Atex - Stat.glor Static Electricity Iss

Systematic Assessment of Ignition Hazard Satic Electricity
Dr. Martin Glor

Swiss Institute for the Promotion of Safety and Security, Switzerland
www.swissi.ch
Contents General Approach

Zones and Ignition Sources (ATEX) Charge Build-up in Industrial Processes Basic Scheme of Static Electricity
Handling and Processing of

Flammable Liquids, Suspensions and Emulsions Flammable Gases and Vapours Hybrid Mixtures Flammable Powders and Wet Cakes
Guidelines and Codes of Practice Summary and Conclusions

Dr. Martin Glor Systematic Assessment of Ignition Hazard Static Electricity



Zones and Ignition Sources (ATEX)
Assessment of the probability of explosions

Coincidence in space and time of
Explosive atmosphere Effective ignition source
Coincidence
el Fu
Effectiveness
O xy ge n
Ignition Source
4
Zones and Ignition Sources (ATEX)

explosive atmosphere Zone 2,22 Zone 1,21 Zone 0,20 ignition source during normal operation from time to time seldom
no yes yes
no no yes
no no no



Charge Build-up in Industrial Processes
Most frequent charging mechanisms

Contact and frictional charging
(tribo charging) solids, granules, powders
++ + + ++ ++ __ __ _ __ _
++ + + +
- --

Double layer charging
liquids, suspensions, emulsions

Induction charging
conductive objects exposed to electrical fields



10
Basic Scheme of Static Electricity

charge separation charge accumulation on equipment etc. charge dissipation charge accumulation on product charge dissipation
discharge ignition
discharge ignition
explosive atmosphere
11



12
Flammable Liquids, Suspensions and Emulsions

Is all conductive equipment properly earthed? Are all conductive parts of equipment properly earthed? Are there insulating gaskets or fittings? Do such gaskets or fittings prevent earthing and bonding of conductive parts? Are there insulating coatings or paintings? Do such coatings or paintings prevent earthing and bonding of conductive parts? Is the personnel properly earthed? Are all conductive mobile parts as well as all conductive packaging (containers, bags, etc.) and auxiliary devices properly earthed during transfer?
13

Is any equipment or parts of it made from insulating material? Can this be tolerated with respect to the zoning and the explosion group as well as with respect to the size of the insulating areas? Are there insulating coatings or paintings? Can these be tolerated with respect to the zoning and the explosion group as well as with respect to their thickness and possible charging mechanisms? Are there used insulating packaging and auxiliary devices? Can these be tolerated with respect to the zoning and the explosion group as well as with respect to their size?
14

What is the conductivity of the liquid? Are the limits for the filling velocity depending on liquid conductivity, pipe diameter and tank size met in case of pure liquids? In case of suspensions or emulsions of low or medium conductivity: Is the tank inerted or has there been made a comprehensive assessment of electrostatic ignition hazards? Is the liquid of high viscosity? In this case the charge build-up may be very high and a special hazard assessment is required. Are there performed washing or cleaning operations with high pressure liquid jets? In this case special guidance is recommended.
15


Guidelines and Codes of Practice Conclusions

16
Gases and Vapours

Pure gases and vapours do not become charged However, as soon as gases or vapours contain even small amounts of droplets or particles these may become highly charged. This becomes obvious e.g. during the release of high pressure oversaturated water vapour. Depending on the nature of the gas or the vapour the recommendations for liquids and/or powders should be considered.
17



18
Hybrid Mixtures
A hybrid mixture is commonly defined as a mixture of flammable gases or vapours in combination with flammable powders. From the point of view of an ignition hazard due to static electricity, hybrid mixtures require special precautions: - Charge build-up may be as high as for pure powders. - Minimum ignition energy may be as low as for pure gases or vapours. Special guidance or expert advice is recommended.
19



20
Flammable Powders and Wet Cakes

Is all conductive equipment properly earthed? Are all conductive parts of equipment properly earthed? Are there insulating gaskets or fittings? Do such gaskets or fittings prevent earthing and bonding of conductive parts? Are there insulating coatings or paintings? Do such coatings or paintings prevent earthing and bonding of conductive parts? Is the personnel properly earthed? Are all conductive mobile parts as well as all conductive packaging (containers, bags, etc.) and auxiliary devices properly earthed during transfer?
21

Is any equipment or parts of it made from insulating material? Can this be tolerated with respect to the zoning? Are there insulating coatings or paintings? Can these be tolerated with respect to the zoning as well as with respect to their thickness and possible charging mechanisms? Are there used insulating packaging and auxiliary devices? Can these be tolerated with respect to the zoning, the minimum ignition energy and the particle size distribution of the powder as well as with respect to their size?
22

What is the resistivity of the bulked powder? In case of high resistivity powder: Do incendive cone discharges have to be expected? This depends on the resistivity, the particle size distribution and the minimum ignition energy of the powder as well as on the silo diameter and the way and rate of filling (see guidelines or ask experts for advice). Are silos with a diameter larger than 3 m filled? Does the powder contain more than 0.5%w/w of a flammable solvent? Are there performed any further diminution processes?
23
Flammable Powders and Wet Cakes In case of handling low minimum ignition energy powders in large amounts in plants of high complexity: Are you sure that you can reliably ensure earthing and bonding of all your equipment and personnel? The only application of the safety measure Avoidance of Effective Ignition Sources may be very difficult. Consider additional measures of explosion prevention or protection
24



25
Guidelines and Codes of Practice

CENELEC Technical Report CLC/TR 50404 Electrostatics - Code of practice for the avoidance of hazards due to static electricity, June 2003. BGR 132 Vermeiden von Zndgefahren infolge elektrostatischer Aufladungen, Hauptverband der gewerblichen Berufsgenossenschaften, Fachausschuss Chemie der BGZ, 2004. Expertenkommission fr Sicherheit in der Chemischen Industrie der Schweiz (ESCIS) Heft Nr.2 Static Electricity Rules for Plant Safety , revised 2nd Edition, January 2005.
26


Liquids, Suspensions and Emulsions Gases and Vapours Hybrid Mixtures Powders and Wet Cakes

27
Summary and Conclusions

Short decision tree details have to be taken from guidelines
Is there a classified area?
yes no
No explosion hazard exists
Are all conductive parts earthed RE < 1 MOhm?

yes
no
Earth all conductive parts of equipment
Is the personnel earthed RE < 100 MOhm?

yes
no
Earth personnel
Is all equipment including auxiliary devices and packaging, etc. made from conductive material?
yes
no
Can equipment, etc. made from insulating material be tolerated with respect to the substances handled and processed as well as with respected to the zoning?
yes
no
Exchange equipment
28

Are there insulating gaskets, fittings, etc.?
no yes
Ensure earthing and bonding of all conductive parts
Are there insulating coatings or paintings?

no
yes
Ensure earthing and bonding of all conductive parts
Can these insulating coatings or paintings be tolerated with respect to the substances handled and processed as well as with respected to the zoning?
yes
no
Remove or modify coatings or paintings
No electrostatic ignition hazards associated with incendive discharges from equipment, packaging and personnel have to be expected.
29

Are there handled flammable liquids, suspensions or emulsions?

no
yes
Assess occurrence and incendivity of discharges associated with liquids, suspensions, emulsions, mists, droplets, etc. Can the occurrence and incendivity of discharges be tolerated with respect to the substances handled and processed as well as with respect to the zoning?
no
yes
Take additional measures of explosion prevention and/or protection.
30

Are there handled granules, powders, dusts or hybrid mixtures?

no yes
yes
Assess occurrence and incendivity of discharges associated with granules, powders, dusts, hybrid mixtures, etc. Can the occurrence and incendivity of discharges be tolerated with respect to the substances handled and processed as well as with respect to the zoning?
no
Take additional measures of explosion prevention and/or protection.
No electrostatic ignition hazards associated with incendive discharges from the substances handled and processed have to be expected.
31
This Presentation gives guidance to identify the most frequently encountered electrostatic ignition hazards in the process industry It is far from being comprehensive Details should be taken from existing guidelines and codes of practice In case of further questions expert advice is strongly recommended
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Atex - Stat.glor Static Electricity Iss

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Systematic Assessment of Ignition Hazard Satic Electricity

Dr. Martin Glor

Contents General Approach

Handling and Processing of

Guidelines and Codes of Practice Summary and Conclusions

Contents General Approach

Handling and Processing of

Guidelines and Codes of Practice Summary and Conclusions

Zones and Ignition Sources (ATEX)

Assessment of the probability of explosions

Dr. Martin Glor Systematic Assessment of Ignition Hazard Static Electricity

Zones and Ignition Sources (ATEX)

Dr. Martin Glor Systematic Assessment of Ignition Hazard Static Electricity

Contents General Approach

Handling and Processing of

Guidelines and Codes of Practice Summary and Conclusions

Charge Build-up in Industrial Processes

Most frequent charging mechanisms

Dr. Martin Glor Systematic Assessment of Ignition Hazard Static Electricity

Charge Build-up in Industrial Processes

Most frequent charging mechanisms

Dr. Martin Glor Systematic Assessment of Ignition Hazard Static Electricity

Charge Build-up in Industrial Processes

Most frequent charging mechanisms

Dr. Martin Glor Systematic Assessment of Ignition Hazard Static Electricity

Contents General Approach

Handling and Processing of

Guidelines and Codes of Practice Summary and Conclusions

Basic Scheme of Static Electricity

Contents General Approach

Handling and Processing of

Guidelines and Codes of Practice Summary and Conclusions

Flammable Liquids, Suspensions and Emulsions

Flammable Liquids, Suspensions and Emulsions

Flammable Liquids, Suspensions and Emulsions

Dr. Martin Glor Systematic Assessment of Ignition Hazard Static Electricity

Contents General Approach

Handling and Processing of

Guidelines and Codes of Practice Conclusions

Gases and Vapours

Dr. Martin Glor Systematic Assessment of Ignition Hazard Static Electricity

Contents General Approach

Handling and Processing of

Guidelines and Codes of Practice Summary and Conclusions

Dr. Martin Glor Systematic Assessment of Ignition Hazard Static Electricity

Contents General Approach

Handling and Processing of

Guidelines and Codes of Practice Summary and Conclusions

Flammable Powders and Wet Cakes

Flammable Powders and Wet Cakes

Flammable Powders and Wet Cakes

Dr. Martin Glor Systematic Assessment of Ignition Hazard Static Electricity

Dr. Martin Glor Systematic Assessment of Ignition Hazard Static Electricity

Contents General Approach

Handling and Processing of

Guidelines and Codes of Practice Summary and Conclusions

Guidelines and Codes of Practice

Dr. Martin Glor Systematic Assessment of Ignition Hazard Static Electricity

Contents General Approach

Handling and Processing of

Guidelines and Codes of Practice Summary and Conclusions

Summary and Conclusions