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Charles's law
Charles's law (also known as the law of volumes) is an experimental gas law which describes how gases tend to expand when heated. It was first published by French natural philosopher Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac in 1802,[1] although he credited the discovery to unpublished work from the 1780s by Jacques Charles. The law was independently discovered by British natural philosopher John Dalton by 1801, although Dalton's description was less thorough than Gay-Lussac's.[2] The basic principles had already been described a century earlier by Guillaume Amontons.
An animation demonstrating the relationship
Taylor Buchanan was the first to demonstrate that the law applied between volume and temperature. generally to all gases, and also to the vapours of volatile liquids if the temperature was more than a few degrees above the boiling point. His statement of the law can be expressed mathematically as:
where V100 is the volume occupied by a given sample of gas at 100C; V0 is the volume occupied by the same sample of gas at 0C; and k is a constant which is the same for all gases at constant pressure. Gay-Lussac's value for k was 12.6666, remarkably close to the present-day value of 12.7315. A modern statement of Charles' law is: At constant pressure, the volume of a given mass of an ideal gas increases or decreases by the same factor as its temperature on the absolute temperature scale (i.e. the gas expands as the temperature increases).[3] which can be written as:
where V is the volume of the gas; and T is the absolute temperature. The law can also be usefully expressed as follows:
The equation shows that, as absolute temperature increases, the volume of the gas also increases in proportion.
Charles's Law
When a given mass of a gas is heated at constant pressure, the volume V of given mass of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature.
where t is the Celsius temperature; and p0, V0 and t0 are the pressure, volume and temperature of a sample of gas under some standard state. The figure of 267 came directly from Gay-Lussac's work: the modern figure would be 273.15. For any given sample of gas, p0V0267+t0 is a constant (Clapeyron denoted this constant R, and it is closely
Charles's law related to the modern gas constant); if the pressure is also constant, the equation simplifies to
where n is the amount of substance of the gas sample; and R is the gas constant. The amount of substance is constant for any given gas sample so, at constant pressure, the equation rearranges to:
where nRp is the constant of proportionality. An ideal gas is defined as a gas which obeys the ideal gas law, so Charles's law is only expected to be followed exactly by ideal gases. Nevertheless, it is a good approximation to the behaviour of real gases at relatively high temperatures and relatively low pressures.
Charles's law
where N is the number of molecules in the gas sample. If the pressure is constant, the volume is directly proportional to the average kinetic energy (and hence to the temperature) for any given gas sample. ... absolute zero is in attainable in gases because most of the gases turn to liquids i.e. they leave the state of gas thus the law is not valid . This is only a theoretical limitation and thus works in practice. Applications of Charles's Law Bursting of hydrogen balloon Making of chappathi
References
[1] Gay-Lussac, J. L. (L'An X 1802), "Recherches sur la dilatation des gaz et des vapeurs", Annales de chimie XLIII: 137. English translation (extract). (http:/ / web. lemoyne. edu/ ~giunta/ gaygas. html) [2] http:/ / www. chemistryexplained. com/ Fe-Ge/ Gay-Lussac-Joseph-Louis. html [3] Fullick, P. (1994), Physics, Heinemann, pp.14142, ISBN0435570781. [4] Clapeyron, E. (1834), "Mmoire sur la puissance motrice de la chaleur", Journal de l'cole Polytechnique XIV: 15390. Facsimile at the Bibliothque nationale de France (pp.15390). (http:/ / gallica. bnf. fr/ ark:/ 12148/ bpt6k4336791/ f157. table) [5] Thomson, William (1848), "On an Absolute Thermometric Scale founded on Carnot's Theory of the Motive Power of Heat, and calculated from Regnault's Observations" (http:/ / zapatopi. net/ kelvin/ papers/ on_an_absolute_thermometric_scale. html), Philosophical Magazine: 1006, . [6] Thomson, William (1852), "On the Dynamical Theory of Heat, with numerical results deduced from Mr Joule's equivalent of a Thermal Unit, and M. Regnault's Observations on Steam", Philosophical Magazine 4. Extract. (http:/ / web. lemoyne. edu/ ~giunta/ KELVIN1. html)
Further reading
Krnig, A. (1856), "Grundzge einer Theorie der Gase", Annalen der Physik 99: 31522, Bibcode1856AnP...175..315K, doi:10.1002/andp.18561751008. Facsimile at the Bibliothque nationale de France (pp.31522). (http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15184h/f327.table) Clausius, R. (1857), "Ueber die Art der Bewegung, welche wir Wrme nennen", Annalen der Physik und Chemie 176: 35379, Bibcode1857AnP...176..353C, doi:10.1002/andp.18571760302. Facsimile at the Bibliothque nationale de France (pp.35379). (http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15185v/f371.table)</ref> Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac Liste de ses communications (http://www.polytechnique.fr/bcx/associations/ gaylussac/pages/CommunicationsGL.html) . (French)
Charles's law
External links
Charles's law simulation (http://www.chm.davidson.edu/CHEMISTRYAPPLETS/GASLAWS/CharlesLaw. html) from Davidson College, Davidson, North Carolina Charles's law simulation (http://www.tutorvista.com/content/chemistry/chemistry-iii/matter-states/ charles-law-animation.php) from TutorVista.com Charles's law demonstration (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IkRIKGN3i0k) by Prof. Robert Burk, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada Charles's law animation (http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-4506461547173401204) from the Leonardo Project (GTEP/CCHS, UK)
License
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported //creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/