laid it down for a maxim, that

from

clemency in victory was the beft means of fecuring the ftability of it {g\. Upon the furrender therefore of Corfinium, where he had the firfl oppor-

tunity of giving a public fpecimen of himfelf, he

\e'\

Iftum cujus ^dKct^Kyyh

pcenas perfequi, &c.

9. 14.
^

Ad

Att*

limes,

omnia teterrime

fac-

tunim puto.
Incertum
ib. 20.

Ad
eft

Att, 7. 12.

{g\

'Xh Bi^u

(JLiyWtiv

Phalarim ne
fit

p(_e/' Ti/pcty;'//rt.

Adi

Att. 7.
ii

an Pififtratum

imitaturus
fi

11.

Tentemus
vice-

hoc modo,

Nam
ritfse

ca^dem video

pofTumus,
tcs

omnium

&

regnum non modo

fed ne Perib.

recuperare,
:

&

voluntadiuturna

Romano homini
quidem
10. 8.

viftoria uti

tolerabile

quoniam reliqui credulitate odium efFugere non potuerunt, neq; vidoriam

diutius tcnere, praeter

Qui hie non perdite

te
tii,

poteft fe
?

gerere

unum

vita,

mores anit.

fada, ratio fufcepti negolocii

-ib.

L. Syllam, quem imitaturus non fum. Haic nova fit ratio vincendi
;

9. 2.

9. 19.

dam

[/] Atque eum loqui quicLvbivjiKai

& liberalitate
Ep.
9. 7.

ut mifericordia nos muniamus.

narrabant

Csefaris

ad 0pp. Att.

Cn. Carbonis,

M.

Bruti fc

fliewed

of

M.rULLIUS CICERO.

255
*

A. Urb. 704. ihewed a noble example of moderation, by the of Domitius, and all the o^^^ generous difmifTion into his hands-, among whom q. Claudius who Senators ther fell was Lentulus Spinther, Cicero's particular Marcellus.

friend [h].

This made a great turn in his favor, L^^^^^'; had ^^^ crus,* by eafmg people of the terrors, which they before conceived of him, and feemed to confirm what he afFedled every where to give out, that
he fought nothing by the

war

hut the feciirity of his

Pompey on the other hand ferfon and dignity. appeared every day more and more defpicable, by flying before an enemy, whom his pride and faid to have driven to the necefperverfenefs was " tell arms of me, I beg of you, taking fity *' be can what more Cicero, wretched, than fays *' for the one to be gathering applaufe from the *' worft of caufes, the other giving offence in *' the beft ? the one to be reckoned the preferver *' of his enemies, the other the defertor of ** his friends ? and in truth, though I have all *' the affedbion which I ought to have for our *' friend Cnseus, yet I cannot excufe his not " coming to the relief of fuch men \ for if he *^ was afraid to do it, what can be more paultry ? *' or if, as fom.e think, he thought to make

"

his

caufe the

*'

From

dlion, this firft

more popular, by their deftruwhat can be more unjufl ? i^c, [^]."

experiment of C^far's clemency,
1.

{hi C^r. Comment. Plutar. in Caef.

[/]

i.

quamvis amemus Cn^sum no-

'

quid hoc miferius, quam alterum |)laufus in fcedifiima caufa qusererci alterum oiFenfiones in optima ? alterum exiftijnari confervatorem inimicotum, alterum defertorem a^ Hiicorum ? & mehercule

Sed obfecro

te,

& facimus & debemus, tamen hoc, quod talibus viris non fubvenit, laudare non pofTum. Nam five
ftrum ut
timuit quid ignavius ? five, ut quidam pucant, mellorcm

fuam caufam iilorum ca:Ge fore putavit, quid injuftius ? ad Att. 8. 9.

Cicero

of the Life him a Letter of cornand to thank him particularly for his plii^ient, Coir^* C.Claudius generous treatment of Lentulus, who when Con-^

2^6

The

History

k. UVb. 704. Cicero took occafidn to fend

Marcellus, ful, had been the chief author of his reftorationj L. CoRNELi. to which Csefar returned the following anfwer. us LentuLUS Crus.

C^iar Emperor

to Cicero

r-TLmperor.

''

" You judge rightly of me, for I am tho^ known to you, that nothing is farther* roughly
removed from me than cruelty ; and as I have a great pleafure from the thing itfelf, fo I rejoice and triumph to find my a6l approved by
you
:

>'

"
*'

*'
*'
''

nor does
to

it

at all

move me,

that thofe^

who were
away
fire

*'

"
*'

by me, renew the war againll nothing more, than that I

difmifled

are faid to be

gon6

me may

for I de-

always adt

like myfelf

"
''
''

"
^'

" "

alTure you, Nothing, than Dolabella-, I will owe nor is it poflible this favor therefore to him for him indeed to behave otherwife, fuch i^
I
is

you would ufe your counfil and to done in all things.

dearer to

, they like themfelves. I wifh that meet me at the City, that I may

afliftance as I

have hither-

me

his humanity, his good fenfe, Adieu [^]." tion to me.

and

his affec-

after the unhappy affair of himfelf found Corfinium, obliged to retire te to and declare, what he had never Brundifium,

When

Pompey,

before diredily owned, his defign of quitting Itdly^ and carrying the vjar abroad [/] i he was very defirous to draw Cicero along with him, and wrote two Letters to him at Formiae, to prefs

him
[/f]

to

come away diredly

Att. g. 16.
Coj^rfirtio

but Cicero, already

Ad

denique
fui fecit.

me

certiorcm
9.
2.

confilii

[/] Qui amiffo

^ib.

much

of

M.TULLIUS CICERO.
humor with him, was
difgufted
:

257
flill

much
the

out of

A. Urb. 704.

more by his fhort and negligent manner of ^'c. 58. Writing, upon an occafion fo important [;;/] the q ^^^' fecond of Pompey's Letters, with Cicero's an- m^rce^lu^^
fwer, will explane the prefent ftate of their fairs, and Cicero's fentiments upon them.
af- L.

Cornhli-

us Lent uLus Crvs.

Cn. Pompeius Magnus Proconful to Emperor*

M.

Cicero

*'

" " "

*'

are in good health, I rejoice 1 read Letter with I for your pleafure perceived in it ancient virtue concern for the your by your common fafety. The Confuls are come to

"

If

you

the army,

which

had

in

Apulia

earneftly

" relief to the afflicted ftate. I would have you " make the Appian way your road, and com.e " in all hafte to Brundifium. Take care of
your
''

exhort you, by your fingular and perpetual " affedlion to the Republic, to come alfo to us^ " that our by joint advice we may give help and

health."

M.
"
*' ''

Cicero Emperor to Cn.

Magnus ProconfuL
which was
deli-

When

fent that letter,

Republic, and was in great hope?, that we fliGuld be able, either to bring about an ac" commodation, which to me feemed the mod " ufefull, or to defend the Republic with the great' eft dignity in Italy. In the mean time, be*'

"

vered to you at Canufium, I had no fufpicion of your crofling the fea for the fervice of the

[w] EpIIlolarum Pompeii duarum, quas ad me miiit,

negligentiam,

fcribendo
tibi

notam

diligentiam volui efie earum ex:

meamque

ia

emp'ia ad te mifi. lb. 8.1

Si

1.

Vol. IL

"fore

'

258
"
(c

The
fore

History

of the Life

A. Urb. 704.
Cic. 58.

my

Letter reached you, being informed

Qf yQuj. refolution, by the inftru6lions which Y^^ ^^"^ ^^ ^^^ Confuls, I did not wait till I C Claudius" " could have a Letter from you, but fet out imMarcellus. L. CoRNELi- <' mediately towards you with my Brother and us Lentu- cc qui- childrrn for Apulia. When we were come Lus Crus. ,, ^^ Theanum, your friend C. Meffius, and ma" ny others told us, that Csfar was on the road " to Capua, and would lodge that very night at *' I was much diflurbed at it, becaufe, iEfernia <' if it was true, I not onely took my journey to " be be certainly precluded, but myfelf alfo to " a I went on therefore to Cales with prifoner. intent to (lay there, till I could learn from ** ^fernia the certainty of my intelligence at " Cales there was brought to me a copy ot the '' Letter, which you wrote to the Conful Lentu*' lus, with which you fent the copy alfo of one " that you had received from Domitius, dated *' the eighteenth of February, and fignified, " that it was of great importance to the Repub*' lie, that all the troops fhould be drawn toge" ther, as foon as poflible, to one place j yet
:

" fo as to leave a fufficient Garrifon in Capua. " Upon reading thefe Letters, I was of the fame " opinion with all the reft, that you were re" folved to march to Corfinium with all your
"

" Town, " While

'* *'

forces, whither,
I

when
it

Casfar lay

before

the

thought impoflible for me to come. this affair was in the utmoft expeftati-

on, we were informed at one and the fame time both of what had happened at Corfinium, *' and that you v/ere adually marching towards " Brundifium and when I and my Brother re" folved without hefitation to follow you thither, ' we were adverrifcd by many, who came from Samnium, and Apulia, to take care that we did
:

'

of

M.rULLIUS CICERO.
fall
1
t
t

259

did not

upon

into Csefar's hands, for that he was A. Urb. 704. his march to the fame places v/here our S'^'i^'
n
.

o nT.r'rT^,Tr. road lay, and would reach them fooner than ^ Claudius do. This the cafe, itMARCELLus. poflibly being did not feem advifeable to me, or my Brother, L. Cornelior any of our friends, to run the rifle of hurt- ^^ Lentu^^^ ^^^* ing, not onely ourfelves, but the Republic, by our rafhnefs efpecially when we could not doubt, but that if the journey had been fafe to us, we fliould not then be able to overtake In the mean while I received your Letyou. ter, dated from Canufium the twenty-firft of February, in which you exhort me to come in all hafte to Brundifium but as I did not receive

we could

f*

the twenty-ninth, I made no queftion but that you were already arrived at Brundiit
till

fium, and

all

that road feemed wholly

:

fhut

up to us, and we ourfelves are furely intercepted as thofe who were taken at Corfinium lor

we did not reckon them onely to be prifoners, who were actually fallen into the enemay's hands, but thofe too not lefs fo, who happen to be
enclofed within the quarters and garrifons of their adverfaries. Since this is our cafe, I
heartily wilh in the
firft

ways been with you,

I I

as I

place, that I had althen told you when

relinquifhed the Command of Capua, which did not do for the fake of avoiding trouble, but becaufe 1 faw that the Town could not be

an army, and was unwilling fame accident fhould happen to me, which to my forrow has happened to fom.e of our braveit Citizens at Corfinium but fmce it
held

without

that the

be with you, I wifh that I had been made privy to your counfils : for I could not poiTibly fufped:, and fhould fooner have believed any thing, than that for
has not been

my

lot to

*'

the

The History of the Life " the good of the Republic, under fuch a Lea" ^^^ ^^ y^^' ^^ ^^ould not be able to ftand our a^' ^r " ground in r> r,./rT.wT. Italy: nor do I now blame your " but lament the fate or the Republic; conduct, Marcellus. L.CoRNELi- " and I cannot what it is

26o

A. Urb. 704.

us Lentutus Rus.

cc cc

'' *'
**
^^

though comprehend you have followed, yet I am not the i^r^ pei-fuaded, that you have done nothing, but with the greatefl reafon. You remember^ I believe, what my opinion always was ; firil, to prefer ve peace even on bad conditions then
-vvhich
;
:

" " do
*'
*' *'

about leaving the City ; for as to Italy, you never intimated a tittle to me about it but I
not take upon myfelf to think, that my advice ought to have been followed I followed yours ; nor that for the fake of the Repub:

lie,
*'

of

Vv^hich

overturned, fo as

defpaired, and which is now not to be raifed up again

mofi:

'*

without a

civil

and

pernicious war

you , nor will I fought you ; cc omit the firft opportunity which offers of efI eafily perceived, through all this fecting it. I did not fatisfy thofe who are fond that affair, of fighting for I made no fcruple to own, that I wifhed for nothing fo much as peace-, " not but that I had the fame apprehenfions " from it as but I thought them more tothey '' lerable than a civil war ; then, after the war " was begun, when I faw that conditions of *' peace were offered to you, and a full and ho*' norable anfwer given to them, I began to *^ weigh and deliberate well upon my own condefired to be with
:
-,

*' *'
**

dud, which, confidering your kindnefs

I

to

me,

fancied that
:

fhould eafily explane to your

I

fatisfadtion

recoUeded that

was the onely

*' ''

man, who, for the greateft fervices to the publie, had fuffered a mofb wretched and cruel punilliment: that
I

''

was the onely one, who,

if I

" offended

of M.

TULLIUS CICERO.

261

again L. Cornelidruggies ; fo that my perfon feemed to ftand "^ Lentu" infults as a mark the to always expofed public " of nor did I fufpefl any profligate Citizens " of thefe till I was openly threatned with things " them, nor was I fo much afraid of them, if " they were really to befall me, as I judged it " prudent to decline them, if they could ho''
:

^^ offended him, to whom at the very time when A. Urb. 704. " we were in arms ^if* 5^againil him, a fecond Con" offerwas mod and fplendid Triumph q Claudius fulfhip " in ail the fame Marcellus. fliould be involved

ed,

"

*'

of

" " of
*'

You fee in fhort the Itate neftly be avoided. condu6i: while we had any hopes of peace ; what has fince happened deprived me

my

power to do any thing but to thofe do not pleafe I can eafily anfwer, that " I never was more a friend to C. Csefar than " they, nor they ever better friends to the Reall
:

whom

"

public than myfelf

the onely difference be-

and them is, that as they are ex*' eel lent Citizens, and I not far removed from " that charader, it was my advice to procede " by way of treaty, which I underilood to be *' theirs by way of arms ; approved alfo by you " and fince this method has prevailed, it fhall be " my care to behave m.yfelf fo, that the Repub" lie may not want in me the fpirit of a true '' Citizen, nor you of a friend. Adieu [//]." The difguft, which Pompey's management had given him, and which he gently intimates in this Letter, was the true reafon why he did not join him atthis time he had a mind to deliberate a while longer, before he took a ftep fo
tween
,
:

*'

me

decifive

this
all

recounting

he owns to Atticus, where, after the particulars of his own condudl,

[] Ad

Att. 8. II.

S 3

which

262
A. Urb
70^.

The
/ have

History

of the Life
to exception, he adds, do any things

which were the moft Hable

!^ ^^* C. i^LAUDius ^^^'^-^ has not both a probable and prudent excufe Marcellus. and in truth was willing to confider a little longer^

neither dene nor omitted to

L. Corn ELI- what us Lentu- chief

R0S.

and fit for me to do \o\ The of his deliberation was, that he flill ground ^ j.j,Q^^gj:;j. peace pofTible, in which cafe Pomand Csfar would be one again, and he had pey no mind to give defar any caufe to be an enemy to him^ when he was become a friend to Pompey, While thines were in this fituation, Cicfar fent young Balbus after the Conful Lentulus, to endeavour to perfuade him to flay in Italy ^ and return to the City, by the offer of every thing that could tempt him he called upon Cicero on his v/ho the way, gives following account of it to " Atticus Balbus came to me on the Young

was

right

'

'
'

' '
'

twenty-fourth in the evening, running in all hafte by private roads after Lentulus, with Letters and mftrudlions from Csefar, and the offer of any Government, if he will return to Rome: but it will have no effed: unlefs they happen
to

meet

'

thing fo
I

much
;

'

believe
I

' ^
'

which

that C^far defired noovertake Pompey \ which and to be friends with him again ; do not believe ; and begin to fear,

he told

me

as to

' *

'

'

that all his clemency means nothing elfe at lafb but to give that one cruel blow. The elder Balbus writes me word, that C^far wilhes nothing more than to live in fafety, and yield the firfl rank to Pompey. You take him I fuppofe to be in earned [/>]." Cicero feems to think, that Lentulus might
[0] Nihil prcStern^ilTun: eft,

quod non habeat fapientem

excufationem

mihi malui

eflet,

diutius
12.

cogitare

ib. 8.

redum,

& plane quid quid faciendum

[/]

Ad

Att. 8. 9.

have

of M.
*,

TULLIUS CICERO.

263
p*

l?ave been perfuaded to flay if Balbus and he had met A. Urb. 704. for he had no opinion of the firmnefs 5^* together

of thefe Confuls, but fays of them both on ano- q Claudius ther occafion, that they were more eafily moved ^vMarcellus.
every wind^ than a feather or a leaf.

He

received L. Corneli-

another Letter foon after from Balbus, of which ^L^r^_^^-"' LUS CrU: he fent a copy to Atticus, that he might pity hinty

he fays, him [^J.

to fee

what a dupe

they thought to

make of

Balbus to Cicero Emperor^

*' I conjure you, Cicero, to think of fome method of making Casfar and Pompey friends *' again, who by the perfidy of certain perfons " are now divided it is a work highly worthy *' of your virtue ; take my word for it, C^far
''
:

*'
*'
*'
''

*'
*'

"
*'

''

"
*' *' *'
*'

*'
''

"

be in your power, but think himobliged to you if you would I (houid be charge yourfelf with this affair. if would fo do too but in the ; glad Pompey it is what I wifh rather circumftances, prefent than hope, that he may be brought to any terms but whenever he gives over flying and fearing C^far, I fhall not defpair, that your authority may have its weight with him. Casfar takes it kindly, that you were for Lentulus's (laying in Italy, and it was the greatefl: obligation which you could confer upon me for I love him as much as I doCsefar himfelf if he had fuffered me to talk to him as freely as we ufed to do, and not f often fhunned the opportunities which 1 fought of conferring with him, I fhould have been lefs unhappy
will not onely
felf infinitely
:

\jl\

Nee me
ipfi

Confules

mo-

meam

vent, qui
facilius

pluma aut folio moventur ut vicem

'

doleres, cum me derideri videres. lb. S. 15.

S 4

"

than

264
A. Urb. 704.
<

7he
than
I
^'

History
:

of the Life
yourfelf that

now am

for

afllire

no

^c'^^' C.Claudius Marcellus. L.CoRNELius Lentu-

*'

man ^^^

*'
*' cc
'^

can be more afflided than I, to fee one, ^^ dearer to me than myfelf, adting his part {o ill in his Confulfhip, that he feems to be any thing rather than a Conful ; but fhoiild Y\t be difpofed to follow your advice, and take

^^
^'

your v/ord for Cjcfar's good intentions, and pafs the reft of his Confulfhip at Rome, I
fhould begin to hope, that by your authority and at his motion, Pompey and Caefar may be made one again with the approbation even of the Senate. Whenever this can be brought fhail think that I have lived long I about,

^'
**
^'

*^
*'

^'

enough you will entirely approve, I am fure, what C^far did at Corfinium in an affair of
: :

^'
**
*-'-

that fort, nothing could fall out better, than that it fhould be tranfaded without blood. I

am

^'

^'
^

extremely glad, that my Nephew's vifit was agreeable to you ; as to what he faid on Csefar's part, and what Caefar himfelf

^'

wrote to you, I know Csefar to be very fincere in it, whatever turn his affairs may
take [r]."

^^

at the fame time was extremely follinot {o m.uch to gain Cicero, for that was citous, to be jipt expefed, as to prevail with him tojiand He wrote to him feveral times to that neuter.
all their common friends to on that head [j] who, Letters prefs a diftance at this time from his fuch by keeping that they had m.ade fome Pompey, imagining

C/ESAR

Cifed:,

and employed

him with

impreffion, began to attempt a fecond point with him, viz. io ferjuade him to come hack to RomCy
\r\
[i]

Ad

Att. 8. 15.

far

Quod qn^ris quid Csead me Icripierit. Quod

:

: oratque ut in eo perfeverem. Balbus minor ha^c eadem mandata. lb.

quod quierim

i'aepe

gratifilmum

iibi

elfe

8.11.

and

of
and
affifi

M.

rUL LIUS CIC ERO.

which
c.

265
q
{^'

in the councils of the Senate^

Casfar A. Urb. 704.

defigned to fummon at his return from following Pompey: with this view in the hurry of his march

Claudius towards Brundifium, Csefar fent him the follow- Marcellus,

ing Letter.
Csefar
*'

L. Corneli-

us LentuLus Crus.

Emperor

to Cicero

Emperor.

*'

"
*'

"
*'

*'

'*

*'
*^

*'

"
*' ^'
^

I had but juft time to fee our friend could conveniently fpeak with, nor Furnius, in hafte, and on was hear or him, my march, the fent Legions before me, yet I could having not pafs by without writing, and fending him to you with my thanks ; though I have often paid this duty before, and leem likely to pay it oftner, you deferve it fo well of me. I defire of you in a fpecial manner, that, as I hope to be in the City fhortly, I may fee you there, and have the benefit of your advice, your in-

When

tereft,

your authority, your afliftance in all But to return to the point you will things. the hafle and brevity of my Letter, and pardon To which Cilearn the reft from Furnius."
:

cero anfwered.

Cicero
^'

Emperor

to Casfar

Emperor.

*'

"
*'
*'
'

reading your Letter, delivered to me in which you preifled me to come Furnius, by to the City, I did not fo much wonder at what you there intimated of your defire to ufe my advice and authority, but was at a lofs to find

Upon

^'
^'

^'

out what you meant by my in tereft, and aftiftance yet I flattered myfelf into a perfuafion, that out of your admirable and Angular wifdom, you were defirous to enter into fome
:

f'

nieafures for eftabliftiing the peace and con-

" cord

266
A. Urb. 704.
cc

The

History

of the Life

Cic.^3.

Marcellus,
L. CoRNELius Lentu-

C.Claudius" "

cord of the City ; and in that cafe I looked ypQj^ j^y temper and charadler as fit enough to ^^ employed in fuch a deliberation. If the
cafe be
fafety
fo,, and you have any concern for the of our friend Pompey, and of recon-

"
cc

"
*'

^ijij,g

you
lirft

i^ip-^ ^.Q yourfelf, and to the Republic, will certainly find no man more proper for

work than I am, who from the very have always been the advifer of peace *' bcrh to him and the Senate ; and fince this *^ recourfe to arms have not meddled with any *' part of the war, but thought you to be really *' injured by it, while your enemies and enviers *' were attempting to deprive you of thofe ho*' nors, which the Roman people had granted *' But as at that time I was not onely a fayou. *' vorer of your dignity, but an encourager alfo ** of others to afTift you in it ; fo now the dig*' for many nity of Pompey greatly affeds me ** years ago I made choice of you two, with " whom to cultivate a and particular " to be, as I now am, mofl friendfhip, ftridlly united. " Wherefore T defire of you, or rather beg and * implore with all my prayers, that in the hurry *' of your cares you would indulge a moment to
fuch a
*'
:

^' this
*'
*'

"
*'

thought, how by your gencrofity Imay be permitted to fhew myfelf an honeft, gratefull, pious man, in remembering an adt of the If this related onely greateft kindnefs to me.
to myfelf, I fhould
:

**

hope flill to obtain it from you but it concerns, I think, both your honor " and the Republic, that by your means I fhould
be allowed to continue in a fituation the beft adapted to promote the peace of you two, as well as the general concord of all the Citizens. After I had fent my thanks to you before on the account of Lentulus ; for giving fafety

*'

"
*^
'^

^*

"to

**
*'

CICERO. of to him who had given it to me ; yet upon reading his Letter, in which he expreffes the

M.TULLIUS

267
A. Urb. 704.

moft gratefull Senfe of your liberaHty, I took C.Claudius myfelf to have received the fame grace from Marcellus, *' J-. Corneliyou, which he had done: towards whom, if "^ Lentu*' me to be this let it gratefull, by you perceive *' be your care, I befeech you, that I may be fo " too towards Pompey [/]." Cicero was cenfured for fome pafTages of this Letter, which Casfar took care to make public, viz. the compliment on Cafar's admirable wifdom ; and above all, the acknowlegement of his being
*'

*'

^^q^^^'

injured by his adverfaries in the prefent war : in excufe of which, he fays, " that he was not forry
**

had and confidering *' what had fince happened, was pleafed to have *' It known to the world how much he had al*' was been inclined to peace and that in urg'' C^far to fave his Country, he thought it " ing his bufinefs to ufe fuch exprelTions as were the *' moil likely to gain authority with him, withit
,
:

*'

for the publication of it, given feveral copies of

for he himfelf

*'

*'
*'

"

out fearing to be thought guilty of flattery, in urging him to an adl:, for which he would gladly have thrown himfelf even at his
feet

received another Letter on the fame fubjedl, and about the fame time, written jointly by
[/]

He

[]."

Ad

Att. 9. 6. II.

videbar
moturus,

ullo

[u] Epiftolam

meam quod
effe

modo facilius quam fi id, quod

dicerem.

pervulgatam
fero molefte.

fcribis

non

eum

hortarer, convenire ejus

Quinetiamipdefcribendam.

fapientias
a,d

Earn

fi

ip multis dedi

admirabilem dixi,
falutem
patriae

cum eum
hortarer,

Ea enim &

acciderunt

jam

&

impendent, ut teftatum effe velim de pace quid fenferim. Cum aurem eum hortarer,
cujn pnsfertim hominera, non

non fum

veritus, ne viderer affentiri, cui tali in re lubenter me ad pedes abjeciffem,

&c. lb.

8.

g.

Balbus

268
^j;^'

The
fidents.

Hi story

of the Life

A.Urb.704. Balbus and Oppins, two of C^far's chief con*

5^Coff.

C.Claudius Marcellus,
L. Corneli-

Balbus and Oppiiis to

<

M.

Cicero.

us LentuLus Rus.

The
^^

^^

^^

advice, not onely of little men, fuch ^^^^ j^^^^ ^^^^ ^|: ^^^ greateft, is gene-

*'

*' *'

*'

"
*'

weighed, not by the intention of the giver, but the event ; yet relying on your humanity, we will give you what we take to be the beft in the cafe about which you wrote to us which, though it fhould not be found prudent, yet certainly flows from the utmoft fideIf we did not know lity and affedion to you. from Casfar himfelf, that, as foon as he comes to Rome, he will do what in our judgement we think he ouerht to do, treat about a reconciliation between him and Pompey, we fhould give over exhorting you to come and take
rally
-,

** *'
*'

"
*'

part in thofe deliberations ; that by your help, who have a flridl friendfhip with them both, the whole affair may be fettled with eafe and
dignity : or, if on the contrary, that C^far would not do it, and

*^

*'
*-*

was refolved upon a fhould never try to perfuade you, to take arms againft a man to v^hom you have the greatefl
obligations, in the fame manner as we have always entreated you, not to fight againft Casfar.

we believed knew that he war with Pompey, we

*'
*'

'^
'^

than

"
''

"
*'
*'

we can onely guefs rather Csefar will do, we have nothing to offer but this, that it does not feem agreeable to your dignity, or your fidelity, fo
But
fince at prefent

know what

well

"

known to all, when you are intimate with them both, to take arms againfl either and this we do not doubt but Crefar, according to
:

his

humanity, will highly approve

yet

if

you

"judge

of
*'

M.

rULLIUS CICERO.
will write to

269
S^*
/,

" know what he

*'
*'

judge proper, we
he returns us

him,

to let us A. Urb. 704.

;

will really

it and if ^^ an anfwer, will prefently fend r f\^

do about

you notice, what we think ot it, and give Marcellus. *' you our word, that we will advife onely, what L. Corneli* *' we take to be mofl fuitable to your honor, not ^^ Lentu^^^ ^^'^' " to Casfar's view^s ; and are perfuaded, that Cae*'

out of his indulgence to his friends, will This joint Letter pleafed with it [^]." was followed by a feparate one from Balbus,
far,

*^

be

Balbus to Cicero Emperor.

" Immediately after I had fenc the com" mon Letter from Oppius and myfelf, I re" ceived one from Casfar, of which I have fent *' you a copy whence you will perceive how
-,

*'
*'

" " "

*'

of peace, and to be reconciled with Pompey, and hov/ far removed from all It gives me an extreme thoughts of cruelty.
defirous he
is

joy, as it certainly ought to do, to fee him in As to yourfelf, your fidethefe fentiments.
lity,

*'

mind,

*'

"
*'
*'

piety, I am intirely of the fame dear Cicero, with you, that you cannot, confidently with your charadler and duty, bear arms againft a man to whom you

and your

my

*'
*'
.**

that Csfar declare yourfelf fo greatly obliged approve this refolution, I certainly know from his fingular humanity ; and that you
:

will

*'
'

will perfe6lly fatisfy him, by taking no part in the war againit him, nor joining yourfelf to his adverfaries : this he will think fufficient,

" and
**

not onely from you, a perfon of fuch dignity fplendor, but has allowed it even to me, not to be found in that camp, which
[x}
is

likely

Ad

Att. 9, 3,

to

270
A. Urb. 704.
*' *'

The

History

of the Life
the greateft obligations
if I
:

^c^^'
C.CiAUDius" "
Marcellus,
L. CoRNELi-

whom I have received

^^

tobeformedagainflLentulus and Pompey, from

^^^ enough, he

faid,

"
cc

part to
I

usLentu-

might

in the City and the gown, perform alfo to them if 1

I

him

performed my which
thought
fit:

wherefore
at

" "

now manage

all

Lentulus's affairs

Rome, and

my piety to them

difcharge my duty, my fidelity, both: yet in truth I do not take

"

the hopes of an accommodation, though now fo low, to be quite defperate, fince Casfar is in that mind in which we ought to wifh him
if you think it proper, that you would write to him, and defire a guard from him, as you did from Pompey, at the time of Milo's trial, with my approbation I will undertake for him, if I rightly know Csefar, that he will fooner pay a regard to your dignity, than to his own interefl. How prudently I write thefe things, I know not ; but this I certainly know; that whatever
:

one thing would pleafe me,

"
*'

CC

" " "

*'

I write,

write out of a fingular love and af-

fection to

you

for (let

me

die, fo as

C^far

"
*' *'

may but live) if I have not fo great an efleem for you, that few are equally dear to me. When you have taken any refolution in this
affair,

I wifli

that

you would

let

me know

it,

exceedingly folhcitous that you fhould *' difcharge your duty to them both, which in *' truth I am confident you will difcharge. Take *' care of your health [^]." The offer of a guard was artfully infinuated ; for while it carried an appearance of honor and
refpe6l to Cicero's perfon, it made him Casfar's prifoner,

for I

am

the liberty of retiring,

ly']

mufl neceffarily have and deprived him of when he found it proper,

9. 8.

AdAtt.

out

of
by
it,

M.
:

rULLIUS CICERO.
but he was too wife to be

271

out of Italy

A. Urb. 704. caught

any manner by the Let^off ters themfeJves, to entertain the leaft thought of c. Claudius going to Rome, fince to aflifl in the Senate, Marcellus, when Pompey and the Confuls were driven out ^-^^^^neli^^ of it, was in reahty to take part againft them. ^ Pr^^' What gave him a more immediate uneafinefs, was the daily expedation of an interview with Casfar himfelf, who was now returning from Brundifium by the road of Formise, where he then refided for though he would gladly have avoided him, if he could have contrived to do it
or to be
in
:

moved

decently, yet to leave the place juft

when

Csefar

was coming to

it,

could not

fail
:

of being inter-

he refolved therepreted as a particular affront fore io wait for him^ and to a^ on the occafion with

a firmnefs and gravity, which became

character.

his

rank and

They met

as

he expelled, and he fent At-

ticus the following account of what palTed bedifcourfe with him, fays he, tween them : " *' was fuch, as would rather make him think

My

*'

well of

"
*' **
** **

me

refuling to

than thank me. I ftood firm in to Rome but was deceived in ; go

:

*'
''

**
**

expeding to find him eafy ; for I never faw any one lefs fo he was condemned, he faid, by my judgement; and, if I did not come, others would be the more backward I told him that their cafe was very different from After many things faid on both fides, mine. he bad me come however, and try to make peace fhall I do it, fays I, in my own way ? do you imagine, replied he, that I will pre:

fcribe to
**

you ?

I will

move

the Senate,

then,

"
''

fays

I,

for a decree againft

your going

to Spain,

or tranfporting your troops into Greece, and fay a great deal befides in bewailing the cafe of
*'

Pompey

272
A. Urb. 704.
Cic. 58. Coff.

^^^

History
:

"
cc
cc
,

of the Life

C.

Claudius Marcellus,
L. CoRNELi-

: I will not allow, replied he, fuch fo I thought, fays I, and be faid to things f^j, that reafon will not come : becaufe I muft

Pompey
.

either

" cannot
cc
3J- all..

lay them,

and many more, which

if I

* I

help faying,

am
;

us LentuLus Crus.

The
I

refult

was

there, or not come that to (hift off the

me to confider of it ; not refufe to do, and fo we " parted. 1 am perfuaded, that he is not pleafed *' with me; but I am pleafed with myfelfj which " 1 have not been before of a As long time. " for the reft ; a what crew he has Gods, good " with him what a hellifh band, as you call ** what a deplorable affair what dethem " fperate troops what a lamentable thing, to fee
cc

difcourfe, he wifhed

''

which

could

*'

*'
''

''
*'

Servius's fon, and Titinius's, with many more of their rank in that camp, which befieged Pompey he has fix legions ; wakes at all hours 5 fears nothing \ I fee no end of this ca!

His declaration at the laft, which I lamity. " had almoft that if he was forgot, was odious
\

not permitted to ufe my advice, he would ufe " fuch as he could get from others, and purfue " all meafures which were for his fervice [z]'* From this conference, Cicero went diredly to
there inverted his fon, at the age of fi:<teen^ with the manly gown : he refolved to carry him along with him to Pompey's
-

*'

Arpinum, and

camp, and thought it proper to give him an air of manhood before he eniifted him into the war and
:

fince he could

riot

perform

that

ceremony

at
ce-*

chofe to oblige his Countrymen, by lebrating this Feftival in his native City \a\

Rome,

Ad Att. 9- 18. [] Ego meo Ciceroni, quoniam Roma caremus, Ar\%\

pini potiiTimum togam puram dedi, idque municipibus noftris fiiit

gratum

ib. 19.

Whils

of M.

TULLIUS CICERO.
'

273
A. Urb. 704.
^^^5 8.

C^far was on the road towards Romej young Quintus Cicero, the nephew, a fiery giddy
''
.

While

wrote to him to offer his fer- ^youth, privately n ^-L n^' ^ AUDI US .S T c r r a with Vice, promile or lome inrormation con- Marcellus cerning his uncle ; upon which, being fent for !- Corneand admitted to an audience, he afTured C^far, ^^us Lentu^^^ ^rus. that his Uncle was utterly difaffecled to all his meafures^
pey.

and determined

to leave Italy

and go

to

Pofnl?y

The boy was tempted

to this rafhnefs

the

hopes of a confiderahle prefent^ and gave much uneafinefs by it both to the Father and the Uncle,

who had
it

reafon

to

fear fome
defiring

ill

confequence

from

[b]

but

Cfar

(till

to divert Cicero

from declaring againft him, and to quiet the apprehenfions which he might entertain for what Was pafl, took occafion to fignifyto him in a kind Letter from Rome, that he retained no refentment
of
Servius complained, that he
indulgence to them
his refufal to come to the City^ though Tullus and had not fhewn the fami

ridiculous men, fays Cicero, after fending their fons to bejiege Pompey at Brundijtum, pretend to be fcrupulous about going to

who,

the Senate [f].

thofe villa's

Cicero's behaviour however, and refidence Z;^ of hijs, which were neareft to the fea,
[c] Casfar
litteras,

rem

[^] Litteras ejus ad Ca^famiflas ita graviter tuliut te

mihi ignofcit per

quod non
<e

Romam

mus,

quidem celaremus

venerim,

tantum fcito poll Hirtium conventum, arceiTitum, ab Caefare; cum eo de meo animo ab fuis confiliis alieiii(Iimo,& confiliorelinquendi Italiam ib. id. 4, &c. 5,

fequein optimam partem id accipere dicit. Facile patior,

quod

fcribit,

fe-

cum Tullum& Servium

tos eiTe,

queflibi,

quia non idem

remififTet.

Quintum
vehementer. deo fuiiTe,
congiarii.

puerum accepi
Avaritiam
vi-

Homines ridicules, qui cum filios mififlent ad Cn. Pompeium

quod mihi
cJrcumfidendum,
10. 3.
ipfi

in fena-

fpem magni Magnum hoc ma-

&

turn venire dabitarent.

Ib.

lum

cfl.

ib. 10. 7.

Vol. JL

gave

of the Life A. Urb. 704. gave rife to a general report, that he was waiting onely for a wind to carry him over to Pompey , ^r' ^^' C Claud us "P^^ which Csefar fent him another prefling LetMarcellus. ter, to try, if pofTible, to difluade him from that

274

^^ HisTdHY

L. CoRNELi- flep.

us LentuLus Crus.

Csefar

Emperor, to Cicero Emperor.

I

"
*'

*'
*'

"
'^

"
''

never imagined that you would do any thing rallily or imprudently, yet moved by common report, I thought proper to write to you, and beg of you by our mutual affedlion, that you would not run to a declining caufe, whither you did not think fit to go while it For you will do the greatefl injuflood firm. our to friendfhip, and confult but ill for ry if you do not follow, where fortune yourfelf,

"

Though

*'
''

calls

for

all

things feem to have fucceded mofl

for us,

profperoufly
'

mofl unfortunately for

*'
*'

''

nor will you be thought to have followed the caufe, (fince that was the fame, when you chofe to withdraw yourfelf from their councils) but to have condemned fome adl of mine ; than which you can do nothing that could
:

them

affedl

me more

fenfibly,

and what

beg by

"
''

the rights of our friendfhip, that you would not do. Laflly, what is more agreeable to the character of an honeft, quiet man, and

good Citizen, than to retire from civil broils ? from which fome, who would gladly have done it, have been deterred by an apprehenfion

'*

" "
*'
'

of danger but you, after a full teftimony my life, and trial of my friendfhip, will find nothing more fafe or more reputable, than to. keep yourfelf clear from all this contention < The 1 6th of April on the road [i]."
:

of

yi Ad

Att. X. 8.

Antonv

of Ai^roUY

M rULLIUS
alfo,

CICERO.
hk
to

27;
A. Urb. 704.

whom

Csefar

Italy in his abfence, wrote to

him

to the

guard fame

Slfi^*

purpofe, and on the fame day.

^ Claudius
Marcellus.

Antonius Tribun of the people and Propraetor, to ^' Corneli^' Cicero Emperor. ^ Lus^^^^^Crus.

**

" If I had not a great elleem for you, and much greater indeed than you imagine, I
fhould not be concerned at the report which is fpread of you, efpecially when I take it to be but falfe. But out of the excefs of my afI cannot dilTemble, that even a report, fed:ion,

*'

"

though
*' *'
**

falfe,

makes fome impreffion on me.

cannot believe that you are preparing to crofs the fea, when you have fuch a value for Dola^
I

bella,

*'

lent

and your daughter Tullia, that excelwoman, and are fo much valued by us all, to whom in truth your dignity and honor are
:

*'
*'
*'

"

almofl dearer than to yourfelf yet I did not think it the part of a friend not to be moved by the difcourfe even of ill-defigning men, and wrote this with the greater inclination, as I take my part to be the more difficult on the account of our late coldnefs, occafioned rather by my jealoufy, than any injury from you.

For
4C

I defire
is

you

to afTure yourfelf, that

nobo-

dy

dearer to

me
I

than you, excepting

my

*'
*'
^' *'
*'

Caefar,

and

that

know
the
I

alfo

that

C^efar

friends.

*'
*'
*'

firft clafs of his of you, my Cibeg cero, that you will keep yourfelf free and undetermined, and defpife the fidelity of that man who firft did you an injury, that he might afterwards do you a kindnefs j nor fly from him, who, though he ihould not love you,

reckons

M.

Cicero in

Wherefore

*'

which
fee

is

^<

you

in fafety

impoffible, yet will always defire to and fplendor. I have fent

"

Calpurnius

276
A. Urb. 704.

TZ?^

History

C
C.

ff^*

Claudius Marcellus. L.CoRNELius LentuLUS CrUS.

" Calpurnius to you with this, the moft inti" ^^^^ ^^ ^y friends, that you might perceive " ^^c great concern which I have for your life " and dignity [^]." Caelius alfo wrote to him on the fame Tub-!-

of the Life

findino; by fome hints in Cicero's an1^1 ri n that he was aCLually preparmg to run away iwer, to Pompey, he fent him a fecond Letter, in a
i^yj.

'^

moft pathetic,
ftrain [/],
in

or,

as Cicero calls

it,

lamentable

hopes to

work upon him by alarm*

ing

all his fears.

Caelius to Cicero.
in a confternation at your Letter, which you fhew that you are meditating by " what is difmal, yet neither tell but nothing '' me diredly what it is, nor wholly hide it from
*'

Being

"

*'

*'
'^ *'

*' *'

*'
*'

me, I prefently wrote this to you. By all your fortunes, Cicero, by your children, I beg and befeech you, not to take any ftep infor I call the gods and jurious to your fafety our and men, friendfhip to witnefs, that what I have told, and forewarned you of, was not any vain conceit of my own, but after I had talked with Csefar, and underftood from him,
:

''

how he

refolved to a6t after his vidlory,

I in*

formed you of what I had learnt. If you *' imagine that his condufl: will always be the " fame, in difmiiTmg his enemies and offering *' he thinks and conditions, you are miftaken " even talks of nothing but what is fierce and *' fevere, and is gone away much out of humor *' \vith the Senate, and thoroughly provoked by ^ the oppofition which he has met with, nor will
:

*'

[^] Ibid.

fcriptam mif^rabiliter
Caeiii epiilolam

ib.

[/

M.

x. 9.

"

there

of M.
*^

TULLIUS CICERO.
if

277
A. Urb. 704,

room for mercy. Wherefore, you your onely fon, your houfe, your ^p'i^' "remaining hopes be dear to you: if I, if c. Claudius *' the worthy man, your fon-in-law, have any Marcellus. " L. Corn el 1weight with you, you fhould not defire to ^' overturn our fortunes, and force us to hate or "^ Lentu* to rehnquifh that caufe in which our fafety
there be any
**

yourfelf,

*'

"
*'
*'

an impious wifh againft on this, that you have refled yours. Laflly, which you can offence all the already given and now to behind fo ; give, by flaying long
confifts, or to entertain

*'
**
''

declare againft a Conqueror,

whom you would

*^ *'
'

not offend, while his caufe was doubtful, and to fly after thofe who run away, with whom you would not join, while they were in condition

*'

"
*'
*'

Take the utmoft folly. to afhamed not are apyou prove yourfelf, one of the beft Citizens, you be not too hafty in determining what is the
to
refift,
is

care, that while

beft.

But

if I

cannot wholly prevail

with

*'

" be
*'

you, yet wait at leaft till you know how we fuccede in Spain, v;hich, I now tell you, will
ours as foon as Casfar comes thither.

What

"
*'

hopes they may have when Spain is loft, I " know not and what your view can be in ac-,

ceding to a defperate caufe, by cannot find out. As to the thing,

difcover to

my

faith

*'

"
'

me by your
it

filence
,

which you about it, Csefar

has been informed of

lutation, told

me

and after the firft faprefently what he had heard

denied that I knew any thing of *^ the matter, but begged of him to write to *' you in a manner the moft effedlual, to make " you ftay. He carries me with him into Spain j " if he did not, I would run away to you where" ever you are, before I came to Rome, to dif" pute this point with you in perfon, and hold

of you

"

you

278
A. Urb. 704.
Cic. 58. Coff.

The

History

" you "

*'

of the Life

Marcellus.

" " L. Cornelius Lentu- "

i^us

C. Claudius

Coniider, Cicero, again and again, that you do not utterly ruin both you and yours ; that you do not knowingly and willingly throw yourfelf into diffi-

fail

even by force.

Crvs.

" better fort touch you, or you cannot bear the " infolence and haughtinefs of a certain fet of " men, I would advife you to chufe fome place " remote from the till thefe
'

whence you fee no way to extricate But if either the reproaches of the yourfelf.
culties,

*' *'

contefts be war, if over, which will foon be decided you do I fhall that think have this, done wifely, you and you will not offend Caefar [g'].
:

Caelius's advice, as well as his practice, was grounded upon a maxim, which he had before advanced in a Letter to Cicero, that in a public dijfenficn^ as long as it was carried on by civil methods^ one ought to take the honefter ftde ; hut when it came to arms^ thefironger% and to judge that the 'Which was the Cicero was not of heft fafeft [h}. his opinion, but himfelf in this, as he governed
generally did, in all other cafes, by a contrary rule ; that where our duty and our fafety interfere^ we JJ-jQuld adhere always to what is whatever
rights

danger

we
this

incur hy

it.

Curio
about

command
him.

paid Cicero a friendly vifit of two days time on his way towards Sicily, the of which C^far had committed to

Their converfation turned on the unhapcondition of the times, and the py impending miferies of the war, in which Curio was

and without any

k]
lb\

open,

referve, in talking of Csfar'5

cernetur,
:

Ep. fam.

8. 16.

lUud
;

te

non

arbitror

fugere

fenfione

quin homines in difdomeftica debeant,

civiliter line

ubi ad bellum & partem caftra ventum fit, firmiorem

honefliorem fequi
:

&

qyamdia

armis

melius ftatuere, quod tutius fit, Ep. fam. 8. 14.

id

views

of
Views
*'
:

M rULLIUS
He
for his retreat
;

CICERO,
to

'*

exhorted Cicero
pleafed with

f^y9 chufe fome A. Urb. 7J04.

^p" i^*

" " "

*'

place " C^far would be

all

neutral

alTured him, that offered him it

-,

Cl^audius

kind of accommodation and

;

through Sicily
that Csefar

made not

fafe pafTage marcellus. the leaft doubt, but L. Corneli-

would foon be mafter of Spain,

^^ Lentu.
^^'*
**

and then follow Pompey with his whole force, " and that Pompey's death would be the end of *' the war but confelTed withal, that he faw *' no profpedt or glimmering of hope for the *' Republic faid, that C^far was fo provoked *' by the Tribun Metellus at Rome, that he ^' had a mind to have killed him, as many of *' his friends advifed ; that if he had done it, *' a great flaughter would have enfued ; that *' his clemency flowed, not from his natural
:
;

*'
*'

" "
*'
** *'
*'

but becaufe he thought it pohe once loft the affedlions of pular ; the people, he would be cruel that he was difturbed to fee the people fo difgufted by his feizing the public treafure , and though he had refolved to fpeak to them before he left Rome, yet he durft not venture upon it for fear of fome affront , and went away at lall
dilpofition,

and

if

*'

much difcompofed

[i]."

leaving the public treafure at Rome a prey to Cafar^ is cenfured more than once by Cicero, but it as one of the blunders of his friends \k'\ is a common cafe in civil diffenfions, for the
:

The

honefter fide, through the fear of difcrediting their caufe by any irregular adt, to ruin it by an The public money unfeafonable moderation. was kept in the temple of Saturn ; and the Con-

contented themfelves with carrying away the keys, fancying, that die fandlity of the place
fuls
[ / ]

Ad Att.

X. 4.

[>J] lb. 7. 12, 15.

would

28o
A. Urb. 704.
Cic, 58.
'

7he
would
fi^e

History

of the Life

fecure it from violence ; efpecially when of it was 2ifund of a acred kind, greateft part the laws for occajions onely of the laft n i^^ fet a-part -^ r V. Claudius^ '1 ^-^ c rr r ;i Marcellus. exigency, or the terror oj a LraUtc tnvajion [/J.

JUCoRNELi' Pompey was fenfibie of the niiftake, when it us Lentu- ^>^s too late, and fent inftrudlions to the Con^^ to fills go back and fetch away this facred treabut Caefar was then fo far advanced, that fure : not venture upon it , and Lentulus durft they
coldly fent

him word,

march

againfi C^far Cagfar he able to do it^ with fafety [m]. but as foon as he of thefe fcruples
-,

into

that he himfelf JJoould firft Picemim^ that they might

had none

came

to

Rome,
*'

ordered

'*

the door of the

Temple
to

to

be broken open, and the

for his

money

be feized
to to

*'

own

ufe

-,

and had

like to

have killed
the
at-

"

Tribun Metellus," who trufting authority of his office, was filly enough
the
to hinder him.

found there an imtempt " both in coin and wedges of menfe treafure, *' foHd gold, referved from the fpoils of con*' quered nations from the time even of the *' Puniq war for the Republic, as Pliny fays, ^^ had never been richer than it was at this
:

He

*'

day

[;^]."

the

impatient to be gone, and on account of the inconvenient fo, his Laurel, and Li^ors of and fiile of pornp a in of time that which Emperor \ jealoufy and

Cicero was now

more

diflradion expofed him too much to the eyes of the public, as well as to the taunts and raillery
[/] Dio. p. 161. C. CaiTius \ni'\
ipfe in
attulit

Picenum
fuit

ad Att. 7.

21.
[z;]

mandata adConfules, ut Romam venirent, pecuniam de

iandiore asrario auferrent

Nee

aliis

tempo-

ribiis

Refpub.

locupletior.

Plin. Hift. 33. 3.

ponful

refcripfit,

ut

prius

of
cf

M.rULLIUS CICERO.
He

281

refolved to crofs the fea A. Urb. 704. to Pompey; yet knowing all his motions to be ^^'i^* narrowly watched, took pains to conceal his in- c. Claudius
his enemies [0].

this

tention, efpecially from Antony, who refided at Marcellus, time in his neighbourhood, and kept a ftri6t L.Corneli^^ Lentuhim. fent him word therefore

eye upon

" Letter, that he had *' that he remembered

^'
*'
*'

by no defign againft Caefar ; his friendfhip, and his fon-in-law Dolabella ; that if he had other thoughts, he could eafily have been with

He

Pompey

that his chief reafon

for

retiring

^'

"

was to avoid the uneafinefs of appearing in

public with the formality of his Lidors
[/>].'*

But Antony wrote him a

of
it

furly anfwer ^ which Cicero calls a Laconic Mandate^ and fent a copy
to Atticus, to
it

let

him fee^ he

fays,

how

iy"

rannically

was drawn,
fincere
is

*^

your way of adling? for neuter. Hays at feems to pafs a ; *' fide or the other. the one on But judgment " it does not to me to whedetermine, belong *' ther a man may go abroad or not. C^far has

"

How

who has a mind to ftand " home he, who goes abroad
he,

''

impofed
*'

this tafk

man
fies

to

"
*'

go out of

upon me, not to fqffer any Wherefore it figniItaly.

"
*'

nothing for me to approve your refolutiif I have no power to indulge you in it. I would have you write to Casfar, and afk that favor of him I do not doubt but you
on,
:

[0]

Accedit etiam molefta

n^eo-

hsc pompa liflorum

fcripfiflem, nihil Czefaris rationes

me

contra
;

cogitare

rum, nonienque imperii quo

fed incurrit hasc appellor. noilra laurus non folum in o-

meminifie me generi mei, meminifie amicitiae, potuiile

fi

aliter

fentirem, efle

cum
quia

jam etiam Jas ma'evolorum fam 2.16.

<2ulos, fed

in vocu-

Pompeio,

me

autem,

Ep.
fspiifime

cum

lidoribus invitus curia-

rem, abeffe velle

x. lo.

ad Att.
(C

[/]

Cum

ego

will

282^

7he
'

History

of the Life

A. Urb. 704.

"

^^

ff^*

'

C. Claudius

fince you promife to will obtain it, efpecially retain a regard for our friendlhip [^]." After this Letter, Antony never came to fee

Marcellus, him, but fent an excufe, that he was ajhamed to L. Corn ELI- do it^ hecaufe he took him to he angry with him, us Lentugiving him to underfland at the fame time by RU5.
'pj-ebal-jug^

^^^^ ^^ hadfpecial orders to ohferve his

motions [r].

Letters give us the mofl: fenfible of the high efteem and credit in which proof

These

Cicero fiorifhed at

this

Time

in

Rome

when

in a conteft for Empire, which force alone was to decide, we fee the Chiefs on both fides fo follicitous to gain a man to their party, who

had no peculiar Ikill in arms or talents for war but his name and authority was the acquifition which they fought ^ fmce whatever was the fate of their arms, the world, they knew, would judge better of the caufe which Cicero efpoufed. The fame Letters will confute iikewife in a great meafure the common opinion of his want of refolution in all cafes of difficulty, fince no man could fhew a greater than he did on the prefent occafion, when againft the importunities of his friends, and all the invitations of a fuccefsfuU
:
'

power, he chofe to follow that caufe which he thought the beft, though he knew it to be the
weakeft.

During Csefar's who had nobody

abfence in Spain, Antony,

to controul

him

at

home,

gave a free courfe to his natural difpofition^ and indulged himfelf without referve in all the ex[q]
[r]

AdAtt. X, 10. Nominatim de me

ravit.
fibl

lb. x. 12.

imperatum dicit Antonius, xiec me tamen ipfe adhuc vi^erat, fed hoc Trebatio nar-

Antonius^ ad me mifit.fe pudore deterritum ad me non

venifle, quod me fibi fuccen-^ fere putarct ib, x. 15.

cefs

of
cefs

M.TULLIUS CICERO.

it^

Cicero defcribing A. Urb. 704. of lewdnefs and luxury. 5^. his ufual equipage in travelling about Italy, fays, ^^^*' he carries with him in an open Chaife the c. Claudius " famed A6lrefs Cytheris ; his v/ife follows in a Marcellus. ** fccond, with feven other clofe Litters, full of ^Corneli^* Lentu^' his whores and boys. See by what bafe hands lusCrus, " we fall; and doubt, if you can, whether Csfar, let him come vanquifhed or vi6torious, will not make cruel work amongft us at his return. For my part, if I cannot get a /hip, I will take a boat to tranfport myfelf out of their reach ; but I fhall tell you more after I " have had a conference with Antony [i]." Among Antony's other extravagances, he had the infolence to appear fometimes in public, wilb his Cimftrefs Cytheris in a Chariot drawn by Lions, cero alluding to this, in a Letter to Atticus, tells

him jocofely, that he need not be afraid of Antonyms Lions [/] for though the beafts were fo fierce, the mafter himfelf was very tame. Pliny fpeaks of this fad, as a dejlgned infult on the Roman people ; as if ^K the emblem of th&
',

LionSt Antony intended to give them to underjiandj that the fierceji fpirits of them would be forced to

fubmit

to the

yoke [u]

Plutarch alfo memions

it 5

but

[j]

Hie tamen Cy therldem

ledlica aperta portat,

fcribam

cum

ilium convenero

fecum
alter^a

ib. x. 10. [/]

uxorem

feptem prze-

Tu

tem
vide

conjunftas ledlicae funt

timelcas, cave.

Antonii leones perNihil ell ilia?

Ib.

amicarum,

an

amicorum

homine Jucundius.
13.

x,

quam
:

turpi leto perea-

mus
jlle

dubita, fi potes, quin feu viftus, feu viftor re-

&

[]

Jugo

fubdidit

eos,

djerit,

caedem
erit,

fadurus

fit.
fi

Ego
navis

vero vel lintriculo,

primufque Romae ad currum junxit Antonius ; & quidem civili bello cum dimicatum
eflet

non

eripiam

me

ex

in Pharfalicis
fine ollento

campis

iftorum parricidio. Sed plura

non

quodam temporum

284
Cic. 58.

Tf)e

History
them place
it is

of the Life

it after the hattle of evident from this hint of Pharfalia^ though that it ^^ Cicero, happened long beC Claudius given by Marcellus. lore. L. CoRNELiWhilst Cicero continued at Formias, deliusLentuberating on the meafures of his condudb, he

A. Urb. 704. but both of

Lus LRUS,

forn^ed feveral political thefes's^ adapted to the circumftances of the times, for the amufement of his folitary hours " Whether a man ought
:

to flay in his Country, when it was poflefled by a Tyrant : whether one ought not by all
cc

to attempt the diffblution of the Tyranny, though the City on that account was expofed to the utmoft hazard : whether there

means

*'
*'

was not caufe

fhould diflblve

to be afraid of the
it,

man who

"
cc
cc
cc

cc

<c
cc
cc

cc
cc cc

he fhould advance himfelf into the other's place whether we fhould not help our country by the methods of peace, rather than war whether it be the part of a Citizen to fit ftill in a neutral place, while his country is opprefled, or to run all hazards for the fake of the common liberty whether one ought to bring a war upon his city, and befiege it, when in the hands of a Tyrant whether a man, not approving the diffolution of a Tyranny by war, ought not to
left
:
:

*^
*'

join himfeif however to the beft Citizens : whether one ought to ad with his benefactors

and friends, though they do not

in his opi-

*'
'^
.*'

nion take right meafures for the public intereft: whether a man, who has done great
fer vices for his

country, and for that reafon

porum, generofosfpiritusju-

fupra monftra etiam

ill

arum
Plin.

gum

fubire illo prodigio lignificante : nam quod ita vec-

calamitatum
Hill. 8. 16.
'

fuit,

tus eft

cum mima

Cyth^ride,

*'

has

of

M,

rULLIUS CICERO.

285

has been envied and cruelly treated, is ftill A. Urb. 704. bound to expofe himfelf to frefli dangers for ^^^- S^it, or may not be permitted at lail to take
'

q q^

" by exercifing " and

**

all political

care of himfelf and his family, and give matters to the men of power

up Marcellus,
L. Corneli-

myfelf, fays he^ in thefe queilions, examining them on the one fide and the

^^ Lentu^"^ ^Rus.

" and draw out fomething which may be " xiety, of ufe to me [x]"
ther with
the time of his leaving the City, togePompey and the Senate, there paffed not a fingle day in which he did not write one or

other, I relieve

my mind

from

its

prefent an-

From

more Letters to Atticus [^], the onely friend he trufted with the fecret of his thoughts.
thefe letters
it

whom
From
Athis

appears, that the fumm of Rcus's advice to him agreed intirely with

own

fentiments, that if Pompey remained in Italy ^

he ought

to join with him ; if not^ fhouldjiay behind^ and expert what frefb accidents might -produce [2]. This was what Cicero had hitherto followed ; and as to his future condu6b, though he feems fometimes to be a little wavering and irrefolute,

yet the refult of his deliberations conftantly turned in favor of Pompey. His perfonal affection for the man, preference of his caufe, the re[x] In his ego me confultationibus exercens, diflerens in utramque partem, turn

Alteram tibi eodem die hanc epiftolam didlavi, & pridie dederam mea manu
longiorem
[z] Ego fim audlor,
ib. x. 3.

grascetum latine, abduco parumper animum a moleftiis

&7

quidem
fi

tibi

non

-u^^i^yi ri delibero.

Ad

Porapeius Itate

Att. 9. 4.

liam

relinquit,

quoque

Hujus autem epiftolae non lolum ea cauia eft, ut ne

[j]

profugere, fummo enim periculo facies, nee Reipub proderis

;

quis a

quin

me dies intermittetur, dem ad te liueras, led

cui

quidem
fi

poftcrius

ib. 8. iz.

poteris prodeiTe, ib. 9. 10.

manferis

proaches

^^^6

7k HisTOHY

of the Life

^. Urb. 704. pr6aches of the better fort,

hi$ tardinefs, receivedJ Q^^y^ixjs'^ors with him, made I^ARCELLus,

^^'^^'

who began to cenfure and above all, his gratitude for fawhich had ever the greateft weight

h.

Corn ELI- run us Lentu- j^is

Rus.
^jr

,tus

he

him refolve at all adventures to him ; and though he was difpleafed with management of the war, and without any hopes ^^^ jiiccefs [a] though he knew him before to no politician^ and now perceived him^ he fays,
after
J
-,

yet with all his faults, he could not endure the thought of deferting him, nor hardly forgive himfelf for flaying fo long behind him j *' For as in love, fays he, any thing dirty
to be no general
*'

and indecent
dudl put

in a miftrefs will

ftifle it

for the

prefent, fo the deformity

me

of Pompey's con* out of humor with him ; but

is gone, my love revives, and cannot bear his abfence, i^c, [i^]." What held him ftill a while longer was the

now
I

that he

of his family^ and the remonflrances of his daughter Tullia ; who entreated him to wait onely
tears

the Spanifh war^ and urged it as the ijfue of was paflionately fond advice of Atticiis \c\ of this daughter ; and with great reafon for fhe

the

He

-,

was a woman of fingular accomplifhments, with

\ti\

Ingrati anlmi cripien

ib. 9. 2, 5, 7.

horreo

Nee mehercule hoc facio Heipub. caufa, quam funditus deletam puto, fed nequis

indecorse : fie me illius fugge negligentiaeque deformitas a^ nunc evertit ab amorc

mergit amor,

rium
[c\

ferre

nunc deiidenon pofTum. Ib.

me
qui
dis,

putet ingratum in eum,

9. 10.

me

levavit

lis

incommo-

Sed cum ad

me mea

quibus ipfe afFecerat

ib. Q. 19.

t>mnia.
nlla.

Fortunas funtcoiTtmittenda Sine fpe conamur

Si melius

Tullia fcribat, orans, ut quid in Hifpaniageraturexpedem, & femper adfcribat idem videri tibi
ib. x. 8.

quid accident
i^eJ]i){.o7i,

mirabimur
^J}\

ib. x. 2.

Sicut \v Toii

Lacrymae meorum me interdum molliunt,precantium, utde Hifpaniis expedemus

ib. x. 9.

alicnant

immundsc,

inlWse,

the

of

M.

rULLIUS CICERO.

'287

the utmoft affedion and piety to him : fpeaking A. Urb. 704. of her to Atticus, " how admirable, fays he, is ^p'i^' ^' her virtue ? how does fhe bear the public ca- q Claudiui " ? how her domeftic lamity difgufts ? what a Marcellus, ' of mind did at my parting L. Cornelifhe Ihew greatnefs *' from them? in fpieht of the tendernefs of her ^^ Lentu. " love, fhe wifhes me to do nothing but what

and for my honor [d]." But as to of Spain, he anfwered, " that what*' ever was the fate of it, it could not alter the *' cafe with regard to himfelf for if Casfar fhould *' be driven out of it, his journey to Pompey ** would be lefs welcome and reputable, fmce *' Curio himfelf would run over to him or if the '* war was drawn into length, there would be no ** end of waiting or laflly, if Pompey's army " fhould be beaten, inflead of fitting flill, as they ** advifed, he thought juit the contrary, and fhould *' chufe the rather to run away from the violence " of fuch a He refolved therefore, hs vidtory. " to adl /y-fj nothing craftily but whatever be* " came of Spain, to find out Pompey as foon as " he could, in conformity to Solon's law, who ' made it capital for a Citizen not to take part
is

**

right,

the

affair

*'

in a civil diiTenfion [^]."

[<^3

Cujus quidem virtus

min irifica.
domellicas
ftro ?
fit
;

Quomodo
?

ilia fert

trahitur bcllum, quid expecaut quamdiu ? relintern,

publicam cladem

quomodo
?

quitur, ut

fi

vincimur

in

Hif-

qaantus autem animus in difceiTu no^opyr^

fit

tricas

Id ego pania, quiefcamus. contra puto : iftum enim vic-

fumma

torem

relinquendum

magis
;

(Tvi^n^i?

cere

&

tamen nos rede fabene audire vult. lb.

ibid. puto, quam vilum Aftute nihil fum adturus

X. 8.
[e] Si pelletafj

tusaut

quam

quam grahoneftus turn erit

fiatin Hifpaniaquidiibet. lb; x. 6.

fidPompeiumnofteradventus, cum ipfum Curionem ad ip-

Ego vero Solonis -legejn negiigam, qui capite fanxit, fi quiin feditione non alterutrius partis fuiifet
ib. x.
i .

fum

tranfitarum

putem

ii

Befoi^]^

188
A. Urb. 704.
Cic. 58.
Jiitn

^he

History
his

of the Life

Servius Sulpicius fent had a great defire have a conference with him^ to confult in comr> r. to C.Claudius 'ir^' j Marcellus, ^^^ what meajures they ought to take. Cicero conL. CoRNELi- fented to it, in hopes to find Servius in the fame

Before

going

off,

word from Rome,

-j.

that he

vsLentulusCrus*

with himfelf, and to have his company to Pompey's camp: for in anfwer to his mefTage, he intimated his own intention of leaving Italy ; and if Servius was not in the fame refokition, advifed
ixiind
to fave himfelf the trouble of the journey^ though he had any thing of moment to communicate^ he if

him

would wait for his coming [/]. But at their meeting he found him fo timorous and defponding, and fo full of fcruples upon every thing which was propofed, that inftead of prefling him to the fame condu6t with himfelf, he found it neceffary to conceal his own defign from him : of all the men, fays he, whom I have met *' withj he is alone a greater Coward than C. *' Marcellus^ who laments his having been '' Conful , and urges Antony to hinder my " going, that he himfelf may flay with a better
'

"

grace [^]."

Cato, whom Pompey

himfelf of Sicily, thought
[f] Sin autem
efle,

had
fit

fent to pofTefs to quit that pofV,

tibi

homi-

tes, in

ni prudentifiimo videtur utile

turn conftlium

quo non lit conjuActuum cum meo^

nos coUoqui, quanquam longius etiam cogitabam ab urbe difcedere, cujus jam etiam nomen invitus audio,

fuperfedeas hoc labore itineris*

ib. 4. 2.

[^]

Servii eonfilio. nihil

tamen propius accedam- Ep. fam. 4. 1. Rellat ut difcedendum putern

;

expeditur. Omnes captiones in omni fententia occurrunt.

in

quo reliqua videtur

confili-

e^Q deliberatio, quod

Unum C. Marcello cognovi timidiorem, quern Conlulem fuiile poenitet qui etiam Antonium confirmafTe dicitur,

qus loca fefi habes quamur jam itatutum, quid tibi agendum pu-

um

in difceflu,

ut

me

ipfe, credo, Att. x. 15.

impediret, quo honeftius.-< Ad

md

of
and

M.

TULLIUS CICERO.
much
fcandalized at Cato's

289
^'^-

to Curio ^ who carine J ike- ^- ^rb. 704' yield up the IJland 5 8. wife to feize it on C^far's part with a fuperior

force.

Cicero was

'

r, ?

condu6t, being perfuaded that he might have Marcellus, held his pofleffion without difficulty, and that ^- Corne^^^s Lentuall honeft men would have flocked to him, efpe-

once appeared on the Curio himfelf as he to and ad, coafl, begun have run would away the Jirft, I wijh^ GonfefTed, Cotta that may hold out Sardi?iia as it fays Cicero,
faid he will : for if fo^ how hafe will Cato's a5l appear \h\ In thefe Circumftances, while he was preis

cially when Pcmpefs fleet hi?n : for if that had but

was fo near

to fupport

^^'*

paring all things for his voyage, and waiting onely for a fair wind, he removed from his Cman to his Pompeian Villa beyond Naples^ which, not being fo commodious for an embarkment,

would help to leffen the fufpicion of his intended Here he received a private mefTage flight [t]. from the Officers of three Cohorts, which were in garrifon at Pompeii, to beg leave to wait upon him the day following, in order to deliver up their troops and the town into his hands j but
inftead of liflening to the overture, he fiipt away the next morning before day to avoid feeing them j
fince fuch a force or a greater could be of
Curio

no

fer-

[/^]

mecum
fi

vixit

Siciliae diffidens,

Pompeius

navigare coepillet ib. x. 7. Curio PompeiiclaiTem timebat: quas fi eflet, fe de SiIb. x. 4. aXbiturum. Cato qui Siciliam tenere nullo negotio potuit, & fi tenuifTet, omnes boni ad eum
cilia
fe contulifTent,

utinam, quod aiunt, Cotta Sardiniam teneat. Ell enlm rumor. O, fi id fuerit, turib. x. pem Catonem ut minuerim [z] Ego
!

16.
fuf-

picionem profedionis,~-pror fedus fum in Pompeianum

a. d.
1 1 1 1

Id.

Ut

ibi erfcj-n,

dum
pus

quss ad

navigandum oIb.

Syracufis pro8.

client, pararentur.

feaus

eft a.

d.

Kal. Mali
.

Vol.

II.

vice

apo
Cic. 58.

The
;

History

of the Life
It

A. Urb. 704. vice there

and he was apprehenfive that

was
de-

defigned

C Claudius

Thus

onely as a trap tor him [/^]. purfuing at laft the refult of all his

Marcelt-us. liberations, and preferring the confideration of L.CoR^ELI- duty to that of his fafety, he embarked to folus LEK-ra- ]Q^y and from the nature of

lusCrus.

Pompey

though

the war, he plainly faw and declared, *' was a contention onely for rule

"
;

that

it

yet he *' the rao and defter^ honefier thought Pompey " the if tijoo and he did not con; jiijler King of *' quer, that the very name of the Roman peo*' pie would be extinguifhed ; or if he did, that " it would fbill be after the manner and pattern " of Sylla, with much cruelty and blood [/J."

With

thefe

the eleventh of

melancholy rciiedions he fet fail on *' June [m']^ ruiliing, as he tells

(C

us

villain venif[/t] Cum ad fem, ventiim eft ad me, Centuriones trium Cohortium,

no more, exemploque vincet

'

ib. X. 7. a. d. III. Id. [;/;]

quai Pompeiis fant,

poftridie; hcec nius noiter, velle eos mihi fe, oppidum tradere. At ego

me velle mecum Nin-

Jun. Ep,

fam. 14.
able, that

7.

It is

remark-

which

the realons, detained Cicero in Ita-

among

tibi poitridie a villa ante lu-

cem,

ut

me omnino
?

illl

non
erat
11

he intended, he mentions the tempejiuoics ^ixjcather of the Equi?iox, and

the calms that fucceded it
this
-y

ly longer than

viderunt.

Quid enim
r

yet

in tribus cohortibus

quid

plures, quo apparatu inul eri poterar, ut tentare-

Sc fi-

mun

Omnem
eft.

igitur fufpi-

was about the end of May [ad Att. x. 17. 18.] which (hews what a ftrange confufion there was at this
time in the

cionem fuftuli ibid. [/] Dominatio qusfita ab

utroque
lb. 8.
1

Roman

Kalendar;

1.

and what necelhty for that reformation of it, which Caefar foon after eifeded, in order to reduce the computation

is,

probior & integrior; cc qui nifivincit, nomen populi Romani deleatur neceffe
:

&

Regnandi contentio eft; in qua pulfus eft modeftior Rex

of their months to the regular courfe of the feafons from

ried

lift

Hn autcm

vincit, Svlla-

which they had fo widely vaSome of the commen,

tators.

of
**
*' *^ *'
*'

M.

rULLIUS CICERO.

291

'*
*'

us, knowingly and willingly into voluntary A. Urb. 704; deftrudlion, and doing juft what cattel do ^^.^'^^' when driven by any force, running after thofe^ Claudius of his own kind ; for as the ox, fays he, fol- Marcellus. lows the herd, fo I follow the honeft, orL. Cornelithofe at leafl, who are called fo, though it be "^ Lentu-

to certain ruin [n]."

As

to his brother

^^^ v^R^s.

Quin-

tus,

far from defiring his company in be prejfed him to ftay in Italy on that flight, account of his perfonal obligations to C^efar, and

he was fo

this

the relation he had born to

him

yet

Quintus

would not be
ijoould

left

behind

but declared, that he

follow his Brother, whitherfoever he fjotdd

lead,

and think that party right which he fhould chufe for him \j)\. What gave Cicero a more particular abhorrence of the war, into which he was entering, was, to fee Pompey on all occafions afi^ecling to imitate Sylla, and to hear him often fay with a fudo fuch a thing, and cannot perior air, could Sylla I do it? as if determined to make Sylla's viflory He was now in much the pattern of his own. the fame circumftances in which that Conqueror
tators, for

want of attending
are

rlum.

to

ftrangely puzzled to account for the

difficulty
;

this caufe,

and one of them

ridiculoufly

by

imagines, that the Equinox^ Cicero co-

means Antony, who make his days and nights equal, by fleeping as much as he waked.
vertly

[pro M. Marcel. 5.] quid ergo aturus es ? idem, quod pecudes, quse difpulfse fui generis fequuntar greges. Ut bos armenta, fic ego bonos viros, auteos, qaicunque dicentur boni, fequar, etiam
fi

ufed to

ruent
[<?]

ad Att. 7. 7. Fratrem ^focium hu^'Ro.

\n\

Ego prudens

ac fciens
poll-

jus fortunse quum : cui

far

non

erat ae-

ad peftem ante oculos

6. 6.]

magis etiam Cseirafcetur. Sed impetrare

ut maneat.
[ib.

tarn turn profedus. [Ep. fam.

non pofTum,
9. I.] frater,

Prudens & fciens tanquam ad interitum ruerem volunta-

quicquid mihl placeret, id redum fe putare aiebat. Ib. 9.6.

had

292

7hc

History
-,

of the Life

A.Urb. 704. had once been fuftaining the caule of the Senate by his arms, and treated as an enemy by ^"^^Swho poiTeffed Italy; and as he flattered Cl^audius ^^^^^ Marcellus. himfelf with the fame good fortune, fo he was L.CoRNELi- meditating the fame kind of return, and threatenus Lentujj^g Y\x\n and profcription to all his enemies. This

Lus

Rus.

fj^equently fhocked Cicero, as we find from many of his Letters, to confider with what cruelty and effufion of civil blood the fuccefs even of his own

would certainly be attended [f]. have no account of the manner and circumflances of his voyage, or by what courfe he fleered towards Dyrrachium ; for after his leaving Italy, all his correfpondence with it was in great meafure cut off, fo that from June, in
friends

We

"which he failed, we find an intermifTion of about nine months in the feries of his Letters, and not more than four of them written to Atticus durinothe continuance of the war [q]. arrived

He

however

fafely in

Pompey's camp

with his fon^

and nephew^ committing the fortunes of the whole family to the ifTue of that caufe and that he might make fome amends for coming fo late, and gain the greater authority with his party, he furnijhed Pompey^ who was in great want of moneys with a large fumm out of
his brother^
:

his

own flock for

Qyai"

the public fervice [r].

illud,

W
y..']

crebro
Tiofi

[r] Etfi

Sjlla potiiity ego

potero ?

bus,

quod

is

egeo rebus omniquoque in ancui

& profcripturit
t^cci aoi Kiyc:).

Ita Syllaturit animus ejus,

diu.

guftiis eft,

quicum fumus,
opinantes

[Att. 9.

magnam dedimus pecuniam

mutuam,
nobis,
conftitutis rebus, earn rem etiam honore fore. [ib. xi. 3.]
fi

fimilitudinem concupivit,
[ib. 7.]

Cn:e.\xs TioiQi: Syllani regni si-

utnon

nominatim
'
'

fed
effet

generatim
informata.
2,

quas habuimus facultates,

profcripllo Ib. xi. 9*

[^] Vid.

Pompeio turn, cum id videbamur fapienter facere,

eas

Ad

A.tt. xi, i,

detulimus.

Ib. 13.

But

of

M TULLIUS
:

CICERO.

295

he entered into the war with rekic- A. Urb. 704; ^^^- 5^. tance, fo he found nothino; in it but what inhe difliked every thing which n creafed his difsjuft ^- n Claudius r ,7 r 7^ t^ey had done, or dejigned to ^do \ jaw nothing good Marcellus. and that their own L. Corneliamongji them hut their caufe counlels would ruin them for all the chiefs of ^^ Lentuas
'

But

111

-,

the party trufting to the fuperior fame and authority of Pompey, and dazzled with the fplen-

^^'

'^*

dor of the troops, which the Princes of the Eaft had fent to their afTiftance, aflured themfelves of vidlory ; and, without refledling on the different charaifter of the two armies, would hear of nothing but fighting. It was Cicero's bufmefs therefore to difcourage this wild fpirit, and to reprefent the hazard of the war, the force of Casfar, and the probability of his beating them, if ever but all his rethey ventured a battel with him monftrances were flighted, and he himf elf reproached as timorous and cowardly by the other Leaders:
:

though nothing afterwards happened to them, hit what he had often foretold \s\ This foon made him repent of embarking in a caufe fo imprudently
(:ondu5ied\

and

it

added to

his difcontent, to find'

to

himfelf even blamed by Cato for coming

all
;

them at

and deferting that neutral

poft,

which might

have given him the better opportunity of bringing about an accommodation [/]. In this difagreeable fituation he declined all employment, and finding his counfils wholly
[j]

Quippe mihl nee quae

quae aguntur,

hil adverfi accidit

non praedi-

accidunt, nee
ullo

cente me.
i

lb. 6.

xi.

[ib. probantur. boni praeter caufam. [Ep. fam. 7. 3.] ita-

modo

[/^

Cujus memeifalipoe-

4. ]

nihil

non tarn propter periculum meum, quam propter

nitiiit,

que ego, quern turn

viri,

fortes

illi

vitia multa,

qu^

ibi offendi,

Domitii& Lentuli,
efTe

timi-

quo veneram.
Plutai
.

Ib.

7.

3.

dum
2
1.

diccbant, &c. [ib.6.

in bello, ni-

in Cic.

quo quidem

(lighted*

294*

^^^

History

of the Life

A. Urb. 704. flighted, refumed his ufual way of raillery, and Cic. 58. what he could not difiuade by his authority, en-

deavoured to make ridiculous by his jefts. This Marcellus. gave occanon arterwards to Antony, in a Ipeech L. Corn ELI to the Senate, to cenfure the levity of his behaus Lentu- viour in the calamity of a civil war, and to refle6t
nr
./r^TTTc

tus VRus.

^^^ onely ^upon his fears, but the unfeafonablenefs alfo of his jokes : to v/hich Cicero anfwered, ^' that though their camp indeed was full of care and anxiety, yet in circumfhances the mod *' turbulent, there were certain moments of reall men, who had any humawere them, glad to lay hold on but while Antony reproached him both with dejediipn and joking at the fame time, it was a fure proof that he had obferved a proper temper and moderation in them both [].

laxation,

which

nity in

cc

[;^]

Ipfe fugi adhuc

omnc

ly arived

from

Italy,

and

inunus eo magis, quod ita nihil ppteratagi,utmihi c^ meis rebus aptum efiet. [Att. xi.
4.]

informing them of a ftrong

report at

Rome,

that'^Pompey
;

acj

blocked up

hyCafar

and

Quod autem idem

mcefti-

tiam

mam

reprehencit idem

jocum;

me in utroque fuifle ell, nioderatum. Phil. 2. 16. Some of Cicero's fayings

on
this

magno argumento

yoa failed hither therefore^ faid he, that you might fee it And eiisith your cwn eyes.

ven af er their defeat, when Nonnius was exhorting them

to

courage,
ca?>ip

becaufe

there

ferved

preby different writers

occafion

are

were
acr//,

fe^ven eagles fill left in

;

Fompcys
fight

you encourage

When Pcmpey

put him in

mind of his coining fo late to them how can / cojue late, faid he, <^lhe7^ I find nothing
in readincf among you ?

faid he, if njce njoere to ivith jfackda^^vs. By

and upon Pcmpey's aiking him

-

the frequency of thefe fplenetic jokes, he is faid to have provoked Pompey fo far as tQ tell him, / <r^vifo that you
nvould go o'ver that you
to

fare, ilically, ^vhcre hisfon-in lan.K Do labella nx:as ; he is

the other fide,

us 3.

rwith your Fath^r-in-laiv, re^ perfon newplied he.

may begin to fear Vid. Macrob. Saturn. 2.

Plufar. in Cicer.

fo

Young

of

M,TULLIUS CICERO.
Brutus was
alfo

ig^
A. Urb. 704-

Pompey's camp, by a peculiar ^l^' ^^' zeal: which Cicero mentions as the more re-^ Pt ,\-r., markable, becaufe he had always profeiTed an ir- Marcellus.
"where he
dillinguillied

Young

in

himfclf

reconcileable hatred to

Pompe)\ as

to the

his

Father
;

[x'].

But he followed the

murderer of L.Qo^^'ei.i^^ Lentucaufe, not the

^^^
^^^'

man

facrificing all his refentments to the fervice

of his country, and looking now upon Pompey as the General of the Republic^ and the defender of
their

of this war Cicero never of but as a perpetual fticcondudl fpeaks Pompey's

cejfion

common liberty. During the courle

His firft flep of leaving Italy of blunders. was condemned indeed by all, but particularly by
'

\ yet to us at this diftance, it feems not to have been prudent, but necelTary [jy]. onely What fhocked people fo much at it was the dif-

Atticus

covery that

it
,

made of
and

his

weaknefs and want of

after the fecurity v/hich he had preparation all and the defiance fo oft declared affected, along

againft his adverfary, it made him appear contemptible to run away at lad on the firft approach

of C^far

" more
''

" Did you

raifmg
?

ever

fee,

fays C^lius, a
is

filly

creature than this

all this

Pompey of yours;
found to

" be fuch a trifler " of a man more

*'

who,

after

bullle,

or did you ever read or hear

vigourous in a6lion, more tern-

perate in vidory, than our Caefar [2] ?"

4
Att. 7. 13. Si ifte Italiam
faciet

PoMPEY

[;^]

Brutus amicus in caufa

X'erfatur acriter.

Ad

Att. xi.

relinquet,

4*

omnino male,

&

ut

VId. Plutar.

in Brut.

&
ani-

ego

exiftimo iKoy\^u)<;^ &c. ib. 9.

10.

Pomp.
b'J,

Quorum dux quam

quoque

\%\

Ecquando
vidifti

tu

hominem
qui tan-

d9f>ccjnyii]o^^ tu

ineptiorem

quam tuum Cn.

?

dem

madvertis, cui ne Picenaquinota funt quam autem

:

Pompeium

fme concilio,

res teitis.

Ad

tas turbas, qui tarn nugax effct commorit ? ecquem au-

29$
A. Urb. 704.
Cic. 58.
'

The

History

of the Life

PoMPEY had \dt Italy about a year before Csfar found it convenient to go after him ; durwhich time he had o-athered a vaft fleet from n t> C rV Claudius ine: ^ ^.
.
.

Marcellus.

the maritime btates and Cities dependent on the Xi.CoRNELi- Empire^ without making any ufe of it to diftrefs U5 Lentu gj-j enemy who had no fleet at all he fuffered Siall
:

j-ys i.^v^'

^^^ Sardinia to fall into C^efar's hands, withand the important town of Marout a blow feilles, after having endured a long feige for its
^j]y
;

but his capital error was the giving up Spain, and neglecting to put himfelf at the head of the befl: army that he had, in a country devoted to his interefl:s, and commodious for the operations ot his naval force when Cicero firfl: heard of this refolution, he thought
affed:ion to his caufe
:
:

it

monjlrous [a] ; and in truth, the committing that war to his Lieutenants againfl: the fuperior genius and afcendant of Csefar, was the ruin of
his befl: troops

and hopes at once. Some have been apt to wonder, why Cs'far, after forcing Pompey out of Italy, infl:ead of cro fling the fea after him, when he was in no
condition to
refifl:,

fliould leave

him

for the fpace

of a year to gather armies and fleets at his leifure, and ftrengthen himfelf, with all the forces of the But Casfar had good reafons for what he Eafl:. did: he knew that all the troops, which could be drawn together from thofe countries, were no match for his that if he had purfued him direftly to Greece, and driven him out of it, as he
-,

tern Caefare noflro acriorem

cia,

in rebus agendis, eodem in vidloria temperatiorem, aut legiili aut audifti ? pp. fam.
8. 1^.

cludendos

Rhodo, &c. ad interItaliae commeatus

coinparatur ad Att. 9. 9. Nunciat ^^gyptum cogitare;

[a]

Omnis

ha^c claHis

A-

Hifpanium Monflra narrant

9.
1

abjeciile.

ad 4^^-

lexandria, Colchis, Tyro, Si-

1.

dpne, Cypro,Pamphylia,Ly'

h^d

of had done out of

M.TULLIUS CICERO,
Italy,

297

he fhould have driven into him probably Spain, where of all places he
defired the leaft to

meet him ; and where in all a fure refource, as long as it had events Pompey a firm and veteran army , which was poflefTed by bufinefs therefore Casfar's to deftroy in the it was no he could or fuccefs from the firft place, exped: no there was and war opportunity of deftroying as when it fo favorably, Pompey himfelf was at This was the reafon of from it. diftance a fuch fo with back much expedition to his marching an without a General^ and as he faid, find, army
*,

to a General without ayi army \h\ The event fhewed, that he judged right ; for within forty days from the firll fight of his enemy in Spain, he made himfelf mailer of the whole

return

Province \c\

After the redu6lion of Spain, he was ere- A. Urb. 705. Cic. 59. ated Dilator by M. Lepidtis^ then Prater at Rome^ and by his Di^atorial power declared himfelf p ^^^' Conful, with P. Servilius Ifauricus ; but he was
fourth of January, in order to find out Pompey. The carrying about in his perfon the fupreme dignity of the Empire, added no fmall authority to his caufe, by making the Cities and States
''^^"s*

c^saVii no fooner invefted with this office, than he P. Servilius marched to Brundifium, and embarked on the Vatia Isau-

abroad the more cautious of ading againfl him, or giving them a better pretence at leaft/^r opento the Conful Ciof Rome ing their gates [d], cero all this while defpairing of any good from
[]>]

Ire fe

fine duce,

ad ducem
fr]

ad exercltum inde reveriurum Sufine exercitu.

[dl

Illi fe

&

daturos negare,

neque portas Coniuli prscclufuros. Ca^C Comm. 1. 3.

590,

cton. J. Caef. 34.

Csf. Commeiit.

\.

z.

the

298
^^^59*

T^he

History
it

of the Life

A. Urb. 705. the war, had been ufing all his endeavours to to peace, till Pompey forbad difpofe his friends
C. TuLi'us
in council, declaring, nor country^ for which P. Servilius he mufl be indebted to defar^ as the world mujl take VatiaIsau-^^^ r^y^ to be, fldould he accept any conditions in his

^^y farther mention of

CiESAR

II.

that he valued neither

life

'^^^'

prefent circwnflances

[<?].

He

was

fenfible that

he

had hitherto been a&ing a contemptible part, and done nothing equal to the great name which he had acquired in the world ; and was determined
therefore, to retrieve his honour before he laid down his arms, by the deflrudion of his adver-

During the blockade of Dyrrhachium, it was a current notion in C^far's army, that Pompey would draw off his troops into his fhips^ and
remove the
Dolabella,

in the attempt. fary, or to perifli

war

to

who was

fome dijiant place. Upon this with Casfar, fent a Letter to

Cicero
'^ *^

into

that if

Pompey

quarters,
''
*' fit

Pompey's Camp, exhorting him, fhould be driven from thefe tofeek fome other country, he would
:

cc

''

*'

*'

down quietly at Athens, or any City remote from the war that it was time to think of his own fafety, and be a friend to himfelf, rather than to others that he had now fully fatisfied his duty, his friendfhip, and his engagements to that party, which he had efpoufed in the Rethat there was nothing left, but to be, public where the Republic itfelf now was, rather than
:

Defperans vidloriam, cccpi fuadere pacem, cujus fueram Temper audlor ; deinde cum ab ea fententia
[e]

ingrefTam in fermonem
peius
interpellavit,
Sc

Pom-

primum

loqui plura prohibuit. Quid mihi, inquit, aut vita aut civitate

Pompeius valde abhorreret. Ep. fam. 7. 3.

Vibullius

opus
faris

eft,

quam
596.

beneficio
?

CsCccf.

habere videbor
3.

de Ca^raris
;

Comm.

niandatis agere inftituit

eum
''

by

of
*'

M.TULLIUS CICERO.

299

A. Urb. 705. by following that ancient one to be in none at <c would and that C^far all readily approve ^^^ P' *' this condud [/] :" but the war took a quite c. Julius different turn; and inllead o^ Pompefs runni?tg CjesarU. {iw ay from Dyrrhachmn^ Casfar, by an unexpedl- P-Servilius ^^'^'^ Isaued defeat before it, was forced to retire the firft, and leave to Pompey the credit of purfuing him, as in a kind of flight towards Macedonia. While the two armies were thus employed, Caelius, now Prstor at Rome, trufting to his power, and the fuccefs of his party, began to publifh feveral violent and odious laws, efpecially on^ for the cancelling of all debts [^]. This raifed a great iiame in the City, till he was over-ruled and depofed from his magiftracy by the Conful but being made defpeServilius, and the Senate rate by this affront, he recalled Milo from his exil at Marfeilles, whom C^efar had refufed to reflore and in concert with him, refolved to raife fome public commotion in favor of Pompey, In this difpofition he wrote his laft Letter to Cicero ; in which, after an account of his converfion, and the fervice which he was prpjedling, *' You are afleep, fays he, and do not know how *' open and weak we are here what are you do*' ing ? are you waiting for a battel, which is
:
-,

*'
'

"

you ? I am not acquainted with your troops; but ours have been longufed to fight hard; and to bear cold and hunger with
fure to be againfl

[y]
ut,
fi

Illud

autem a

jam

ille

te peto, evitaverit hoc

Reipub.quam tu probabas. Reliquum eft, ubi nunc eft

ei

periculum,
las
:

&c fe abdiderit in claflem, tu tuis rebus confu-

Refpub.

ibi

fimus

quam
tis

aliquando tibi potius fis amicus. Safadlum eft jam a te vel

cuivis,

&

quam dum veterem

quamur, fimus
fam. 600.
g, 9.

potius, illam fe-

in nulla.

Ep.
3.

[^J

Cjef.

Comment.

officio,

vel familiaritati

fa-

tisfadum etiam partibas^

&
i, eafe.

500
A. Urb. 705.

The

HisroKY

of the Life

^c

^
ff

C. Julius

eafe [^]." But this difturbance, which began to alarm all Italy, was foon ended by the death ^^ ^^^ Authors of it, Milo and Cselius ; who

"

perilhed in their rafh attempt, being deftroyed by the foldiers, whom they were endeavouring Vatia Isau- to debauch. They had both attached themfelves

C^sarII.

P. Servilius

Ricus.

and the authority of Cicero, and were qualified by their parts and fortunes to have made a principal figure in the Re^^j.y ^^j.|y ^^ ^j^^ interefts

public, if they had continued in thofe fentiments, and adhered to his advice ; but their palTions,
pleafures, and ambition got the afcendant ; and through a factious and turbulent life hurried them

on

to this wretched fate.

All
war

thoughts of peace being

now

laid afide,

Cicero's next advice to

Pompey

was, to draw the

into length, nor ever to give Cicfar the opportunity of a battel. Pompey approved this

and purfued it for fome time, till he the gained advantage above-mentioned before Dyrrhachium ; which gave him fuch a confidence in his own troops, and fuch a contempt of Cscounfil,
far's,
*'
^'

"

that

from

this great

man

this moment, fays Cicero, ceafed to be a General , op-

pofed a raw, new-raifed army, to the mofl robuft

to fiy

^'

"
''

and veteran Legions

;

was fliamefully

beaten

and, with the

alone [i]."

lofs

of his

Camp,

forced

away

ih] Vos dormitis, nee haec adhuc mihi videmini intelli-

Pompeius valde abhorreret,

fuadere
ceret
Sz
:

nos pateamus, & quam fimus imbecilli quid illic facitis r pra^lium expectatis, quod firmilTimum eft?
gere,

quam

inftitui, utbellum duhoc interdum probabat

in ea fententia videbatur

fore, &fui{^etfortal^e,niflquadam ex pugna coepiflet militi-

veftrascopiasnon novi. Noitri valde depugnare, & facile

algere Sc efurire confueverint.

busfuis confidere.

Exeotem-

Ep. fam.
[/]

8. 17,

Cum

ab ea fententia

pore vir ille fiimmus nuUus Imperator fait villus turpiffime, amiffis etiam caftris, folus fugit. Ep. fam. 7. 3.
:

Had

of

M.

rVLLIUS CICERO.
:

301

been followed, Caefar A. Urb. 705. for Pompey's mufi: inevitably have been ruined ^if i^* fleet would have cut ofi^all fupplies from hirtiby q i^^jy^ and it was not pofTible for him to fubfift long C/esar II. fea at land ; while an enemy, fuperior in number of P. Servilius VatiaIsautroops, was perpetually haralling him, and waft^^^^^' and the the where country report every ing fpread of his flying from Dyrrhachium before a
Cicero's advice
',

Had

vi6lorious army, which was purfuing him, made his march every way the more difficult, and the

people of the country more fhy of afllfting him : till the defpicable figure, that he feemed to make, raifed fuch an impatience for fighting, and aflfurance of vidory in the Pompeian chiefs, as drew them to the fatal refolution of giving him battel There was another motive likewife at Pharfalia. to us by Cicero, which feems to have fuggefted

had no fmall influence

to this

in

determining
;

Pompey
to

unhappy

omens^ and his nature was ftrongly addicted.

ftep the admonitions of Diviners

;

his fuperftitious regard to

which
eve-

The Harufpices
him with

were

all

on

his fide,

and

flattered
:

and befides thofe ry thing that was profperous in his own camp, the whole fraternity of them at Rome were fending him perpetual accounts of
the fortunate and aufpicious Jignfficatiofts which they

had ohferved

in the entrails

of their vidims

{]{].

But after all, it muft needs be owned, that Pompey had a very difficult part to adl, and much
of executing what he himfelf apin all the other wars, in which he than proved, had been engaged. In his wars againft foreign
lefs liberty
[/^]

Hoc
!

civili

bello,

immortales in GfcEciam

qu^

Dii nobis

difta
ille
tis

Pompeio

etenini

admodum
movebatur.
,

extis

&

often-

Roma

refponfa
r

De

Div. 2.

Haiufpicam

xniiTa funt

qu:E

24,

enemies

201
Cic. 59.
|.jQj^3

Tbe

History

of the Life

power was abfolute, and all his modepended on his own will ; but in this, be^^^^^ feveral Kings and Princes of the Eafl, who C Julius C^sAR II. attended him in perfon, he had with him in his P. Servilius Camp almofl all the chief Magiflrates and SenaA. Urb. 705. enemies, his

Vatia Isau'^'^"**

i-qi-s of Rome; men of equal dignity who had commanded armies, and

with himfelf, obtained tri-

umphs, and expedled a

Ihare in

all his counfils,

and that in their common danger, no ftep ihould be taken, but by their common advice and as they were under no engagement to his caule, but what was voluntary, fo they were neceflarily to be humored, left through difguft they Ihould deNow thefe were all uneafy in their prefert it. fent fituation, and longed to be at home in the enjoyment of their eftates and honors ; and having a confidence of victory from the number of their troops, and the reputation of their Leader, were perpetually teizing Pompey to the refolution of a battel charging him with a defign to pro:

tradt the war, for the fake of perpetuating his au-

who was proud

and calling him another Agamemnon, of holding fo many Kings and Generals under his command [/] till, being unable to withftand their reproaches any longer, he was driven by a kind of fhame, and againft his judgethority
;
;

ment, to the experiment of a decifive adlion.

C^SAR was fenfible of Pompey's difficulty, and perfuaded, that he could not fupport the indignity of Ihewing himfelf afraid of fighting ; and
[llYioAi'Tr] TMS'icLvrh^if.cihiAKo.} AycLiMy.vovAKcthii'' rav, on KdxZtv'i^ 'Sa/.^nKiuv J'id rov '^oh.ifj.oyyip^^iv ii^iTt)

Milites otium,
cis

focli

mo1.

ram, Principes ambitum duincrepabant. Flor.

2.

Dio. p.

185.

Plut.

4. in

Tuv

htmiccv Koyt^ixcoVy y^ kvi" J^wxs^ ctuTOJf. App.p. 470.

Pomp.

from

of

M.

fULLIUS CICERO.
:

303

from that aflurance expofed himfelf often more A. Urb. 705. would otherwife jullify for ^coff^' rallily than prudence his befieging Pompey at Dyrrhachium, who was c. Julius mafter of the fea, which fupplied every thing to C^sar II. him that was wanted, while his own army was P- Servilius ^*^"* and the attempt to block up ftarving at land ^j^^s^
-,

entrenchments fo widely extended, with much fmaller numbers than were employed to defend them, muft needs be thought rafh and extravagant, were it not for the expedation of drawing

Pompey by it

for when to a general engagement he could not gain that end, his perfeverance in the fiege had like to have ruined him, and would inevitably have done fo, if he had not quitted it, as he himfelf afterwards owned [m]. It muft be obferved likewife, that, while Pompey had any walls or entrenchments between him and C^far, not all C^far's vigor, nor the courage of his veterans, could gain the leaft advantage but on the contrary, that C^far was againft him baffled and difappointed in every attempt. Thus at Brundifium he could make no imprefiion upon the Town, till Pompey at full leifure had fecured his retreat, and embarked his troops and at Dyrrhachium, the onely confiderable adion, which happened between them, was not onely difadvantageous, but almoft fatal to him. Thus far Pompey certainly fhewed himfelf the greater Captain, in not fuffering a force, which he could not refift in
:
:

[///]

rox,

&

Caefar pro natura feconficiendse rei cupi-

patente mari omnibus coplls

dus, oftentare aciem, pro\'ocare, laceiTere ; nunc cbfidi-

abundarentr) nuncexpugnatione Dyrrhachii irrita. Sec.

Flor.
1.

4. c. 2.

one caftrorum, quze fedecim

millium valloobduxerat; (fed ^uid his obeffct obfidio, qui

coy.o^^oyu
'srpsf
3-0,?)

[j.(\cLytvu(TyAiv

Av^onyjco ^psiJoTriJ'iu&c. App. p. 468.

1

the

'304
Cic. 59.

^l''^

History
do him any
;

of the Life

A. Urb. 705. the field, to

C
P.

Julius
II.

cksAR

againft ^"^ General. knev/ how to

him

fince

that

hurt, or carry any point depended on the fkill of

By the make

help of entrenchments he
his

new

raifed

foldiers a

for C^efar's Veterans; but when he was VatiaIsau- (jrawn to encounter him on the open plain, he

Servilius

match

Ricus.

fought againft infuperable odds, by deferting his proper arms^ as Cicero fays, of caution, counfil, and authority, in which he was fuperior, and committing his fate to /words and/pears, and bodily fir ength^ in which his enemies far excelled him \n\. Cicero was not prefent at the battel of Pharfalia, but was left behind at Dyrrhachium much out of humor, as well as out of order his difcontent to fee all things going wrong on that fide,
:

an

his advice, had brought upon him habit of body, and weak Hate of health ; which made him decline all public command; but

and contrary to
ill

Pompey to follow, and continue with foon as his health permitted [o] ; and as a pledge of his fmcerity, fent his fon in the mean while along with him, who, though very young, behaved himfelf gallantly, and acquired great aphe promifed
as

him

plaufe by his dexterity of riding

and throwing the ja^ other and "velin, part of militaperforming every one at head the of the wings of of ry difcipline
\n\ Non lis rebus pugnabamus, quibus vaiere potera-

adhuc omne [<?] Ipfe fugi munus, eo magis, quod nihil ita poterat agi, ut

jnus,

confilio,

auftorltate,

mihi &.

caufa, quae erant in nobis fuperiora ; fed lacertis Sj yiri-

meis rebus aptum

conficit

eiTet

me
cum
ell-

bus, quibus pares non fuimus.

etiam

ex qua. follicitudo, fumma infirmitas cor-

Ep.
diis,

fain. 4. 7.

Dolebamquc
non

pilis glaconfiliis neque auc-

&

poris; qua levata, ero eo, qui negotium gerit,

que

in

magna

i"^^

ad Att^

licodirceptari'

toritatibusnoftrisde jure pubKp. fam. 6,1.

xi, 4.

Horfcy

of

M.rULLIUS CICERO.

him the comHorfe^ of which Pompey had given in the Camp alio ilaid behind mand [/>]. Cato he which commanded at Dyrrhachium, with^teen Cohorts^ when Labienus brought them the news of Pompey's defeat , upon which Cato offered the command to Cicero as the fuperior in dignity; and upon his refufal of it, as Plutarch tells us, young Pompey was io enraged, that he drew his fword, and would have killed him upon the it. This fad: is fpot^ if Cato had not prevented not mentioned by Cicero, yet feems to be referred to in his fpeech for Marcellus, where he fays, that in the very war^ he had been a perpetual affertor of peace ^ to the hazard even of his life [^], But the wretched news from Pharfalia threw them all into fuch a confternation, that they prefently took {hipping, and difperfed themfelves feverally,
hopes or inclinations led them into the difEmpire \r\ The greatto renew the war, determined were eft who part went diredily into Afric, the general rendezvous
as their

305A.Urb. 705.

^^

P'

Juli^s c^sar. JI. i*. Servilius

^atia Isau-

ferent provinces of the

of their fcattered forces \ whilft others, who were difpofed to exped the farther ilTue of things,

and take fuch meafures as fortune offered, retired to Achaia but Cicero was refolved to make this the end of the war to himfelf% and recommended the fame condud to his friends declar:

[/>]

Quo tamen
Pompeius

in bello
alae alteri

cum

te

[q] Multa de pace dixi, In ipfo bello, eadem etiam

&

praefeciflet,

&

magnam laudem fummo viro & ab exer-

cum capitis
[r]

meipericulofenfi.
5.

Pro Marcell.

citu confequebare, equitando, jaculando, omni militari la-

Paucis fane poll diebus ex Pharfalica fuga venifTe

bore

tolerando

atque

ea

quidem tua laus Kepub. cecidit.

13.

pariter cum De Offic. 2.

Labienum qui cum interitum exercitus nunciaviflet

:

naves

fubito perterriti con-

fcendiftis.

De

Divin.

i.

32.

Vol.

11.

ing,

3jO(>
.

The

History

of the Life

/ Urb. 705. ing, that as they had been no match for Cafar^ when ^'^^^^^5 ^^^ r^/i not hope to beat him^ whenjhat^r '<r^* ^^^^^ ^^^ broken [j] : and fo after a miferablc C. TuLiiis CiESAR II. campaign of about eighteen months, he commitP. Servilius ted himfelf without hefitation to the mercy of Vatia Isau- the Conqueror, and landed again at Brundifium **^^^* about the end of Odober.
[j] Hunc ego belli mihi finemfeci; nee putavi, cum

fraftos fuperiores fore.

Ep.

fam.

7. 3.

integri

pares

non

fuifTemus,

SECT.

ofM,

TULLIUS CICERO.

307

SECT.

VIII.

no fooner returned to Italy, than A. Urb. 706. ^^' he began to refled, that he had been too ^^^ hally in coming home, before the war was de- q i^j^^^ termined, and without any invitation from the Caesar Die-

CICERO

Conqueror ; and in a time of that general licence, tator II. had reafon to apprehend fome infult from the fol- ^* Antohe ventured to appear in public with bis Fafces and Laurels and yet to drop them, would be a diminution of that honor, which he had rediers, if

^^t

^^'

ceived from the

Roman

people, and the

acknow:

ledgement of a power fuperior to the laws he condemned hmfelf therefore for not coiitinuing abroad, in fome convenient -place of retirement^ till he had been fent for^ or things were better fettled [/].

What
this

gave him the greater reafon to

meffage that he received all in Caefar's ab-

repent of
fro'tn

Hep was, a

Antony^

who governed

and with the fame churlifh fpirit, with which he would have held him before in Italy againft his will, feemed now difpofed to drive him out of it : for he fent him the copy of a Letter *' that he from Ccefar^ in which Csefar fignified, " had heard, that Cato and Metellus were at *' Rome, and appeared openly there, which " might occafion fome difturbance wherefore
fence,
:

[/]

Ego vero &

ut fcribis,
xi. 9.

&

incaute, celerius quam

iifTem
loris
:

cportuit, feci, &c.

Ad

minus accepifTem doipfum hoc non me anBrundifii

partes
eft

Ate.

geret.

jacere

in

omnes

moleftum,

Qaare voluntatis

me

meae

Propius accedere, ut fuades,

nunquam
pcenitct.

poenitebit,

confilii

quomodo

fine liftoribub,

quos
qui

In oppido aliquo
refediffe,

mallem
cefTerer.

quoad

ar-

populus dedit, mihi incolumi

pcfTunt.

pouum
adimi

non
*'

Minus fermonis fub-

Ad

Att. xi. 6.

he

5o8

The

History

A. Urb. 706." he flridlly injoined, fuf<c Cic. 60. fered to come to Italy without a fpecial licence " ^^^^ himfelf. Antony therefore defired Ci-

of the Life that none fhould be

Tu^^'us

cksAR
tatorll.

Die-

" "

cero to exeufe him, frnce he could not help

M. AntoMag.
^lus ^ ^
'

ic

obeying Csefar's commands: but Cicero fent _L^ Lamia to afifure him, that Csefar had order tc ^^ Dolabella to write to him to come to Italy *' as foon as he pleafed ; and that he came upon " the authority of Dolabella's Letter :" fo that Antony in the Edi6l, which he publifhed to exclude the Pompeians from Italy ^ excepted Cicero by

name

fince all his defire

which added ftill to his mortification ; was to be connived at onely,

or tacitly permitted, without being perfonally dijlinhis party [u]. guijhed from the reft of But- he had feveral other grievances of a domeftic kind, which concurred alfo to make him unhappy his Brother Quintus,with his Son, after their efcape from Pharfalia, followed Csefar into
:

Afia, to obtain their pardon from himinperfon. Quintus had particular reafon to be afraid of his

had born
in Gaul,

refentment, on account of the relation which he to him, as one of his Lieutenants

where he had been treated by him with fo that Cicero himfelf would great generofity have diffuaded him from going over to Pompey^ but
-,

could net prevail : yet in this common calamity, Quintus, in order to make his own peace the more eafily, refolved to throw all the blame

upon
\_ii]

his Brother,

and for that purpofe made

palam, &c.
xit ita, ut

it

Sed quid ego de lido-

Turn

ille

edi-

ribus, qui paene ex Italia decedere iim jufius ? nam ad me Antonius exemplum mifit Caefaris ad fe literamm ; in

me exciperet &
Quod
excipi.

Lae-

Hum

nominatim.

fane
fine

nollem.

Poterat enim

nomine, re ipfa
ib.

O
!

quibus

tonem

erat, fe audiiTe, CaSc L. Metellum in Ita-

multas graves oftenfiones

7.

Ji^jn veniiTe,

Romce

ut eilent

the

of

M.rULLIUS CICERO.
J

307
>6.

the fubjedl of all his Letters and Speeches to Cafar*s A. Urb. 7 friends^ to rail at him in a manner the mofi inhuinan,

or,* L. ULIU3
his friends^ hi?n againft his
to
^^-

^p*^^'

Cicero was informed of this from all quarters, c^sar D.cand that young Qiiintus, who was fent before to- tator II.
wards C^far, had read an oration which he had prepared to fpeak to
Uncle.
as
'^^T'^"
'^^'

EQ^,'^^'

Nothings more Jho eking to him ; diffidence of Csfar's inclination, and many enemies labouring to do him ill offices, yet his greateft concern was, left his Brother and Nephew lliould hurt themfelves rather than him, by their for under all the fenfe of this properfidy [:v] vocation his behaviour was juft the reverie of theirs and having been informed, that C^far in a certain converfation^ had charged his Brother with
:

Cicero fays, ever happened and though he had no fmall

being the author of their going away to Pompey^ he took occafion to write to him in the following terms
:

" As
*'
**

for

my
:

Brother, I

am

not

lefs felicitous

for his fafety, than own ; but in prefent fituation dare not venture to recommend

my

my

to you all that I can pretend to, is, to beg that you will not believe him to have ever done any thing towards obftrucling my good offices and affedion to you ; but rather, that

him

deprecatorem, fed etiam accufatorem mei neque vero defiflet, ubicunque eft omnia in me maledicla conferre. Nihil mihi

non iolum

Qiiintus
fui

mifit

filium

^pfi enim
niciofum

illi

putavi per-

tantum
ib. 9.

fi ejus hoc fcelus percrebuiiTet

fore,

Quintum

filium

volumen

fibi oftendiiTe orationis,

quam
ef-

unquam
acerbum.
r.as

tarn incredibile ac-

apud Caefarem contra me

fet

cidit, nihil in his

malis tarn

ibid. 8.

Epiftolas mihilegeruntple-

multa poftea Patris, confimiii fcelere Patrem efTet locutum. ib. 10.
habiturus

omnium in me probrorum

" he

310
A.Urb, 706.
^c'q^^'

The

History
all

of the Life

Julius
Dic^

C^sAR
tator

n.

^M^' ^^

Equit

" " " " " " "

he was always the advifer of our union, and the companion, not the leader of my voyage :
wherefore in
other refpeds,
as
I

leave

it

to

you

to treat

him,

your

own humanity, and

his friendfliip with you require 5 but I entreat y^^' ^" ^^^ ^^^^ preffing manner, that I

may

^^^ be the caufe of hurting him with you on any account whatfoever [y]" He found himfelf likewife at this time in fome diftrefs for want of mioney, which in that feafoa
:

of public di(lra6lion, it was very difficult to prothe fumm, cure, either by borrowing or felling which he advanced to Pompey had drained him : and his wife, by her indulgence to ftewards, and favorite fervants, had made great v/afte of what was left at home and inftead of faving any from their rents, had plunged him deeply thing into debt ; fo that Atticus's purfe was the chief Fund which he had to trufl to for his prefent fup:

port

[2;].

tification to

condu61:of Dolabella was a farther morhim ; who by the fidion of an adoption into a plebeian family, had obtained the tribunate this year, and was railing great tumults

The

and diforders
to

which he pubthat kind lifhed, expunge had been often attempted by defperate or ambitious magiftrates, but were always detefted by the better fort, and particularly by Cicero, who treats them as pernicious to the peace and profperity of
in

Rome, by

a law,

all debts.

Laws of

litterse a [^'] Cum mihi Ealbo minorc mifTce eilent, Csefarem exiftimare, Quintarn Fratrem lituum nica frof feStionh aiiie, fic enim fcripixy

fit

fimitiis

unde nobis fuppeditentur Si quas neceffarii.

habuimasfacultates, eas Pompeio, turn, cum id videba-

mur

Tapicnter facere, deculi2,

-ad Att. xi. 12.

mus. lb, 13,

ut

22, &c.

[%\

Velim

corilidcrei?

Jiates^

of
fiates^
ciety^

M.TULLIUS CICERO.
q

311
^if*^^*
Ju^lius

and fapping

the very foundations of civil So- A. Urb. 706

No

wonder

hy dejiroying all faith and credit among men [a], therefore that we find him taking this

affair fo

of the vily, in a5ls his as additional Son-in-law, an famed of four ce

Dolabella was difgrace to him []?] his in embarralTed fortunes, and while he greatly was with Caefar abroad, feems to have left his

much to heart, and complaining many of his Letters to Atticus,

and
.

fo hea-

c^sar Di>
tator II.
'

N lU ?
j^

,T*
IVl
1

'

of

6-

affliction

wife deftitute of necefTaries at home, and forced to recur to her Father for her fubfiilence. Cicero
likewife, either through the difficulty of the times, or for want of a fufficient fettlement on Doiabella's part, had not yet paid all her/ortune ; which it was ufual to do at three different payments^ within a time limited by law : he had difcharged the

two fir ft ^ and was now preparing to make the third payment^ which he frequently and preffingly recommends to the care of Atticus [f]. But Dolabella's whole life and charadiier were fo entirely contrary to the manners and temper both of Cicero and TuUia, that a divorce enfued between them not long after, though the account of it is delivered fo darkly, that it is hard to fay at what
time, or
[^a]

from what

fide it

firfl;

arofe.

Nec enim
fides
;

ulla res ve-

horreo, praerertim. hoc genero

ib. 14,

hementlus Rempub. continet,

15, &c.
fcribis,

quam
de

quae efTe nulla

[c]

De dote, quod

poteft, nifi erit necelTaria folutio rerum creditarum, &c.

Offic. 2. 24.
[b'\

per omnes Deos te obteftor, ut totam rem fufcipias, & il-

Quod me
;

audis fra6li-

orem efle animo

riores

cum videas acceflifle

asgritudines
?

quid putas, ad fupeprasclaras ad Att. xi.

lam miferam mea culpa tueare meis opibus, fi quse funt ; tuis, quibus tibi non
moleftum
Ib. xi, 2.
crit

facultatibus.

generi adiones
12.
Etfl

De

penfibne altera, oro te,

fa-

omnium confpedum

omni cara confidera quid ciendum fit. ib. xi. 4.

i^.

312
A. Urb. 706.
Cic. 60.

7he
a

History

of the Life

5-"C^ffiSAR Dietator II.

In thefe circumftances TuUia paid her Father vifit at Brundiftum on the thirteenth of June : but his great love for her made their meetins
flate

M. AntoNius Mag.
^^^^'

" from
cc

onely the more affliding to him in that abjedt of their fortunes , " I was fo far, fays he,

taking that pleafure which I ought to have done from the virtue, humanity, and pi" ety of an excellent daughter, that I was exceedingly grieved to fee fo deferving a Creature in fuch an unhappy condition, not by her " own, but wholly by my fault I faw no rea:

*'

" "
''

fon therefore for keeping her longer here, in this our common affli&ion : but was willing to fend her back to her mother as foon as fhe

would confent

to

it

[^J."

Brundifium he received the news of Pomwhich did not fuprife him, as we death, pey's find from the Ihort reflection that he makes upon
it
:

At

*'

"
^*

'^ *'
-

to Pompey's end, fays he, I never had any doubt about it for the loft and defperate ftate of his affairs had fo poffefled the minds of all the Kings and ftates abroad, that whitherfoever he went, I took it for granted that I cannot however this would be his fate help it ; for I knew him to be an honeft, at grieving
:
:

" As

grave, and. worthy man [^]." This was the fhort and true charadcr of the

[/] Tullia mea ad me veEgo auprid Id. Jun. tern ex ipfius virtute, hamaFlit

[^]

De

Pompeii exitu mihi

:

dubium nunquam

fuit tanta eiiim defperatio rerum ejus,

nirate, pietate

non modo eam

voluptatem non cepi, quam capereexfmgularifiliadebui, fed etiam ineredibili ium dolere afFeftas, tale ingenium in tarn mifera fortuna veriari.
ib. xi.

omnium Regum Sc populorum animos occuparat, ut

quocunque
veniffet, hoc piitarem futurum. Non poflunv hoejus cafum non dolere
:

minem enim integrum &

tum

caf-

17.

Ep. fam. 14.

,

&

gravem cognovi.

Ad

J I,

Att. xi. 6.

of

M.TULLIUS CICERO,
,

313

man from one who perfedlly knew him

llrokes of his refentment.

not heigh- A. Urb. 706. tened, as we fometimes find it, by the fhining co^^^* p' lors of his eloquence ; nor deprelfed by the darker q

Pompey had

j^lius

early ac-

c^sar

Die*

tator II. furname of the Greats by that fort of me^rit, which, from the conflitution of the Republic, ^^^^' ^^* neceffarily made him Great ; a fame and fuccefs

quired ibe

irv

war, fuperior to what Rome had ever known He had in the molt celebrated of her Generals. triumphed at three feveral times over the three different parts of the known world, Europe, Aiia, Africa ; and by his vi6tories had almoft doubled the extent, as well as the revenues of the Rorran dominion ; for as he declared to the people 01 his return from the Mithridatic war,
he had
it

Equit,

fmnd

the

lejfer

the middle of their Empire.

Afia the boundary^ hut left He was about Jix

years older ihan C^far; and while C^far immerfed in pleafures, opprefled with debts, and fufpedled all honeft men, was hardly able to fhew his by

head

Pompey was florilhing in the height of and power glory, and by the confent of all parties placed at the head of the This Republic. was the poft that his ambition feemed to aim at, to be the firft man in Rome , the Leader, not the Tyrant of his Country : for he more than once had it in his power to have made himfelf the mafter of it without any rifk ; if his virtue, or his phlegm at leaft had not reftrained him but he lived in a of perpetual expe(5lation receiving from the gift of the people, what he did not care to feize by force; aid by fomenting the diforders of the City, hoped to drive them to the neceflity of It is an obfervation of all creating hi.n Di6tator. the hiftoriar.s, that while C^efar made no difference of power, whether it was conferred or
;
:

ufurped

whether ever thofe

who loved,

or thofe

who

feared

314
_^'

"^ke

History

of

the Life

to value none but nor to have offered'^ any defire to govern^ Co(r* ^^^' "^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ the What leiC, Julius Z^^^ ^/ governed. C^sAR Die- fure he found from his wars, he employed in the tator II. ftudy of polite Letters, and efpecially of elo"^^^^^^ ^^ "^ould have acquired great muf Maff ^"^"C^? ^"^. his fame^ if genius had not drawn him to the mort Equit.

^^^'^7^^'

feared him-,

Pompey feemed

^^^^ ^^^

dazzling glory of arms : yet he pleaded feveril caufes with applaufe, in the defence of his frie;ids

and

clients

Cicero.

and fome of them in conjundion with His language was copious and elerated;
;

his fentiments juft ; his voice fweet But his noble, and full of dignity. better formed for arms, than the

hir adlion

tale.its

were
for

gown:

though

in

both he obferved the fame

difcipline,

a perpetual modefty, temperance, and gravity of outward behaviour ; yet in the licence of camps, the example was more rare and His
flriking.

perfon was extremely gracefull, and imprinting refped ; yet with an air of referve and haughtinefs, which became the General better than the
Citizen.

great

parts were plaufible, rather than fpecious rather than penetratirg ; and his
politics

His

view of

but narrow

for his chief inftru^

,-

diffmulation yet he had not always the art to conceal his real fentiments. As he was a better foldier than a flatefman, fo what he gained in the Camp he ufually loft in the

ment of governing was,

City ; and though adored, when abroad, was often affronted and mortified at home \ till the imprudent oppofition of the Senate drove him to that alliance with CrafTus and C^far, whch

provboth to himfelf and the Republic. He took in thefe two, not as the but the partners, miniflers rather of his that power 5 by giving them fome fhare with him, he might make his
ed
fatal

own

authority uncontroulable

he had no reafon

of

M.

rULLIUS CICERO.

31^
^p*^*

to apprehend, that they could ever prove his Ri- A. Urb. 706, vals ; fince neither of them had any credit or

chara6ter of that kind, which alone could raife q Ju^l/us them above the laws j a fuperior fame and expe- c^sar Dicrience in war, with the militia of the empire at tator II.
their devotion

was purely his own ; till ^- An To^^' by cherifhing Casfar, and throwing into his hands ^ ^| the onely thing which he wanted, arms and military command ; he made him at lad too flrong
:

all this

for himfelf, and never began to fear him, till it was too late : Cicero warmly difTuaded. both his union, and his breach with C^far ; and after the

rupture, as

him

flill, the thought of giving any of thefe counfils had been followed, Ponipey had preferved his life and honor, and the Republic its liberty. But he was urged

warmly

battel

if

to his fate

on

by a natural fuperflition, and attentito thofe vain auguries, with which he was flattered by all the Harufpices ; he had feen the
:

fame temper in Marius and Sylla, and obferved but they afllimed it onethe happy effefts of it
ly out of policy, he out of principle. They ufed it to animate their foldiers, v/hen they had

found a probable opportunity of nghting ; but he againil all prudence and probability, was encouraged by it to fight to his own ruin. He faw all his miflakes at lalt, when it was out of his power to corre6l them ; and in his wretched llight from Pharfalia was forced to confefs, that he had trufted too much to his hopes ; and that Cicero had judged better^ and feen farther into things The refolution of feeking refuge in than he. Egypt, finifhed the fad Cataflrophe of this great man the Father of the reigning Prince had been
:

highly obliged to him for his protection at

Rome,

and

refloration to his

kingdom

and the Son had

prefenc

fent a confiderable fieet to

his alTiflance in the

3i6
Cofr*
C. Julius C^sAR Dieutorll.

The
:

History
but in

of the

Lip

A. Urb. 706. prefeat war

Niu^Ma' ^'
Equit.

of his fortuned? what gratitude was there to be expeded from a Court, governed by Eunuchs and mercenary Greeks? all whofe politics turned, not on the honor of the King, but the eftablifhment of their own power; which was likely to be eclipfed by the admiflion of Pompey. How happy had it been for him to have died in that ficknefs, when all Italy was putting up vows and prayers for his fafe^ iy ? or if he had fallen by the chance of war on the plains of Pharfalia, in the defence of his Country's liberty, he had died Hill glorious, though unfortunate but, as if he had been referved for an example of the inflability of human Greatnefs, he, who a few days before commanded Kings and Confuls^ and all the nohleft of Rome,
this ruin
:

was fentenced to die by a council of flaves \ murthered by a hafe defertor ; caft out naked and hcadlefs on the Egyptian flrand ; and when the whole as Velleius earthy fays, had fcarce been fufficient
for his victories ^ could not find a fpot upon it at lafb His Body was burnt on the fhoar for a grave. of one his freedmen, with the planks of an by old fifhing-boat \ and his afhes being conveyed to Rome, were depofited privately hy his wife CorTielia in a Vault of his Alhan Villa. The Egyptians however raifed a monument to him on the place, and adorned it with figures of hrafs^ which being defaced afterwards by time, and buried almoft in fand and rubhifh^ was fought out and reftored by the

Emperor Hadrian [/].

dem
faceret

[/] Hnjus
lit,

viri faftigiam

monumenta
2.

vic-

tantis au6tibus fortuna extu-

torise,

[Veil. P.

40.]

Ut
All-

ut

primum ex

Africa, ite-

ipfe in

condone

dixit,

ium ex Europa,
fia

tertio

ex A-

am

ultimam

triumpharet ; & quot partes terrarum Orbis funt, toti-

provinciarum

accepifTe, mediam patriae reddidilTe. Plin. H. 7. 26. Flor.

3- S-]

of

M.

rULLIUS CICERO.
in his

317
^^'
*

On

the news of Pompey's death, C^far was A. Urb. 706.

declared

Dilator the fecond time

ahfence^

^^ C.Julius
.C-sAR DicII.

Coff.

Potentise quae honoris causa ad eum deferretur, non ut ab eo occuparetur, cupi3. 5.]

Antoprovideram pads, concor- M. dias, compofitionis au6lor ef- nius Magfe

pifTet,

quae ego ante

multo tator

diflimus,

[Veil.

P.

2.

29.

Dio. p. 178.] Meus autem aequalis Cn. Pompeius, vir ad omnia fumma natus, majorem dicendi gloriam habuiffet,

non deftiti: meaque ilia Equit. vox ex nota multis. Utinam,

Pompei, cum Caefare focietatem aut nunquam coifles,
aut

nunquam

diremifies

majoris gloris cupiditas ad bellicas laudes abilraxiflet. Erat oratione fatis

nifi

eum

hsec mea, Antoni,

&

de

Pom-

peio & de Repub. confilia fuerunt : quse li valuifTent,

rem prudenter amplus videbat a6lio vero ejus habebat & in voce magnum
:

Refpub. ftaret. [Phil. 2. 10.] Multi teftes, me & initio ne

conjungeret fe

cum

Caefare,

fplendorem,

&

in

motu fum-

mam
vid.

it.

ma
flos

dignitatem. [Brut. 354. pro Balbo. 1,2.] For-

monuifrePompeium,&poftea, ne fejungeret, &c. [Ep. fam.

6. 6.] Quid vero lingularis ille vir ac divinus de

non ea, qua commendatur aetatis, fed

excellens,
conftanti. [Veil.

pasne

me

ex dignitate
P. 2. 29.]
frontis.

lUud OS probum, ipfumque honorem eximiae

[Plin.

Solet enim aliud

loqui,

Hill. 7. 12.] fentire

eum de Pharfalica fuga Paphum profecuti funt; nunquam ab eo mentio de me nili honorifica cum me vidifle plus faterefenferit,

fciunt, qui

&

tur,

fe

fperavifie

meliora.
turn

neque tantum valere ingenio, ut non appareat quid

cupiat.
le aluit,
ille

[ib. 15.]

Qui,

fi

mortem

obiiffet, in ampliffimis fortu-

[Ep. fam. 8. 1.] auxit, armavit

i

II-

nis occidiiTet;

one
tes

Gall

as

ulterioris

adjunc-

is propagatiquot,quantas, quam incredibiles haulit ca'amita-

vitse

tor

ille
;

tor

ille

provincias propagaabfentis in omnibus

[Tufc. difp. i. 35.] In Pelufiaco littore, imperio vi!

adjutor. [ad Att. 8. 3.] aluerat Caefarem, eundem re-

liflimi

num,

Sc

Regis, confiliis fpadone quid malis defit,

pente timere cceperat.

[ib. 8].

Ego
turn

nihil prsstermifi,

quan-

trucidatur.

Septimii defertoris fui gladio [Flor. 4. 2. 52.]

facere,

quin Pompelum

nitique potui, a Caefaris

^gyptum petere propofuit, memor beneficlorum quae in

Patrcm
turn
ejus Ptolemsei,

conjunclione avocarem

qui

idem ego, cum jam omnes

opes
ni

& fuas &

populi

Roma-

Pompeius ad Casfarem deferoque ea fentire CCS-

regnabat, contulerat Princeps Romani nominis, imperio, arbitrioque yEgyptii

tuliiTet,

mancipii jugulatus

ell-

in

3i8
A. Urb. 706.
Cic. 60.

^^^

History

of the Life

Coff.

and M. Antony his Majler of the Horfe^ who by virtue of that pofl governed all things abfolutely in Cicero continued all the while at BrundiItaly.
fium, in a fituation wholly difagreeable, and worfe to him^ he fays, than any punijhment : for the air of the place began to affe^ his healthy and to the uneafinefs of mind added an ill flat e of body [^] : yet to move nearer towards Rome without leave from his new Mafters, was not thought advifeable ; nor did
rather, we fo that he

'cl^sAR^Dictator II.

M. AntoNius Mag.
^^^'

Antony encourage it being pleafed may beheve, to fee him well mortified had no hopes of any eafe or comfort,
;
:

but

made
to

in the expedlation of Casfar's return ; which his Hay in that place the more necefTary for

the opportunity of paying his early compliments him at landing. But what gave him the greatefl uneafmefs was,
flill

to be held
the

moft nearly,
Casfar's

in fufpence, in what the cafe of his

touched him*

own

fafety,
:

and of

him, not cnely though kind all but favor of yet he had of of pardon^ received no intimation of kindnefs from C^far
-,

difpofition all Casfar's friends afllired

towards him

for

himfelf,
lb
to

who was

fo embarrafTed in

Egypt, that

he had no

much
June
:

think of Italy, and did not as write a Letter thither from December for as he had rafhly, and out of gaiety,
leifure to
in illo viro

in

tantum

a fe

Vicerunt.
Jius

difcordante fortuna, ut cui modo ad viftoriam terra defuerat deeffet ad fepulturam.

Veil. Pat. 2. 54. vid. Dio. p.

&

Igitur fortuna ip-

Urbis
abilulit.

Servatum vidlo caput

Juv, x. 283.

186.

it.

Appian.

2.

481.
dederat

cium
one.

[gl Quodvis enim fupplilevius eft hac permanfi-

Ad

Att. xi. 18.

Provida

Pompeio Campania febres

publica vota

Jam enim
dolore

corpore vix fuf-

Optandas. Sed multas urbes,

tineo gravitatem hujus coeli, qui mihi laborem afftrt, in

ibid. 22.

&

as

cf
as
It

M.TULLIUS CICERO.

pp

were, Involved himfelf there in a mofl de- A. Urb. 706. ^^^- ^^ to the hazard of all his fortunes ; be fperate war, was ajhamed^ as Cicero fays \h\ to write any thing q tJ' ^ about it, till he had extricated himfelf out of that cIesar Diedifficulty,
tator II.

His enemies who

in

the

mean time had

greatly

^-

^'"^

toS-

flrengthened themfelves in Africa, where P. Varus, firfl feized it on the part of the Republic,

^^^

"
jH

was fupported by all the force of King Juba, Pompey's faft friend, and had reduced the whole Province to his obedience ; for Curio, after he had driven Cato out of Sicily, being ambitious to drive Varus alfo out of Afric, and having tranfported thither the beft part offour legions, which Csefar had committed to him, was, after fome little fuccefs upon his landing, intirely defeated and deftroyed with his whole army in an engagement
with Sabura, King Juba^s General. Curio was a young nobleman of fhining parts ; admirably formed by nature to adorn that chara6ter, in which his Father and Grandfather had florifhed before him, of one of the principal Orators of Rome, Upon his entrance into the Forum, he was committed to the care of Cicero : but a natural propenfion to pleaiure, ftimulated by the example and counfils of his perpetual companion Antony, hurried him into all the extravagance of expence and debauchery for Antony, who always wanted money, with which Curio abounded, was ever obfequious to his will, and miniftring to his Lufts, for the opportunity of fo that, no boy pur chafed for gratifying his own the ufe of lewdnefs, was more in a Majler's power,
:

[/] Ille enim ita videtur Alexandriam tenere, ut eum

feribcre etiam pudeat de lb. xi. 15. rebus.
illis

Nee
illo

poft idiis

Decemb. ab
litteras.

datas ullas

lb.

17,

than

320
Cic. 60.

^e History

of the Life
was

A. Urb. 706, than Antony in Curio's,

equally prodigal of his money, and his modelly ; and not onely ^^ ^^^^^ people's: fo that CiC Ujlius ^^ ^^^ ^^"' the to infamous effeminacy of his c^^o alluding C^sAR Diehim in one of his Letters, Mifs Curio. calls tator II. life, M. Anto" But when the Father, by Cicero's advice, had Nius Mag. obliged him by his paternal authority to quit the familiarity of Antony \ he reformed his condudl, and adhering to the infbrudions and maxims of Cicero, became the favorite of the City; the and a warm afLeader of the young nobility fertor of the authority of the Senate, againft the After his Father's power of the Triumvirate. of his firft tafte death, upon public honors, and admiffion into the Senate, his ambition and thirft
:

He

of popularity engaged him

in fo

immenfe a pro-

the magnificence of his digality, that to fupply which he entertained the with and plays ^ fhews^
the necefiity of fellCity, he was foon driven to to Casfar himfelf ; having no revenue left^ as ing

Pliny fays, hut from the difcord of his Citizens. this he is confidered commonly by the old writers, as the chief injlrument, and the Trumpet^ as it were., of the civil war ; in which he juftly fell the firft vidlim ; yet after all his luxury and debauch, fought and died with a courage truly Roman ; which would have merited a better fate,

For

for upit had been employed in a better caufe on the lofs of the battel, and his beft troops, being admonifhed by his friends to fave himfelf by flight, he anfv/ered, that after lofing an army,
if
:

which had heen committed to him by C^far^ he could never ffoew his face to him again ; and fo continued fighting, till he was killed among the laft of his foldiers [i\

CURIO
[z]

Haud

all urn

ta?ita

clvem

tulit indole P^otna.

,

Lncan

4.

814.

Una

of

MTULLIUS

CICERO.
:

2^

Curio's death happened before the battel of ^- U'"^^ 7 ^ Pharfalia, while C^far was engaged in Spain [k] coiT by which means Afric fell intirely into the hands q Juliu; of the Pompeians ; and became the general ren- Caesar o dezvous of all that party hither Scipio, Cato, tator II. and Labienus, conveyed the remains of their ^^^^ ^T fcattered troops from Greece, as Afranius and Equit. Petreius likewife did from Spain , till on the whole they had brought together again a more numerous SLYmy than Caefar's, and Vv^ere in fuch
:

^'^

"^

high

talk fpirits, as to

of coming over with

it

in-

to Italy, before Csfar could return from AlexanThis was confidently given out, and dria [/]. at Rome and in that cafe, Cicero was expected
-,

Una
qua
AI.

familia Curionem, in

fubjecit

facem

[Veil. P. 2.

tres

continua ferie OraPlin.

tores extiterunt.

H.

7.

^ad

nunc Rojlra tibi profunt

Naturaiti habult admirabilem ad dicendum. Brut.

turhata-, forumqiie Vnde 'Tribunitia plebeius Jtgni-

fer arce

406.
puer, emptus libidinis caufa, tarn fuit in domini poteflate, quam tu

Anna

dabas populis,

^c.
4.

Nemo unquam

Lucan.

800.

At Curio, nunquam amiffo exercitu, quern

fidei

in Curionis. [Philip. 2. 18]. duce filiola Curionis. [ad Att.

I.

a Caefare

fuae

commiffum acceconfirmat
;

14.]

perat, fe in ejus confpeftum

nobilis,

Vir
dax,

eloquens, au-

reverfurum,

at-

fuas alienaeque

&

fortu-

ns

Sc pudiciti^ piodigus cujus animo, voluptatibus vel

ita praelians interficitur. de Bell. Civ. 2. Caef.

que

Comm.

libidinibus,

neque opes

ullae

[/^]

Jntejaces,

quam dlra du-

cupiditates fufficere poffent. [Veil. P. 248.] Niii meis puer olim fide-

neque

Pharfalia confert^ Spe^Mtdutnque tibi bellum clti'

le

ces

negatum

ej}.

liffimis

atque

amantifTimis

Lucan.
[/]
li

ib.

confiliis paruiiTes. 2- I ]

[Ep. fam,

autem ex

Africa

Bello autem civili

alius

non
Cilrio

jam afrutun
Att. xi. 15.

videntur.

Ad

majorem quain C.

Vol.

II.

fure

:t,i2

.The
locked upon

History
all

of the Life
-,

A. Urb. 706. fure to be treated as a defertor

Cic. 60.

C. Julius

CiESAR Dietator II.

for while C^far men as friends^ who did not aB and pardoned even enemies, who CLgainft him^ fiibmitted to his power , it was declared law on

the
rjQ^y^

M. Anto^^

Equk

^^^
the

of fome hopes [n] ; or elfe, that Csefar might conquer ; whofe vidtory was like to which prove the more ten.iperate of the two makes him often lament the unhappy fituation to which he w^as reduced, where nothing could he

to confider all as enemies^ who ^Qf aMually in their Camp [m] : fo that Cicero nothing now to wifh, either for himfelf, or Republic, but in the firft place, peace,

other fide,

which he had

ftill

of an^ fervice horred [(?]

to

him, hut what he had always ab-

Under
was

this anxiety

of mind,

it

was an addi-

tional vexation to

him

attacked at Rome,

to hear, that his reputation for fubmitting fo haflily to

at all

the Conqueror, or
into his power.

putdng himfelf rather

Some condemned him

;

for not

following Pompey

going

to Afric,
fiot

as

fome more feverely for not the greateft part had done ;

with many cf his party to Achaia ; till they could fee the farther progrefs of the war : as he was always extremely fenfible of what was faid of him by honed men, fo he begs of Atticus to be his advocate ; and gives
others, for
retiring

[;] Te enim dicere audiebamus, nos omnes adverfarios putare, nifi qui nc birciim efTenc ; te omnes, qui contra te

fignificas,

cogis
it.

me

fperare
ell

quod optandam vix

Att. xi. 19.
[0]

ad

12.

Mihi cum omnia funt

non

elTent, tuos.
it.

Pro Lixi. 6.

gar. xi.

ad Att.
fit

intolerabliia ad dolorem, turn maxime, quod in eam cau-

unum, oprandum, fi quid agi de pace point quod nulla equidem habeo in fpe

[]

Eft

autem,

fam

veniiTe

me

video,

ut

ea

quod mihi

Tola uti'ia mihi eiTevideantur, Att. quae femper nolui.

Ad

xi. 13.

fed quia tu leviter interdum

him

iilm

CICERO. of M, which fome hints, might be urged in

As
to the
firfl

TULLIUS
"
fays,

323
his A. Urb. yoS

defence.
*'
*'

charge, for not followthat

fate
:

^^

^^^

ing Pompey^

he

would extenuate

of the fecond, ^* Anto" brave men to be in Afric, yet it was his opinion, '' "^^* that the Republic neither could, nor ought to ^^^^^ *' be defended by the help of fo barbarous and ' as to the third, he wifhes treacherous a nation " indeed that he had joined himfelf to thofe in " to be in a better conthem owns and Achaia, " dition than himfelf, becaufe they were many ** of them together ; and whenever they return" ed to to their own Italy, would be reflored '' at once :" whereas he was confined like a prifoner of war to Brundifium^ without the liberty
^
:

Pompey's q ju^i^g the omiffion of that ftep Caesar Dicthat though he knew many atorir.

of ilirring from it till Csefar arrived [^]. While he continued in this uneafy flate, fome of his friends at Rome contrived to fend

him
afide

a Letter in Ctcfar's name^ dated the ninth of

February from Ale:Kandria^ encouraging him to lay all gloomy apprehenfions^ and expeB every and friendly from him : but it kind that was thing

was drawn

in terms fo flight

and general^ that in-

him any fatisfadion, it made him onely fulped, what he perceived afterwards to be true, that it was forged by Balbus or OppiuSy
Itead of giving

on purpofe

to

raife

his fpirits,

and adminifter

[/] Dicebar debuIiTe cum

Pompeio
illius

proficifci.

Exitus

extremum eft eorum, qui in Achaia funt. li tamen ipii

le

termiffi

minuit ejus officii prasreprehenfionem. Sed ex omnibus nihil magis

hoc melius habenr,

nos, quod in loco,

venerit, nerint.
facis,

&

quam
uno
vc-

multi funt
in

& cum

Italian*

defideratur,

quam quod

in

domum

flatim

Africam nonierim. judkio hoc fum ufjs, non &kz barbarisauxiliisfallacifiimsegentis

Haec tu perge, ut mitigare & probar*

quam
7.

plurimis.

Ad

Att. xi.

Rempub. defendendam

fome

24

77v

History

cf the Life

A. Urb. 706.
Cic. 60.

Coff.
.

Julius

C'ESAR Dietator 11.

fome little comfort to him [^]. All his accounts however confirmed to him the report of Caefar's clemency and moderation, and his granting par^^^ without exception to all who afked it; and
with regard to himlelr, L^far Jent ^intus s virulent Letters to Balbus^ with orders to Jhew them fQ lifn^ as a proof of his kindnefs and diflike of
1

r ir

r^

M. An TONius Mag.
Equit.

But Cicero's prefent defponQuintus's perfidy. which dency, interpreted every thing by his fears, made him fufpe3l C<far the more^ for refujtng grace to none ; as if fuch a clemency muft needs
be affedted, and
his

revenge deferred

onely

to

Ms Brother's feafon more convenient : and as to Letters^ he fancied, that C^far did not fend them to Italy ^ becaufe he condemned them^ but to make his notorious prefent mifery and abje5i condition the more
and

But

defpicable to every body [r]. after a long feries of perpetual mortifica-

tions, he

by a very obliging confirmed to him the full enjoyment of his former fiat e and dignity^ and had him refume his Fafees and flile of Emperor as
at lafh

was refrefhed

Letter from C^far,

who

'before [.f].

Caefar's

mind was too

great to lillen to

Iq] hil confoletur;

Ut me

ilia epiftola ni-

nam &
magnas
16.

exifuf-

lum reddidit Balbi tabellariui quod ne Caefar quidem ad

videtur mifiiTe, quafi ilHus improbitate offenderetur, fed credo, uti noiftos

gue
illo

fcripta eft et

piciones habet, non efie ab

quo

ad Att.

xi.

illud de intelligis, litteris a. d. v. Id. Feb. daris

Ex quo

tiora noftra

mala

effent,

ib,

22.
[^]

(quod inane

effet,

etiam

fi

Redditae 'mihi tandem

li-

verum
Ib. 17.
[r]

eflet)

non verum
dicitur

effe.

funt a Csfare litterae fatis

berales.

Omnino
:

nemieft

ni

negare

quod ipfum

Ep. Fam. 14. 23. Qui ad me ex ^gypto litteras miltt, ut eflem idem,
qui
fuilTem
:

fufpedum, notionem
ferri.

ejus dif-

qui
toto

cum

ipfe

Ib. 20.

Imperator
mihi
fafcicu-

in

Dib'genter

populi

Komani

imperio unus efleti

of

M.rULLIUS CICERO.
;

325-

Nephew and in- A. Urb. 706. (lead of approving their treachery, ieems to have ^p ^^' granted them their pardon on Cicero's account, c j^lius rather than their own; fo thatQuintus, upon the c^sar Dietrial of Caefar's inclination, began prefently to tator II. change his note, and to eongralulate with bis Bro-^^-^^^^' ^^' Caefar's affeclion and efteem for him [/]. ther ^[^^ Cicero was now preparing to fend his Son to wait upon C^far^ who was fuppofed to be upon his the uncertain accounts journey- towards home ; but of his coming diverted him a while from that
to the tales of tbe Brother and
(?

thought [u] , till Casfar himfelf prevented ir, and relieved him very agreeably from his tedious refidence at Brundifium, by his {"jdden and uncxpedted arrival in Italy; where he landed at Tarentum in the month of September ; and on the firft notice of his coming forward towards

Rome,

We

Cicero fet out on foot to meet him.

may

eafily

imagine, what we find indeed

from his Letters, that he was not a little difcompofed at the thoughts of this interview, and the a Conqueror, indignity of offering himfelf to in arms, in the midft been he had whom againft of a licentious and infolent rabble for though
:

he had reafon to exped a kind reception from C^far, yet he hardly thought his life^ he fays, worth begging ; fince what was given by a Mafier^ might always he taken away again at pleafure [,v].
3

But
lb. 17.

efTe

me

quo
tavi.

alterum pafTus eft a concefibs fafces laurea:

cogitabam.

tos tenui,

[/]

quoad tenendos puPro I.igar. 3. Sed mihi valde Quin-

tus gratulatur.

Ad

Att. xi.

23.

[] Ego cum

Salluftio Ci-

^eronem ad Ccefarem mittere

Alexandria difceflu nihil adhuc rumoris, contraque opinio itaque nee mitto, ut conftitueram, Ciib. 18. ceronemSed non adducor, [a-] quemquam bonum ullam falutem mihi Unti fuifTe puiliius

De

tare

325

The

HisroKY

of the Life
:

A. Urb. 706. But at their meeting, he had no occafion to fay Cic. 60. Qj. ^Q ^j^y thing that was below his for dignity no fooner faw him^ than he alighted and ran to C TuLius Ci??,sAR Die- embrace him-, and walked with him alone^ converf-

C^r

tator II.

^"
'^M
tquit

^'
^^*

ing 'very familiarly for feveral furlongs [jy ] From this interview, Cicero followed Csefar towards Rome he propofed to be at Tufadum on
.

the feventh or eighth of October , and wrote to his wife to provide for his reception there, with a

large company of frieyids^

who

deftgned to

Jlay with him [z].

From Tufculum

make fome he came after?

wards to the City, with a refolution to fpend his time in ftudy and retreat, till the Republic Ihould be reftored to fome tolerable Hate : " having *' made his peace again, as he writes to Varro, ^^ with his old friends, his books, who had been
*'

"
*'

*^

*'

for not obeying their but of inftead precepts ; living quietly with them, as Varro had done, committing himfelf to the turbulent counfils and hazards of war, with faithlefs companions [^]." On C^far's return to Rome, he appointed P.

out of

humour with him

and ^, Fufius Calenus^ Confuls for th^ three lajl months of the year : this was a very unpopular ufe of his new power, v/hich he contiVatinius

nued hov/ever
teign
;

to pra6tife through the reft of his creating thefe firft Magiftrates of the State,

without any regard to the ancient forms, or recourfe to the people, and at any tirne of the
tare, ut earn peterem Att. xi. 16.

ab

illo

quam
diiTe

in

urbem venerim,

re-

rad

ab hoc ipfo quae Sed dantur, ut a Domino, rurfus

in ejufdem funt potcHate. lb.

id

cum veteribus amicis, elt, cum libris noftris in

20.
[j;]

gratiam ignofcunt mihi, revocant in confuetudinem priftinam, teque, quod in ea

permanferis , fapientiorem, quam me dicunt fuiffe, &c. fam. 9.

Plutar. in Cic.

[z] Ep. fam. 14. 2Q. [a] Scito enim me pollea'

'

Ep.

y^arj

of

M.rULLIUS CICERO.

327

p
,

A, Urb. 706 year; which gave a fenfible difgufl to the City, and an early fpecimen of the arbitrary manner, ^'J- ^in which he defigned to govern them. q t^^iu About the end of the year, Casfar embark- c^sar D ICed for Afric, to purfue the war againil Scipio, tator II. and the other Pompeian Generals, who, afTifbed ^- Anto^'^' by King Juba, held the pofleffion of that Pro- ^ '^'^ vince with a vail army. As he was facrificing for the fuccefs of this voyage, the vi^im happened to break loofe and run away from the Altar ; which being looked upon as an unlucky Omen, the Arufpex admonijhed him not to fail before the winter folfiice r but he took Ihip dire6lly in contempt of the admonition j and by that means, as

Cicero fays,

came upon his enemies unprepared \

and
forces

before

they

had

\b\

Upon

drawn together all their his leaving the City, he de-

4
over before the
the
Ihorteft

clared
Solftice, or

cum

M
a

QHitl

ip^<2

Csefar,

Summo harufpice mo-

neretur, ne in Africam ante

tranfmitteret, nonne tranfmirit ? quod ni fecifTet, uno in lobo omnes adverfari-

bramam

But this day. feeming contradidlion is intirely owing to a caufe al-

ready intimated,

orum

copiae

ConvejiiiTent

the great confuilon that was introduced at this time into the Roman

de Divin. 2. 24. Cum immolanti aufuglflet hoilia profedionem adverfas Scipionem & Jubam non
diftulit

Kalendar, by which the months were all tranfpofed from their ftated feafons fo that the z-jth of December^ on
\

Sueton.

J.

Csef,

59. Hirtius, in his account of this war, fays, that Casfar

which, according to their computation, Caefar embarked, was in reality coincident, or the fame with our %th of

embarked
Afric on the

at

Lilyb^um

for

Odober, and confequently a-

Cith

of the Kalends

bove two months before the

Solftice, or Ihorteft day.

rf Jan. [de

That
the

is,

Bell. Afric. inic.J on the 2,jth of our

All

which

December
(flares

whereas Cicero, in
juft cited, deto have pafled

paffage

clearly and accurate^ ly explaned in a learned differtation, publiflied by a per^

is

him

fon of emicent merit in the

Uiiiverlity

22S

^he

History

of the Life

A. Urb. 737.clared himfelf Conful, together with M. Lepidus Cic. 6i. for the year enfuing-, and gave the government of ^^* the Hither Gaul io M. Brutus ; of Greece^ to Servius of whom had been in arms C SAR^III Sulpicius ; the firft and the fecond was a Vi. ^MiLius againft him at Pharfaha liPiDus. favorer likewife of the Pompeian caufe^ and a great friend of Cicero, yet feems to have taken no part
-,

in the w'ar \c\

The

African war

now

held the v^hole Empire

:

in fufpenfe , Scipio's name was thought ominous and invincible on that ground but w^hile the ge-

was employed on the expeclation of fome decifive blow, Cicero, defpairing of any good from either fide, chofe to live retired, and out of fight ; and whether in the City or the
neral attention
*

Country, fhut himfelt up with his books; which, as he often fays, had hitherto been the diverjion cnely^ hut were no^u). become the fupport of his In this humor of fludy he entered into life [i]. a clofe friendfliip and correfpondence of Letters with M. Terentius Varro a friendfhip equally valued on both fides, and at Varro's defire, immortalized by the mutual dedication of theiF learned works to each other , cf Cicero's Academic ^.eflions to Varro ; of Varro's treatife on the Lativ^ Varro wks a Senator of the Tongue^ to Cicero. for birth and merit ; efleemboth firfl diilin6lion, learned man ed the niofi of Rome \ and though now
-,

?.bove fourfcore years old, yet continued flill writing and ptiblifmng books to his eighty -eighth year [^].
Univeruty
of

Cambridge,

chufes to conceal his name. See Bibliothec. Literar.

who

[^] A quibus antea deIcftationem modopeiebamus, nunc vero etiarn faiatem.

Ep.

N^. Vlli.Lond. 1724.

Brutum Gallic
prsefeGra^cise. Ep.

fam.

9. 2.

4to.
[rj
clt
;

[^] Nifi M. Vaironem fcirem odogefimo odlavo vitas

Sulpicium

anno

is^m. 6, 6,

prodidilTe, Hill. 6. 6.

&c.

Plin.

He

329 of A. Urb. 7Q7. He was Pompey's Lieutenant in Spain, in the bethe war; but after the defeat of Aof ginning ^^^'t^' franius and Petreius quitted his arms, and retired q Junius to his ftudies ; fo that his prefent circumflances C^sar IIL were not very different from thofe of Cicero ;M. ^milius who
^'
^'

M.7ULLIUS CICERO.

in all his Letters to

him,

bev/ails
-,

with great

^^^^^**

freedom the utter ruin of the

flate

and propofes,

that they fhould live together in a flridl

com-

munication of ftudies, and avoid at leaft the " if not the tongues of men ; yet fo, that fight, '' if their new Mafters fhould call for their help *' towards fettling the RepubHc, they fhould run *' with pleafure, and aflift, not onely as archi*' tedls, but even as mafons to build it up again j *' or if nobody would employ them, fhould '^ write and read the beft forms of government ; *' and, as the learned ancients had done before *' them, ferve their Country, if not in the Se*' nate and Forum, yet by their books and *' ftudies, and by compofmg treatifes of morals *' and laws [/]." In this retreat he wrote his bock of Oratcrial Partitions , or the art of ordering and diftributing the parts of an Oration fo, as to adapt them in the beft manner to their proper end, of moving and perfuading an audience. It was written for the inftrud:ion of his fon, now about eighteen years old, but feems to have been the rude draught only of what he intended, or not to have been finifhed at leaft to his fatisfadlion ; fince we
[/] Non deefle ii quis adhibere volet, non modo ut Architeclos, verum etiam ut
fabros,
'rr-.h^i'iA?;

&

fi

minus in cu-

ria
teris

atque in

&

foro, at in litlibris, ut dodliflimi

ad sedificandamRempotius libenter accurnemo utetur opera,

veteres

pub.
rere

&
ii

feccrunt,

Rempub.

&

de

navare moribus &

tamen

&

fcribere

&

legers

Mihi haec legibus qua>rere. videntur. Ep, fam. 9. 2.

fiad

330

T'he

Hi STORY

of the Life

A. Urb. 707, find no mention of it in any of his Letters, as of all his other pieces which were prepared for the ^"^^'-

Another fruit of this leifare was his DiaM. ^MiLius logue on famous Orators^ called Brutus ; in which XiEpjDus' j^e gives a fhort charadter of all, who had ever florifhed either in Greece or Rome^ with any reputation of eloquence, down to his own times and as he generally touches the principal points of each man's life, fo an attentive reader may find in it an Epitome^ as it were, of the Roman Hiftory, The conference is fuppofed to be held with Brutus and Atttcus in Cicero's garden at Rome^ under whom he always adthe Statue of Plato [g'\ imitated in the manner of his and mired, ufually this feems to have copied and in Dialogues j from him the very form of his double title Brutaken from the fpeak* tus^ or cf famous Orators er and the fubje6l, as in Plato's piece, called This work was intendPh^edon^ or of the ScuL ed as a fupplement^ or a fourth book to the three^ which he had before publilhed on the complete Orator, But though it was prepared and finifh-r ed at this time, while Cato was livings as it is intimated in fome parts of it, yet, as it appears from the preface, it was not made public till the of his daughter year following, after the death
Cjesar
III.
:
-,

C. Julius

pi^DJlC.

'^

Tullia.

As
cero in

at

the opening of the war

we found D*

debt to C^far^ fo we now meet with feveral hints in his Letters of Casfar's being indebt-

ed to him.

that Cicero had

probably from a mortgage, upon the confifcated eftate of fome Pompeian, which Casfar had feized but
It arofe
:

[^] Cum idem

I

placuiflet

Platonis Stataam confedimus

^rr-^rut. 2^.

jlUs, turn in pratulo,

propter

of

of M. oF what kind foever

:

rULLIUS CICERO.
it

331

was, Cicero was in pain A. Urb. 707. " he faw but three for his money ways, he fays, ^p'^** ^' of getting it ; by purchafing the eilate at Cas- q Juli'us " far's audion ; or taking an aiTignment on the c^sar III. ** or compounding for half with the M. ^Emilius purchafer ; *' Brokers or Money-jobbers of thofe times 5 Lepidus.
*'

" who would advance the money on thofe terms, The firft he declares to be bafe, and that he
*'
*^ *'

would

rather lofe his debt, than

touch any

*'

nobody would pay any thing fuch uncertain times the third he liked the " beft, but defires Atticus's advice upon it [i']." He now at laft parted with his wife Terentia^ whofe humor and condudb had long been uneafy
-,

thing confifcated : zardous and that

in

the fecond he thought ha:

to

this drew upon him fome cenfure ; for a wife, who had lived with him away putting above thirty years^ the faithfull partner of his bed and fortunes , and the mother of two Children^ But fhe was a woman extremely dear to him.

him

of an imperious and turbulent

fpirit

expenfive

and negligent

in her private affairs ; bufy and intriguing in the public ; and, in the height of her hufband's power, feems to have had the chief hand in the diflribution

of

all his

favors.

He

had

eafi-

in the vigor of health, ly born her perverfenefs of flate his fortunes ; but in a the and florifhing

declining life, foured by a continual fuccefTion of mortifications from abroad, the want of eafe and was no longer tolerable to him the quiet at home divorce however was not likely to cure the difficulties, in which her management had involved
:

[/^]

Nomen

illud,

quod a

perdere

Caefare, tres habet conditiones ; aut emtionem ab hafta; male: ) aut dele-

die: (quis erit, cui cred?:m ?) aut Vedteni condicionem,

femifle.

a Ki-sldi

ig\i\iv.

Ad

Att. 12. 3.

gationem

a mancipe, annua

him :

332
A. Urb. 707.
Cic. 61.
Coff.

The

History
all

him
^j^'g

for fhe

of the Life had brought him a great

to be reftored

which was

fortune* to her at parting:

niade a fecond marriage neceflary, in order ill ftate of his affairs , and his friends ^^ repair the cks^R^ III M. ^MiLius of both fexes were bufy in providing a ik match feveral parties were propofed to him, for him X.EPIDUS.
:

and among
:

others, a daughter of Pompey the Great : for whom he feems to have had an inclibut a prudential regard to the times, and nation the envy and ruin under which that family then to drop it [t]. What lay, induced him probably handle to rally him the his enemies greater gave

was,

his

marrying a handfom young woman,

:

named
own,

Publilia, of an age difproportionate to his but fhe was to whom he was Guardian

well allied, and rich; circumftances very convenient to him at this time ; as he intimates in a Letter to a friend, who congratulated with him

on
'*
*'

*'

his marriage. As to your giving

me joy,

fays he, for

:

what

*'
'' *' *'

*^
*'

^'

but I Ihould have done, 1 know you wifh it not have taken any nev/ flep in fuch wretched times, if at my return I had not found my private affairs in no better condition than thofe of For when through the wickthe Republic. ednefs of thofe, who, for my infinite kindnefs to them, ought to have had the greateft concern for my welfare, I found no fafety or eafe from their intrigues and perfidy within my
I

*'
*'

own
felf

thought it necelTary to fecure myby the fidelity of new alliances againil the
walls, I

*'

treachery of the old [].''

[/]

De

Pompeii Magni
refcripfi,

fi-

fcribis,

puto

nofti.

Nihil

lia

ubi

nihil

me
tu

vidi fcedius.
[/-]

ib. 12. li.

hoc tempore

cogitare.

AlIn

teram vero illam,

quam

cafes

Ep. fam. 4. 14. of divorce, when

there

333 Ci^SAR returned vidorious from Afric about A. Urb. 707. the end of July, by the way of Sardinia, where ^p'^'* he fpent fome days upon which Cicero fays q Julius
:

of M.TULLIUS CICERO.

plcafantly in a Letter to Varro, he had never feen Cjesar III. that farm of his before^ which though one of the^- ^milius The ^^pidus, worft that he has, he does not yet defpife [/].

uncertain event of the African War had kept the Senate under fome refer ve ; but they now began to pufh their flattery beyond all the bounds of

decency, and decreed more extravagant honors to Csefar, than were ever given before to man ; which Cicero oft rallies with great fpirit ; and being determined to bear no part in that fervile adulation, was treating about the purchafe of a Houfe

and

at Naples^ for a pretence of retiring flill farther oftener from Rome. But his friends who

knew

his

jedlion,

and the

impatience under their prefent fubfree way of fpeaking, which he

was apt to indulge, were

Ihould
forfeit die

ibme pain, left he good graces of Cxfar and his

in

there where children, it was the cuftom for each party to make a fettlement by will on
their

luj},

and MeJ/'ala for her

Caffius

thirds

Dio

gives

her

common
:

portionable
ellates

offspring, proto their feveral

is

fourth, Vibius Rufus ; who was Conful in the reign of

which

the

mean-

Tiberius, and valued himfelf for the pofrefTion of two

things, which had belonged to the two greateft menof the

ng of
ticus fo

Cicero's preffing Atoften in his Letters

to put Terentia in mind of snaking her will, and depofiting

it

age before him,

Cicero's ixife,

and
he

Co-far

chair, in n^jhicb

in fafe hands.

Ad
xii.

Att.
18.

xi.

21,

22,

24:

ixias killed. Dio. p. 612, Hieron. Op. To. 4. par. 2.

Terentia is faid to have lired to the ageof a// huyidredand

three years [V'al. M. 8. 13. Plin. H. 7, 48.] and took as St. Jerom fays, for her fecond

p. 190\t\ Illud

enim adhuc dium fuum non infpexit

prce:

nee
ta-

ullum habet deterius, fed

men non
fam. 9. 7.

contemnit.

Ep.

hulband, Cicero'! emmy, S:d-

favorltes,

of the Life A. Urb. 707. favorites, and provoke them too far by the Cic. 61. keennefs of his raillery [m]. They prefTed him to . accommodate himfelf to the times ; and to ufe more ^ m dilcourle his and to reiide more at caution C^sAR III. M. ^Emilius Rome, efpecial when Csefar was there, who would Lepidus. interpret the diftance and retreat which he affed*

334

^^^

History

-,

ed, as a proof of his averfion to him. But his anfwers on this occafion will Ihew the real ftate of his fentiments and condudt to-

wards Casfar, as well as of Csefar's towards himj: writing on this fubje(5t to Papirius Pastus, he fays ;
*'
*'

*'
'^

"

You are of opinion, I perceive, that it will not be allowed to m.e, as I thought it might be, to quit thcfe affairs of the City you tell me of Catulus, and thofe times ; but what
:

fimilitude have they to thefe

myfelf was

[/] Some of
Caefar's
ftill

his jefls

on
are

adminiftration

even with ftrangers and barbarians. At another time,

being defired by a friend, in a public company, to procurt iox \ns {on the rank of a Senator, in one of the Corporate towns of Italy, he
Jhall ha^ve it, fays he, if you pleafe, at Rome, but it njoill be difficult at Pompeii. An.

preferved ; which fhew, that his friends had reafon e-

nough

to

admonifh him to

be more upon his guard. Casfar had advanced Labea celebrated mimic ador^ : but when he ftept from the Stage into the Theater, to take his
rius,
to

the order of K?iights

benplace on the Equejlrian ches, none of the Knights would admit him to a feat among them. As he was marching off therefore with
difgrace,

acquaintance likewife from Laodicea, coming to pay his refpedts to him, and being had afked, what bufmefs
that he

brought him to Rome, faid, was fenc upon an em-

happening

to pafs

near Cicero, / njoould make room for you here, fays Cicero on our bench, if njoe ^Mere not
already too much cro'vcded ; allading to Caefar's filling up the Senate alfo with the

baffy to Ca^far, to intercede ivith him for the liberty of his

country
;

upon which Cicero

for
3.

replied, if you fuccede, you JJ^alL he an Embajfador alfo

us,

Macrob. Saturn.

2.

Sueton. c. 76.
*'

fcumm of

his creatures,

and

unwilling

of
**
**
*'

M.

rULLIVS CICERO.

335

**
*'
^'

A.Urb. 707. unwilling at that time, to flir from the guard fat the I at and for then of the ftate ; helm, ^p'^** held the rudder , but am now fcarce thought q julius worthy to work at the pump: would the Se- c^esar III.
nate think you pifs fewer decrees, if 1 Ihould M. ^Emilius live at Naples ? while I am ilill at Rome, and I^ep'^us.

*'

attend the
at

Forum,

their decrees are all

;

*'
**

our friend's houfe

and whenever
is {qz

it

drawn comes

'' *' ''

into his head, fent at drav/ing

my name
them
-,

dov/n, as if pre-

fo that I hear

from Ar-

m.enia and Syria of decrees, iaid to be

made

at

*'
*'
*' *'

*' *'
*'
*'

*'

*'
**

my motion, of which I never heard a fyllable at home. Do not take me to be in jefl ; for I alTure you, that I have received Letters from kings, from the rem.oteft parts of the earth to thank me for giving them' the title of King ; when, fo far from knowing, that any fuch title had been decreed to them, I knew not even, that there were any fuch men in being. What is then to be done ^ why as as our majler cf manners continues here, long I will follow your advice ; but as foon as he is gone, will run away to your mufhrooms, ^c.
In another Letter, " Since you exprefs, fays he, fuch a concern for me in your lafl, be affured, my dear P^tus, that w^hatever can be done by art, (for it is not enough to a6l with prudence, fome artifice alfo mull now be employed) yet whatever. I fay, can be done by art, towards acquiring their good graces, I have already done it with the greateft care 5 nor as I believe without f.iccefs ; for I am fo much courted by all, who are in any de-

*'
|r

**
** *'
*'

**

*'
*'
*'

Ep. fain. 9. 15. Prrefe^us morum, cr mafxer cf the puhlic man7ierSy was one of

[]

the

new

Titles^

which the

Senate had decreed to Ci^sar.

"
gree

y^o
A. Urb. 707,

The

History
'

"
"

of the Life

" C. Julius " C^sAR III. M. ^MiLius "

Lepidus.
cc

^C

P'

gree of favor with C^far, that I begin to fah^ ^^^ though real love h ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ eafily diftinguifhed from falfe, except in the cafe of danger, by which the of
fincerity
-,

"
*'
*'

*'
''

of gold by fire for all other marks are common to both yet I have one argument to perfuade me, that they reallove me becaufe both condition and ; ly my theirs is fuch, as puts them under no temptation to diflemble and as for him, who has
it

may be

tried,

as

-,

all

*^

*'
'' '' *'

no reafon to fear any thing; power, unlefs that all things become of courfe uncertain, when juftice and right are once deferted
I fee
:

"
'^

*'
*'

"
*' *'

nor can we be fure of any thing, that depends on the will, not to fay the paflion of another. Yet I have not in any inftance particularly offended him, but behaved myfelf all along with the greatefl moderation for as once I took it to be my duty, to fpeak my mind freely in that City, which owed its freedom to me ; fo
-,

now,

fince that

is

loft,

to fpeak nothing that

:

may
if I

" "
*'
''
''

but fafaid of offence, things I or muft of cetioufly by way raillery, give up all reputation of wit ; which I would not
offend him, or his principal friends
all

would avoid

refufe

to do, if

could.

But

as to C^efar

*'
*'
*'

himfelf, he has a very piercing judgment ^ and as your brother Servius, whom 1 take to have been an excellent Critic, would readily
fay, this verfe
is

having formed

not Flautus^s^ that verfe is ; his ears by great ufe, to di-

*'
^'
*

ftinguifh the peculiar ftile and manner of different Poets ; fo Ca^far, I hear, who has al-

"
*'

*^

ready coUeded Ibme volumes of Apophthegms, if any thing be brought to him for mine, which is not fo, prefently rejefts it which he now does the more eafily, becaufe his friends.
:

"live

of
" "

M.

TULLIUS CICERO.
me
;

337

Vivt almoil continually with

and

" are his orders fo that if he hears any thing " befides of mine from other perfons, he does not, " it; I have no occafion therefore for your " regard example of iEnomaus, though aptly applied '' from Accius for w^hat is the envy, whick " of? or what is tliere in me to be you fpeak " envied now ? but there was
:

variety of difcourfe, when any thing drops from me, which they take to have fome hu- q J^ " mor or fpirit in it, they carry it always to him, QjI^akIU " with the other news of the Town, for fuch M. ^Emiliu*
*'

in the A. Urb. 707; ^^^- ^^

^^1*^0^2.

''

''

himjdf free from guilt ; my*' felf to be clear, on a double account ; be*' caufe I both purfued thole mieafures, which " were the jufleft; and when I faw, that I had 'Vnot llrength enough to carry them, did not " think it my bufmefs to contend by force with " It IS thofe, v/ho v/ere too flrono; for me. " certain therefore, that I cannot be blamed, in ^^ what concerns the part of a 2;ood Citizen all
:

" who have a right notion of .virtue, thai a man has nothing more to anfiver fci\ than to " of which I take
*^'

fuppofe every Ins been the confcant opinion of Philolbphers, the onely men in my judgement,

thing

it

Wije_
keep,

"

that

is

now

left,

is

*' foolifhly and rafhly againir the men in power j " which I take alfo to be the part of a wife man. " As for the refc, what people may report to be " faid by me, or how he may take it, or with what fmcerity thofe live v/ith me, who now fo " court it is not in
*'^

not to fay or do any thing

afTiduoufly

me,

my power

to

comfort myfelf therefore with the confcioufnefs of my former condud:, and the '.'moderation of my prefent ; and fliall apply " your fimilitude from Accius, not onely to the *' cafe of envy, but of fortune ^ which I confider
anfwer.
I

Vol.

II.

"

as

33^
A. Urb. 707.

r
M.

(?"'

C Tuuus
Ca:sar
III.
I

" "
" " a
*'

^M

Lius

LiPiDus.

"
**

of the Life as liQ-ht and weak, and what ought to he repelled by a firm and great mind, as waves by For fince the Greek Hiftory is full ^ rock. of examples, how th6 wifeft men have endured Tyrannies at Athens orSyfacufe-, and when their Cities were enflaved, have lived themfelves in fome meafure free ; why may
not
1 think it poffible to maintain as neither to offend the mind of any,

The

HIST OT^Y

my rank fo,
nor hurt

*'

my own

dignity

^c.

[0]*'

PyETus having heard,

to divide

that Casfar

was ^^/^

diets ^

fome lands in his neighbourhood to the folbegan to be afraid for his own eftate, and

writes to Cicero, to tion would extend :

*'
*'

know how
to

far that diftribu;

which Cicero anfwers

fellow,

Are not you

a pleafant

who when

Balbus has juft been with you, afk me what " will become of thofe towns and their lands ? *' as if cither I knew any thing, that Balbus *' does not ; or if at any time I chance to know

*'

*'

"
**
*'

any thing, I do not know it from him nay, it is your part rather, if you love me, to let me know what will become of me for you had it in your power to have learnt it from
;
:

*'

"
**

him, either fober, or at lead when drunk. But as for me, my dear Partus, I have done
:

firft, becaufe enquiring about thofe things we have already lived near four years, by *' if that can be called clear gain, as it were *' or outlive to the Republic life, this, gain, ' feem to know what becaufe I fecondly, myfelf *' will happen ; for it will be, whatever pleafes " the ftrongeft ; which mufl always be decided '' arms it is our by part therefore, to be con*' tent with what is allowed to us he who cannot
: :
: :

[0]

Ep. fam.

9. 16.

1""

fubmit

of

M,TVLLIVS CICERO.
:

^19
^p*^^'

^* fubmit to this, ought to have chofen death, A. Urb. 707. " are now meafuring the fields of Veias They
*'

"
*'

and Capen^
yet
I

this is
:

not far from Tufculum

I

fear

^*

"
*'
*'

**

**

"
'**

*'

"
*'

We are flaves to happen. times fo neither can he ' know, what the times will require, nor we, * what he may intend, ^c. [p]" Chiefs of the defarian part)\ who courted Cicero fo much at this time, were Balbus, Oppius, Matius, Panfa, Hirtius, Dolabella they were all in the firft confidence with Caefar, yet profeffed the utmoft afFedion for Ci* cero ; were every mbrning at his levee, and
will
*'

" " know what

him,
he

but if it fhould hap- M. ^milius Lepidus. pen otherwife, yet fince, with all my courage and philofophy, I have thought it beft to live, I cannot but have an affeclion for him, by whofe benefit I hold that life who, if he has an inclination to reflore the Republic^ as he himfflf perhaps may defire, and we all ought to wifh, yet he has linked himfelf fo with others, that he has net the power to do what he would. But I procede too far ; for I am be afTured however of waiting to you this, that not onely I, who have no part in their councils, but even the Chief himfelf does not
wifli that I

nothing always

enjoy
,

it

whilft

may

q Julius c^sar III.

may

to

the

The

petually engaging the two lail

ercife

perfup with them \ and employed themfelves in a daily ex-

him

to

of declaming at kis houfe^

;

for

the

benefit

" "

of his inftrudion of which he gives the fol* account in his familiar way to Pastus lowing " Hirtius and Dolabella are my fcholars in fpeak:

ing ; my mafters in eating : for you have heard, I guefs, hov/ they declame with me,
[/] Ep. fam.
9. 17.

'

fup
/

540
A.Urb. 707.
I

The

History

of the Life
tells

fup with them."

In another Letter he

^r

n-^'

^^"'''

"

lus
''

cksAR III. M. u^MiLius "

Lei^idus.

" " " "

*'

^^^^ Dionyfius, ^^ Syracufe, turned fchool-mafler at Corinth, fo he, having loft his kingdom of the to which Forum, had now opened a School he merrily invites Psetus, with the offer of a feat and cufhion next to himfelf, as his Ufli^^^^

"

^^^^ ^^

when driven

er [^]."

But

to

Varro more

*'

ferioufly,

" "

"
*''

acquainted you, fays he^ before, that I am intimate with them all, and afiift at their counfils I fee no reafon why I fliould not for it is not the fame thing, to bear what mufi he
:

approve what ought not to he ap' '* I do not forbear to again , fup "with thofe who now rule: what can I do? *' we muft comply with the times [r]." The onely ufe which he made of all this favor
honi^

and

to

prcved.^^

And

was, to fkreen himfelf from any particular calamity in the general mifery of the times ; and
to fcrve thofe

unhappy men, who were driven

their country and their families, for their adherence to that caufe, which he himfelf had Ca^far was defirous indeed to efpoufed.

from

engage

him

in his meafures,

and attach him

infenfibly

[a] Hirtium ego & Dolabellam dicendi difcipulos ha-

vinus fequetur. \r'] Oftentavit

efTe

lb. i8.
tibi,

me

iflis

beo, ccenandi magiftros

to enim te audifib pud me declamitare, meapud

piiillos a-

familiarem,
intereffe.

&

confiliis

eorum
enim
quid
lb. 6.

Quod ego

cur nolira nihil video.

aft

Non

cos cc^nitare.

lb. 16.

idem, ferre
eft,

li

Ut Dionyfius Tyrannus, cum Syracufis pulfus efTet,

Corinthi dicitur
Tuifle,
fic

ferendum

&

quid
fi

probare,

probandum

non

eft.

ludum ape-

amifTo regno forenfi, ludum quaft hafella tibi eric bere cceperim in ludo, tanquam Hypodidafculo, proxiiha : earn pul-

ego

Non delino apud iftos, qui nunc dominantur, coenitare.

(<uid

faciam
eft,

tempori ferlb. 7,

viendum

to

of

M.TULLIUS CICERO.
:

341

but he would bear no part in an A. Urb, 707. eftablilhed on the ruins of his ^l^'^^' adminiflration, nor ever cared to be acquainted with q t^uus country; their affairs, or to inquire what they were doing: c^sar lir. fo that whenever he entered into their counfils, M. ^miuus ^^pidus. as he fignifies above to Varro, it was onely when the cafe of fome exiled friend required it for w^hofe fervice he fcrupled no pains of folliciting,' and attending even C^far himfelf though heW was fometimes fhocked, as he complains, by the and the indignity of waiting in * difficulty of accefs^ an Antichamher not indeed through Csfar's
to his interefls
;
; ,

fault,

a ence

always ready to give him audibut from the multiplicity of his affairs, by, whofe hands all the favors of the Empire wereThus in a Letter to Ampius, difpenfed [s~\. " I have {oU whofe pardon he had procured, " licited your caufe, fays he^ more eagerly than
-,

who was

'-'

"
*' **

my my

defu'e

for prelent fituation would v/ell juftify to fee you, and my conllant love
:

for you,

mod

afliduoufly cultivated

on your

"
*'

part, over-ruled all regard to the prefent weak condition of my power and intereft. Every

"
''

"
*' *'

" "
''

thing that relates to your return and fafety is promifed, confirmed, fixed, and ratified: I for faw, knew, was prefent at every ftep by good luck, 1 have all Ccrfar's friends engaged to me by an old acquaintance and fo that next to him friendfhip they pay the
:

"

regard to me: Panfa, Hirtius, Balbus, Oppius, Matius, Poftum.ius, take all occafions to give me proof of their fingular affedion. If this had been fought and procured by me,
firft

Quod ft tard^us fit [ / ] quam volumus, magnis occupationibus ejus, a quo

nia petunrur,

aditus ad

eum
Ep,

difficiliorcs iuerunt.

om-

fam. 6. 13.

"I

fiiould

542
A. Vfk. 707.
Cic. 61.

7J^
I
t( |.Q

History
:

of the Life

*'
T s

cJsAK

III.

"
<^
<

M. ^MiLiys
Xj^pipv5

fhould have no reafon, as things now Hand, but I have done norepent of my pains view of the with ferving the times ; I thing had an intimacy of long {landing with them all ; and never gave over foUiciting them on

*'

I found Panfa however the your behalf: readied of them ail to ferve you, and oblige *' me , who has not onely an intereft, but au' thority with Casfar, ^c. [/].'* But while he was thus carefTed by Caefar*s friends, he was not lefs followed, we may imaof the Republic thefe had gine, by the friends of the chief him as Patron looked upon always whofe counfils, if they had been their liberty followed, would have preferved it ; and whofe authority gave them the only hopes that were fo that his houfe was as left, of recovering it much frequented, and his levee as much crouded, as ever ; fincc people now flocked^ he fays, to a fort of rarity [a]. la fee a good Citizen^ as another Letter, giving a fhort account of his " Early in the morning, I way of life, he fays, *' receive the compliments of many honeft men, ** but melancholy ones ; as well as of thefe gay *' Conquerors who fhew indeed a very offici** ous and affedlionate regard to me. When
:
-,

*,

*' ^*
*'
'

thefe vifits are over, I Ihut myfelf Library, either to write or read :
alfo

up in my Here fome
-,

come
I
:

to hear

becaufe
they

me, as a man am fome what more

of learning learned than

*'

the reft of

my

^^

of
[/]

my
Cum

body

for I

time I give to the care have now bewailed my

folebat,

lb. 6. 12.
falutationi
;

\u\
Ijoc

ros
fit

dedimus amicorum
^tiaflii

quae

quod quafi ^vem albam, videntur bene fentientern civem videre, abdo me
in BibJipthecam.

frequentius,

quam

lb. 7. 28.

<i'

country

of
^*

M.rULLIUS CICERO.

3+3

than any A. Urb. 707. country longer, and more lieavily, * " mother ever bewailed her Son M-" onely c (r It is certain, that there was not a man in the q Julius Republic fo particularly engaged, both by prin- c^sar III. to it's liberty, or M. iMinu5 ciple and interefl, to wilh well who had fo much to lofe by the fubverfion of ^^^^^^^
for as long as it was governed by civil and flood upon the foundation of it's methods, he was laws, undoubtedly the firfl Citizen in it ;
it

as

he

in the Senate ; the chief and as all his hopes with the people authority and fortunes were grounded on the peace of his country, fo all his labors and ftudies were perit is no petually applied to the promotion of it wonder therefore, in the prefent fituation of the
:
:

had the chief influence

City, opprefTed by arms, and a tyrannical power, to find him fo particularly impatient under the common mifery, and exprefling fo keen a fenfe of the diminution of his dignity, and the
difgrace of ferving, where he had been ufed to

govern.
the other hand, though he and principles to be irreconciletemper able to his ufurped dominion, yet out of friend*^ his characIhip to the man, and a reverence for ter, was determined to treat him with the greatand by all the marks of perfonal eft humanity favor, to make his life not onely tolerable, but

C^.SAR,
his

on

knew

[x]

HsEC

igitur

eft

nunc
mulIa:tos

unt etiam qui

quail
tior.

me

audiunt,
ipli,

vita noftra.

Mane

faluta-

do6tum hominem, quia

mus

dorai

&bonos

viros

pauilo I'um,

tos, fed tfiftes,

&
me

quam

doc-

hos

Inde

vidores

qui
iSc

quidem
ob-

tempus
luxi

corpori omne datur. Patriam ediutius

fili/

peramantcr perofRciofe Ubi falutatio defervant.

fluxit,
litteris

jam gravius &

Ep. fam.
9. 20.

quam uUa mater unicum

um.

me

involvo,

aut fcribo aut lego.

Veni-

Z 4

cafy

34+

7'/??^

History

of the Life

A. Urb. 707. eafy to him: yet all that he could do, had no *' other effecfl on Cicero, than to make him think ^c'ff ^^^^ fpeak fometimes favorably of the natural C.
Julius

C^sAR III. clemency of their mafler and to entertain fome M. ^MiLius hopes from it, that he would one day be per,

Lepidus.

fuaded to reflore the public liberty but exclufive of that hope, he never mentions his government, but as a real 'Tyy-anny ; or his perfon in any other ilile, than as the oppreiTor of his
:

Country. But he gave a remarkable proof at this time of his' being no temporifer, by writing a book in praife of Cato\ which he publifhed v/ithin a few months after Cato's death. He feems to have been left a Guardian to Cato's Son ; as he was alfo to young LucuUuSy Caters Nephew [jy ] : and this teftimony of Cato's friendlhip and judgement of him, might induce him the more readiIt was a ly to pay this honor to his memory. matter however of no fmall deliberation, in what manner he ought to treat the fubje6l his friend? advifed him, not to be too explicit and particuMar in the detail of Cato's praifes but to content himfelf with a general encomium, for fear of irritating Casfar, by pufhing the Argument too far. In a Letter to Atticus, he calls this, " an ^' Archimedean but I cannot hit upon problem '^ that thofe friends of yours any thing, fays he^ " will read with pleafure, or even with pa" tience if I fnouid befides, drop the account ^^ of Cato's Votes and Speeches in the Senate, >* and of his condud in the State, and political ^' a commendation give flight onely of his con" and even this flancy gravity, may be more, ^' than care to hear but the man canwill they
:
-,
-,

[j']

Ad

Att. 13. 6.

DeFinib. 3.2.
^'

not

of
*'

M.TULLIUS CICERO.

34^

"

not be praifed, as he deferves, unlefs it be A. Urb. 707. " how he foretold all that ^^^^' particularly explaned, us to how he took arms to q t Julius has happened ; * its happening; and parted with life c^sar III. prevent '' fee it happen [2;]." Thefe were M. ^milius than rather Lepidus. he which refolved to the topics j difplay with all the accounts from and force of the his ; given work by antiquity, it appears, that he had fpared

no pains to adorn it, but extolled Catd's virtue and chara5ler to. the files [a]. The book was foon fpread into all hands \ and Csfar, inftead of expreffing any refentment,
affeded to be much pleafed with it ; yet declarand Hirtius in the ed, that he would anfwer it
:

mean
Cato's
cero

while, drew up a
to

little

piece in the

form

-ef a Letter

Cicero^

filled

with

objecStions to

chara^ler, kit with high compliments to Ciwhich Cicero took care to make himfelf
',

public, and calls

it a fpecimen of what C^far^s work was like to be [^]. Brutus alfo compofed and publifhed a piece on the fame fubjedl ; as

well as another friend of

de Catone [2;] CAiifxa. a.^-^^iiJ.\)Siiov eii.

Cicero, Fabius Gal-

Sed

^9o~

contenderit,
ret,

fafta ne vlde-

Non

vicam
4.
]

reliquerit.

Ad

afTequor ut fcribam, quod tui convivae non modo libcnter, fed etiam aequo aniirio

Att. 12
[

M.

Ciceronis libro,

legere poffint.
ii
fi

Quin

e-

quo Catonem ccelo jequavit, Lc. Tacit. Ann. 4. 34.

[^]
faris

tiam
tis,

a fententiis ejus dieab omni voluntate,

Qualis futura

fit

C^-

vituperatio contra lau-

ccnfiliifque

qu
;

de Repub.
'^iKc^ic^we

dationcm
eo libro,

meam
quern

habuit, recedam

perfpexi ex Hirtius ad
colligit vi-

velim gravitatem

conftanti-

me
tia

mifit, in

quo

amque ejus laudare, hoc ipfum a..y.\i'7fj-<i fit. Sed vere

-la.idari
nifi
ille

vir

non
fint,

poteft,

Catonis, fed cum maximis laudibus meis. Itaque mifi librum ad Mufcam, ut
tuis

haec

ornata

quod
Sc

librariis

daret.

Volo
Att.

ille ea,

quae nunc funt,

vidcrit,

eum

futura

&

divulgari, &c.
it.

Ad

ne fierent

12. 40.

41.

lus

34<S
Cic. 61.

7^^
:

History
:

of the Life

but thefe were but little confidercd in comparifon of Cicero's and Brutus had made in his account of the tranfadions, C T^^Tus ^^^^ miftakes Cato had been concerned | efpecially which i" cIesar'iii. M. ^MiLius in the debates on Catiline's plot \ in which he had Lepidus. given him the Jirft part and merits in derogation even of Cicero himfelf [d], Cesar's anfwer was not publilhed till the next year, upon his return from Spain after the defeat of Pompey's Sons, It was a labored
A. Urb. 707. lus [c]
-,

anfwering Cicero's book paragraph by paragraph, and accufing Cato with all the art and force of his Rhetoric^ as if in a public trial before Judges [<?] ; yet with expreflions of great refpeft towards Cicero ; whom, for his virtues and abilities, he compared to Pericles and 'Theramenes of Athens [/] : and in a Letter upon it to Balbus, which was fhewn by his order to Cicero, he faid, that by the frequent reading of Cicero's CatOy he was grown more copious:, but afinveftive
;

ter he

had read

Brutus's^ thought

himfelf even

eloquent [^].
[c]
xnitte.

Catonem tuum mihi

Cupio enim
legere.

Ep. fam. 7 24.

[^/]

to copy even his miflakes, rather than do juftice to Cicero on that occafion.
[^]

Catonem primum
dixiiTe,

fen-

Ciceronis libro

quid

tentiam putat de animadverfione

aliud

Didator

Caefar,
?

quam
apud
Tacit.

quam omnes

refcripta oratione, velut

ante dijcerant praeter CaefaAdAtt. 12. rem, &c. 21. From this and other particulars, which are mention-

Judices

refpondit
34.
it.

Ann.
7.

4.

Quintil. 3.

[/]
[g] ta

Plutar. in Cic.

Legi epiftolam

mul-

ed in the fame Letter,

,

we
had

may

obferve, that Salluft

probably taken his account of the debates upon Catilines Accomplices, from BrupMs life of Cato, and chofen

de meo Catone, quo faepifiime legendo fe dicit copiofiorem fadlum; Bruti Catone lelo, fe fibi vifum difertum.

Ad

Att. 13. 46.

Thes^

of

M.

rtlLLIUS CICERO.
and
interefts

347
A. Urb. 70^.
^q'^^^'

These two rival pieces were much celebrated }n Rome; and had their feveral admirers, as
different parties
is certain,,

difpofed men, toc.juiius

:

that they were the principal caufe of I^- ^milius ^*'^ous. cflablifhing and propagating that veneration, which pofterity has fince paid to the memory of

favor the fubjedl or the author of each

and

it

C^sak

ill.

Cato.

For

his

name being thrown

into contro-

fate of verfy, in that critical period of the

Rome,

by the Patron of liberty on the one fide, and the oppreiTor of it on the other, became of courfe a kind of Political tefi to all fucceding ages ; and a perpetual argument of difpute between the friends of
power.
liberty,

and the

flatterers

of

But

if

we

confider his charader without

prejudice, he was certainly a great and worthy man ; a friend to truth, virtue, liberty : yet falfely meafuring all duty by the abfurd rigor of

the Stoical rule, he was generally difappointed of the end, which he fought by it, the happinefs both of his private and public life. In his private condudt, he was fevere, morofe, inexorable
ral

bani{hing all the fofter affections, as natuenemies to juflice, and as fuggefting falfe motives of ailing, from favor, clemency, and in public affairs he was the fame ; compaffion had but one rule of policy \ to adhere to what was
;
:
:

right ; without regard to times or circumftances, or even to a force that could controul him for inftead of managing the power of the Great, fo as to mitigate the ill, or extrad: any good from it, he was urging it always to afts of violence by a perpetual defiance; fo that, with the heft
intentions in the worlds he often did great harm to the Reptihlic. This was his general behaviour 5

yet from

fome particular fads explaned above, it his ftren^th of mind v/as not althat appears,
ways

^48
A. Urb. 707.
^^c

P
III.

C. Julius

C^sAR

of the Life ways impregnable, but had its weak places of pride, ambition, and party zeal; which when nianaged and flattered to a certain point, would betray him fometimes into meafures contrary to
his ordinary rule of right and truth. The laft 2k. of his life was agreeable to his nature and

7he

History

M. ^MiLius
Lepidus.

when he could no longer he^ what he when the ills of life overbalanced the which, by the principles of his fedb, was good', a jiifi caufe for dyinglf]', he put an end to his life, with a fpirit and refolution, which would make one imagine, that he was glad to have
philofophy
:

had

been

or

found an

occafion

of dying in
his
life

his proper character.

On

the whole,
\

was rather admirable,

than amiable
tated \i\

fit

to be praifed, rather than imi-

As foon as Cicero had publifhed his Cato^ he wrote his piece called the Orator^ at the requeft of Brutus \ containing the plan or delineation of what he himfelf efleemed the moft perfedl: eloquence or manner of fpeaking. He calls it the
fifth

part or book^ defigned to complete the argument of his Brutus^ and the other three^ on the
It

fame fubje^. bation , and

in a Letter to
it,

was received with great approLepta, who had comhe declares, that whatut

plimented him upon

[^]

In

funt, qusE

quo enlni plura fecundum naturam

caufam moriundl naftum

gauderet.
ut tunc

fe tKe.

cum vero
ipfe de-

funt, hujus officium eft in vita manere : in quo autem

caufam juftam Deus

derit,

Socrati,

nunc

aut funt plura contraria, aut fore videncur, hujus officium De Fin. eft e vita excedere.
3.

Catoni,&c.Turc.Quft.i.30. Catoni.--moriundumpotius, quam Tyranni vultus adfpiciendusfuit.

18.

DeOiRc. 1.31.
deceffit
:

enim ; ubi non fis, qui fueris, non efle cur velis vivere. Ep. fam. 7. 3. [/] Cato fic abiit e vita,
Vetus
eft

Non
vixit

immaturus

enim, quantum debuit vivere. Senec. Confol. ad

Marc. 20.

ever

of

M.

rULLIUS CICERO.

349
^^'^^'

ever judgemejJi he had in fpeaking^ he had thrown A. Urb. 707. and was content to rijk his it all into that worky

famous fpeech of c^sar. III. He thanks to Csefar, for the pardon of M. Marcellus ; M. ^milius which was granted upon the interceflion of the Lepidus. Cicero had a particular friendfhip with Senate. but efpecially all the family of the Marcelli ; of Pomdefeat the who from with this Marcus ;

reputation on the merit of it [k]. now likewife fpoke that

C. Julius

pey at Pharfalia, retired to Mitylene in Lefbos, where he lived with fo much eafe and fatisfadion
to himfelf in a philofophical retreat, that Cicero, as it appears from his Letters, was forced to ufe all his art and authority to perfuade him to return,

and take the benefit of that grace, which they had been laboring to obtain for him [/]. But how the affair was tranfadied, we may learn from Cicero's account of it to Serv. Sulpicius, " Your who was then Proconful of Greece ^
*'

"
''

condition, fays he, is better than ours in this particular, that you dare venture to write your

" " "

*' *'

grievances ; we cannot even do that with fafenot through any fault of the Conqueror, ty than whom nothing can be more moderate,
:

but of victory

itfelf,

which
;

in civil

wars

is

al-

in one thing in being acquainted a little Iboner than you, with the pardon " of your collegue Marcellus or rather indeed *' in feeing how the whole affair palled ; for I
*'
:

ways you however

infolent

we have had

the advantage of

" would have you

[>^]

believe, that

from the begin-

Ita tres erunt de

Oraquin-

tore
tus,

quartus, Brutus

Orator.

De

Div.

2. i.

Oratorem
;

meum

fuadeo, me quicquld habuerim jr.dicii in dicendo, in iilum librum contuliffe. Ep.

farn. 6. 18.

tantopere

a te probari, vehementer gaudeo mihi, qiiidem fic per-

[/]

Ep. fam.

4. 7, 8, 9cc

nina:

3 fo
A. Urb. 707.

The

History

of

f/je

Life

"
**

^C

if*'

"
**

C. JuLius C^sAR \U.

M. JEmilivs
Iepidus.
(c *'

ning of thefe miferies, or ever fince the public right has been decided by arms, there has nodiing been done befides this with any digFor Csefar himielf, after having comnity. plained of the morofenefs of Marcellus, for
^q i^g

called

it,

and praifed

in the ftrongell

terms the equity and prudence of your con*' du6t, prefently declared beyond all our hopes, *' that whatever offence he had received from *' the man, he could refufe nothing to the inter*' cefiion of the Senate. What the Senate did *' was this the menticn of Marcellus by upon *' Brother his Caius Pilo, having thrown him:

"

''

*'

"
'*

**
*'

"
*'
*'

felf at Caefar's feet, they all role up, and went forward in a fupplicating manner towards Casin fhort, this day's work appeared to me far fo decent, that I could not help fancying that I faw the image of the old republic reviving when all therefore, who were afked their opinions before me, had returned thanks to Cjefar, excepting Volcatius^ (for he declared, that he Would not have done it, though he had been in Marcellus's place,) I, as foon as
:

*'

*'
*'
''

was called upon, changed my mind had reiolved with my felf to obferve an
-,

for I

eternal

^'

*'
*'

*'
*^
*'
**

** ^*
**

filence, not through any lazinefs, but the lofs of my former dignity but Casfar*s greatnefs of mind, and the laudable zeal of the Senate, got the better of my refolution. I gave thanks therefore to Casfar in a long fpeech, and have deprived myfelf by it, 1 fear, on other occafions, of that honed quiet, which was my but onely comtort in tliele unhappy times fmce I have hitherco avoided giving him offence, and if I had always continued filent, he would have interpreted it perhaps, as a proot of my taking the Republic to be ruined,
:

"

I Ihall

cf
**

M.TULLIUS CICERO.
my own
leifure for

3^1
^^^' p' q Tuj Jg

I fliall

"very
**

A. Urb. 707. fpeak for the future not often, or rather the at fame fo as to feldom; manage

"

time both his favor, and

ftudy

C^SAR, though he faw the Senate unanimous M. ^Emilius ^^p'dus. in their petition for Marcelhis, yet took the pains to call for the particular opinion of every Senator a method never pradifed, except in upon it cafes of debate, and where the houfe was divided : but he wanted the ufual tribute of flattery upon
:

[my

c'jESAK III.

of grace and had a mind probably to make an experiment of Cicero's temper, and to draw from him efpecially fome incenfe on the octhis adl
,

cafion ; nor was he difappointed of his aim ; for Cicero, touched by his generofity, and greatly pleafed with the ad itfelf, on the account of his friend, returned thanks to him in a fpeech, which,
fpot, yet for elegance of didion, vivacity of fentiment, and politenefs of compliment, is fuperior to any thing extant of the kind in all antiquity. The many fine things, which are faid in it of Casfar, have given fome handle indeed for a charge of infincerity againft Cicero but it mud be remembered, that he was delivering a fpeech of thanks, not onely for himfelf, but in the name and at the defire of the Se:

though made upon the

where his fubje6t naturally required the embellifhments of Oratory, and that all his compliments are grounded on a fuppofitlon, that C^efar
nate,

intended to rejlore the Republic : of which he entertained no fmall hopes at this time, as hefignifies in letter to one of Cafar^s principalfriends [n]. This therefore he recommends, enforces, and requires

from him

in his fpeech, with the fpirit

curas

of an

old.

[m] Ep. fam. 4. 4. tamen videor, [;?] Sperare

Caefari, qolkgae noftro, fore

&

effe,

ut

habeamus a-

liquam Rempublicam. fam. 13.68,

Ep*

Roman ;

iiji
A. Urb. 707.
Cic. 61.

The
\

Roman

of the Life no reafonable man will think and

History

it

tempered v/ith fome few ilrokes of flattery. But M. ^MiLius the following pafTage from the oration itfelf will
C\t.sar III.

TuLius

ftrange^ that fo free an addrefs to a Conqueror, ^^ ^^^ height of all his power, iliould want to be

Lepidus.

juftify the truth of

conquering your enemies, you fhould leave the Repub*' lie in the condition, in which it now is ; con" fider, I befeech you, whether your divine vir" tue would not excite rather an admiration of
*'

what I am faying. "If this, fays he, Casfar, was to "of your immortal ads, that after
all

be the end

"

''
*'
*"'

'' *'
''
**

you, than any real glory for glory is the ilfame of many and great fervices either to our friends, our country, or to the v/hoie race of mankind. This part therefore flill remains , there is one adt more to be performed
:

luflrious

by you

you may and profperity.

to eftablifli the Republic again, that reap the benefit of it yourfelf in peace

When

you have paid

fulfilled the

this

*'

your nature by a fatiety of living, you may then tell us, if you pleafe, that you have lived " long enough yet what is it after all, that we " can really call long, of which there is an end ^ *' for when that end is once come, all paft plea" fure is to be reckoned as nothing, fmce no
''
:

"

debt to your country, and

ends of

**

more of
I

it

is

to be

" mind,
*'
*'

expeded.

Though your

know, was never content with thefe narrow bounds of life, which nature has af:

**

"
^'

" "
*

figned to us, but inflamed ahvays widi an arnor is this indent love of immortality deed to be confidered as your life, which is comprized in this body and breath ; but that,
that, 1 fay,

the

your life, which is to florifh in of all which pofl:erity will memory ages and itfelf It is to chcrilh, propagate. eternity
is
:

"

this

of M,

TULLIUS CICERO.
,
:

"
*'
*'
,, "

3^3
A. Urb. 707.
^^^'

to this that you you mufb attend has which muft form yourfelf many things
this that

61.

already to admire, yet wants fomethino,

flijj,
1

that

"
*'

T^ ix n Julius you. roltenty will be c^sar iir amazed to hear and read of your commands, M. ^milius ^^epidus. provinces ; the Rhine, the Ocean, the Nile ;

^
*--

Ccff.

-r

It

may

praile

*' *'
*'

your innumerable
infinite

battles,

incredible vidlories,
:

" wifdom and counfils, your nam^e indeed will " wander far and wide, yet will have no certain

unlefs this City be ellablilhed again

but monuments, fplendid triumphs by your

" born, the fame controverfy, that has been " fome will extoll your acv/hen us amongil " tions to the fkies others perhaps will find " in them and that one defective fomething " if you fhould not extinguifli above all, thing " this flame of civil war, to
%
;

There feat or place at lail, where to fix itfelf will be alio amongil thofe, v/ho are yet un-

*' ''

*'
*'

by reftoring liberty your country for the one may be looked upon as the eiTecSl of fate, but the other is the certain a6t of wifdom. Pay a reverence there:

*'

"

upon

fore to thofe Judges, who you in ages to comie

tiality

v/ill
^

pafs

judgement
lefs

and with

par-

perhaps than

we

fince they will neither

be biaifed by affection or party, nor prejudiced

by hatred or envy to you and though this, as fome falfely imagine, fhould then have no re:

'
'

lation to you, yet it concerns you certainly at the prefent, to a6l in fuch a manner, that no

oblivion
praifes.
**

may

ever obfcure the lufter of your Various were the incHnations of the
:

*'
''
''

"

Citizens, and their opinions wholly divided nor did we difFe-r onely in fentiments and wifhes, but in arms alfo and camps the merits of the and the contention becaufe were dubious tween two celebrated Leaders m.any doubted
:

Vol.

II.

*'

what

3*5'4

A.Urb. 707.
C1C.61.
C.
cc

'"

JuLus

C.^sAR III. M. iEMiLius ftoring the Republic, he employed himfelf this iEPiDus. fummer in another work of general benefit to mankind % the reformation of the Kalendar , by ac-

of the Life what was the befl ; many what was-convenigj^|.. n^iany what was decent j fome alfo what was lawful, &c. [^]" But though Csfar took no ilep towards re^^-'^

History

commodating the courfe of the year^ to the exa5l courfe of the Sun \ from which it had varied fo widely, as to occafion a llrange confufion in all their accounts of time.

The Roman

year,
,

from the whole

inflitution

ofNuma, was lunar borrowed from

the Greeks;

amongfl: whom it confided of three hundred and to them fifty four days : Numa added one more to make the whole number odd, which was thought the miore fortunate , and to fill up the deficiency of his year to the meafure of the folar courfe, inferted likewife or intercalated^ after the

manner of the Greeks, an extraordinary month cf twenty two days^ every fecond year, and twenty
three every fourth,

between the twenty third and twenty fourth day cf February [p ] ; he committed the care of intercalating this month and the fuper-

to the College of Priefls ; who in a of time partly by a negligent, partly procefs of abufe an but arbitrary chiefly by fuperflitious, their truil, ufed either to drop or infert them, as it was found mod convenient to themfelves or

numerary day,

their friends, to iPiake the

Pro

current

year longer
fpeaks
title

{/]

M.

Marcell. 8, 9,

cept that Feflus

10.
Intercalaris,

fome days under the

of of

This was ufually called though Plutarch gives it the name of Mercedonius, which none of the
[/)]

the becaufe Mercedonias, Merccs or wages of work-

men were commonly

upon them.

paid

Roman

writers mention, ex-

or

355^ Thus Cicero, when harafled by A. Urb. 707: or fhorter [{], a perpetual courfe of pleading, prayed, that there ^3?'^^' might be' no intercalation to lengthen his fatigue ; q Julius and when Proconful of Cilicia, prefled Atticus C^sar in. to exert all his interefl, to prevent any intercala- M. ^milius
tion within the year
\

of

MTULLIUS

CICERO.

that

it

might not protrad

his l^^^^^us.

government, and retard his return to Rome [r]. Curio, on the contrary, v/hen he could not perfuade the Priefts to prolong the year of his Tribunate by an Intercalation^
for

made

that a pretence

abandoning the Senate, and going over to

Caefar \s\

This licence of intercalating introduced the confufion above-mentioned, in the computation of their time fo that the order of all their
:

months was tranfpofed from their flated feafons ; the winter months carried back into Autumn, the Autumnal into Summer till C^far refolved to
:

put an end to this diforder by abolifhing the fource of it, the ufe of intercalations ; and inilead of the

Lunar
diac^

exad meafure of

to eftablifh the Solar year, adjulled to the the Sun's revolution in the Zo-

or to that, period of time, in which it returns to the point, from which it fet out ; and as this, according to the Aftronomers of that age,

was fuppofed to be three hundred and Jlxty five days^ and fix hourSy fo he divided the days into
[q] Quod inftitutnm perlte a Numa, polleriorum Pontifi-

Per fortunas primum illud

cum
eft.

prsfuki atque prsmuni quseib, ut

negligentia

difTolutum

iimus annul

ne interAtt. 5.

Leg. 2. 12. vid. Cenforin. de die Nat. c. 20i Macrob. Sat. i. 14.

De

calecur quidem.
13,
it.

Ad

&
ita

[r] Nos hie in multitudine celebritate judiciorum

enim, quia "[jj de in.ercalando non cbtinuerat, transfagit

9. LevifTirae

ad popnlum

^-

quoridie votafaciamusne intercaUtur.

deftinemur,
faiTV 7. 2.

ut

pro Carfare loqui cccp^t, Ep. fam. 8. 6. Dio. p. 148.

Ep,

a 2

twelve

55<5 A.Urb. 707. twelve

Cic. 61.

of the Life artificial months, and to fupply the ciency of the fix hours, by which they fell
.

The

History

defi-

(hort

T of the Sun's complete courfe, he ordered a day r r JULIUS 7 7 T t Ctesar III. io be intercalated arter every tour years, between M. -^MiLius the twenty third and tiventy fourth of February [/]. Lepidus. But to make this new Year begin, and procede regularly, he was forced to infert into the

n C

November and December

three^

current year, two extraordinary months^ between the one of thirty ;

the other of thirty four days
\

befides the

ordinary intercalary month of twenty three days^ which fell into it of courfe ; which were all neceflary to fill up the number of days, that were loft to the old year, by the omifTion of intercalations^

and

per feafons \ii\

and

fl^ill

months in their proAll this was efFedled by the care of Sofigenes, a celebrated Afironomer of
to replace the
:

Jlexandria^ whom C^far had brought to Rome for and a new Kalendar \Y2iS formed that purpofe [.r]

by Flavius a Scribe^ digefted according upon to the order of the Roman Feftivals, and the old manner of computing their days by Kalends^ Ides, and Nones ; which was publiflied and authorized by the Dilator's Edi^^ not long after his return
it

from
that

Afric.

Rome

months.^

This year therefore was the longeft, had ever known confifting o^ fifteen or four hundred and forty five days^ and is
;

called the

lafi

of the

confiifion

[jy];

becaufe

it

in-

troduced
[/]

BiJJ'extus,

This day was called from its being a

riis

nobis

temporum

ratio

congrueret, inter
cit

Novembrem
adjeis

repetition or duplicate of the Sixth of the Calends (j/^ March,

& Decembrem menfem

duos
alios
:

fuitque

an-

which
24th;
ed

always on the and hence ovs Interfell

is flill

nus

xv.menfium cum Inter-

cnlnr\ or Leap-year
BiJJextile.

call-

calario, qui ex confuetudine eum annum inciderac. Suet.

J. C?ef.

40.
Plin. Kill.

\u\

Quo autem magis

in

[a-]

N.
fibi

18. 25.

pollcnim ex Kalendis janua-

[j] Adnitente

M.

Flavio

of M.

rULLlUS CICERO,

357
A. Urb. 707*

troduced the Julian, or folar year, with the commencement of the enfuing January; which con-

^Qq^^'

tinues in ufe to this day in all Chriftian Countries, c. Julius without any other variation, than that of the oia C^sar III. M. ^Emilius and new fiile \%\ Soon after the affair of Marcellus, Cicero had Lepidus.

another occafion of trying both his eloquence intereft with Csefar, in the caufe of Ligarius; who was now in exil on the account of his hav-

and

the African ing been in arms againfl C^far, in comconfiderable a born in he had which war, mand. His two Brothers however had always been on Casfar's fide and being recommended by Panfa, and warmly fupported by Cicero, had almoft prevailed for his pardon ; of which Cicero to Ligagives the following account in a Letter rius himfelf
;

Cicero to Ligarius.

"
*'

would have you be

ploy

my
ita

aiTured, that I emv/hole pains, labor, care, fbudy, in

vio fcriba, qui fcriptos dies

fingulos
detulit, ut

&

ad Diclatorem ordo eorum in-

^j;

veniri facillime poffet, & invento, certus ftatus perfeveraret eaque re fadum t^ty

oned by a regulation made ?^/^ Gregory A. D. 1582. for it having been obferved, that the computation of the Vernal Equinox was fallen, back ten days from the time
of the Council of Nice, when be on the it was found to

ut annus confufionis ulcimus

in quadringentos quadraginta tres dies tenderetur. Macrob. Sat. I. 14. Dio. 227.

Macrobius makes

this

according to 2\Ji of March which all the feftivals of the Church were then foleninly
;

year to confift of 443 days, but he {hould have faid 445,

fince,

fettled

Pope Gregory, by

according;

to

all

ac-

counts, ninety days were added to the old year of 355. [z] This difference of the
old a?id neuj ftih

advice of Aflronomers, caufcd ten days to be entirely funk and thrown out of between the current year, the 4th and 15th of Oftothe
ber.

was

occafi-

a 3

"

procuring

55S
A. Urb. 707.
Cip. 61.

TJje

History

cf the Lifo
:

"
cc

procuring your
\^^^
j-j^g

refloration

for as I have evier

TuLius

C^ffiSAR III.

greatefl afFedion for you, fo the fin^' gular piety and love of your Brothers, for ''whom, as well as yourfelf, I have always

M. iEMiLius
Lepidus,

"
cc

*'

" have done, I would have you learn from their " Letters, rather than mine but as to what I " hope, and take to be certain in your affair, " that 1 chufe to acquaint you with myfelf for " if man be timorous in great and dangerous any
^
:

profeiTed the utmoft efleem, never fuffer ^q negledl any opportunity of duty and fervice to you. But what I am now or

me

my

doing,

*'

" " " " "

*' *'

events,

"
''

" came away perfuaded, that your pardon was " certain which I colle6led, not onely from " Casfar's which was and
:

and fearing always the v/orft, rather than hoping the befl, I am he ; and if this be a fault, confefs myfelf not to be free from it ; yet on the twenty feventh of November, when, at the defire of your Brothers, I had been early with Casfar, and gone through the trouble and indignity of getting accefs and audience ; when your Brothers and relations had thrown themfelves at his feet, and I had faid, what your caufe and circumftances required, I

''

" " " "

'*
'' '' *' '^
'

difcourfe, ijiild generous, but from his eyes and looks, and many other fiofns, which I could better obferve than
defcribe.

It is your part therefore, to behave with firmnefs and courage; and as yourfelf have born the more turbulent part pruyou to bear this calmer (late of things dently, I fhall continue to take the frill chearfuliy
:

fame pains

as if there was the and will heartily them, greateit difficulty in as I have hitherto behalf, your fupplicatc done, not onely Csfar himfelf, but all his
in

your

affairs,

in

"

friends.

of
*'

M.rULLIUS CICERO.
whom
I

359
A. Urb. 707.
^*

have ever found more affedli" me. Adieu, [a]" While Ligarius's affair was in this hopeful! way, Q.. Tubero, who had an old quarrel with him, being defirous to obftrucl his pardon, and knowing Csfar to be particularly exafperated
friends, onate to
to

^ColT

ij^nus

c^sar III. M. ^milius

^^pidus.

againft him^

all thofe,

who through an ohftinate averfwn had reneuued the war in Afric^ accufed

him, in the ufual forms, of an uncommon zeal and violence in profecuting that war. Csefar
the profecution, and orprivately encouraged dered the caufe to be tried in the Forum^ where

he

it in perfon, ftrongly prepoffeifed the Criminal, and determined to lay hold againft

fat

upon

on any plaufible pretence for condemning him but the force of Cicero's eloquence, exerted with all his fkill in a caufe, which he had much at heart, got the better of all his prejudices, and
:

jpxtorted a

pardon from him againft

:

his will.

merit of this fpeech is too well known, to want to be enlarged upon here thofe, who read it, will find no reafon to charge Cicero with but the free fpirit, which it breaths, in flattery
:

The

the face of that power, to which it was fuing for mercy, muft give a great idea of the art of the fpeaker, who could deliver fuch bold truths without offence ; as well as of the generofity of the Judge,
tience,
''

who heard them not onely with pabut approbation. Obferve, Cjefar, fays he, with what fide-

**
*'

*'
'*
^'

plead Ligarius's caufe, when 1 betray that admirable clemenby it. be celebrated by every kind of cy, worthy to monuments M. Cicero depraife, letters,
lity I

even

my own

fends a criminal before you,

\a'\

by proving

hirn

Ep. fam.

6, 14.

Aa

" not

q6o
A. Urb. 707.

The
cc

History

of the Life

not to have been in thofe fentiments, in which j^g owns himfelf to have been; nor does he " y^^ ^^^^ y^^^ fecret thoughts, or while he is C. TuLi'us " C^sAR in. pleading for another, what may occur to you M. ^MiLius " about himfelf. See, I fay, how little he is cc Lepidus. See with what a courage and afraid of you. " of your generofity and wifdom fpeaking gaiety

Cic.6u

"

infpire
''

me.

I will

raife

my

voice to fuch a

" " C^far, but

'*

pitch, that the v/hole Roman people may hear After the war was nor onely begun, me.

in great meafure finifhed, when I was driven by no necefTity, I v^ent by choice '' and judgment to join myfelf with thofe, who " had taken arms againlt you. Before whom do " I fay this ? why before him, who, though he

" knew
''
^'

it

to be true, yet reflored

me

to the

Re-

public,

before he had even {ten

me

who
be

wrote to
the fame

me from Egypt,

that I Ihould

''

man, that I had always been ; and ^' when he was the onely Emperor within the " dominion of Rome, fuffered me to be the *' other; and to hold my laurelled Fafces, as long *' as I thought them worth holding Do [i?]. *' you then, Tubero, call Ligarius's condud: *' wicked ? for what reafon ? fince that caufe '^ has never yet been called by that name fome " indeed call it midake, others fear thofe who '' fpeak more feverely, hope, ambition, hatred, " or at the word, ralhnefs but no obflinacy *' befides man, you, has ever called it wickednefs.
:

^'

For

" nuin name

''

my

part, were I to invent a proper and gefor our calamity, I fhould take it

"
^'

for a kind of fatality, that had poiTefTed the unwary minds of men ; fo that none can think it

ilrange, that

all

human
Pro Ligar.

counfils were over-

[<^]

3. ^^

rulecj

of
''
''

M.TULLIUS CICERO.
by
a divine necelTity.

^6i

ruled

Call us then, if A- Urb. 707.

unhappy, though we can never ^p*^** " be fo, under this Conqueror ; but I fpeak not q [u^hus " of us who furvive, but of thofe who fell c^sar III. "let them be ambitious; let them be angry M. ^milius ^^^^ DUS. " let them be obllinate but let not the guilt of *' crime, of fury, of parricide, ever be charged " on Cn. Pompey, and on many of thole who " died with him. When did we ever hear any " fuch thing from you, Casfar ? or what other " view had you in the war, than to defend
you
pleafe,
,
-,

" you confidered it from yourfelf from injury ? " the firfb, not as a war but a feceffion not as " an hoftile, but civil difienfion where both
-,

''

fides wiflied well to the

" a difference, partly of counfils, partly of in" clinations, deviated from the common good " the dignity of the Leaders was almoil equal ; " though not perhaps of thofe that followed " them the caufe was then dubious, fince there " was fomething which one might approve on " either fide ; but now, that muft needs be " the befb, which the Gods have fa:
:

Republic

yet through

'^

thought vored , and

^'

'^

" Arms

after the experience of your clebe difpleafed with that victory, can mency,who in which no man fell, who was not actually in
[c] ?"

Speech was foon made public, and greediAtticus was extremely pleafed ly bought by all with it, and very induflrious in recommending it;
:

The

fo

" You have " whatever I

"
*'

that Cicero fays merrily to him by Letter, fold my Ligarian : fpeech

finely

the Publifher
I

and again, " your authority, perceive, has made my little oration famous :
:

write for the future, I will

"

make you

lb. 6.

"

for

36z
A. Urb. 707.
Cic. 61.

7)5^

History

of the Life

"
c

for

"
C T?Mus

Balbus and Oppius write me word, that they are wonderfully taken with it, and have
^
it

^^^^

cJsAK^ll M. JEuiLivs figure that hp made in it; fo that he applied to Lepidus. Cicero, to have fomething inferted in his favor, with the mention of bis wife^ and fome of his fa: but Cicero mily^ who were Cicero's near relations excufed himfelf, hecaufe the fpeech was got abroad: nor had he a mind, he fays, to make any apology for ^uhero^s condu^ [^]. LiGARius was a man of diftinguifhed zeal which was the for the liberty of his Country reafon both of Cicero's pains to preferve, and of After his reC^far*s averfenefs to reftore him. turn he lived in great confidence with Brutus, who found him a fit perfon to bear a part in the confpiracy againil Csefar ; but happening to be taken ill near the time of it's execution, when
:

which

^^^ fuccefs, ^^ ^^^^^ ^^^" ^^^l met with, made Tubero afiiamed of the

Brutus, in a
he

vifit

to him,

began to lament, that

\

was

fallen fick in a very unlucky hour

his elbow ^

Ligarius^

raifing himfelf prefently upon Brutus by the hand^ replied: yet fiill^

and taking
Brutus^ tf

you mean

any thing worthy of yourfelf I am well [/] : nor did he difappoint Brutus's opinion of him, for we find him afterwards in the lilt of
to do

the confpirators.
culam
[f]

[//]

Ligarianam

prseclare

mififfe.

lb. 19.

Pofthac quicquid defcripfero, tibi praeconium Ad Att. 13. 12. feram.

vendidifti.

Ad

Ligarianam de ux-

ore Tiiberonis,

&

privigna,

Ligarianam, ut video, prsclare audoritas tua commendavit.

neque poffum jam addere, eft enim res pervulgata, neque Tuberonem volo defenMiriiice eft enim 9/dere.
Act^T/(^.
lb. 20.

Balbus

&

Scripfit

enim ad

me
fe

Oppius, mirifice

probare, ob

eamque caufam
fe oratiun-

[/]

Plutarch, in Brut,

ad Cffifarem earn

In

'

of

M.TULLIUS CICERO.

363

In the end of the year, Caefar was called away In great haft into Spain to oppofe the attempts of Pompey's Sons, who, by the credit of their father's name, were become mafters again of all that Province, and with the remains of the troops, which Labieniis, Varus, and the other Chiefs, who efcaped, had gathered up from Afric, were once more in condition to try the fortune of where the great danger, to the field with him which he was expofed from this laft effort of a broken party, ihews how defperate his cafe muft have been, if Pompey himfelf, with an intire and veteran army, had firft made choice of this country for the fcene of the war.
:

while palTed his time with lit- A. Urb. 708. home, being difappointed of Cic. 62. the eafe and comfort, which he expedled from J^^all this

Cicero

tie

fatisfadion at

children, as we may ima- c^sa^^^^ their own mother while was Hving, would Didator III, gine, not eafily bear with a young mother in law in the M. ^milius The Son efpecially was pref- \f^^^^^'. houfe with them. ^^' ^^^^^ a to particular appointment fettled for fing get his maintenance, and to have leave alfo to to go whiSpain, and make a Campaign under C^far ther his Coufin Quintus was already gone Cicero did not approve this proje6b ; and endeavoured
his

new marriage

his

-,

by

all

means

to difluade

him from

it

reprefent-

ing to

him

that

it

would naturally draw a juft

reproach upon them^ for not thinking it enough to quit their former party ^ unlefs they fought againft it too \ and that he would not he pleafed to fee his
Coufin more regarded there than himfelf \ and promifing withal, if he would confent to ftay, to make him an ample and honorable allowance [^]. This

diverted
[^]

De

Hifpania duo

attuli

-,

primum idem, quod

tibi,

me

364
A. Urb. 708. diverted
Cic. 62.

The
j^Q|. fj.Qj3^ |-i^e

History
defire

of the Life
;

him from

the thoughts of Spain

though

of removing from his Father, a ^^^ taking feparate houfe in the City, with a C. TuLius diflin6t family of his own ; but Cicero thought CiEsAR Diftator III. it bell to fend him to Athens, in order to fpend M. ^Emilius ^ fe^ years in the ftudy of Philofophy, and po^^^^ Letters ; and to make the propofal agreeable, M^^^E^iiit offered him an appointment, tbat would enable him to live as fplendidly as any of the Roman Nohi*

lity,

who

then refided there^ Bibidus^ Acidinus^ or

This fcheme was accepted, and Mejfala [h]. foon after executed ^ and young Cicero was fent to Athens, with two of his Father s Freedmen^ L. ^ullius Montanus^ and TuUius Marcianus^ as the
Intendants and Counfellors of his general conduft, while the particular diredlion of his ftudies was left to the principal Philofophers of the places and above all to Cratippus, the chief of the Peripatetic In this

Sed;

\f\.

uneafy ftate both of his private and he was opprefled by a new and mod life, public cruel affliction, the death of his beloved daughter Tullia; which happened foon after her divorce froirfDolabella ; whofe manners and humor were had long been intirely difagreeable to her. Cicero whether with himfelf and friends, deliberating Tullia fhould not firji fend the divorce j but a pru-

me
non
ria
?

vcreri
fatis

vituperationem
efTe
fi

hasc

arma

reliquifiemus
tur, te

? etiam contradeinde fore ut angere-

quos Athenis futures audio, majores fumptus faduros, quam quod ex eis mercedU bus accipietur. lb. 32.
[/]

cum

& omnia gratia

a fratre familiaritavinceretur.
liberalitate
uti

L.Tullium Montanum
qui
eft.

nofti,

cum Cicerone
lb. 52, 53.

pro-

Velim magis

fedlus

mea quamfua

Ad

libertate, Att. 12.7. [>&] Praellabo nee Bibulum,

Quanquam te, Marce fib'. annum jam audientem Cratippum, &c.

it.

De

Off. 1. i.

ttec

Acidinum, necMeffalam,

2. 2.

dential

of

M.rULLlUS CICERO.

365

dential regard to Dolabella's power and intereft A. Urb. 708. ^^^- ^2. with Casiar, which was of ufe to him in thefe The times feems to have withheld him [k].

was the fame with Dolabella, he v/as wilHng enough to part with TulUa, but did not care to break with Cicero, whofe friendfhip was a credit and whom gratitude obhged him to obto him fmce Cicero had twice dereverence and ferve him in capital caufes and fended preferved [/]
cafe
',
-,

^ t^^'
^^-

c'^sar'^* Dldator HI.

'

^milius
'

J^^^^tJ^^*^^^ ^^'

feems mofl probable, that the divorce kind ; and executed at lafl amicable an was of by for it gave no the confent of both fides appalb that
it
:

rent interruption to the friendlbip between Cicero and Dolabella, which they carried on v/ith the fame ihew of affection, and profeflions of
refpedl towards each other,
as if the relation

had

mil

fubfifted.

TuLLiA
\

died in childbed, at her hufband^s

:

which confirms the probability of houfe \m\ it is certain at their agreement in the divorce Rome fhe died in that where Cicero was ; lead, detained^ he fays, by the expe^Iation of the birth and
^

to receive the firji

payment of her fortune back again

from 'Dolabella^ who was then in Spain : fhe was delivered^ as it was thought^ very happily^ and fuppofed
to be out

in her cafe
fible

when an unexpedled turn ; an end to her life, to the put inexprefof her Father grief [;?].
of danger

We

[/f]

Te

oro ut de hac mi-

melius quidem fera cogites in peffimis mihi fuit difcidio

tatlo multitudinls, ignore. Si metuendus iratuseft, quies tamen ab ilia fortalle nafcetur.

nunc quidem
denunciare
tur,

ipfe videtur

Ep.

fara. 14. 13.

placet mihi igitibi

&

idem

nuncium

re-

mitti, &c. vid. ib. 3.

Ad

Att. xi. 23.

Cujus ego falutemduobus capitis judiciis fumma contentione defendi Ep.

[/]

fam
de nuncio re-

3. x.

Quod

Icripfi

[^m]

Plutarch in Cic.

mittendo, quje fit iftius vis hoc tempore, Sc quse conci-

tenuit om[n] nino Tullice meas partus ; fed

Me Rom^

cum

366
A. Urb. 708.
Cic. 62.
Coff.

The

History

of the Life

C. Julius

Didator III. M. ^Emilius of her lying in, it is evident, that fhe left a So?t Lepidus. who furvived her, and CiceMag. Equit. hy Dolabelky ro mentions more than once in his Letters to At-

We have no account of the ifTue of this birth, which writers confound with that which happened three years before, when fhe was delivered at the end of feven months of a puny male child but whether it was from the firfl, or the fecond time
:

whom
:

ticus,

by the name of Lentulus

[<?]

defiring

him
of

to vifit the Child, and fee him, and to ajfign him what

a due care taken

number of fervants

he thought proper \f\.

thirty years old of her death ; and by the few hints, which are left of her chara6ler, appears to have been an excellent and admirable woman fhe was mofl affedionately and pioufly obfervant of her Father ; and to the ufual graces of her fex, havat the time
:

TuLLiA was about two and

cum

ea

quemadmodum
fit,

ro, fatis firma

fpetenor ta-

men, dum a Dolabellae procuratoribus exigam primam

penfionem.
18.

Ep. fam.

6.

iV. B. Mr. Bayle declares himfelf furprized, to find Afconitis Feed, fo ill informed of the hijlory of Tullia, as to tell tiSf that after Pifo's death ^ fhe fwas married to P. Lentulus ^

The Father's names \o'\ were Publius Cornelius Lentulus Dolabella

;

and
horfe

died in
:

child-bed at his
fhort account,

in

which

the

two

lall

there are contained, he fays,

t^vo or three lies. But Plutarch confirms the fame account ; and the miftake will

being furnamcs acquired perhaps by adoption, and diftinguifliing the different

bran-

ches of the Cornelian famiiv.

[/]
erit

Velim aliquando, cum tuum commodum, Lenvifas, eique

tibi

tulum puerum
tur, attribuas

de

mancipiis, quae
28.

videbi-

ad Att. 12.
invifis,

Quod

Lentulum
lb.

valde gratuxn. ctiam 18.

30

vid.

not on Afconius, but on Mr. Bayle himfelf, who did not refleft, from the authority of thofe Ancients, that Lentulus was one of Dolabelia's names, by which he was called indifferently, as woil as by any of the reft. See Bayl. Didion. Artie.
reft at lall,

TuUia,

not. k.

ing

of

M.TULLIUS CICERO.
the

367

A. Urb. 708. accomplifliments of ing added to was be and polite letters^ qualified knowledge ^^^ ^^' the companion as well as the delight of his age ; q Julius and was juftly efbeemed not onely as one of the c^sar hut the moft learned of the Roman Ladies. Didator III. hefi^ -^^ilius It is not Arrange therefore, that the lofs of fuch a ^daughter, in the prime of her life, and the moft Mag^^Equit comfortlefs feafon of his own, fhould affect him

more

folid

with all that grief, which the greateft calamity could imprint on a temper naturally timid and
defponding.
that the Philofophers came but that can hardly him ; comfort parts from be true, except of thofe, who lived at Rome,
tells us,

Plutarch
all

to

or in his

fhun

all

own family for his firft care was, company as much as he could, by
;
;

to
re-

moving

to Atticus's houfe
;

where he lived

chief-

Library endeavouring to relieve his mind, by turning over every book^ which he could meet with on the fuhje^l of moderating grief :
ly in the
\jf\

groves^ others the

too public, and a greater refort to him than he could bear, he retired to Aftura, one of his feats near Antium ; a little i/land on the Latian fhore at the mouth of a river of the fame name^ covered with woods ayid cut out into fhady walks \ a fcene of all

but finding

his refidence here

fitteft to indulge melancholy, and where he could give a free courfe to his grief. *' Here, fays he, I live without the fpeech of " man every morning early I hide myfelf in " the thickefl of the wood, and never come
:

*'

out
is

till

the evening

*'

fo dear to

"
tu

me,
is

next to yourfelf, as this folitude :

:

nothing

my

whole
is.

converfation
[^]

with

my

books

yet that

Me

teftis

es,

mihi non defuifle nihil enim de

ullo

fcriptum

eft,

quod ego non

domi

tuse

legerim.
*'

Ad

Ait.

mcerore minuendo ab

12. 14.

fometimes

^68
A, Urb. 708.
Cic. 62.

'^be

History

of the Life

" fometimes
refiit

interrupted by

my
am

tears,

which

as well as I can,

but

not yet able to

Lepidus.
g.

Atticus urged him to quit this retirement, and divert himfelf with bufinefs, and the comM. ^MiLius pany of his friends ; and put him gently in
C/SAR^^^
Diaator
III.

qui

that, by affliciing himfelf fo immoderatewould hurt his charader, and give j^^ people a handle to cenfure his weaknefs to which he makes the following anfwer. " As to what you write, that you are afraid,
i-nind,
j^^
:

of my grief fhould leiTen my and authority ; I do not know what " men would have of me. Is it, that I fhould
left

"

the excefs

*'

credit

or that I with grief? who *' I took refuge at '' was man ever denied achoufe, any your '' cefs to me ? or did any one ever come, who *' had reafon to complain of me ? I went from " you to Aftura v/here thofe gay fparks, who " find fault with me, are not able even to *' how well, read fo much as I have written *' it is of a kind to the is purpofe, yet nothing *' which no body could write with a difordered *' mind I fpent a month in my gardens about ** Rome , where I received all who came, with
P

" not grieve

that

is

impolTible

*'

fhould not be opprefTed was ever lefs fo ? when

*'
*' *'
*'

fame eafmefs as before. At this very ment, while I am employing my whole in reading and writing, thofe, who are me, are more fatigued with their leifure,
the
[r] In

motime with than

hac folitudine careo

& afperam, non'exeo Secuninde ante vefperam. dum te, nihil mihi amicius
denfam

omnium colloquio, cumque mane in fylvam me abilruli

In ea mihi omfermo eil cum litteris ; cum tamen interpellat fletus : cui repugno quoad poiTum, fed adhuc pares non fumus.
folitudine.
nis

lb. 15.

"

with

CICERO. 369 of M. " I with I am A. Urb, 708. If one aflcs, why any my pains. " not at Rome becaufe it is vacation time why S^^'^^* " not in fome of villa's, more fuitable to q Julius my " the feafon ^ becaufe I could not eafily bear fo c^sar " much who has Didator IIT. where I
,
:

TULLIUS

*'
''

feafon the mifery of indeed for ever ; but *' my conftancy and firm* " nefs, either of mind or fpeech, ^c. [jj." All his other friends were very officious likewife in making their compliments of condolence, and adminiftring arguments of comfort to him :

" " " with which we

he, am, company. beft houfe at Baise, chufes to be, in this I come to Rome, nopart of the year. body fhall find any thing amifs, either in looks or difcourfe as to that chearfulnefs,

the

^milius

When
:

^-

Equit,

my

ufed to

*'

thefe times, I have loft will never part with

it

among

his affairs

the reil, Csfar himfelf, in the hurry of in Spain, wrote him a Letter on the

occafion, dated

from

Hifpalis^ thelaft of April \f\

Brutus wrote another, fo friendly and affe5iionate^ that it greatly moved him [?/] : Lucceius alfo, one of the moft efteemed writers of that age, fcnt him two \ the firfl to condole, the fecond to expoftulate with him for perfevering, to cherifli an unmanly and ufelefs grief [^] but the following Letter of Ser. Sulpicius is thought to be a mailerpiece of the confoiatory kind.
:

Ser. Sulpicius to
'

M. T.

Cicero.

*'

I was exceedingly concerned, as indeed I ought to be, to hear of the death of your

[i] f/j

Ad

Att. 12. 40. Csefare litteras

&:

prudenter

&

amice, multas
attule*

ac-

tamen mihi lacrimas

runt.
[a-]

cepi confolatorias, datas prid. Kal, Maii, Hifpali. Ad Att. 13. 20.

lb. 12. 13.

Vid. Ep. fam. 5.13,

14.

[] Bruti Vol, II.

litteras

fcriptae

B b

"

daughter

of the Life A. Urb. 708. daughter Tullia ; which I looked upon as an Cic. 62. cc If I had been afflidion common to us both. " ^^i^h. I would have made it my bufinefs you, C Julius " to convince C^sAR you, what a real fhare I take ia Diaator III. " Though that, kind of confolayour grief. M. ^Emilius u ^JQj^ ^g 1^^^ wretched and lamentable, as it is " ^^ ^^ and relations, who friends performed by Mas^ Ea^uit *' are overwhelmed with grief, and cannot en^ " ter upon their tafk without tears, and feem to *' want comfort rather themfelves, than to be

370

TbeHisroKY

<

^'

in condition to adminifler

it

to others.

I re-

*'

*'

VI
*'

folved therefore to write to you in iliort, what occurred upon it to my own mind : not that

*'
*'

imagined, that the fame things would not occur alfo to you, but that the force of your grief might pofTibly hinder your attention ta What reafon is there tlien to difturb them.

*:'

*' *' ''

yourfelf fo immoderately on this melancholy occafion ? confider how fortune has already treated us ; how it has deprived us of what

"
*'

ought to be

as dear to us

as

children

our

*' *' *'

After fo country, dignity, honors. miferabie a lofs as this, what addition can it poffibly make to our grief, to lufFer one mifcredit,

fortune m.ore

or

how
elfe

" think every

*' **

exercifed in fuch trials,

thing

can a mind, after being not grow callous, and of inferior value ? but

your daughter's fake that you grieve ? often muft you neceiiarily- refie6l, as yet *V I. rnyfelf frequently do, that thofe cannot be
is it

for

how

*'

faid to

*'

been

in thefe times,

be hardly dealt v/ith, v/hofe lot it has without fufrering any atto

*'

" what
*'

fiiftion,
is

exchange

life

for

death.

Foi?

there in our prefent circumftances that could give her any great invitation to live ?

*'
''

what bufinefs
of comfort

what hopes
her
?

v/hat
it

profpe6t;

before

v/as

to

pafs her

"

days

of
**

M.rXJLLIUS CICERO.
-^-

^Ji
Urb. 738.

*'
**

*'

*'
<'
'

days in the married ftate, with folne young of the firir quality P (for you, I know, ^q'^^^' on the account of your dignity, might have^ j.^^^^^g chofen what fon-in-Jaw you pleafed out of all C/esar our youth, to whofe fid^elity you might fafely Dilator IIT. ^^ ^"^'^ have trufted her,) was it then for the fake of !^-

man

bearing children,
the

whom

L EPI DU S
.

ihe

might have

^^-^

m^^

^Q\xiU

'' *'
*'

** *'
*'

pleafure to fee florifhing afterwards, in the enjoyment of their paternal fortunes, and of the date, rifing gradually to all the honors and ufing the liberty, to which they were

*'
*' *'
*'

" " me no
*'
*'
*'^

the protection of their friends and but what is there of all this, which was not taken away, before it was even given to her P but it is an evil, you'll fay, to lofe our children. It is fo ; yet it is much greater to fuffer, what we now endure. 1 cannot which has one help mentioning given thing,

born,

in

clients

fm^all

haps

to

comfort, and m.ay help alfo perOn my return mitigate your grief.

*'

*' ''
*' *' *' *'

*'
*'

from Afia, as I was failing from jSerina towards Megara, I began to contem.plate the ^gina> profpe6t of the countries around me was behind, Megara before me , Piraeeus on the right ; Corinth on the left all which towns, once famous and florifhing, now lie overturned, and buried in their ruins upon this fight, I could not but think prefently within myfelf, alas how do v/e poor mortals fret and vex ourfelves, if any of our friends
:
: :
!

happen to
noble

die, or to be killed, w^hofe life is

**

yet fo ihort,
cities lie

when

the carcafTes of fo

*'
*'

view

Why

here expofed before wilt thou not then

many me in one command

*'
*

thou thyfelf, Servius, and remember, that art born a man ? Believe me, I v/as not a littie

*'

confirmed by

this

conternplatioa

try the

B b

*Vforce,

37^
A. Urb. 708. C1C.62.
C. TuLius
C.5;sAR

57?^

History
therefore,

of the Life
if

"
'

force

of

it

you

pleafe,

upon

Diaator

III.

" " home "

cc

yourfelf ; and imagine the fameprofpe6t.be^^^ ^^ come nearer ^^^ y^'-^^ ^^^ ^y^^*

M. ^MiLius
Ti/^^^E
^ult

when you confider how many of our greateft men have perilhed lately at once ^i^^j- deflrudion has been made in the Em.;
-,

"
**
''

" who,
'^

what havock in all the Provinces ; how can you be lb much ihocked to be deprived of the fleeting breath of one little woman ?
pii*ej
if

had not died at this time, muft died a few years after, fmce have necelTarily " that was the condition of her being born. *' But recall your mind from reflections of this *' kind, to the confideration of yourfelf ; and '^ think rather on what becomes your character *' that your daughter lived, as and dignity '' as life was woi-th enjoying, as long a.<; ^ong <' the Republic fl:ood ; had feen her Father '^ Prastor, Conful, Augur ; been married to the '' had tailed every good noblefb of our youth *' and when the Republic fell, then in life
Hie
:
-,
-,

" " "

''

quitted

"
''
*' '' ''

it what ground is there then, either for you, or her, to complain of fortune on this account ? In fhort, do not forget, that you are Cicero , one, who has been ufed al:

ways to prefcribe and give advice to others

nor imitate thofe paultry Phyficians, who pretend to cure other people's difeafes, yet are not able to cure their own-, but fuggeft rather to yourfelf the fame leflTon, which you would

*^
''

There is no grief fo give in the fame cafe. of time will not allewhich leneth great, " viate but it woukl be fhametull in you to " wait for that time, and not to prevent it by ** if there be any ^tn^Q wifdom btfides, your ''in the dead, fuch was her love and piety to
:
:

^'

you J thac Hie mufl be concerned to

fee,
*=

hov/-

much

"
*'

^2your give may have the benefit of (^ t^ ^ your country; " your affiftance and advice, whenever there fhall C^sar

CICERO. of M. " much you affli6t: yourfelf. Give this therefore to " the deceafed-, it to friends j it to
give
that
it

TULLIUS

^y^^
A- Urb. 708.
^^^'

**

"
*' *'
*'

beoccafion. Laflly, fince fortune has now made Didator III. ^' -'^milius neceffary to us to accommodate ourfclves to our prefent fituation ; do not give any one a
it
j^i^^'^ljP^'.

your prudence ; and will add '' therefore but one thing farther, and conclude. " We have fometimes feen you bear profperity " honor and Vv'ith nobly, great applaufe to your-

" am afhamed to " feem to diftruft

handle to think, that you are not fo much bewaihng your daughter, as the ftate of the I times, and the vidory of certain perfons.
write any more,
left 1 fiiould

" "

*'
**

us now fee, that you can bear adwith the fame moderation, and withverfity out thinking it a greater burthen than you
{t\^
\

let

ought to do
be wanting.

left

in the

number of

*'

"
*'

other virtues, this one

at laft be

your thought to

all

As

to

myfelf,
is

" compofed, I will fend you word, how all " things go on here, and what is the ftate of " the Province. Adieu f jy]." I His anfwer to Sulpicius was the fame in effe6t " that his to all his friends with what he
gave
;

ftand that your

mind

when I undergrown more calm and

*'

cafe

was

different

from

all

the

" which he had been collecting for his own " imitation, of men, who had born the lofs of
*'

examples,

children with firmnefs

fince

"
*,'

they lived

in

times, v/hen their dignity in the ftate was able in great meafure to compenfate their misfor-

**

''

but for me, fays he^ after I had loft all thofe ornaments, which you enumerate, and
tune
:

\.y'\

Ep. fam.

4. 5.

B b

*^

whlcli

574
A. Urb. 708.
f

^^'^

History
-^^

cf the Life

which
^ \i'2iyt

^r

ff^*

luLi'us

C^sAR
jDidiator III.

" " " "

cc

now

had acquired with the utmoft pains, loil the onely comfort that was

^"^^

M. -^MiLius Lepidus.
.

tt

" " " "

^'

^^^^ ^^^"^ ^^ ^^^ Republic, thoughts were not diverted by ferving either my friends or my country I had no inclination to the Forum , could not bear the (jo-ht of the Senate; took myfelf, as the cafe tnjth was, to have loic all the iruit or my

^^ ^^^'

iiiy

induftry and fortunes: yet when I refledled, that all this v/as common to you, and to many others, as well as to myfelf; and was for^

" had

cing myfelf therefore to bear

flill

it

tolerably

in Tullia,

''to, in which I " fv/eet converfation

:

fomewhat always to recur could acquiefce ; and in whofe

I

" and troubles but by this " all the reft, which feemicd
*'
cc

could drop
lafl

all

my

cares

cruel

wound,

broken out again

relieve

afrefh

to be healed, are for as I then could

''

uneafinefs, which the Republic gave me, by what I found at home ; fo I cannot now, in the afI]i(5i:ion which I feel at

the

cc
(C

any remedy abroad ; but am drifrom my houfe, as the Forum ; ven, ' fmce neither my houfe can eafe my public " domeflic one [2]." grief, nor the public my The remonftrances of his friends had but little effeft upon him ; all the relief that he found, was from reading and writing, in vyhich he conand did what tinually em.ployed himfelf; Vian had ever done before him^ draw up a treatife from which he proof confolation for himfelf feffes to have received his greateft comfort ; " Though he wrote it, he owns, at a time " when, in the opinion of the Philofophers, he* ' was not fo wife as he ought to have been;

home,

find

as well

-,

[s:]

Ep.

fair.. 4. 6. it.

add

Att;.

12. 28.

^^but

of
*'
''

M.

rULLIUS CICERO.
feiys

37^
;

but
to

did violence,

he, to

my

nature

to A. Urb. 708-

make

** *'

*'

adled againft the advice of Chryfippus, who c^sar difTuades the application of any remedy to Dilator TIT. In this work ^^- ^^'"^^'s the firfl affaults of grief r^l."
*
.

the greatnefs of my forrow give place ^!^'^^' the greatnefs of the medicine; though Iq

'

juli'us

imitated Grantor, the Academic, who celebrated piece on the fame fubjed: ; yet he inferred alfo whatever pleafed him, from any ether author ivho had written upon it [h'\ ; ilchix'fly had left a

he

^^^

j^

luftrating his precepts all the way, by examples from their own hiftory, of the mofi eminent Romans of both fexes, zvho had born the fame mifThis book fortune with a remarkable conflancy. was much read by the primitive Fathers, efpe dally LaBantius to whom we are obliged for the few for, as the Crifragments, which remain of it tics have long lince obferved, that piece, which
',

we now
der the
rious.

fee in the colle6lion

title

of
is

his writings,

un-

of Confolation,

undoubtedly fpu-

\_a1

nemo,

Feci, quod ante me ut ipfe me per litteras

quafi tumores

dium adhibere,

animi remsid nos feci-

confolarcr

affirmo tibi
Att. 12. 14.
it.

nuUam
lem. 28.

confolationemefTe ta-

Ad

ib.

mus, natura^que vim adtulimus, ut magnitudini medoloris dicinae magnitudo

conccderet.
29.
[

Tufc. Difp. 4.
feqnor.
.

Quid ego de confolatione dicam ? quae mihi quidem ipii fane aliquantum medetur, casteris item multum ilDe lam profuturam puto.
Dix^ 2. I. In confolationislibro, quern
in medio, (non
tes

Crantorem

Plin. Prxf. Hill.

N.

Neque tamen progredior longius, quam mihi dodiffimi

enim fapien-

rum quK
non

homines concedunt, quOr fcripta omnia, qua^cunfunt in earn fententiam

!egi

eramus) mccrore
:

& dolor

folum
it.

Ted in

mea

confcripfimus
tat

quodque vead recentes

ctiam fcripta tranftuli.

Att. 12. 21.

Ad

Chryfippus,

22.

b 4

But

576
-A.Urb. 708.
Cic. 62.

7he

History

of the Life

But the defign of this treatife was, not onely tQ relieve his own mind, but to confecrate the
virtues

and memory of Tullia to all pofterity ; his fondnefs for her flop here; but did ^or C^sAR Diaatorlll. fuggeiled the projed of a more efFeftual conM. ^MiLius fecration, hy building a temple to her^ and eredtLepidus. -j^^Q ^ ^Qj.|. ^jT j)Qiiy^ It was an jpig j^^j. opi^' ^ nion of the Philofophers, which he himfelf conftantly favored, and in his prefent circumftances

particularly indulged,
*'

"

that the
:

fouls of

men

*' **
*'
*' ** '^
*'

were of heavenly extradion and that the at their diflblution from the and chad, pure

body, returned to the fountain from which they were derived, to fubfift eternally in the fruition and participation of the Divine Nature , whilft the impure and corrupt were left to grovel below in the dirt and darknefs of

thole inferior regions." He declares there" that as the wifdom of the antients had fore,
*'
** *'

confecrated and deified

many excellent per* fons of both fexes, whofe Temples were then remaining; the progeny of Cadmus; of Amphitryon
;

*'

of Tyndarus

fo

*^
*'

the fame honour to Tullia

ture

had ever deferved it, worthy of it. I will do it therefore. Jays he^ " and confecrate thee, thou beft and moll learn**
**
*' *'

he would perform ; who, if any creawas of all the mod

ed of women, now admitted into the affembly of the Gods, to the regard and veneration of all mortals [c]."

In
\c\
li

Non enim omnibus

arbitrati

il-

cere cocuerunt; caftos

autem

fapientes

iuiu efceleri-

undem curfum
tere.

Nam

in coelam pa-

vitiis

&

animos, puros, integros, incorruptos, bonis etiam fludiis

atque artibus expolitos, leni quodam ac facili lapfa ad I)eos, id eft, ad n"aturam fui fm^alem

bus contaminatos deprimi in tenebras, at^ue in cceno ja-

of
In

M.rULLIUS CICERO.
we
:

^77

find the flrongeft A. Urb. 708. ^^^' ^2. his refolution, and impatience to fee of cxpreflions " I will have a this defign executed Temple, ^ t^l^j^s ^'^ it is not poffible to divert me from c^s^^ he-, fays cc if it be not finifhed this fummer, I fhall Didator HI. it
his Letters to Atticus

"

** *' *'

I am more ^- ^m'lius not think myfelf clear of guilt to the execution of it, than religioufly bound Jjj^^^^p '^jt to the performance of his was ever man any vow [i].'* He feems to have defigned a Fa-,

bric of great magnificence the plan with his Archited,

for he had fettled and contradled for Pillars of Chian marble, with a fculptor of that where both the work and the materials Ifle ; were the moft efleemed of any in Greece [e\.

One

reafon, that determined him to a Temple^ rather than a Sepulchre^ v/as, that in the one he was not Hmited in the ^expenfe, whereas in the

other he was confined by law to a certain

fimilem pervolare Fragm. Confolat. ex Ladtantio Cum vero & mares k foeminas complures ex homini-

fumm,

probantibus Diis ipfis, in eorum ccstu locatam, ad opi-

nionem omnium mortalium

'vid. Tufc. confecrabo. ib. Difp. 1. i.e. xi. 12, 30, 31. [d~\ Fanum fieri volo, neque mihi erui poteft. [Ad

bus in

Deorum numero

efle

videamus, & eorum in urbibus atque agris auguflifTima templa veneremur, aflentia-

Att. 12. 36.]

Redeo ad Faasftate

mur eorum fapientise, quorum ingeniis & inventis omnem vitam Icgibus & inftitatis

num,
turn

niii

hac

abfolulibera-

turn erit

fcelere

me

excultam

conftitutamque
fii

habemus.

Quod unquam animal

ullum

non putabo. Ego me majore quam quifquam

voti,
\_e']

[ib.

41.]

religione, fuit uliius

confecran-

obftridum puto. Ib. 43.

dum
Si

fuit,

illud profedlo fuit.

Dc Fano

illo

dico

Cadmi, aut Amphitryonis aut Tyndari in progenies, caelum tollenda fama fuit, huic idem honos certe dicandus faciam
eft.
;

neque de genere dubito, placet enim mihi Cluatii. [ib. 18.] Tu tamen cum Apella Chio confice de columnis,
[ib. 19.] vid. Plin. Hift. 36. 5. 6.

Quod quidem
opap-

N.

timam

teque omnium dOi^iffimamque,

which

378
A. Urb. 708.
Cic. 62.
Coff.

^e History

of the Life
:

cIesar

which he could not excede, without the forfeiture of the fame fumm alfo to the public yet ^g j^g ^gjjg ^3^ ^^g j^Q^ ^|,g ^l^-g^ motive, t)ut a refolution, that he had taken, of

Diaatorlir. a proper

apotheofis

[/].

The

making
-yy^S

onely difficulty

M.

ujEmILIUS
Equit.

Lepidus.

Mag.

in

[y] Nunquam mihi venit mentem, quo plus infumin

honors
licans

to

dead r.crtah

and

tells us,

how

turn

quam

monumentum ^^tt^ nefcio quid, quod lege conceditur, tantundem populo dandum
t^o.
:

had

tkeir very Vuhdecided that quef:

tion in Basotia

for

when

the

quod non

Immortal Gods were e^:cepted out of their

the
leafe,

lands of

iiiagnopere moveret, nifi nefcio quomodo, dhoyco^ fortaffe.

Nollem
niii

illud ullo no-

Jors, they denied, c,v<? could be deemed

by the laiv cf the Centhat any

an immor-

mine

appellari. [Att. 12. 35.] Sepulcri fimilitudinem effugere non tarn

Fani

talCady

n.'Joo

had

cnce been

man

cf Jmpkiaraus andTrophcnius pay

;

and fu made

the lands

propter pcrnain legis iludeo,

the ftune taxes nvith the

rejij.

quam
what

ut

maxime

afTcquar

a^^jio^'i.i'^aiv.

This fad the Author of the book of Wifdom obferves on the origin of Idolatry ; that it

lb. 36. feems to confirm

was owing
do honor

to the

fond atfec-

Yet view he fometimes recommends the worftup of thofe fons of men, whom their eminent fervices to mankind had advanced to the rank of inferior Gods,
3. 19].

[de Nat. Deor.

in a political

tion of Parents, fceking to

to their deceafed

as

it

ner

inculcated, in a manthe moft fenfible, the

Soul's

7he father^ fays children. he, opprejjed ivith an unex*

peSled grief for the fudden death of his child, after mak-

dodrine of the
tality
:

hnmor-

[de Leg.

2. xi.]

And

ing an image of him, began to as a Gody though nvorjhip him

fmce a temple was the mof antient nx;ay of doing honor to thofe dead, who had deferved
it;

[Plin.
it

Hift. ly.^
as the

he nvas but a dead many and

he conlidered
effeftual

moft

and myjieenjoined certain rites ries to his fern) ants and depeudents.
it

method of perpe-

[Wifd. xiv. 15.] was not Cicero's

:

But
real

tuating the memory and prai-, fesof TuUia; and was will-

thought after all to exalt his he daughter into a Deity knew it to be abfurd, as he
often declares, to ;^ay di'vine

ing to take the benefit of the and popular fuperlHtion, follow the e^'^ample of thofe
Antients,
aiid civilized

who had human

poliflied
life,

by

conijpcrating^

cf
was
firfl

M.TULLIUS CICERO.
:

379
his A. Urb. 70S,

to find a place that fuited his purpofe

s thought was to ptir chafe certain gardens cr of q^^' which lying near the city, and in the c. Julius public view, were the moft likely to draw a re-C^sAR " he I^<^ator III. fort of votaries to his new Temple pref-

the 'Tiber ^

*'

*'
^'

"

" Groves and remote places, he fays^ pointed " were proper onely for Deities of an eflablifh" ed name and but for the Deification religion
:

^^'^^""^ Atticus therefore to buy them for him ^t ?^' any rate, without regard to his circumflances ; y[^ Equity fmce he would fell, or mortgage, or be content to live on little, rather than be difapfes

*'
*'

of mortals,

public and open

fituations v/ere

"

neceffary, to (Irike the eyes, and attradt the But he found fo manotice of the people."
in all his attempts of purchafing,

ny obilrudiions

that to fave trouble and expence, Atticus advifed him, to build at lafi in one of his oizn lilla^s j to

which he feemed

inclined,

left

the
:

fummer

fhould pafs without doing any thing yet he was irrefolute ftill, which of his villa's he fhould chufe ; and difcouraged, by rePiedling on the
change of maflers^ to which all private eftates were expofed, in a fucceiTion of ages ; which might defeat the end of his building, and deftroy the honor of his Temple ; by convert-

ing

it

to other ufes, or fuffering

it

to fall into

rums [^].

But
ccnfecrating fuch patterns of virtue to the veneration of
their fellow Citizens,

fant in infinita potentate

illud

quafi

confecratum re-

Vid.

manere
nihil

poiTit.

Mongault.
1

Not.

i.

ad Att.

2. 18.

[^] Sed ineunda nobis ratio

eft,

quemadmodum
fieri

in

omni mutatione dominorum,

qui innumerabiles
poi-

egeo vedligalibus, & parvo contentus efTe pofTum. Cogito interdum trans Tiberim hortos aliquos parare, & quidem ob hanc caufain maxime j nihil enim video

Equidem jam

quod

380
A. Urb. 708.
Cic. 62.

^he

History
all

'of

the

But
Yam
',

after

his
it

eagernefs

Life and follicitude

was never adually built by* no mention of it in any of the ancient writers; which could not have been^ C^sAR^"^ Diaator III. omitted, if a fabric fo memorable had ever been M. -^MiLius ereded [hX It is likely, that as his grief evaLepidxjs. porated, and his mind grew more calm, he beMag. Equit. ^Q confider his proje6t more g^j^ philofophically ; and to perceive the vanity of expecting any lafling glory from fiich monuments, which time itzhouttKi^ ^rempky
fince
Coil.

we

find

felf,

in the courfe of a
:

deltroy

it is

few ages, neceflarily certain at leaft, that as he made no

it

mud

itep towards building

this

fummer,

fo Casfar's

happened before the next, gave frefh obflrudion to it, by the hurry of affairs, in which it engaged him ; and though he had not Hill wholly dropt the thoughts of it, but continued to make preparation, and to fet apart a fund for it [f] \ yet in the fhort and bufy fcene
quod
tarn celebre effe pofTet.

death, which

yet
to

when
the

it

was removed

in-

[ad Att. 12. 19 ] De hortis, etiam atque etiam te rogo.

[ib. 22.]

Ut

fcepe locuti iu-

Cicy, it mouldered away in three days. But this was oncly the hafiy conjefture of fome learned of that time, which, for want

mus, commutationes dominonmi reformido. [ib. 36.] Celebritatem require,

[
/?>

ib. 37,

Caslius

Rhodiginus
time of
there was

tells

us, that in the

Sixtus

the

4th,

found near

Rome on the Ap-

of authority to fupport it, foon vaniihed of itfelf; for no infcription was ever produced to conlirm it^ nor has it been mentioned, that I

pian way, over-againft the Tonib of Cicero, the body

of a woman, whofe hair was up in netv/ork of from the gold, and which, to infcription, was thought be the body of Tullia. It was intire, and fo well preferved by fpices, as to have fufFered no injury from time ;
drefled

by any other auwas any fe. pulchre of Cicero, on the vid. CjeI. Appian way
of,

know

thor; that there

P.hod. Ledlion. antiq.

c.

1,

\.

24.

[/] Quod ex iftis fruftnofis rebus receptum ell, id ego ad illud fanum fepofitum pu-

tabam.

Ad

Att. 15. 15.

of

of
of
life,

M.TULLIUS CICERO.
which remained
to

3S1

him, he never had A. Urb. 708.

leifure

He
all

enough to carry it into execution. ^l^'^^' was now grown fo fond of folitude, that q tJ'lius company was become uneafy to him ; and C^sar

when

his friend Philippus, the Father-in-law of Diaator III. ^^ilius Odlavius, happened to come to his villa in that^' neighbourhood, he was not a little difturbed at jvhg'^Equit it, from the apprehenfion of being teized with and he tells Atticus, with fome pleahis vifits
',

he bad called upon ^him cnely to fay a end went hack to Rome^ again jhort complhnent^ without giving him any trcuhle \k]. His wife
fure, tbat

him word, that her Mother and Brother intended to wait upon him^ and that jhe would come along with them^ if he would give her leave ; which fhe begged in the moft earnefb but his anfvver was, that and fubmifTive terms
Pubiilia alfo v/rote
he
ny^

was more

indifpofed

than ever

to receive

compa-

and woidd not have them come : and left they iliouid come without leave, he defires Atticus to watch their motions^ and give him notice^ that he
denial fo might contrive to avoid them [/J. what confirms Plutarch trhat fays, peremptory bis wife Was now in difgrace with hiniy on account of her carriage towards his daughter^ and for

feeming to rejoice at her death : a crime, which^ in the tendernefs of his afflidlion, appeared to
[k]

Mihi adkuc

nihil pri-

Jilio

ad

me

venturam,
:

&

Te

us fuic hac foljtudine, quam vereor, ne Philippus toUat heri enim vefperi venerat.
:

orat una, fi ego paterer multis & lupplicibus verbis ut liceat, & ut fibi refcribam
refcripfi,

lb. 12. 16.

me

etiam gra-

Quod eram
ut heri

veritus,

non

vius ei^e affeclum,

obturbavit Philippus:

nam
ftatim

cum

quam

tuqa,

illi

dixiflem,

me

falutavit,
ell.

Romam profedus
[/j
fit,

lb. iS.
fcrip-

Pubiilia

ad

me

matrem

fvi.^m

cum Pub-

effe velle, quare hoc tempore earn nire te hoc nunc rogo

me foium nolle me ad me ve-

ut explores,

lb. 32.

him

382
A. Urb. 708.
Cic. 62.

T^Be

History
that

of the Life
could
not bear the

him

To heinous,

he

C. Julius

CiESAR
Didator
III.

thoughts of feeing her any more ; and though it ^^^ inconvenient to him, to part with her fortune at this time, yet he refolved to fend her d divorce^ as a proper facrifice to the honor of
\ni\
this

Tulha f:^^,'^' Lepidus

Mag.
Equit.

Brui^us likewife about

time took a refo-

lution of putting away his wife Claudia, for the fake of taking Porcia, Bihulus's widow, and his Uncle Cato's daughter. But he was much cenfince Claudia had no llain was , nobly born ; the Sifter of Appius Claudius and nearly allied to Pompey fo that his Mother Servilia, though Cato's

fured for this llep upon her charader

;

feems to have been averfe to the divorce, in the intereft of Claudia, againft her Niece, Cicero's advice upon it was, that if Bruins was refohed upon the thing, he fhould do it out of hand, as the beft way to put an end to people's talking \ by fhewing, that it was not done out of levity or complaifance to the times, but to take the daughter of Cato, whofe name was now highly popular \n\ which Brutus foon after complied with, and made Porcia his wife. There happened another accident this fummer, which raifed a great alarm in the City ,
Sifter,

and llrongly

the furprizing

death of Marcellus,
:

whom

Casfar

This affair of Publidivorce is frequently referred to, though with lome

lia's

de Bruto quanquam Niclas confedlum putabac, fed diAd vortium non probari.
Att. 13. 9.

we

obfcurity, in his Letters ; and find Atticus employed by

Brutus
fciam.
lertim

fi

quid

curabis ut

him afterwards

to adjuft

with

the Brother Publilius, the time and manner of paying back the fortune. Vid. ad Att. 13. 34, 47 16. 2.
:

quidem quam primum agendum puto, prsefi

Cui

llatuit

f.rmuncuaut reftinx-^
lb. 10.

lum enim omnem

erit

aut fedarit.

\n\

te

expeCto

fi

quid

had

of

M.TULLIUS CICERO.

385

had lately pardoned. He had left Mitylene, ^- V^^- 708* and was come as far as Piraseus, on his way to^^ ^^* wards Rome ; where he fpent a day, with his c. Julius old friend and collegue, Serv. Siilpicius, intend- C^sar
Ci<^ator III. ing to purfue his voyage the day following by ^^^^^*^' fea; but in the night, after Sulpicius had taken ^' leave of him, on the twenty -third of May^ he Maf,^ Equit. was killed by his friend and client, Magius, who

with the fame poignard : Jiabbed himfelf inftantly^ of which Sulpicius lent the follov/ing account to Cicero.

c erv.
*'

Sulpicius to

M. T.

Cicero.

*' *'

Though I know that the news, which I am going to tell you, will not be agreeable,
yet fince chance and nature govern the lives of us all, I thought it my duty to acquaint

"
*'

"
^'
''

you with the

fadV,

in

what manner foever

it

" of

the twenty-fecond of May I happened. came by fea from Epidaurus to Piraseus, to meet my collegue Marcellus, and for the fake
his

On

"
*'

'' *^

"
^'

"
''

''

"
*'

fpent that day with him next day, when I took my leave of him, with defign to go from Athens into Boeotia, to finifh the remaining part of my jurifdi6lion, he, as he told m.e, intended to kt fail at the fam.e time towards Italy. The day following, about four in the morning, when I was preparing to fet out from Athens, his friend, P. Poftumius, came to let me know, that Marcellus was ftabbed by his companion P. Magius Cilo after fupper, and

company,

there.

The

-'

had received two wounds, the one in his ilomach, the other in his head near the ear, " but he was in hopes ftiil, that he might live ^^ tJiat Magip.s prefently killed himfelf; and
),

"

that

384
A. Urb. 708.

The VL I

^roKY
him

of

the Life

would bring fome ^cr^* I fome got together imC. Julius cksAR "mediately, and went away with them before Diaatorlll. " break of day: but when I was come near PiM. -^MiLius ce r^eus, Acidinus's boy met me with a note " ^^^"^ ^^^ mafter, in which it was fignified, that M^ag^Equit. ^ " Marcellus died a little before Thus a
^^^^'

" " "

^hat Marcellus fent

^^ defire, Phyficians to him.

to inform

me

of the

^^^

that I

" great man was murthered by a bafe villain " and he, whom his very enemies had fpared
^

day.

*'

on the account of

his

tent, where I found and a few of his flaves ; all the refl, they faid, were fled, being in a '" terrible on the account of their mailer's fright, " murther. I was forced to carry his body with " me into the City, in the fame litter in which " I came, and by my own fervants where I

" death from the hands of " forward however to his

two of
his freedmen,

dignity, received his a friend. I went

provided a funeral for him, as fplendid as the *' condition of Athens would allow. I could *' not prevail with the Athenians, to grant a '* place of burial for him within the City ; they *' faid, that it was forbidden by their religion, *^ and had never been indulged to any man *< but they readily granted, what was the mofl: " -defirable in the next place, to bury him in ' any of their public Schools, that I pleafed. I
:

"

" " "

chofe a

*'

place therefore, the nobleft in the Univerfe, the School of the Academy^ where I burnt him ; and have fince given orders, that the Athenians fhould provide a Marble Mo-

*'
*'

nument
have

"
**

in the fame Thus I place. performed to him, both when living and dead, every duty, which our part-

for

him

faithfully

nerfhip in office,

and

my

particular relation " to

*'

to

"

of him

MTULLIUS
required.

CICERO.
The
thirtieth

385
of A. Urb. 708*
^'^J^^-

Adieu.
[^].

May

from Athens

M. Marcellus was

the head of a family,

which, for a fucceflion of many ages, r)i<ftator III. firft figure in Rome, and was himfelf adorn^^ilius ed with all the virtues, that could qualify him to ^' fuflain that dignity, which he derived from his y^^^ Eault noble anceftors. He had formed himfelf in a particular manner for the Bar, where he foon acquired great fame ; and, of all the Orators of his time, feems to have approached the nearefl to Cicero himfelf^ in the chajradler of a complete His manner of fpeaking was elegant, Speaker. firong^ and copious \ with a fweetnefs of voice^ and propriety of action ^ that addled a grace and lufier to every thing that he faid. He was a conjlant admirer and imitator of Cicero^ of the fame principles in peace ^ and on the fame fide in war ; fo that Cicero laments his abfence, as the lofs of a and in their common ftudies companion partner^ and labors of life. Of all the Magiflrates, he was the fiercefl oppofer of Casfar's power, and the mod adtive to reduce it his high fpirit, and the ancient glory of his houfe, made him impatient under the thought of receiving a mafter ; and when the battle of Pharfalia feemed at laii to have impofed one upon them., he retired to Mitylene, the ufual refort of men of learning ; there to fpend the reft of his days in a ftudious retreat, remote from arms, and the hurry of war ; and determined neither to feek, nor to Here accept any grace from the Conqueror. Brutus paid him a vifir, and found him, as he gave an account to Cicero, as perfectly eafy and
the
:

q Julius had madeC/ESAR

happy under

all the

fuifery

of the times, from the

4. 12.

[0]

Ep. fam.

Vol.

11.

confcioufiefs

^S6

The

History

of the Life

A. Urb. yoS. his integrity^ as the condition of huconfchuffiefs of ^^^^ ^^ ' furrounded with the principal '^^^ ^^f^ ^r (T^*
C. Julius

Scholars and Philbfophers of Greece, and ^ager

cksAR
Diftator III.

in the purfuit

of knowledge ; from him towards Italy, he

^^^^^^ in it
jf
.

M. u^MiLius ^^
Lepidus. Mag.Eqait.

fo that in departing feemed^ he faid, to

^^^~ himfelf into exiL rather than leaving ^ Mar-^ 9 ^ <,

[p],

killed him, was of a family which had born fome of the publick offices, and had himfelf been S>ueftor [^] ; and having attached himfelf to the fortunes of Marcel lus, and followed him through the wars and his exil, was

Magius, who

now
mit

returning with

him

to Italy.

Sulpicius gives

no hint of any

caufe, that induced him to comthis horrid fa6t: which, by the immediate

death of Magius, could never be clearly known.

[^] Mihi, Inquit, Marcellus fatis eft notus. Quid igitur
ullo
tior
?

genere laudis pro Marcel,

prseftani
.

de

illo

judicas

quod habiita eft,

turus es fimilem tui

& vehementer placet. & didicit, & omiflis

(ludiis id egit

Nam
cxteris

Noftri enim lenfus, ut in pace Temper, fic turn etiam in bello congruebaht. lb. 6.

unum, fefeque

Qui hoc tempore ipfo -in hoc communi noftro & quaft
fatali

quotidianis commentationiItabus acerrime exercuit.

malo,

confoletur

fe

cum

que

Sc

ledis utitur verbis

&

& fplendore frequentibus ; vocis, dignitate motus fit

Ipeciofum
dicitur
;

confcientiaoptimae mentis, turn etiam ufurpationc ac renovatione doftrinas. Vidi

enim Mitylenis nuper virum,

atque ut dixi, vidi plane vi-

&

illuftre,
fic

quod
fuppe-

omniaque

rum. Itaque cum eum antea

tui

tunt, ut ei nullam deeiie virtutem oratoris putem. Brut,

fimilem in dicendo viderim; turn vero nunc dodliffiviro, tibique ut intellexi,

367.

mo

Dolebam, Patrcs confcrlp.

d, -illo 2emulo atque imitatore ftudiorum meorum, quacofi quodam focio a me

amiciffimo Cratippo, inftruc-

tum omni

bam
vid.

copia, multovideiimiliorem. Brut. ibid,

&

Senec.

Confolat.

ad

quls enim ell illo aut nobilitate, aut probitate, aut optimarum artium aut ibadio, aut innocentia,

mite diftrafto

Helv. p. 79.
[q]

Vid. Pigh. Anna!. A.

U. 691.
Cicero's

0f M.
Cicero's
at

rULLlVS CICERO.
return^

387
qct

70S. conjedure was^ that Magius^ opprejjed ^-'^J^^- ^' with debts ^ a nd apprehending fome trouble on that

fcore

who was
nifh

urging Marcellus^ q j^^i'^^ his fponfor for fome part of them^ to fur- C^sar
his
to
-,

had

been

I^i<^ator III. pay the whole and by remilius ceiving a denial^ was provoked to the madnefs of ^^ Others afTign a different killing his Patron [r]. jviag. Eqiiit. the as reafon, rage of jealoufy^ and the impatience

him with money

bf feeing others more favored by Marcellus^

himfelf [j].

than

As foon as the news reached Rome, it raifed and from the fufpicious a general conflernation hature of the times, all people's thoughts v/ere turned on Csfar, as if he were private-*
:

of it and from the wretched of fo illuftrious a Citizen, every man began Cicero was greatly to think himfelf in danger fhocked at it, and feemed to confider it, as the and Atprelude of fome greater evil to enfue ticus fignifying his concern upon it, advifes him to take a more particular care of himfelf, as being
f)refently y the contriver
-,

fate

'the onely

to any envy [/]

who ftood expofed confular Senator left^ But Csefar's friends foon clear.

ed him of
did,

all

fufpicion

as

when
fixt

the circumftances

indeed the fad itfelf came to be knov/n,

it

and

the whole

guilt of

on the fury of

Magius.
[r]

Qnanquam

nihil

habeo

quod dubicem,
i'ro

nifi

ipfi

Ma-

Val.

gioquas fueritcaufa amentiae. quo quidem etiam Sponell.

micorum ab eo fibi prsferri. Max. 9. ii. te & [/] Minime miror

Nimirum id fuit. Solvendo enim non erat. Credo eum a Marfor Sunii fa-!tus
cello petiifTe aliquid, Sc ilium, ut erat, conliantius refpondiflTe.

graviter ferre ce Marcello, plura vereri periculi genera,

&

Quis enim hoc timeret, quod neque acciderat antea, nee

videbatur nacura ferre, ut accidere poflet.

Omnia

Ad

Att, 13. 10.

metuenda, &c.
10.

Ad

igitur Att. 13.

[j]

Indignatus aliquem a-

c 2

Therje

388
A.Urb. 708.

The

History

of the Life

There
tor, who ^" Italy,

appeared at this time a bold Impof-

S^ C

(T^'

Tuu'us
III.

began to make a great noife and figure by afTuming the name, and pretending

CiESAR
Diaator

M.iEMiMus

to be the Grand/on of Cuius Mai'ius: but apprehending that Caefar would foon put an end to

m"'

Eqiiit

he j^jg pretenfions, and treat him as he deferved, ^^"^ ^ pathetic Letter to Cicero, by fome young
fellows of his
defcent,

company,

to juftify his claim

and

implore his protediion againll the enemies of his family ; conjuring him by their re^ lation \ by the poem^ which he had formerly written in praife of Mariiis \ by the elcqtience of L. Craffus^

and

to

his

mother's Father^ whom he had likewife celebrated^ that he would undertake the defence of his that he caufe : Cicero anfwed him very gravely, his could not want a Patron^ when Kinfman C^far^

the Majler fo eyxellent and generous a man^ was now he be of all ; yet that ready to favor alfo fhould

him

[u].

But

C^efar, at his return,

knowing him

to be a cheat, banillied him out of Italy , fmce inflead of being, what he pretended to be, he was found to be onely a Farrier^ whofe true

name was Herophilus [.v]. Ariarathes the Brother and prefumptive heir of Ariobarzanes, King of Cappadocia^ came
[]
Heii

quidam Urbani,

hominis

liberal iffimi

me

ta-

ut videbantur, ad me mandata & litteras attulerunt, a C. Mario, C. F. C. N. multis

men
49.

ei

futurum

ad Att. 12.

[*]

Herophilus Equarius

verbis agere

per cognationem, qua; mihi fecum ciTet, per eum Marium, fcripfiflem, per eloquentiam L. Crafli avi fui, ut fe defen-

mecum

mctiicus,

Marium
fibi

Tepties

Confulem avum

vendi-

qun
Pa-

cando, ita fe extulit, ut coIonise veteranorum complures

&

derem
fciris,

refcripfi nihil ei

trono opus effe. quoniam Cdcpropinqui ejus, omnis poteilas e/Tct, viri optimi &c

municipiafplendida, collcgiaque fere omnia patronum adoptarent coeterum decregatus, &c, Val.

to Ca;faris extra Italiam rele-

Max.

9. 15.

of
to

rULLIUS CICERO.
;

389
A. Urb. 70S.
S^*^'^^*

Rome

this year

and

lar friendfhip
ful,

with his

had a particufamily, and, when Conas Cicero

had, by a decree of the Senate, conferred q julius upon his Father the honor of ihe Regal 7///f, he c^sar thought proper to fend a fervant to meet him on Didatorlir. -^^^'^-lus the road, and invite him to his hcufe : but he was
^^'

already engaged by Seftius, whofe office it then was, to receive foreign Princes and Embafladors at the pubHc expence which Cicero was not dif-,

^^

^q^^

pleafed with in the prefent ftate of his domeftic affairs he comes, fays he, / gi^ejs^ to purchafe fome kingdom of C^far^ for he has not at prefeyit a
:

own \j\ Cicero's whole time during his folitude was this was the employed in reading and writing it is increbufinefs both of his days and nights dible, he fays, how much he wrote^ afid how little he flept : and if he had not fallen into that way of he fhould not have known what to fpznding his time, His ftudies were chiefly do with himfelf [z]. Philofophical, which he had been fond of from
foot of land of his
:
:

and, after a long intermifiion, now refum.ed with great order ; having taking a refoluhis youth,

to explain to his Countrymen in their own Greeks had taught on language, whatever the
tion,

every part of Philofophy whether fpeculative or

[j?] Ariarethes Ariobarzavenit. Vult, ni hlius regnum aliquod e-

tudo

ell,

invito

eum

per

lit-

Romam

teras, ut

opinor, mere a Caefare

Ad

apud me diverietur. Att. 13.26.

Credibile

modo nunc
ponat
ilino

eft,

nam, quo pedem ubi

[2]

non
die,

ert^,

quantam fcribam

quin

in luo

non habet.

Om-

eum

Seftius nolter paro-

chus

publicus

occupavit:
facile

etiam noflibus. Nihil enim fomni, lb. 26. Nifi mihi hoc veniflet in

quod quidem

patior,

Verumtamen quodjnihi fummo beneficio meo, magna

mentem, icribere ifta nefcio quae, quo verterem me non

haberem.
lb, 10,

cum

fratribus

illius

necefli-

c 3

pradical

2po
Cic. 62.
^c
4c
fj.Qj.j^

^he
*'
:

History

of the Life

A.Urb. 708. pradlical

^011.
''

CiESAR
Didator
III.

"
<fc

For being driven, as he tells us, public adminiftration, he knew no ^^ efFedual of doing good, as by inftrud^,^^y ^^^ minds, and reforming the morals of i^"^g the youth ; which, in the licence of thofe
|.|^e

M. ^MiLius

M ^^^E ^

" ^^^ them.

^ui

times,

wanted every help to reflrain and corThe calamity of the City, fays be,
:

'*

"
**
*^

made this tafk necefTary to me fince in the confufion of civil arms, I could neither defend it after my old way , nor, when it was
impofTible for

me

*'

thing better,
*'
*^
*'
^'

on which

to be idle, could I find to employ myfelf.

any

My

Citizens therefore will pardon, or rather thank me , that when the governm.ent was fallen into
the

*'
*'

*' '' *'

"
**

wholly myfelf unnecefTarily ; nor afted in fuch a manner, as to feem angry at the man, or the times ; nor yet flattered or admired the fortune of another fo, as to be For I had learnt difpleafed with my own. from Plato and Philofophy, that thefe turns and revolutions of dates are natural ^ fometimes into the hands of a few^ fometimes of
hid,

power of a
nor

fingle perfon, I neither

afflidled

*'
*' '^
''

the many^

cafe of our
felf to

fometimes of one : as this was the own Republic, fo when I was dcprived of my former poft in it, I betook my-

*'
** **

mind from
befl

thefe ftudles, in order to relieve the fenfe of our common miferies,

my

and to ferve

my country

at the
:

fame time
for

in the

manner

that I was able

"
*^ ^^

my
and

books
;

fupplied the place of

my

votes in the Senate

;

and of

^^

up ment of the

fpeeches to the people philofophy, as a fubilitute for

ftate [^]."

my

took

my

man^ge-

[a] I)ivin.

2. 2.

de Fin,

i.

j.

He

ofM.
'He now

TULLIUS CICERO.
publiflied therefore,
in

-591
A. Urb. 70^.

the

way of

dialogue, a book, which he called Hortenfius, ^p ^^* in honor of his deceafed friend ; where in a de- c. Juliuj bate of learning he did, what he had often done C/esar in contefts of the Bar, undertake the defence of^'^^^tor III. -^^^^^^^ FMofophy againji Hortenfius^ to whom he affigned^' the part of arraigning it [^]. It was the reading Mag^qdt of this book, long fince unfortunately iofl, which firft inflamed St. Auftin, as he himfelf fomewhere
declares, to the Jtudy of, the Chrijlian Philofophy
:

and if it had yielded no other

was to the world, that
it

fruit,

yet

happy

it

once

the inftrument of raifing up vert and champion to the Church of Chrifl [f]. drew up alfo about this time in four books ^

fubfifted, to be fo illuflrious a con-

He

particular account and defence of the Philofophy of the Academy \ the fedb, which he himfelf fol-

being, as he fays, of all others ^ the mofi itfelf and the leaft arrogant^ as well He had before publifhed as moji elegant \d]. a work on the fame fubjeft in two books ; the
;

lowed

conjijlent

with

[3]

Cohorti

fumus,

ut

maxime potuimus, ad
eft

Philo-

fophiae ftudium eo libro, qui

infcriptus,

ed to difcourage his difciples from reading them at all ; and declared, that he had not
taken either Cicero or

Hortenfius

MarOf

de Div. 2.1. Nos autem univerfce Philofophiae

or any heathen ^writer into his hands for aho^ve fifteen yean : for

fpondimus

revituperatoribus in Hortenfio. Tuf.

which

finus rallies
ly.

X)ifp. 2. 2. It is certain, that ///>^^ [c] tatin Fathers ffiade great ufe

adverfary Rufhim very ievereVid. Hieron, Op.Tonj.

his

414. it. par. i. p. 288. Edit. Benedict.

[d]

4. par. 2. p.

of

Cicero's ^writings

',

and

cf-

Quod g^nus
minime
8c

philofo-

pecially jerom, who was not lo grateful as Auftin, in ac-

phandi

maximeque

arrogans, conftans, tx e-

knowledging
for,

the

benefit;
his

having conceived fome

fcruples

on that fcore in

legans arbitrai*emur, auatuor AcademicisJibrisoftendimus, De Divin. 2. i,

declining age, he endeavour-

on

592
^r
(T^*

The

History

of the Life
:

A. Urb. 708. one called Catulus, the other Lucullus but connot the was that argument fuited to the iidering

luLius
III.

C^sAR
Diaator

M. iEMiLius^yl^gj^ Atticus happening to fignify to him, that jlepidus. y^ffo had exprejfed a dejire to be infer ted in fome of his writings^ he prefently reformed his fcheme, and enlarged it into four Books, which he addreff-

who were notparticuchara5Iers of the fpeakers for any ftudy of that fort, he remarkable larly was thinking to change them to Cato and Brutus :
-y

ed to Varro

taking upon himfelf the part ofPhi^ and lo^ of defending the principles of Academy \ of to Varro that Antiochus \ of oppofing afTigning and confuting them-, and introducing Atticus, as He finifhed the the moderator of the difpute. v/hole with great accuracy ; fo as to make it a prefent worthy of Varro ; and if he was not deceivedy he fays, ly a partiality and f elf-love too
,

common

je^l equal to

was nothing on the fuh^ even among the Greeks \e\ All thefe four books, excepting part of the firft, are
in

fuch

cafes, there

it,

now
tion,

loft

whilft the fecond book of the firft which he took fome pains to fupprefs,
',

edire-

mains

ftill

intire,

under

it's

original Title of

Lu-

cullus.

publifhed likewife this year one of the nobleft of his works, and on the nobleft fubjeft
in Philofophy, his treatife called, de Finihus, or of the chief good and ill of man written in Arijlotle's
-,

He

[e]
illi

XrW, in

Ergo illam 'A;tct/M^/qua homines, nobiles

ab hpminibus
lluli
;

nobiliffimis ab-

tranftuli

quidam, fed nullo modo

fodalem,

&

ad noftrum ex duobus libris

libri
(nifi

philologi,

nimis acute loquuntur, ad Varronem tranfCatulo & Lucullo feramus

contuli in quatuordem ita exierunt

forte
cipit)

qui-

me

communis

^tAAviict de-

alibi

reponemus.

Ad

Att.

13. 12.
fcripferas,

ut in tali genera nc apud Graecos quidem quicfimile.

Quod ad me de Varrone totam A^ademiam

quam
i;.

lb.

13. vide

ib, 16. 19.

manner

^f M.
manner [/]
,

TULLIUS CICERO.
in

393
A. Urb. 708.

which he explaned with great

r ^ elegance and perfpicuity, the feveral opinions of all the ancient feds on that moft important quef- c. Juiivi // is there inquired^ he tells us, what is the Casar tion.
chief end, to
referred,
in

which

all the

order to

views of make it happy

life
:

ought to he or what if is

I^^ator III. '^^^^^^*

*

which nature purfues as the fupreme good, andfhuns j^ag. The work confifls of as the worfi of ills [g']. in the two firft, the Epicurean doc* five books
:

Equit.

trine is largely

opened and difcufled ; being defended by Torquatus, and confuted by Cicero, in a conference fuppofed to be held in his Cuman in the prefence of Triarius, a Villa, young Gentleman, who came with Torquatus to vifit The two next explane the do5lrine of the him.
Stoics,

afierted

by Cato, and oppofed by Cicero,

in a friendly debate, upon their meeting acciThe fifth condentally in Lucullus's Libra7y. tains the opinions of the old Academy, or the Pe--

explaned by Pifo, in a third dialogue, to be held at Athens, in the prefence of fuppofed his Brother Cicero, ^intus, Couftn Lucius, and The Critics have obferved fome imAtticus,
ripateticks,

propriety in this
to the

laft

book

in

making

Fifo refer

dialogues, of which he had no fhare, and could not be prefumed to have any knowledge \h\ But if any inaccuracy of that kind be really found in this, or any other of his

other

two

>r

[/] Q!?^ autem

poribus
fcripfi.

his tern-

vivendi,

refleque

faciendi

'Afgs-oJ'lA.6/.qj/

confilia referenda.

Quid
;

fe-

^orem habent
quinque libros
jb. 19.

ita
arsp/

confeci

Tihav-'
his
li-

quatur nature, pt ex rebus expetendis

giat ut

fummum
quid fu-

extremum malorum.

[g]
bris

Turn

id,

quod

De

quid fit finis, quid extremum, quid ultimum, quo fmt omnia bene
quaeritur,

Fin. 1.4. [h] Vid. Praefat. Davis in

finib.

Lib. de

works,

__ be excufed thatmulmay reafonably by Cic. 62. of affairs, which fcarce allowed him time tiplicity to write, much lefs to revife what he wrote : and ^ S^^' in dialogues of length compofed by piece-meal, cI^hK^^ Diftator III. and in the fhort intervals of leifure, it cannot M. ^MiLius feem ftrange that he fhould fometimes forget his Lepidus. artificial, to refume his proper character ; and I> qui. ag. ^^^^^ inadvertently into a part, which he had

qp^

The

History

of the Life

A.Urb. 70S. works,

it

addreffed this work to affigned to another. Brutus, in return for a prefent of the fame kind, which Brutus had fent to him a little before, >a
treatife

He

upon virtue

[t].

long after he had finifhed this work, he publifhed another of equal gravity, called his ^ufculan Difputations in ^yq books alio, upon
',

Not

m^

as

many different queftions in Philofophy, the important and ufeful to the happinefs of
life.

human

The

firft

teaches us,

how

to

contemn

ihe terrors of deaths and to look upon it as a hlef^ : the fecond, to fupport fing^ rather than an evil

pain and

a manly fortitude : the third, affii^iion with to appeafe all our complaints and uneafineffes under the accidents of life : the fourth, to moderate all
'

vur other pafjions

the fifth, to evince the fufficien-

xy of virtue to make man happy. It was his cuftom, in the opportunities of his leifure, to take fome

him into the country ; where inftead of amufing themfelves with idle fports or feafts, their diverfions were wholly fpeculative ; tending to improve the mind, and enlarge the underIn this manner he now fpentjfi;^ days ftanding. at his Tufculan Villa^ in difcuffjng with his friends for after the feveral queftions juft mentioned employing the mornings in declaming and rhefriends with
:

torical exercifes, they ufed to retire in the after-

[/]

De Fimb,

i.

j.

noon

of

M. rtlLLl'US CICEtCo.

^9^

noon into a Gallery, called the Academy ^ which A.'Urb. yofe. he had built for the purpofe of Philofophical con^^<^:,^'2. ferences where, after the manner of the Greeks, p S^^'x he held a School^ zs they called it, and invited cJsar
:

the

company

to call

for atty flibjeft, that they Diaator

defired to hear explaned;

accordingly by

fortie

which being propofed of the audience, became

III.

'^milius
^^'

^^.^''ly^-.

immediately the afguriie'iit of that day's debate. Thefe five conferences or dia]o;?ues he coiiedted
afterwards
'

^^^*

into

writing, in

the 'Very

words

''arid

manner in which they really paffed^ and publilhed them under the title of \{\s Tufctilan Difputtittons^ which they wefe from the name of the Villa,

held [kl

.^

wi^o^e'alib a little jKfec^, In tKe Funeral Encomium, in praife of Porcia

He

^
\

^f^^

the ftjier

of CatOy and wife of Domitius Ahenobarhus^ Cfefar's mortal enemy ; which fhews how little he was ilill difpofed to court the times. Varro and
defires Atticus to

Lollius attempted the fame fubje6t ; zw^Ciceto fend him their compofitions : biit all the three are now loft though Cicero took the pains to revife and corred: his ; and fent copies of it. afterwards to Domitius the Sen, 'and
:

Brutus, the

Nephew of

that Porcia

[/].

tfient

'[^] In Tufculano, cum complures mecum Fa;

narrantes exponimus, fed eifdem fere verbis ut adum dif-

miliares
id

ponere jubeoam, de quo qujs audire vellet ad

aut ledens aut ambulans

puta'umque
3. 3.

eft.

lb.

2.'

3.

Itaque dicrum quinque Scholas, ut Grxci appellant, in totidem libros Tufc. Difp. I. 4. contuli. Itaque cum ante meridiem didlioni operam dedillemus

difputabam.

tibi
'

[/] Laudafionem Porciae niifi corredtam ac eo

:

properavi

ut

Domido
teretur,
fi

filio

aut aut Bruto mitli

forte

tibi erit

h^c mitteretur. Id commoduin, mag-

nopere cures velim;

&

velim

meridiem '\n Acadeni'am in qua diipudefcendimus Utionem habitam non quafi

port
:

Varronis, Lolliique mittas laudationem. Ad Att,

13. 48.
it.

M.

ib.

37.

C^SAR

3p6
A. Urb. 708.

7he

History

of the Life
this

CiESAR Continued

all

while in Spain,

^c'^^'
C. Julius

C^sAR
Didator
III.

M. -^MiLius hand,

and providing for purfuing ^^^ future peace and fettlement of the Province ; whence he paid Cicero the compliment of fending him an account of his fuccefs with his own
the Sons of Pompeyy

Mag

Equit.

Hirtius alfo gave him early intelligence and flight of the two Brothers \ which was not difagreeable to him, for though he was

^f ^^^ ^^/^^/

not

much concerned about

the event of the war,

and expefted no good from it on either fide, yet the opinion, which he had conceived of the fiercenefs and violence of the young Pompeys, efpecially
of thtm^ Cnaeus, engaged his wifhes In a Letter to Atticus, Hirtius, fays he, wrote me word, that Sextus Pomfey had withdrawn himfelf from Corduha into the hither Spain ; and that Cn^us too was fled, I know not whither ; nor in truth do I care [m] : and this indeed feems to have been the common fentiment
elder

of the

rather for Caefar.

of

as Caflius himfelf, writall the Republicans ing to Cicero on the fame fubje6t, declares flill
:

more
*' *'

"

explicitely

May

perifh, fays he, if I

**

** *'
**

** *'

be not follicitous about the event of things in Spain ; and would rather keep our old and clement mafler, than try a new and cruel one. You know what a fool Cnasus is ; how he tabs cruelty for a virtue : how he has always thought, I am atraid left he that we laughed at him fhould take it into his head to repay our jokes in his ruftic manner with the fword []."
-,

[w] Hirtius ad
fit.

me

fcrip-

Sex.

Pompeium Corduba

re,

exiffe,

niam
fugifle

fugiffe citerior.'m

&

clementem dominum habequam novum & crudelem

Scis, Cnaeus

in Hifpa;

experiri.
fit

quam

Cnasum

nim fum

euro.

nefcio quo, neque eAd Att. 12. 37.

nifi

fatuus; fcis quomodo cruvirtutem delitatem putet ; fe fcis, Temper a nobis

qu^

[] Peream,
;

follicitus

derifum putet.

ac ma|o veterem ac

Young

of

M.TULLIUS CICERO.
who made
the

297
camA. Urb. 7of.

Young Quintus Cicero, to pleafe his paign along with C^far, thinking
company, and
to

make

his fortunes the better

^q^^^'

and to abufe his uncle again in all places. Cicero, Diaator III. " there is in his account of it to Atticus, fays, lep^us'''''' " j^^ nothing new, but that Hirtius has been j^ * with our Nephew quarrelling in my defence, *' Quintus, who takes all occafions of faying " at pubevery thing bad of me, and efpecially * lie feafts ; and when he has done with me,
'

among them, began

to play over his

q juL,ug old game, c^sar

*'

falls

" "
*'

next upon his Father

to

he

is

thought to
are both ir-

fay nothing
reconcilable

fo credible, as that

we

"
*'

Cafar \ that defar Jhould truft this neither of us ; and even beware of me : would be terrible ; did I not fee, that our King is perfuaded that I have no fpirit left [o]"

Atticus was always endeavouring

to

mo-

derate Cicero's impatience under the prefent government, and perfuading him, to comply more

chearfuUy with the times; nor to rejedb the friendfhip of C^efar, which was fo forwardly ofand upon his frequent complaints fered to him and of the flavery indignity of his prefent condito obferve, that Cicero occafion he took tion, to be own not but could true, that if to pay a particular court and obfervance to a man^ was the mark
:

of flavery^ thofe in power feemed

to be Jlaves

rather

Vere#f, ne nos ruftice gla^\Qyt\\\.aLv\iu.v)i,\^iSJi>.

^atrem

nihil

autem ab eo

Ep.

fam.
[0]

15. 19.

tam^-:; -Ti5-<y? did, qua^ alieniffimos nos efTc a Csefare ;

Novi

fane

nihil, niii

Hirtium cum Quinto

acerri-

fidem nobis habendam non effe ; me vero cavendum.

(^ojiipoi'

mo
bus

pro

me
in

eum

litigaffe ; locis facere,

omnimaxi-

mV, nifi

viderem

fcirc

Regem, me animi
bere

nihil ha-

roeque

conviviis

cum
ad

Ad

Att. 13.37.

niulta de

me, turn

redir

598
^vUrb.
708.

^he

History
tkem [^].

of the Life
Witli the fame view

tokm

to th^ri he

his other works^ ^g ^^s i^ipw prefTing him, among to be of think ^^ addrqfed to Csefar: foniething 3 C lu had no appetite to this tafk ; he faw CiESAR hij;; Cicero difEcuit it; would be to perfortti it without how Bji^torlll. JVi/^MiLiys his chara(5ter, and defcendlhg to flattery; l^'ljening

^^^2.

Lepid^s.

.m*

T^.^-^

it aifo by othet friends, he was which communicated to Letter, their for judgement upon it, |d[i;rtius'an4. Balbus, \yhether it was proper to be fent to Casfar. Th^ fubjed feems to h^ve "been fbme advice, about the peace and hberty of the RepubHc ; rcftpring and to difluade him from the Parthian war^
yi^i;'

to being urged

drew up a

he intended for his ne^^t expedition, till he had finifhed* the more' heceflary work of of things at home there was iettling the ftate he in it, fzys, i?ut what might come from "nothing It was drawn however with the lefi of Citizens, that though Atticus feemed rp rquch freedom,
>!/hich
:

pieafed with it, yet the other two durfl not ad* yife the fending it, unlefs fome paffages were which difgufled Cicero fo altered and foftned
-,

puch, whep Atticus was

that he refolved not to write at

flill

all

and

urging him

to be

with great fpirit complaifant, he anfwered Letters three qr [^].

(^] Etfi mehercule, uttu
intelligis,
fcis
Ifti

more in two

ita

nobis

efTe

vlfum, ut

ferviunt,
eft.

fi

magis mihi ifti obfervare fervire

axite legerenc.

Tu
nifi

igitur

Ad

Att. 13. 49.

Epiftolam ad C^efarem mijnitti video tibi placere l\\ quidem hoc idem maxijne placuit, & eo magis,
[^]

plane mittenintelliges iis placere, da non eft. Ad Att. 12.51. Pe Epiftola ad Caefarem, ;t4x.p//.it. Atque id ipfum,
.quod
fe,
ifti

id curabis.

Sed

aiunt ilium fcribere,

rebus,

x^uod nihil eft in ea nift optijni civi fed ita optimi, ut

nifi conftitutis

non

tempora, quibus parere omnes 'sroA/'l/Ko/ pracipiunt. Sed

iturum in Parthos, idem ego f\iadebam in ilia epiftola

,ib.

13. 31.

As

of

M.TULLIUS CICERO,
for

jpp
I A. Urb. 70^.

" As
*

the Letter to

Csefar,

fays he^

was always very willing, that they Ihould firflr " read it for otherwife I had both been want- ^p"^^* q tJ^ljus *' ing in civility to them ; and if I had happened Ctesar " to give offence, expofed myfelf alfo to dan- Diftator III. ^* -^m'l.iu ** They have dealt ingenuoufly and kindger. <' ly with me, in not concealing what they j^^^'^g^j^j^^ " but what pleafes me the moft is, thought
:
:

*'

*' *'
*'
*'

fo many alterations, they give an excufe for not writing at all. As to the Parthian war, what had I to confider about it, but that which I thought would pleafe him ;

that

by requiring

me

*'

"
*'

^'

*'
*'

was there elfe for a Letter, had a mind to advife, what I really took to be the bed, could 1 have been at a lofs for words ? there is no occafion therefor where there is no fore for any Letter to matter be gained, and a flip, though great make us uneafy, what reafon not great, may
for

what

fubjedt
?

but

flattery

or

if I

*'
*' *' *'
'

there to run any rifle ? efpecially, when it is natural for him to think, that as I wrote nothing to him before, fo I fliould have written
is

nothing now, had not the war been wholly ended befldes, I am afraid lefl: he lliould
:

*'
*'

imagine, that
:

fent
I
;

this,

as

a fweetner for

*'
*'

my Cato in fliort, what I had written

" As

was heartily afliamed of and nothing coulc fall'

it

out more luckily, than that

did not pleafe

*'

*'

*' *'

"

for writing to Casfar, I f*vear nor is it yet the fl^ame to you, I cannot do it of it that deters me, which ought to do i: the mofl: j for how mean would it be to flatter, when even to live is bafe in me ? but it is not,

Again,

as

was faying,
[;]

this flaame,
Att. 13.27.

v/hich hinders

Ad

me.

400
A. Urb. 7b8.
^ColT^* C. Julius
cc

The
*'

History

of the Life

"
*' cc *'

^^>

^^^ though I wifli it did ; for I fhould then ^^^^ ^ ought to be ; but I can think of
nothing to write upon. As to thofe exhortaaddrefled to Alexander, by the eloquent and the learned of that time, you fee on what
points they turn they are addrefled to a youth, inflamed with the thirfl: of true glory, and deOn an firing to be advifed how to acquire it. occaflon of fuch dignity, words can never be
:

C^sAR
Diaator
III.

tions,

Lep^us^^'^^

*'

Mag.

Equit.

*'

" "
*'

"
*' *'
**

*'

"
*' ** *'

"
*'

*'

"
*'

"
*'

wanting , but what can I do on my fubjed ? Yet I had fcratched, as it were, out of the block fome faint refemblance of an image : but becaufe there were fome things hinted in a little better than what we fee done it, I am not at all forevery day, it was difliked it ; for the for had Letter ry gone, take my word for it, I fliould have had caufe to reFor do you not fee that very fcholar pent. of Arifl:otle, a youth of the greatefl: parts, and the greatefl; modefl:y, after he came to be called a King, grow proud, cruel, extravagant ? Do you imagine, that this man, ranked in the procefllons of the Gods, and inflirined in the fame Temple with Romulus, will be pleafed with the moderate fl:ile of my Letters ? It is
:

" "
*' **

not writings better that he be difgufted at thin at what I write : in a word, let him do

my

wiiat

he pleafes

-,

for that

problem, which I

once propofed to you, and thought fo diflicult, in what way I jJoall manage him^ is over with

ne

and

in truth, I

now

wifli

*' *'

tie effedt of his refentment,

be

"
*'

tLan I was before afraid of it y^u therefore, fays he, in another Letter, let u> have no more of this \ but fliew ourfelves

more, to feel what it will, [j]." "I beg of

it

[i]

Ad

Att. 13. 28.

"at

of

M.TULLIUS CICERO.
our
filence

401
re- A. Urb. 708.

" "

half free, by treat [/]." this little fa6l, one

at

leaft

and

From

cannot help

Ck.^2.
refled:-

ing on the fatal effe&s of arbitrary pozver, the ftudies and compofitions of men of genius, Didator IIT. ^milius and on the reftraint, that it necellarily lays on the

q julius upon c^sar

^'

free courfe
It

of good fenfe and truth

had yet

fcarce flievvn itfelf in

among men. Rome, when we

^\^^^v^'-^

one of the greateft men, as well as the greateft wits which that Republic ever bred, embarrafled in the choice of a fubje6l to write upon; and for fear of offending, chufing not to wTite at all and it was the fame power, which, from this beginning, gradually debafed the purity both of the Roman wit and language, from the perfection of elegance, to which Cicero had advanced them, to that ftate of rudenefs and barbarifm, which we find in the produdiions of the lower
fee
:

Empire.

This was
Casfar's part
;

Casfar and Cicero

the prefent ftate of things between all the marks of kindnefs on ;

of coldnefs and referve on Cicero's. to part with his and the took more power, pains, for that reafon, to make Cicero eafy under it he feems indeed to have been fomewhat afraid of him ; not of his engaging in any attempt againft his life ; but
Casfar was determined never
:

his railleries, and his au* he excite fhould others to fome a6t of thority, but what he more efpecially defired viplence
left

by

his infinuations,

and wanted, was

to

draw from him fome public

;

teftimony of his approbation

mended by
[/]
ifta;

his writings to the favor

and to be recomof pofterity.

Obfecro,

&

abjiciamus
fi-

mus

quod aflequemur

& ta31.

femiliberi faltem

cendo,

&

latendo

ib.

Vol..

II,

D d

Cicero

4^2
A.
rb. 708.

7?^

History

of the Life

^!^ ^^'

r luLi'us C^sAR

Cicero on the other hand, perceiving no ftep taken towards the eftablifhment of the Republic, ^^^- iT^o^^ ^^^ more reafon every day to defpair of
it,

grew

ftill

more

indifferent to every thing elfe

Di ator III. the refloration of public liberty was the onely M. ylwiLius condition, on which he could entertain any friend"^^^^ Cai^far, or think and ^-^^P fpeak of him with
Mae'^q^uit

any

him

refpedl fince
',

without that, no favors could oblige to receive them from a after, was

an affront to

and but a fplenbooks therefore were his did badge of fervitude onely comfort ; for while he converfed with them, he found himfclf eafy, and fancied himfelf free.
his formiCr dignity,
:

Thus

the mifcry of the times, he adds, " What is be** come then, you'll fay, of Philofophy ? Why, *' yours is in the kitchen ; but mine is trouble''

in a Letter to Caffius,

touching upon

" and
*'
*'

afhamed to live a flavej feign myfelf therefore to be doing fomething ^\^t^ that 1 m.ay not hear the reproach
to
:

fome

me

for I am^

of Plato

[//]."

Caefar's ftay in Spain, Antony fet forv/ard from. Italy, to pay his compliments to him there, or to meet him at leaft on the road in his return tov/ards home ^ but when he had
;

During

made about
fome

half of the journey,

he met with

difpatches, which obliged him to turn back in all hafte to Rome. This raifed a new alarm in and efpecially among the Pompeians, the city
,

who
dued

v/ere afraid, that Csefar,

all

having now fubwas refolved, after the exoppofition,

ample of former Conquerors, to take his revenge in cool blood on ail his adverfaries j and had fent
[]
Ubi
igitiir,

inquies,

Plnloiophia ? I'ua quidem in culina; mea molciia eil. Pu(det eniiu fervire. Itaoue 3.I

c'o me alias res agere, ne convicium Platonis audiam.

Ep.

id,xr>.,

15. 18.

Antony^

of

M.TULLIUS CICERO.

403
A. Urb. 708. ^-^]^

Antony back, as the properefl inftrument to excute Ibme orders of that fort. Cicero hinifelf

had the fame fufpicion, and vv^as much furpriz- q lutms ed at Antony' sfudden return-^ till Balbus and Op- Caesar
pius ealed him of his apprehenfions, by fending Didator III. ^^"ljus account of the true reafon of it [x'] : which, J^contrary to expecfation, ^ave no uneafmefs at hft -aLI^v^' . to any boay, but to Antony himleif. Antony

him an

had bought Pompey's Houfes

neighbourhood, with
all

in

Rome and

the

their rich furniture, at Ccefar^s au^ion^ foon after his return from i^gypt j but trufting to his intereft with Caefar, and to the

being obliged to pay for them but C?efar, being difgufled by the account of his debauches, and extravagancies in Italy, and refolved to fnev/ himfelf the Ible mafter, nor fuffer any contradidlion to his will, fent
;

part, which he had born in advancing his power, never dreamt of

him

to

peremptory orders to L. Piancus, the Pr^tor, to require immediate payment of Antony, or

t\^c to

levy the

money upon

his fureties, accord-

This was the ing to the tenor of their bond. caufe of his quick return, to prevent that dif-

from falling upon him, and find fome means of complying V\^ith Cjfar's commands it provoked him however to fuch a degree, that in
grace
:

the height of his refenrment, he is faid to have entered into a defign of taking away Qefar's life ; of which Caefar himfelf complained openly in the Senate [^y].

d 2
idque
tibi

The
placui.Te,
illis

[x]

Heri

cum ex

aliorum

ne pergratias,

littens cognoviilem de Antonii adveiULi, admirarus fum nihil efle in tuis. Ate.

turbarer.
ib. 19.

egi

Ad

'2. 18,

ad

De Antonio Balbus quoque me cum Oppio coiifcripht,

[_y] Appellatuses de pecunia, quam pro domo, pro

hortis, pro fectione debebas. ad te S: ad prasdes tuos mi-

&

lites

404
A. Urb. 708.
^c'ff^* C. TuLi'us

Cjesar
Diaator
III.
I

M.

^M

LI us

EPiDus.
I^ag. Eqait.

of the Life ended in The war being Spain, by the death ^/ Cn^us Pompey^ and the flight of SextuSy Caefar finifhed his anfwer to Cicero'j CatOy in two hooks ^ which he fent immediately to Rome, in order to be pubhfhed. This gave Cicero at laft the arguj^ent of a Letter to him, to return thanks for the with which he had treated him in gj.gat civility, to pay his compliments likev/ife and that piece , in his turn, upon the elegance of the compofiThis Letter was communicated again to tion. Balbus and Oppius, who declared them.felves extremely pleafed with it, and forwarded it diredly In Cicero's account of it to Atticus, to Csfar. *' I forgot, fays he, to fend you a copy of what *' not for the reafon, which I wrote to Csefar " I was afliamed to let that you fee, you fufped, *' how well I could flatter for in truth, I wrote *^ to him no otherwife, than as if 1 was writing *' to an equal , for I really have a good opinion '' of his two books, as I told you, when w^ ** were together and wrote therefore both with*' and yet fo, that he will out flattering him '' read nothing, I believe, with more plea:

The

History

-,

<'

fure [z]."

C^SAR
lites iTiifit

[Phil. 2. 29.] Idcirco urbem terrore no<5turno, Italiam niiiltorum dierum metu pevtarbafti ne L. Plancus prascles tuos venderet
[ib.

deferretur

ad Dolabellam

fed ejus

exemplum mifi ad Balbum & Oppium, fcripiique ad eos, ut turn deferri ad Dolabellam juberunt meas
litteras,
fi
;

31.]

Quin

his

ipfis

exemplum
mihi

pro-

temporibus domi Casfaris ptricaiior ab ifto miffas, deprehenfus dicebatur eife cum flDe quo Cajfar in Senaea.
tu,

baffent

runt, melius.

refcripfcr^ nihil unquam fe legifTe

ita

Ad

Ad
id fuit

Casfarem

Att. 13. 50. quam mifi

aperte
eft

in

te

invehens,

quellus [z] Confcripfi de his libris epiilolam Csfari, ejus

ib. 29.

epiftolam, ejus exemplum fugit me turn tibi mittere ; nee

quod
tai

fufpicaris, ut

me

puderet

nee

mhercul|j^
fcripJT.

ofM,
C^SAR

TULLIUS CICERO.
Rome

40^

about the end <?/A. Urb. 708. ^^^September ; when diverting himfelf of the Con^^* fulfhip4 he conferred it on ^. Fabius Maximus. r\ it and C. Trebomus^ for the three remaining months of Maximvs
returned to

His firft care, after his arrival, was C. Trebothe year \a\. to entertain the City with the mojl fplendid triumph^ ^'^s. which Rome had ever feen but the people, in:

ilead of admiring and applauding it, as he exfilent ; confidering it, pefted, were fullen and
as it really was, a triumph over themfelves , purchafed by the lofs of their liberty, and the dellru6lion of the beft and noblefl: families of the

Republic.

They had

before given the fame proof

of

their difcontent at the Circenfian

the

games

where

defar's ftatue^ by a decree of the Senate,

carried in

was

frocejfion^ along with thofe of the Gods : for they gave none of their ufual acclamations to the favorite Deities^ as they pafled, left they fhould be thought to give them to C^far, Atticus fent an account of it to Cicero, who fays in

anfwer to him, I'our Letter was agreeable^ though the people however behaved the fhew was fo fad not who would clap even the Goddefs Vi^obravely^ a neighbour [^]. bad C^far the ry^ for fake of fo

'

however to make amends for the unpopularity of his triumph, and to put the people into good humor, entertained the whole City foon after with fomething more fubflantial than fhews ; two.
fcripfi,

aliter

ac

fi

-Trpof ^iaov

nos noviffimos menfes. Suet.

J. Casf. 76.

Bene '(^mwv quae fcriberem. enim exiftimo de illis libris, ut tibi coram. Itaque fcripfi

& cfc>toAA;tuTfiy^, &

ut nihil

tamen

iic,

eum

exillimem
binos

Suaves tuas litteras f acerba pompa populum vero praeclarum, quod propter tarn malum vicinum, ne
[^]
etfi

ledurum
Confules

libentius. lb. 51.

fubltituit fibi in ter-

[] Utroque anno

Viiftoriaequidemplodicur. Att. 13.44.

Ad

d 3

piihlic

406
Coir.

TJje

History

of the Life

A. Urb. 70S. puMic dinners^ with plenty of the mofi efteemed Cic. 6i. and coftly wines., of Chios and Falerniim \c\

Q^Fabius Maxtmus, C. TreboMUS.

one of

triumph, the Conful Fahitts., Lieutenants in Spain, was allowed to triumph too, for the redudlion of fome parts of but the magthat province, which had revolted nificence of Caefar's made Fabius's triumph appear
his
:

Soon

after Csefar's

contemptible , for his models of the conquered Towns^ which were always a part of the Ihew, being made onely of woody when Csefar's were of Silver or Ivory ^ Chryfippus merrily called them,

Country, and withdrew himfelf wholly from the Senate [^] but on Csfar's approach towards Rome, Lepidus began to prefs him by repeated Letters, to come and give them his afTiflance alluring him, that both he and C^far would take it very kindly of him. He could not guefs, for what particular fervice they wanted him, except the dedication offomeTen^to which the prefence of three Augurs was nefie., cefTary [/]. But whatever it was, as his friends had long been urging the fame advice, and perfuading
:

the cafes onely of C^far's ^owns \d\ CiCERO refided generally in the

r f ]

Quid ncn

&

Caefar

3.

Dio. 234.
[^]

Diclator triumphi fui coena vini Falerni amphoras, Chii cados in convivia diftribuit ? idem in Hifpanienfi triumpho Chium & Falernum dedit.

Cum

his

temporibus

non lane in fenatum ventitarem Ep. fam, 13. ']']. [/] Ecce tibi, orat Lepidus, ut veniam.

Opinor Au-

Plin. Hill. 14. 15.

Adjecit poll Hilpanienfem viftoriam duo prandia. Sueton. 38.

\d'\

habere ad Templum efrandum. Ad Att. 1 3.

gures
nil

Lepidus ad
Chryfippus,

me

heri

lit-

Ut

cum

teras

iriifit.

Rogat magno-

in triumpho Csefaris

eborea

oppida ellent tranilata, & poll dies paucosFabii Maximi lignea, thecas
Ca^faris
efTe

pere ut fim Kalend.in Senatu, rne & fibi & Caefari vehemen.ter
ib.

gratum
47.

effe

fadurum

oppidorum
Quintil
6.

dixit.

him

of

M,

TULLIUS CICERO.

407

him to return to public affairs, he confented at A. Urb. 70S. ^^' laft, to quit his retirement and come to the City; ^^^ where foon after Csefar's arrival he had an oppor- n p "-

empioymg his autnority and eloquence, PvIaximus, where he exerted them always with the greateft C. Trelopleafure, in the fervice and defence of ^,^ old^^^^'
tunity or
friend^ King Deiotarus.

This Prince had already been deprived by Csefar of part of his dominions, for his adherence to Pompey, and was now in danger of lofrom an accufation preferred againfl Grandfon, of a defign pretended to have been formed by him againfi defar'^s life^ when Casfar was entertained at his houfe, four The years before, on his return from Egypt. charge was groundlefs and ridiculous but under
iing the
reft,

him by

his

any charge was fufficient to ruin him ; and Csfar's countenancing it fo far, as to receive and hear it, fhewed a ftrong prejudice againft the King and that he wanted onely a pretence for ftripping him of all that remained to him. Brutus likewife interefted himfelf very in the fame caufe ; and when he v/ent to warmly meet Casfar, on his road from Spain, jiiade an Oration to him at Nic^a^ in favor of Deiotarus^ with a freedom, which ftartled Ccefar, and gave him occafion to refletfl on what he had not perhis prefent difgrace,
j

'

ceived fo clearly before, the invincible fiercenefs and vehenunce of Brutus* s temper [^]. The prefent trial was held in Csefar'j houfe \ where Cice.

r^] Ad

Att. 14.

I.

The

tus

met C^efar on

his lafl re-

Jefuito,

take

Catrou and Rouille, Nicea, where Brutus

this fpeech, to be the Capital of Bitbyma, Deiotarus"s kingdom but it was a

:

made

from Spain, and when he was not able to prevail for Deiotarus, Cicero was
turn
forced to undertake the caufe
as

loon

as

Caefar

came to

City

on

the Ligurian

coajl^

Rome,
p.

Vid. Hill.

Tom.

17.

ftiU callc'd

Nice, where Bra-

91. not.

d 4

ro

408

^he

History

of the Life

A. Urb. 708. ro fo manifeftly expofed the malice of the accufer, Cic. 62. and the innocence of the accufed, that C^efar, CofT, being determined not to acquit, yet afliamed ta Q^Fabius condemn him, chofe the expedient of referving Maximus, C. Trebohis fentence to farther deliberation, till he fhould MIUS. go in perfon into the Eafl, and inform himfelf

upon the fpot. Cicero fays, neither Deiotarus, prefent nor ahfent^ could ever obtam any favor or equity frofn C^far : and that as oft as he pleaded for him^ which he was
affair

of the whole

that

always ready

to do^ he could never perfimde Cafar^ to think any thing reafonahle^ that he ajked for him \h\ fent a copy of his oration to the King ; and,

He

gave another likewife to excufmg it, trifling performance, and hardly worth tranfcribing ; but I had a mind^ fays he, to make a flight prefent to my old friend and hofi^ of coarfe fluff indeed^ yet fuch as his prefents ufually are to me [/']. Some little time after this trial, Csefar, to fhew
requeft,

at Dolabella's

him

as a

his confidence in Cicero, invited himfelf to fpend a day with him, at his houfe in the country;
the third day of the Saturrialia for his via feafon always dedicated to mirdi and feafting among friends and relations [^]. Cicero gives
fit
;

and chofe

\_h~\

inimicitior,

Cajfar ? nee abfens

Quis enim cuiquam quam Deiotaro a quo nee pnefens,

legas, ut

caufam tenuem

&

inopeiH, nee fcriptione

mag-

no opere dignam.
hofpiti veteri

Rex Deiotarus

&

Sed ego amico mulevi-

boni impeniinquam, femper enim abfenti alFui Deio-

quidquam
travit

sequi

nufculum mittere volui

denfe, crafTo
ipfius fani. 9. 12.
[
filo,

ille

cujufmodi folent ^^q munera. Ep.

taro,

quicquam
illo

fibi,

quod
ae-

nos pro

poftularemus,
vlderi.

This

Fertival, after

quufli dixit 2. 37[/]

Philip.

Ca^far's

reformation of the

Oratiunculum pro Dei-

otaro,

quam

requirebas

Kalendar, began on the 17th of December, and laded three days. Macrob. Saturn, i. x.

tibi mifi.

Quam

velim

fic

Atticus

of
ment,
**
*'
*'

M.TULLIUS CICERO.
day pafied
fays he,

409

Atticus the following account of the entertain- A. Urb. 70?. ^^^' ^^ between them : and how the

this gueft,
!

"
^^

*' *'
*'

ed yet I When C. Trebohe was well pleafed with his reception. ^'^u*on the he came the evening before, eighteenth, the houfe was fo to my neighbour Philip's, crouded with foldiers, that there was fcarce a
:

v/hom I fo much dread- ^ p^^^j had no reafon to repent of him for Maximus

*'
*'
'*

<'

" "
**

*'
*^

left empty for Csefar to fup in there of them thoufand which two about were gave me no fmall pain for the next day but Barba Caffius relieved me , for he alTigned me a in the field : guard, and made the reft encam.p On the ninefo that my houfe was clear. teenth, he ftaid at Philip's till one in the afternoon ; but faw nobody , was fettling accounts, then took a walk on I guefs, with Balbus ; the fhore ; bathed after two ; heard the verfes on Mamurra [/] at which he never changed
:
:
:
-,

room

man

[/] Mamurra was a RoKnight, and General of

Cicero's In this

of

it

but

it

fhort account muft be remem-

the Artillery to Ctefar in Gaul; where he raifed an immenfe

fortune, and been the firfl

is

faid to in

have

bered, that their villa's vver adjoining to each other on the Formian coail near Cajeta
;

man

Rome,

fo

that

when

Csefar

who

incrufied his houfe luith marble, and made all his pil-

came out of

Philip's at one,

lars of folid marble. Hift. 36. 6.]

He

[Plin. was fe-

he took a walk on the fhore for about an hour, and then

entered into Cicero's ; where the bath was prepared for

verely laflied, together with Casfar himfelf, lor his exceiTive luxury,

him, and in bathing he heard

Catullus's verfes
-,

and more

in-

no.t

pro-

famous vices, by Catullus; whofe verfes are Hill extant, and the fame probably that
to, as being firll read to C:Efar at his houfe. Vid. Catull. 27, 55. The reader perhaps will not readily underftand the time and manner of Cffifar'5

Cicero here refers

duced by Cicero, for that would not have been agreeable to good manners, but by fome of his own friends, who attended him, and who knew
his defire to fee every thing, that was publidied againil

him, as well as

his eafine>s
it.

in flighting or forgiving
*'

fajji?ig

from Philifs

houfe to

countenance

410
A. Urb. 708.
Cic. 62.

7he

History

'

of

the Life

MAxmlTs!
C. Trebo3iius.

" countenance ; was rubbed, anointed, fat down <c ^.Q table. Having taken a vomit jufl before, " ^^ ^^^ ^"^ drank freely, and was very chear" full was the and well ferved
\m\
:

Supper

good

<^

''

But our difcourfe at table, as we eat, For taft and feafoning (till excell'd our meat [;/].
Befides Casfar's table, his friends were plentifully provided for in three other rooms ; nor

C4

was there any thing wanting to his freedmen of lower rank, and his flaves ; but the better *' In a word, I acfort were elegantly treated. " like a man yet he is not a quitted myfelf " one to whom would fay at parting, gueft
''
:
.

*'

"

pray
[w]

call

upon me again,

as

you return

once

The

cuftom cf taking

a 'vomit both immediately before and after meals, which

Cicero
fions,

ton. 12. Dio. 65. 734.] And the praftice was thought fo
effeftual for ftrengthening the conftitution, that it was the

mentions

Csefar

to

have done on

different occa-

[proDeiot. 7.] was very common with the Romans, and ufed by them as an inllrument both of their luxuthey ry, and of their health
:

conftant regimen of all the or the profeffed Athletae, Wrefller s, trained for the

public

fhews,

in

order

to

make them more

robuft.

So

fuomity fays Seneca, that they may eat, a7td eat that they may 'vomit. [Confol. ad Hclo. 9. J

that Caefar's vomiting before dinner was a fort of compli-

ment

to Cicero, as it intimat-

By

this

evacuation

before

eating, they were prepared to eat more plentifully ; and

ed a refolntion to pafs the day chearfully, and to eat and drink freely with him.
\n] This is a citation from Lucilius, of an Hexameter verfe, with part of a fecond,

by

err?ptying themfelves prefently after it, prevented any repletion.

hurt from
Vitellius,

Thus

who was
is

a famous

which is not diftinguifhed from the text, in the editions

of Cicero's Letters. fed bene coBo et
<ondito fermone bo?Wy
quteris libenter.
''

glutton,

/aid
life

fewed

his

to hanje preby conjiayit n)0'

mitSy while he deftroyed all his companions, who did not

^ Ji
is

ufe.the

fame cautions

[Sue-

of
*'
is

M.'TULLIUS CICERO.
:

411

enough

we had not

word on

bufinefs, A. Urb. 708.

**
*' *'

*^
*'

"
*'

*'

" "

but many on points of literature: in fhort, he ^p'/^^* was delighted with his entertainment, and paf- q Fabi'us He talked of fpend- Maximus, fed the day agreeably. one at Puteoli at Baise another thus C. Trebo, ing day ^^^^ you fee the manner of my receiving him , fomewhat troublefome indeed, but not uneafy to me. I fhould fbay here a little longer, and As he pafTed by Dolabelthen to Tufculum.
:

troops marched clofe by his on the right and left which was *' done no where elfe. I had this from Nicias [0].^' On the lafl of December, when the Conful J'rebonius was abroad, his Collegue Q. Fabius died fuddenly and his death being declared in the morning, C. Caninius Rebilus was named by
la's

villa,

his

horfe's fide,

Casfar to the vacancy at one in the afternoon ; whofe office was to continue onely through the re-

maining part of that day.

This wanton profana-

tion of the fovereign dignity of the Empire raifed a general indignation in the City ; and a Confulate fo ridiculous

gave birth to much raillery, and many jokes which are tranfmitted to us by the ancients [/>] ; of which Cicero, who was the

chief author of them, gives us the following fpecimen, in his own account of the fadt.

Cicero to Curius.
**
*'

no longer

either advife

or defire you to
to fly fome whihear neither the

come home
ther

"
'' '*

to us, but

want

myfelf, where I may names nor the acls of thefe fons of Pelops. It is incredible, how meanly I think of myfelf,

{0]
[

Ad

Att. 13. C2.

2. 3.

p] Mac.ob. Saturn,

Dio.

p.

236.
''

for

-412
A. Urb. 768.
Cic. 62.
Coff.
"'
ft

^^^

History

of the Life

for being prefent at thefe tranfadlionS.

You
:

S'.^tf/Ty/

C. TreboNius

had furely an early forefight of what was comwhen you ran away from this place jj^g Qj^^ " for though it be vexatious to hear of fuch " things, yet that is more tolerable than to fee <t It is well, that you were not in the them.
*

**
*'

"
*' *'

*'
*'

*'
** **
*'

**

*' '*
*'
*'

field, when at feven in the morning, as they were proceeding to an eledlion of Quasftors, the Chair of Q^ Maximus, whom they called Conful [^], was fet in it's place but, his death being immediately proclamed, it was removed and Casfar, though he had taken the an affembly of the Tribes, for aufpices chaliged it to an affembly of the Centuries ; and, at one in the afternoon, declared a new Conful, who was to govern till one the next morning. I would have you to know therefore, that whilfl Caninius was Conful, nobody dined \ and that there was no crime committed in his Confuljhip^ for he was fo wonderfully vigilant^ that through his whole adminiftration he Thefe things feem rinever fo much as Jlept. were who diculous to you, abfent, but were
:
-,

** *'
*' ** *'

fhould tell you the fads of the numberlefs reft ? For there are have born, could never which I fame kind , in the if I had not taken refuge port of Philotears.
if I

you from

to

fee

them, you would hardly refrain

What

[^j Cicero

would not

al-

trance into the Theater, his

Conful of three 7nonths fo irregularly chofen, to be nor properly called a Co;/// : did the people themielves ac-

low a

proclamed

Officers, according to cullom, his prefence, and

to

ordered the people

<vjay for the Conful',

the

make whole
is
tj

knowledge him

for, as

Sue-

affembly cried out, he

Conful.

tonius tells us, [in J. Csef. 80.] when upon Fabius's en-

"
.

%hy

of
**
*'

M,

rULLIUS CICERO.
fo

41;

fophy, with our friend Atticus, the companion and partner of my ftudies, &c. [r]"

C^SAR
dents,

had

many

creatures

and depen-

who

expedled

the honor

from him, as the reward it was impoffible to obHge way, fo that he was forced to contrive the expedient of fplitting it, as it were, into parcels, and
conferring
it

of the Confuljhip of their fervices, that them all in the regular

for

a few months^ or weeks^ or even

days^ as it happened to fuit his convenience ; and as the thing itfelf was now but a name, without

any real power, it was of little moment for what term it was granted ; fince the fhorteil gave the fame privilege with the longeft, and a man once declared Conful, enjoyed ever after the rank and character of a confular Senator [/].

On

the opening of the

new year

Csefar

en-. A.

Urb.

yo^

tered into his fifth Confulfhip^ in partnerfhip with M. Antony : he had promifed it all along to Dolabella,

Cic. 63.

q 9^^^ but, contrary to expedation, took it at C^sar^ y. This was contrived by Antony, M. Antolaft to himfelf. of who, jealous Dolabella, as a rival inCasfar's^'^s.

had been fuggefting fomewhat to his dif^ advantage, and laboring to create a diifHdence of him in Casfar; which feems to have been the ground of what is mentioned above, defar^s guarding himfelf fo particularly^ when he pafjed bf his Villa. Polabell4 was fenfibly toiiched with this affront, and came full of indignation to the Senate ; where, not daring to vent his fpleen on
favor,
Casfar, he entertained the aflembly with a fevere

fpeech againft Antony,

to

which drew on many

;

warm and angry words between them

end the
[r]

till

Casfar,

difpute, promifed to refign

7. 30.
[j]

t;he

Con-

Ep. fam.

Yi^- ^ip* P* 240.

fulJhip

414
^'^^^'^ Cic.
7<59-

The

Hist onY

of tbe Life

63.

Coff.

C, Julius C^SAR. V.

fulfhip to Dolabella, before he went to ihe Parthian war : but Antony protefted^ that by bis authority as Augur^ he would difturh that ele5lion^

M. Antoius.

whenever it Jhould he attempted [/] ; and declared, without any fcruple, that the ground of his quarrel with Dolabella was, for having caught him in

an

atter/ipt

to

debauch

his

wife

Antonia^

the

daughter of his Uncle \ though that was thought to be a calumny, contrived to color his divorce with her, and his late marriage with Fulvia, the widow of Clodius \u\ C^SAR was now in the height of all his glory, and ^dreffed^ as Florus fays, in all his trappings^ like a vi5iim defiined to facrifice [.v]. He had received from the Senate the mofi: extravagant honors, both human and divine, which flattery could invent ; a Temple^ Altar ^ Prieft his Image carried in proceffion with the Gods ; his Statue
;

among

the Kings

one of the months called after his

Cicero name^ and a perpetual Di^atorfhip \^y\ endeavoured to reftrain the excels of this compiaifance, within the hounds of reafon [2] ; but in vain ; fmce Caefar was more forward to receive, than they to give ; and out of the gaiety of his pride, and to try, as it were, to what length their adulation would reach ; when he was ad:u\t'\

Cum

Caefar

oftendif-

fus es,
efle

quod ab eo

forori

&
2.

fet,

priufquam proficifceretur, Dolabellam Confulem efTe juliurum hie bonus

fe

uxori tuai iluprum

coniperifi'es.

oblatum
Phil.

38.
[;f]

Augur eo
ditum ^^^

fe facerdotio prae-

Quae omnia, velut inin

dixit,

ut comitia

fulae,

deilinatam

morti
1.

aufpiciis vel impedire vel vitiare pofTet, id que fe faftu-

vidimam
4. 2. 92.

con2;ercbantur.

rum

alTeveravit. Phil. 2, 32.

[/^]

Frequcntilfimo fenatu

[j;] Flor. ibid. Sueton. J. Ca;f. 76.

bella

hanc tibi eife cum Dolacaufam odii ditere au-

\%\ Piutar.h. in Caif.

ally

ofM.TULLIUS CICERO.
of every thing, which carried with ally pofTefTed it real power, was not content flill without any a title, which could add nothing but envy, and wanted to he called a King, popular odium and Plutarch thinks it a ftrange inftance of folly in the people to endure with patience all the real effefts of Kingly government^ yet declare fuch an
-,

41J
A. Urb. 709.
^^^-

^3-

q t^lius c^sar V.
M. Anto^*^^-

abhorrence

to

the name.

fo flrange in the people, as it natural to the multitude to be

But the folly was not was in Crefar it is governed by names

:

rather than things ; and the conftant art of parties to keep up that prejudice , but it was unpardonable in fo great a man, as Casfar, to lay fo much ftrefs on a tide, which, fo far from

being

an honor to him, feemed to be a diminution rather of that fuperior dignity, which he already
enjoyed.

Among the other complimicnts, that were paid to him, there was a new fraternity of Luperci inflituted to his honor, and called by his name ;
of which Antony was the head. Young Quintus Cicero was one of this fociety, v/ith the confent of his Father, though to the diffatisfa^lion of his Uncle who confidered it, not onely as a low piece of flattery, but an indecency for a young man of family, to be engaged in ceremonies fo imm.odeft of running naked and frantic The Fellival was held about the Streets [^]. about the middle of February ; and Csfar, in his
;

triumphal robe^ feated himfelf in the Roflra^ in a golden Chair ^ to fee the diverfion of the running; where, in the midft of their fport, the Confal

Antony,
tum

at the

head of his naked crew, made him

nat duplici dedecore cumulatam domum. AdAtt. 15.
5.

vel potiiis
fapit, qui
filio

Quintus Pater quarmillefimum

Izetetur

nihil

Lu-

perco

&

Static, ut cer-

the

4i6
A. Urb. 709. the
^^

The

Hi ^roKY

of the Life

^Coff^*

Juuus C^sAR V. M. AntoNius.

C.

offer of a Regal Diadem^ and attempted to put ^pon his head \ at the fight of which z, general ^^^^^ ijfuedfrom the whole Forum till upon Cseiar's flight refufal of it, the people loudly teftified their joy, ly an univerfal Jbout, Antony however ordered it to be entered in the public
-^

ad:s, that by the offered the Kingly

command of the name and power

it

people^ he to Cafar^

had and

that defar would not accept

[b'].

of the Kingly Title amufed and alarmed the city, two of the Tribuns, Marullus and Caefetius, were particularly adive in
this affair

While

difcouraging every flep and attempt towards it: they took off the Diadem^ which certain perfons had privately put upon Csfar'j Statue in the Rof-

and committed thofe to prifon, who were fufpeded to have done it ; and publicly puniflied Others for daring to falute him in the fireets hy the name of King ; declaring, that Cafar himfelf This provoked refufed and abhorred that title. Casfar beyond his ufual temper, and command of himfelf; fo that he accufed them to the fenate,
tra^
fedition againjl him, by perCity, that he really offered to be a King ; fuading but when the affembly was going to pafs the fevereft fentence upon them, he was content with
defign the

of a

to raife

depofing

thm from

their Magifiracy^

and

expelling

SJ}]

Sedebat in Roftris col-

fit

in Faftis

ma

lega tuus, amiftus toga purpurea, in fella aurea, corenatus adfcendis, accedis ad fellam diadema oilendis ; gemitus toto foro tu diade:

Csfari,

M. Antonium Confulem
puli julTu

ad Lupercalia, C. DiAatori perpetuo

podetuliffe, uti noluifle. [Phil,

regnum

Ca^farem
2.

34.]

Quod ab
erat, ut

eo

ita

re-

imponebas cum plangore

ille

pulfum

non offenfus

populi, ciebat

cum
enim

plaufu

reji-

videretur.

Veil. P. 2. 56.

at

adfcribi juf-

thm

of M.

TULLIUS CICERO.
all

417

them from the Senate [c] : which convinced peo- A. Urb. 709. ^^^63, pie flill the more, of his real fondnefs for a name, that he pretended to defpife. p

He

had now prepared

^^^

dition againft the Parthians , before him into Macedonia ;

things for his expe- c^sar^v^ had fent his legions M. Antofettled the fucceflion ^'^s,

the Magiftrates for two years to come \d'\ , appointed Dolabella to take his own place, as
all

of

Conful of the current year named A. Hirtius and C. Panfa, for confuls of the next and D. Brutus, and Cn. Plancus, for the following year: but before his departure, he refolved to have the
-,

Regal

'Title

who were
to

conferred upon him by the Senate, too fenfible of his power, and obfe:

and quious to his will, to deny him any thing make it the more palatable at the fame time to the people, he caufed a report to be indufbrioufly

propagated through the city, of ancient prophecies found in the Sibylline hooks ^ that the Parthians could not be conquered^ but by a King^ on the ftrengrh of which, Cotta^ one of the Guardia?2s of thofe books^ was to move the Senate^ at their next meetings to decree the title of king to him [^]. Cicero fpeaking afterwards of this defign, fays, it was expelled that fame forged tefiimonies would he produced^ to floew^ that he^ whom we had felt
in reality to be a King^ fhculd be called alfo by that name^ if zve would be fafe : hut let us make a bar-

gain with the keepers of thofe OracleSy that they h'ing any thing out of them^ rather than a King
[<r]

-,

Sueton.
245.

J.

C2(,
1.

79.
2. p.

Di.i. p.

App.

L. Cottam Q^ilndecim virum fententiamd.tturum ; utquo-

496.
[c/]

Vcli. P. 2. 68.

niam

libris faralibus

Etiamne Confules & Tribunos plebis in bicnnium,

quos
14. 6.
[e]
ille

recur, Partlios

non

nifi

continea Re-

ge pofle vinci, Crefar

appellaretur.

Rex
79.

voluit

Ad

Att.

Sueton.

c.

Dio. p. 247.

Proximo aiuem Senatu,

II.

Vol..

which

4i8
Coff.

The

History

A. Urb. 709. tiohlch neither the Cic. 63. again at Rome [/].

of the Life Gods nor men will ever

endure

cIsakV. M. An TONius.

Q^^ would naturally have expedted, after all the fatigues and dangers through which Csefar
had made
chofen
his

way to Empire,

that he

would have

the remainder of a declining life in the quiet enjoyment of all the honors and which abfolute power, and a compleafures, mand of the world could beftow : but in the
to fpend

midft of all this glory, he was a ftranger ftill to he faw the people generally difafFe6i:ed to eafe
:

him, and impatient under his government ; and though amufed a while with the fplendor of his fhews and triumphs, yet regretting feverely in cool blood the price, that they had paid for them , the lofs of their liberty, with the Jives of the beft and nobleft of their fellow Citizens. This expedition therefore againfl the Parthians feems to have been a political pretext for removing himfelf from the Murmurs of the City ; and leaving to his Minillers the exercife of an invidious power, and the tafk of taming the fpirits of the populace ; v/hilft he, by employing himfelf in gathering frefh laurels in the Eaft, and extending the bounds, and retrieving the honor of the Empire, againfl its moft dreaded enemy,

might gradually reconcile them to a reign, that was gentle and clement at home, fuccefsfull and
glorious abroad.

But

his impatience to

be a King defeated

all

[/] Quorum
per
falla

Interpres nu-

tiftibus

qusdam hominum

potius

agamus, ut quidvis ex illis libris, quam

lio-

tama

didiurus in Senatu pu-

regem proferant, quern Romas pofthac nee Dii nee mines efle patientur.
Divin.
2.

tabatur,

eum, quern re vera rt-gem habtbamus, appellandum quoque elle Regem, li

lalvi
e/i"c

De

54.

vellemu&-

cum Anhis

of

M.rULLIUS CICERO.

419

his projels, and accelerated his fate ; and pufhed A. Urb. 7^ on the nobles, who had confpired againft his life, ^^ !r^' to the immediate execution of their plot ; that q tJ^lius they might fave themfelves the fhame of being c^sar V. forced to concur in an adt, which they heartily M. Antoand the Two Brutus's in particular, ^*"^* detefted [gl the honor of whofe houfe was founded in the of Kingly Government^ could not but extirpation confider it as a perfonal infamy, and a difgrace to
:

of it. be enthis confpiracy [b] ; the greateft part of in gaged but M. Brutus, them of the Senatorian rank and C. Caflius were the chief in credit and authocontrivers and movers of the whole rity i the firft
their very

name, to

fuffer the refloration

There

were above Jtxty perfons

-,

faid to

defign.

M. Junius Brutus was

years old
,

about one and forty

of the moft illuftrious family of the Republic , deriving his name and defcent in a diredt line from that firfl Conful, L. Brutus, who

expelled Tarquin, and gave freedom to the

Rovery

man

people

[/].

Having

loft his

Father when

fuit

[g] Quae caufa conjuratis maturandi deftinata ne-

gainft

it,

which feem

to

be

efgotia, ne affentiri necefle Dio Suet. J. Csef. 80. fet.

p. 247.
[^] Confpiratum eft in eum a Sexaginta amplius, C. Caffio,

Yet while very plaufible. Brutus lived, it was univerCilally allowed to him. cero mentions it in his publie

ings, as

Marcoque

& Decimo Bruthe

fpeeches, and other writa fa6l, that nobody

to principibus confpirationis. 6uet. 18.

[/]

Some of

ancient

and often fpeaks of the Image of old Brutus^ which Marcus kept in his houfe among thofe of his Andoubted;
ceftors
:

writers call in queftion this account of Brutus^s defcent ;

particularly Dionyiius of
licarnafTus, the

and Atticus,

who
in the

was peculiarly curious

Ha-

ous and

critical

moft judiciof them, who

antiquities of the Roman families, drew up Brutus's genealogy for him ; and deduced
his

alledges fevcral arguments a-

fucceffion

from that old

e 2

Kero^

^2o
A.Urb. 709.
Cic. 63.

of the Life was trained with great care by very young, he

7'/&<f

History

^^

his uncle Cato, in all the fludies

of polite

letters,

cJsTrV
M. An TOwiiiTs.

of eloquence and Philofophy, and unefpecially <^^^ ^^^^ difcipline of fuch a Tutor, imbibed a warm love for liberty and virtue. He had excellent

and acquired parts, and equal induftry, an early fame at the bar ; where he pleaded feveral caufes of great importance, and was efteemed the moft eloquent and learned of all the
his age.

His manner of fpeaking was corred, elegant, judicious, yet wanting that force and copioufnefs, which is required in But Philofophy was his a confummate Orator.

young nobles of

favorite ftudy,

which, though he profefTed himfelf of the more moderate fed of the old Acaand gravity of temdemyy yet from a certain pride
in

the feverity of the Stoic ; and to per, he affeded to which he was wholly imitate his uncle Cato of a mild, mercifull, and was for he
*,

unequal averfe to every thing compaflionate difpofition ; forced often and was cruel by the tendernefs of the confute to his nature rigor of his principles.
-, -,

While

mother lived in the greatefl familiarity with Caefar, he was conftantly attached to the
his

Hero,
all

in

ad ircfl

line through

vslia,

cannot

be

fuppofed
till

the intermediate ages from Corn. Nep. father to fon.

to have

commenced,
till

ny years
loH his

after Brutus

mawas
had

vit. Att, 18.

4_.

Tufcul. Difp.

born; or not
firll

Caefar

I.

fulfhip

born in the Conof L. Cornelius Cinna Hi. and Cn. Fapirias Carbo, A. U. 66S. which fully confutes the vulgar ftory of his
war,

He

whom

wife Cornelia, he married when he

was very young, and always tenderly loved; and whofe

funeral oration he made when he was ^i^fior, and conlequently thirty years old. Vid.
it.

bein? commonly believed to he Ccvfars Jhi, fince he was but iitueen years younger than
liarity

Sueton. J. Csf. c 1,6, 50. Brut. p. 343^. 447. & Ccr-

Csefar himfelf: whole famiwith his mothtr Ser-

radi nates,

oppofite

of
:

M.rULLlUS CICERO.
^-

421.
^^rb
-^og.

firm to the interefls of liberoppofite party, and of which he followed Pompey, fake for the ty whom he hated, and aded on that fide, with ^

^^'^^'

At the battel diftinguifhed zeal. Csefar gave particular orders to find out and pre- M. Anto^^^^' lerve Brutus being; deHrous to draw him from the purfuit of a caufe, that was likely to prove
:

c^]^\,J^^ of Pharfalia, Caesar V.

fatal

to

him

fo

that

when Cato, with

the reft

of the Chiefs, went to renew the war in Afric,^ he was induced by Csefar's generofity and his motlier's prayers, to lay down his arms, and return. to Italy. Csefar endeavoured to oblige him by all the honours, which his power could beilow but the indignity ,of receiving from a Mafter, what he ought to have received from a free peothan any honors plcj fhocked him much more which he faw his in the could oblige ; and ruin, Casfar's friends involved by ufurped dominion, gave him a dilguil, which no favors could coirHe obferved therefore a diflance and penfate. referve through Casfar's reign afpired to no Hiare of his confidence, or pare in his counfils, and by the uncourtly vehemence, with which he detended the rights of King Deiotarus, convinced Caefar, that he could never be obliged, where he
:

He cultivated all the did not find himfeif free. while the flrifefi: friendOiip with Cicero, v/hofe averle to the principles, he knew, were utterly and in whole free convermeafures of the times fation, he ufed to mingle his ovvqi complaints on the unhappy ftate of the Republic, and the
-,

till wretched hands, into which it w\as fallen animated by thefe conferences, and confirmed by the general difcontent ot all the honed, he formed the bold defign of freeing his Country by the He had pubHcly defenddeflrucftion of Csfar. ed Mile's 2i6z of killing Ciodius^ by a maxim,
,
'

wliich

422
A. Urb. 709.
Cic. 63.

T^he

History

of the Life
true, that

which he maintained to be univerfally

thofe,

who

live

in defiance of the laws^

lus

C-esarV. M. AntoNius.

^^ brought to a trials ought to The cafe was applicable to Casfar in triaL

and cannot he taken off without a

a
to Clodius
;

much

higher degree

than

whofe

power had placed him above the reach of the law, and left no v/ay of piinifliing him, but by an affaffmation. This therefore was Brutus's mo* tive ; and Antony did him the juftice to fay, that he was the onely one of the confpiracy^ who
entered into
it

out of principle
rofe

that the

reji^

from

private malice^

up againft the man, he alon^

againfl the 'Tyrant [^].

C. Cassius was defcended likewife from a family, not lefs honorable or ancient, nor lefs zealous for the public liberty, than Brutus's ;

whofe Anceflor, Sp. Caflius, after a triumph of three confulihips, is faid to have been condemned, and put to death, by his own Father, for aiming at a dominion. He Ihewed a remarkable inllance, when a boy, of his high fpirit and
love of liberty; for he gave SylWs Son, Faufius^ a box on the ear, for bragging among his fchooU
[X] Natura admirabilis, exquifita dodlrina, |& fmgularis induftria.

&

Cum

enim

in

que doleo & illius confilio & tuavocepopulumRom.carere

tamdiu.

[Brut. 15.] turn Brutus

ita-

maximis

caufis verfatus efles

Quod cum
eft,

per fe

[Brut. 26.] quo magis tuurn, Brute, judicium probo, qui eorum, id eft, ex 'vetere

dolendum
ifta

turn

magis confideranti,

multo ad quos

non

tranflata fmt, fed ne-

academia, philofophorum feetarn fecutus es,

fcip

quo

padp

devenerint.

doftrina & praeceptis differendi ratio conjungitur cum fuavitate dicendi & copia.
[Brut. 2 1 9.]

quorum

in

[Brut. 269.

'Aaa'

'Avledvi\i

yi

kol} 'sroA.-

?^ovi dic^aai

Aiyo/j^fCo^ fAovov

Nam cum

olfo/7oBpTof s^/94j-0a/Kct/V<*f/,'srf>oetyJ^ivja.rn ha,iJL'^f)oTiflt

in-

ambularem

me

in Xyfto M. ad Brutus, ut confueverat,

kai

'zzrpa J*

ru ^ctivofjXvM itcthZ th? yfvid. Plut. in Brut,

it.

cum T. Pomponio

venerat

p. 997.

App.

p. 498.

fellows^

of

MTULLIUS

CICERO.

423

A. Urb, 709, fellowSy of his Father's greatnefs and abfolute power-^ and when Pompey called the boys before ^p'/f^* him, to give an account of their quarrel, he de- q Julius clared in his prefence, that if Faujlus fhould dare Cjesar V. M. An toto repeat the words ^ he would repeat the blow.

He

was Qiisftor to CralTus, in the Parthian war, where he greatly fignalized both his courage and Ikill ; and if Crafllis had followed his advice, would have preferved the whole army but after
,

^^^^'

their miferable

defeat, he

made good

his retreat

Syria with the remains of the broken legions and when the Parthians, flufhed with fuccefs, purfued him thither foon after, and blocked ,him up in Antioch, he preferved that City and Province from falling into their hands , and,
into
:

his opportunity, gained a confiderable over them, with the deflru6bion of their vidlory In the civil war, after the battel of General. Pharfalia, he failed with feventy Ships to the coaft of Afia to raife frefh forces in that country,

watching

Hiflorians

and renew the war againft Csefar but, as the tell us, happening to meet with Cse;

far crofling the Hellefpont in a common pafTageboat, inftead of deltroying him, as he might have done, he was fo terrified by the fight of

the Conqueror, that he begged his

life in

an ab-

jedl manner, and dehvered up his fleet to him. But Cicero gives us a hint of a quite diiTerent
ftory,

which

is
;

much more
that

probable, and wor^

thy of CafTius

having

got intelligence

where Csefar defigned to land, he lay in wait for him, in a Bay of Cilicia, at the mouth of the river Cydnus, with a refolution to deftroy himj
Cafar happening to land on the oppofite fooar before he was aware^ fo that feeing his projed:
l^ut

blafled,
2,!i\

and Csefar fecured in a country where people were declaring for him, he thought it

beft

4^4
A. Urb. 709. befl to Cic. 63. ^Q j^^j^

57?^

YLisTOT^Y of
his

the Life

make
^jj.|^

own

j^js
\

fleet.

peace too, by going over He married Tertia, the

C TuVus
C*^.sAR V.
^
..

Sifter

Antn-

^^y*-

and though differing in temper was and phiiofophy, ftridly united with him in and the conttant partner and poHtics friendiliip was He counfils. his all of brave, witty, learnand cruel ; fo that ed yet paffionate, fierce, Brutus was the more amiable friend^ he the more
of Brutus
, ^

dangerous enemy : the Stoics, and

in

his

later years

he deferted

Epicurus ; whofe doftrine he thought more natural and reafonabie

:

became

a convert to

conftantly maintaining,

that

the plea-

fure^ which their mafier recommended^ was to he found onely in the habitual pra^fice of juflice and virtue ; while he profelTed himfeif therefore an was moderate Epicurean, he lived like a Stoic
-,

in

temperate in diet, and a waterHe attached himfeif very drinker through life. obfervance of Cicero; as all the the to early who had Nobles did, any thing great or young this friendfhip was confirmed laudable in view by a conformity of their fentiments in the civil
pleafures,
:

war, and in Csefar's reign , during which, feve ral Letters pafTed between them, written with a freedom and familiarity, which is to be found
In rallies his Cicero though Epicurifm, and change of principles, yet he allows him to have a6ted always with the greatefl: honor and in-

onely

in

the moft intimate correfpondence.

thefe letters,

tegrity ; and pleafantly fays, that he fhould begin te think that feci to have more nerves^ than he imaginedy
Jince Cafjitis had embraced it. The old writers afTign feveral frivolous reafons of difguft, as the motives of his killing C^efar that defar took a number of
:

Lions from
lie

fljew
;

which he had provided for a pub-i^ that he woidd not give him the ConfuU
hirn^

Jtjip

thai he

gave BruSus the more honorable Free-

of

M.TULLIUS CICERO.
to

425
A. Urb. 709.

tor/hip in preference

him.

But we need not

look farther for the true motive, than to his ^if'^3temper and principles for his nature was fingu- q ]vhivi larly impetuous and violent; impatient of con- c^esar V. M. Antotradiction, and much more of fubjedlion ; and ^*"^* of it was glory, virtue, liberty pafTionately fond that Casfar from thefe qualities, apprehended his danger and when admonifhed to beware of Antony and Dolabella, ufed to fay, that it was not the gay^ the curled^ and the jovial^ whom he had caufe to fear^ but the thcughtfuU the pale^ and the lean ; meaning Brutus and Caffius [/].
:

The
lia natus, quae

C. Caffius in ea faminon modo dominatum, led ne potentiam quidam cujufquam ferre potuit. [Phil. 2. II.] Quern u[/]

ko'^a A'Tra^dL^Kiva
avv]vK'ov]ct,ij^]S''

W X-^f^^ ^A-

Xa,i<retpoi

^iiv

V7r(i<^v,vcti.f0

<i\{jTu^ kaju-

rov
kv

ci;Gy^^6oi ^v'7ro\<piCii y/oya

'Trctpci'^hzovji "^ctpfit/^j-,

yVsf 0;/
net-

bi

primum magiftratu abiit, damnatumque conflat. Sunt

plicii ferant.

V&un
I.

S'vvct^zvoflA

hJ'ii

7^>c7ctj'f.

[App.
42.

qui patrem aflorem ejus fupcognita domi caufa verberaiTe ac necalTe, peculiumque filii Cereri
[Ltv. 2. 41.] Cujus filium, Faulium, C. Caffius condifcipulumfuum in
fchola, profcriptionem pater-

Dio.

Eum

483. it. 188. Sueton. J.

fine his

2.

Csef. 63.] C. Caffius clariffimis viris hanc

rem

in

Cilicia

ad

oftium

fluminis

confecravifle.

CydniconfeciiTetjiiilleadeam ripam, quam conftituerat,non ad contrariam naves appuliffet.

[Phil. 2.

11.]

nam laudantem
percuffit.

e quibus
tiraeres

'

colapho

Brutum amicum habere malles,

[Val.

Max.

3. i.

inimicum magis

vid. Plutar. in Brut.] Reliquias legionum C. Caffius

Caffium. [Vell.P.2.72.] iiJ'oviiv vero, Sc drctfoL^lcii'virtute,

juftitia,

Quaellor confervavitjSyriam-

queadeoinpopuHRomanipoteftate retinuit, uc tranfgrejTos in eum Parthos, felici rerum

ra Kct\o) parari, & verum & probabileeft. Ipfe enim Epicurus dicit. mc
gr/V
^cf'keog dtviv

Kct\coi Kett

eventu fugaret ac funderet.

[Vell.Pat.2.46.it.Phil.xi.i4.]
o'JS'i

S'otct'.co';,

^Tw,

[Ep. fam. 15,

19.]

Caffius tota vita

aquam

i^yov
?)

iTz^oy

Yiynucci

bibit. [Senec.

TyT(^>if 5;'ctvT:,piy ;tsc/pcL'^sr9t/*

//.rtAAof,

Xdci:ryjy rov r^ohi-

Quan547.] quam quicum loquor ? cum uno fortiffimo viro ; qui poflea

^iKa>TcLJovi7ri7or^]fuviC<Ao(jLYi-

quam forum

attigifti,

nihU

42^
A. Urb. 709.
^if*^3'
C. Julius Cjesar V.

'The

History

of the Life

The

next in authority to Brutus and Caflius

:

M. An TON^us.

though very different from them in character, ^^^^ Decimus Brutus, and C. Trebonius they had both been conftantly devoted to Casfar ; and were Angularly favored, advanced, and entrufted

^y Y{im marched

in

all his

wars

fo

that

when
them

Caefar

firft

into Spain, he left

to

com-

mand

>

which they acquitted themcourage and ability, and reduced that ftrong place to the neceflity of furDecimus was of the rendering at difcretion. fame family with his namefake, Marcus ; and Casfar, as if jealous of a name, that infpired an averfion to Kings, was particularly folicitous to them both to his intereft , and feemed to
felves with the greateft

the ftege of honhis by land \ in

Marfellies^

Brutus by fea^ Tre-

gain

have fucceded to wardly embraced

his favors
,

his wifli in

Decimus

who

forall

his friendfliip,

and accepted

cf Cifdpine

being named by him to the command, Gauk and to the Confuljhip of the foh

heir even of his eftate^ lowing year^ and the fecond feems to have had no in failure of the firft. of virtue, or patriotifm, nor charadter peculiar

He

any correfpondence with Cicero, of killing C^far ; fo that people, inftead of exwere furprized at his doing pedting it from him, and it ; yet he was brave, generous, magnificent, lived with great fplendor, in the enjoyment of an immenfe fortune \ for he kept a numerous band
for the divercf Gladiators^ at his own expence, and after Casfar's death, fpent fion of the City about four hundred thoufand founds of his own
',

before the

ad

nihil fecifti nifi plenifTimum

DlfFeren[Ep. fam. 15. 16.]

amplifiimaj dignitatis.

ipfa ctifkaii nervorum fit,quam ego putarim, li mode earn tu probas,

In ifta metuo ne plus

do confulatum Caffium offen[Veil. P. 2. 56. Plut. in Brut. App. 408.]

derat.
it.

TTioney,

of
money, ny [m].

M.TULLIUS CICERO.
in

^17
709.

^' Urb. maintaining an army againft Anto-

Trebonius had no family to boaft of, but^ JuliJs was wholly a new man, and the creature of Cas- c'^sar V. far's power, who produced him through all the M- Antohonors of the State, to his
late

^Coff^*

months

Antony

calls

him

^^^^' confulfhip of three Son of a Buffoon ;

but Cicero, of a fpkndid Knight : he was a man of parts, prudence, integrity, humanity: was converfant alfo in the poHter arts, and had a peculiar turn to wit and humor for, after Csfar's death, he publilhed a volume of Cicero^ s fayingSy which he had taken pains to colledt ; upon
:

which Cicero compliments him, for having explaned them with great elegance, and given them a frefh force and beauty, by his humorous manner of introducing then>. As the Hiflorians have not fuggeiled any reafon that fhould move either him or Decimus to the refolution of killins a man, to whom they were infinitely obliged fo we may reafonably irhpute it, as Cicero does, to a greatnefs of foul, and fuperior love of their
:

country, which

Rome
ther

made them prefer the liberty of to the friendfhip of any man ; and chufe rato he the dejlroyers^ than the partners of a

tyranny \n\

The

M
liariis

Adjeflis etiam conficoedis,

Vid. Casf.
civil.
1.

Comm.

de

Bell,

familiariflimis

z.Plut. inBrut.

omnium,
ejus in

&

App

fummum

fortuna partium
evedtis fafti-

p. 497, 518. Dio.l. 44. 247. &c. D. Brutus cum Caefaris

gium, D. Bruto

&

C. Trebo-

primus
fuiiTet,

omnium amicorum
interfedorfuit. Veil,

nio, aliifque clari nominis vilis. [Veil. P. 2. 56.] Pluref-

que percurforum
filii

in tutoribus

nominavit

Decimum

P. 2. 64. [] Scuras filium appellat Antonius. Quafi vero ignotus

Brutum etiam
redibus.

in fecundis he-

nobis fuerit fplendidus

ter

[Sueton. Ca;f. 83.]

EquesRomanusTreboniipa-

428
A. Urb. 709.
^!J-^3-

The IriiSTOKY of

the Ltfe

C. Julius C^sAR V.

The reft of the confpirators were ^^vtly young men^ of noble blood, eager to revenge the ruin ^^ ^^^^^ fortunes and families , partly menohfcure^
and unknown to the public [<?] ; yet whofe fidelity and courage had been appro^^ed by Brutus and It was agreed by them all in council Caflius. to execute their defign in the Senate^ which was fumnioned to meet on the Ides^ or fifteenth of March they knew that the Senate would applaud it when done, and even allift, if there was occafion, in the doing it [^] ; and there was a circumftance, which peculiarly encouraged them,, and feemed to be even ominous that it happened
:
-,

M. Anto^^us,

to be Pompefs Senate Houfe^ in v/hich their attempt was to be made ; and where Casfar would conle-

quently

fall

juft facritice

at the foot of Pompey's Statue^ as ^ to the manes of that great man [^].
it

They took

alfo for

granted, that

tjie

City

would be generally on their fide, yet for their greater fecurity, D. Brutus gave orders, to arm
his Gladiators that mornings as if for feme public JheWy that they might be ready, on the firit no-

ter.

[Phil. 13.

nii

10.] Treboconfilium, ingenium,

16] Qui libertatem populi Romani unius amicitise pr^pofuit, depulforque

tus,
luit.

humanitatem,
tria

innocentiam,
in

domina-

magnitudinem animi

pa-

quam

particeps efTe

ma-

liberanda quisignorat? [Phil. xi. 4.] liber ille, quern

Phil. 2. 11.

mihi mififti, quantam habet declarationem amoris tui ? primum, quod tibifacetum
videtur

[0] In tot hominibus, partim obfcuris, partim adolefPhil. 2. 11. centibus, &c.
[p'j

ciifTcoy (iii?.iv]^h',ii Keti

quicquid ego
ilia,

dixi,
:

f^n 'Sj-fouccOc^er,'Ztrpc9v7-'.fcf,

on

quod

aliis fortaffe

non item

deinde, quod

five fac eta

IJ^onv roiifyzvy (TWiTrtPs-lcijXvkv. App. 499.

[ql Poflquam Senatus idibus Martiis in Pompeii cu-

funt, five fic fiunt narrante te venuiliffima. Quin etiam

fus

antequam ad me veniatur, riomnis pasne confumitur,

&c. Ep. fam. 15. 21.
it.

riam ediftus eft, facile tempus $c locum piietulerunt.

[Sueton. 80.]
tice.

12.

of

M,

rULLIUS CICERO.
-,

429

tice to fecure the

avenues of the Senate, and de- A.Urb. 709. and Pomfend them from any fudden violence ^!5-^3Senate-houfe^ q t ^ for the of the c.^sar V. exercife being the propereft place Gladiators, would cover all fufpicion, that might M. AntoThe delibera- ^^^^* otherwife arife from them.

fey's Theai^r^

which adjoined

to bis

onely perplexed them, and on which they were much divided, was whether they fhould not kill Antony alfo-, and Lepidus^ together with C<.-efar \ the more ambitious of the efpecially Antony \ the more and two, likely to create frefh dantion that

Caflius, with a mager to the Commonwealth. was the of v/armly for killing company, jority him but the two Brutus^s as warmly oppofed, and iinally over -ruled it they alledged, " that " to fhed more blood, than was neceffary, would
:

"

difgrace their caufe,

and draw upon them an

"imputation of cruelty; and of acting not as " Patriots, but as the Partifans of Pompey; not
''

fo

much
on

"
*'

felves

to free the City, as to revenge themtheir enemies, and get the dominion

of it into their hands." But what weighed with them the mofr, was a vain perfuafion, that Antony would be tradlable, and eafily reconciled, as

foon as the
their ruin
:

affair

defeated

all

was over but this lenity proved and by leaving their work imperfect, the benefit of it ; as we find Cicero af:

terwards often reproaching them in his Letters [r]. Many prodigies are m.entioned by the Hiflorians to have given warning of C^far's death [j] :

which having been

[rj
2.

fe##

forged by fome, and

fam. x. 28. 12,
2.7.
[jj

Plutar. in

Q:z(.

^^pp.

4.

ad Brut.

499. 502. Dio. 247, 24^. Quam veilcn ad Illas pulcherrimas epulas me Idibus
Martiis
invitaffes.

Sed Caifari

futura, cae-

Reliqui-

des evidentlbus prodigiis denunciata ell:, &c. Sueton. 8i.

T'luc. in vit.

arum

nihil

haberemus.

Ep.

ere du loud V

430
Cic. 6^.

"The

History
all,

of the Life

A. Urb. 706. creduloufly received

ufual,

TuLius

cksAR V. M. Anto^'^'s*

by others, were copied, as. ftrike the to by imagination of their readers, and raife an awful attention to an event, ii^ which the Gods were fuppofed to bei nterefted.
Cicero has related one of the moft remarkable of " that as Csefar was ; facrificing a little be*' fore his death, with great pomp and fplendor,

them
''

"
'' '^

in his triumphal robes

and golden chair^ the victim, which was a fat Ox, was found to be without a heart : and when Csefar feemed to be fhocked at it, Spurinna, the Harufpex, admonilhed

*'

him

"
*' *'

in counfiU his

heart was

to beware, left through a failure fhould be cut off, fmce the life the feat and fource of them both.

The
of

*'
*'

find the entrails

next day he facrificed again, in hopes to more propitious , but the liver the bullock appeared to want its head^
alfo

*^

which was reckoned " omens Thefe [^]."

[/]

among

the direfull

fadls,

though ridiculed
as wholly unphi-

De

Divin.

16.

Thefe

1. 52. 2. cafes of vidlims

NaturaMs,

found fometimes ^without a heart or li'ver, gave rife to a

curious queftion among thofe who believed the reality of

lofophical, who thought it abfurd to imagine, that the Deity could either annihilate,

thiskind of ^/'i;/^^/o, asthe

Stoics generally

did,

how

to

account for the caufe of fo

or create ; either reduce any thing to nothing, or form any thing out of nothing. What feems the moft probable, is, that if the fadls
really

common
the

ftrange a phaenomenon. folution was,

The
that

inftantaneoufly, in

fuch changes the moment of facrificing, by analtering the nihilating or condition of the entrails fo,
as to make them correfpond with the circumftances of the

Gods made

happened, they were contrived by Csefar's friends, and the heart conveyed away

by fome artifice, to give them a better pretence of

enforcing their admonitions, and putting Caefar upon his guard againfl dangers, which they really apprehended,

and the admoniwhich they intended to [De Div. ibid.] But tgive. his was laughed at by the
Sacrificer,

from quite

different reafons,

tion

than the pretended denunciations of the Gods.

hf

of

M.I'ULLIUS CICERO.

4^1

and believed A. Urb. 709. by ticero, were publicly affirmed at the time ; and feem to have raifed a general ^q'^^^^ rumor through the City, of fome fecret dan- q Julius Csefar's life ; fo that his c^sar V, ger that threatened
friends being alarmed at it, were endeavouring M. Anto" ^^^^ to inftil the fame apprehenfion into Csefar himas to fhake his felf : and had fucceeded fo far,

refolution of going that day to the Senate,

when

it was adtually aflembled by his fummons in Pomtill D. Brutus, by rallying pey's Senate-houfe ; as thofe fears, unmanly and unworthy of him, and alledging, that his abfence would be inan affront to the aflembly, drew terpreted as

him out
fate

againfl his will to

meet

his

deftined

In the morning of the fatal day, M. Brutus and C. Caffius appeared, according to cuflom, in the Forum fitting in their Pr^torian '^ribunals^ to hear and determine caufes where, though they had daggers under their gowns, they fat with the fame calmnefs as if they had nothing upon their minds ; till the news of C^far's coming out to the Senate, called them away to the performance of their part in the tragical a6t ; which they executed at laft with fuch refolution, that through the eagernefs of flabbing Caefar, they wounded even one another [a'].
-,

[].

March

on the celebrated Ides of had advanced himfelf to a height of power, which no Conquerer had ever attained before him ; though to raife the mighty Fabric, he had made more defolation in the world
fell

Thus
5

Csefar

after

he

He than any man perhaps, who ever lived in it. ufed to fay, that his conquejls in Gaul had coji a[]
[;r]

Plutar. in J. Caef. lb. ia Brut. App. 2. 505.

hout

1^2
Cic. 63. Coff.

^^^
and
if

History

of the Life

A. Urb. 709. hoiit a million^

cJs^A^V M. An TONius.

and two hmidred thoufandjives [ j], the civil wars to the account, they could not coil the Republic much lefs, in the ^ove valuable blood of it's beft Citizens yet

we add

when through a perpetual

laft to

courfe of fadion, ivio-

lence, rapine, flaughter, he

had made

his

way

at

Empire, he did not enjoy the quiet pofTeffion of it above jive months [z]. He was endowed with every great and noble could exalt human nature, and give quality, that a man the afcendant in fociety ; formed to excel!
in peace,
as well as
\

fearlefs in a6tion

war provident in counfil ; and executing what he had re:

amazing celerity generous behis friends ; placable to his enemeafure to yond and for parts, learning, eloquence, fcarce mies His orations were admired inferior to any man. for two qualities which are feldom found together, firength ayid elegance : Cicero ranks him a mong the greateft orators, that Rome ever bred : and Quintillian fays, that he /poke with the fame he fought ; and if he had devoted force with which to the har^ would have been the onely man himfelf Nor was he a mafter capable of rivalling Cicero, but converfant alfo of the arts; politer onely with the mofb abfirufe and critical part of learnworks whiciriie publifliing and among other to Cicero^ on the Analogy books two addreflcd ed, art of fpeaking and writing the or of language^ He was a moft liberal Patron of corre(Siy \a\. wit
:
-,

folved with an

*,

[j] Undecies centena & nonagintaduohoh-inum milHa occilapraeliis ab eo quod

itaelie conteilus eft iple, bei-

[z]

Neque

illi

tanto viro

plufquam quinque menlium

principalis quies Veil. Pat. 2. 56.
contigit

lorum civilium ftragem non

prodendo.
Plin, tlift. 7. 25.

[j

It

was

in the dedica-

tion of this piece to Citero, that

of

M,

rULLIUS CICERO.

433

wit and karning, wherefoever they were found ; A- Urb. 709. and out of his love of thofe talents, would readi- ^'^^3ly pardon thofe,

himfelf

men
fame

who had employed them againft q j{lius rightly judging, that by making fuch c^sar V? his friends, he fmuld draiD praifes from the M. Anto^''^^' fountain^ from which he had been afperfed.
:

His

capital
;

paflions were ambition

:

and

love of

fleafure

which he indulged

in their turns to the

yet the firft was always predomigreateft excefs nant ; to which he could eafily facrifice all the

charms of the fecond, and draw pleafure even from toils and dangers, when they miniflred to.. his glory. For he thought Tyranny^ as Cicero the and had frequentfays, greateft of Goddejfes of in his a verfe mouth ly Euripides, which exthe of his foul, that if right and prefled image
,

juflice

were ever to be violated^ they were to be violated for the fake of reigniitg. This was the chief end and purpofe of his lite : the fcheme that he

had formed from

Cato of declared came he with him, truly fobriety and

his early

youth

fo that, as

meditation to the fubverfion of the Republic, He ufed to fay, that there were two things neceffary^ to acquire and to fupport power \ and money \ foldiers which yet depended mutually on each other : with money therefore he provided foldiers and with foldiers extorted money and was of all men the moft rapacious in plundering, both frienda
-,

toes , fparing neither Prince nor State^ nor 'Temple^ nor even private perfons^ who were known to pofTefs any fhare of treafure. His

and

great abilities would neceflarily have made \\m\ one of the firft Citizens of Rome ; but difdaining
Caefar paid him the compliment, which Pliny mentions, of his having acquired a laurel, fuperior to that
that

of all triu?npbsias it nvr.s moj-e glorious to extend the hounds of the Ro?nan ncity than of their
Ei?tt>ire.

Hill

N.

7. 30.

Vol.

II.

the

434*

^^^^

History
^^^^^^

of the Life
a6ling

A. Urb. 709. the condition of a fubjed, he could never reft, C1G.63. ^^\\ j^g j^a^ md.dchimM^ a Monarch. In

Tutius Ctesar V.
^iius.

M. Anto-

prudence feemed to fail him , as if the height, to which he was mounted, had turned his head, and made him giddy for, a vain oftentation of his power, he I^y deftroyed the ftabiUty of it ; and as men fhorten Hfc, by living too faft, fo by an intemperance of reigning, he brought his reign to a violent end [^]. It was a comm.on queftion after his death, and propofed as a problem by Livy, whether it
^^^^

^^^ P^^^' ^^^

was of fervice
[<5]

to

the

Republic y that he had ever

telligit laudes fuas, e leviter afperfus. [Ep.

De

judico

Cjefare Sc ipfe ita ilium omnium fere

latine

quo

fit

Oratorum
gantiffime
teris,
tis

loqui ele-

6.]

tPjJ/

fam. 6. ^iav (xiy'iTnu <^V l-

&

id

mukis

lit-

%e/i/ rvfctuvU'ct.

[Ad

Att. 7.

&

iis

&

quidem recondi-

11.] ipfe

autem

in ore

fem-

exquiiitis,

fummoque
ell:

per grajcos verfus de Phseniflis

fludio ac diligtntia

confe-

habebat

cutus -~-[Brut. 370.] C. vero Caefar fi foro tantum vacafTet, non alius ex noftris contra Ciceronem nominaretur, tanta in eo vis eft, id acumen,

Namji

'violajtdunt eji Jus,

reg'

nandi gratia
Violandiun
eji
:

alii s rehus

pie-

tatejn colas.

ea concitatio, ut ilium eodem

[Offic. 3. 21.]

animo

dixifle,

appareat.

bellavit, [Quintil. x. 1.]

quo

C. Caefar, in libris, quos ad M, Ciceronem de Analogia

confcripfit

Cato dixit, C. Ca^farem ad evertendam rempublicam, fobrium accefTiffe. [Quintil. I.

8. 2.] Abftinentiam neque in Imperils neque in Magiftrain Gallia fatibus prasftitit

Qu'n etiam

[A.Gell. 19, 8.] in maximis oc-

cupationibus cum ad teipfyim, inquit, de ratione latine loquendi accuratiflime

fcripferit
it.

na,templaqueDeumdonis
ferta expilavit
:

re-

[Brut. 370. vid. Sueton. 56.] in Caefare

haec funt, mitis, clemenfque natura accedit, qaod mirif,ce

urbes diruit, faspius ob praedam quam deevidentiffimis rapilidlum nis, ac Sacrilegiis onera bellorum civilium fuftinuit.

ingeniis

excellentibus,

quale tuum

eft,

^odem

fonte fe

deledatur haufturum in-

[Sueton. p. 208.]

c.

54.

vid.

it.

Dip>

hen

of

M.TULLIUS CICERO.

435'
the A. Urb. 709.

The qiieftion did noc turn on his a6ts, for that would bear no of merit fimple ^^^^^^* on but the accidental effedb of them; c. Julius difpute, their producing the fettlement under Augullus, c^sar V, which was M- Antoand the benefits of that ;
^een lorn [c].

government

Suetonius, confequence of his Tyranny. who treats the characters of the Csefars with that freedom, which the happy reigns, in which he

the

^^^'^

lived, indulged, upon balancing the exacl of his virtues and vices ^ declares him,

fumm
on the

to have been juftly killed [ti] ; which appears been the general fenfc of the beft, the have to wifeft and the moil difmterefted in Rome, at the time when the fa6t was committed* The onely queftion which feemed to admit any to have been comdifpute, was, whether it ought mitted by thofe, who were the leaders in it [f] fome of whom owed their lives to Csefar , and others had been loaded by him with honors, to a

whole,

the popular odium j degree, that helped to encreaie the moil cherilliwas who D. Brutus, particularly

ed by him of them
fecond Heir of
Brutus' s^
it

all,

and

left

by his will,

the

[/]. was not Marcus, as it is commonly imagined, but Decimus, who was the favorite^ and whofe part in the confpiracy furprized people tha moft [^]. But this circumilance ferved onely for a
different handle to the different parties, for aggra[<]

his Eft ate

For, of the 'Twa

Vid. Senec.
1.

Natur.
766.
ejus, ut

dendum eum

Quxll.
[rt'J

5. 18. p.

nee. de Benef.
Etli

judicaret. 1. 2. 20.
2.

Se-

Praigravant tamen cas-

[/] Appian.
[^]
eil

518*

tera tadla,

& abufus dominatione & jure Sueton. csfus exiftimetur.

c
76.
[^] folet,

didaque

enim Brut6-

rum commune faftumd-laud is focietas a^qua, Decimo tamen

iratiores erant
il,

qui id fac-

Difputari de M. Bruto an debuerit accipere a Julio vitam, earn occi-

turn doiebant, qud minus ab eo rem illam dicebanc fieri

debuiffe^
Philip, x. 7.

f 2

vati ng

43'S

^he

History

of the Life

A. Urb. 709. C^far^S vating either their crime, or their merit. Cic. 63. friends charged them with hafe ingratitude^ for

Tu^i/ius

C^sAR
NILS.

V.

and abufing the power killing their Benefadlor, which he had given to the deftrud:ion of the
giver.
\i
.^

M. Anto-

The

other fide gave a contrary turn to

extolled the greater virtue of the men, for not being diverted by private confiderations, from doing an ad: of public benefit Cicero takes
:

it
*'
*'
''

*'
*'
'

" That the Realways in this view, and fays, public was the more indebted to them, for preferring the common good, to the friendfhip of any man whatfoever; that as to the kindnefs of giving them their lives, it was the kindnefs onely of a Robber, who had firfl
done them the greater wrong, by ufurping the power to take it that, if there had been any iiain of ingratitude in the a6l, they could never have acquired fo much glory by it j and though he wondered indeed at fome of them
:

*'
*'

"" '"
*'

doing it, rather than ever imagined, that '"they would have done it; yet he admired "*' them fo much the more, for being regardlefs *' of favors, that they might fhew their regard to
for
''

Country [/:?]." S o iM E of Crefar's friend?, particularly Panfa and Hirtius, advifed him always to keep a flanding guard of PrjEtorian Troops, for the defence of his perfon ; alledging, that a power acquired hy <ir,ns rnuft he maintained hy arms : but his necejfarily
[h] iicium

their

Quod
>

e(l

aliad benenifi
lis lit

Quo

etiam

majorem

ei

latronum,

Rcfpub. gratiam debet, qui

iibertatem pbpuli Romani unius amicitice praepofuit, de-

commemorare
cmerint
?

poflint,

fe

dediile vitam, quibus

non adbeil-

quod

fi

effet
ii

neficium,

nunquam

qui

pulforque dominatus particeps efle maluit

qu-am admi-

lum
^ant

interfectrunt, a
fervati,

quo

e-

ratasfumobeamcaufamjqu-Gd

tantum

efient
2. 3,

gloriam coniecuti. Phil.

immemor beneticiorum, meib. 11. mor patris fuiffec.

common

ofM.

TULLIUS CICERO.
He

437

common anfwer was, that he had rather die once by A. Urb. 709, in fear of it [?*]. treachery^ than Uve always ^p' ^^* for at ufed to laugh Sylla reftoring the liberty of q^ JumJs and to fay in contempt of him,c^sARV. the
Republic-,

know his letters [^]. But, as a ju- M. Antohas obferved, Sylla had learnt ^ ^ ^ us. writer dicious better Grammar than he ; which taught him to rethat he did not

fign his guards^ and his government together : where^ as Cdefar^ by difmiJjUng the one^ yet retaining the other ^ committed a dangerous folecifm in politics [/] ;
for he flrengthened the popular

fequently his
defence.

odium, and conhe weakened his while own^danger,

feveral

*'

He

made
and

good laws during

his

admi-

niftration, all

cipline,

tending to enforce the publick difextend the penalties of former laws.

The moft
ot

confiderable, as well as the moft ulefull them was, that no Fratorfhould hold any Province
often wifhed

more than one year^ nor a Conful more than two [m].

This was a regulation, that had been

for^ as Cicero fays, in the befi of times , and what one of the ableft Dilators of the Republic had

declared to be

it's

and
to

arbitrary commands

chief fecurity, not to fuffer great to be of long duration ^ but

in
titne^

limit

them at

leajt

if

it

was

not con-

[/]

Laudandum
:

experien-

tia confilium eft Panfse atque

tine

Hirtii qui iemper pra^dixeranc Csefari, ut principatum armis qua^fitum armis teneret.

Nee minoris impotenvoces propalam edebat Syllam nefcifTe litteras, qui Diclaturam depofuerit. Sue[k"]

ton. 77.

Ille

diftitans,

mori

fe

[/] Vid. Sir

DifTertat.

H.

Savile's

quam

timeri malle.

Vel. P.

de Militia Rom. at

2. 57. Infidias
tes fubire
tis efie,

the end of his tranflation of

undique imminenfemel confefTum

26,
fa-

Tacitus,
\_m]
Ca^i".

Phil.

r.

8.

Sueton. J.

quam
c.

cavere femper.

42, 43,

Sueton.

ranient

438

The

History

A. UVb. 709. venient to limit them in /^ by experience, that the prolongation of thefe ex^if*^3 traordinary commands, and the habit of ruling C. Junius cJesar V. Kingdoms was the readied way, not onely to
-

of the Life power []. Cafar knew

M. AntoNIUS.

a contempt of the, laws, but to give a man infpire the power to fubvert them ; and he hoped therefore by this law, to prevent any other man from doing what he himfelf had done, and to fecure his own pofleflion from the attempts of all futurcf
invaders.
Quas lex melibr, utioptima etiam Repub. ne {"aepius flagitata, quam

[]

Mamercus^milius
iijiam autem,
ait,

max-

lior,

ejus cufto-

diara efie,
poris
fet.

Prxtoriae

provincise

plus

fi magna imperfa diuturna non effent, &]tem-

quam annum, neve plus quam biennium confulares

obtinerentur
?

modus imponeretur, quibus juris imponi non pofLiv.

1.

Phil. 1.8,

4. 24.

^'he

End

of the

SECOND VOLUME.

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