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The Article
in
Theocritus
BY
WINFRED GEORGE LEUTNER
3
IN
2E>ts#matioit
SUBMITTED TO THE BOARD OP UNIVERSITY STUDIES OF THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY

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BALTIMORE
H.
FURST COMPANY
1907
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page.
Bibliography
5
9
11
Preface
Introduction
A.
Substantive Article
i.
24
Demonstrative
Relative
24
30
31
31
ir.
B.
Adjective Article
1.
With
" " "
objects present to the senses
2. 3.
"
" "
previously mentioned
present to the
32
34 35 35 38 38
mind
4.
5. 0.
marked
as customary, proper, etc
With
possessive value
With proper names Names of persons a.

b.
"
Oaths
" divinities
of peoples in the plural
45 47
47 47 48 48 48 48 48
statues
c.
Names
" " "
d.
e.
f.
"cities
"rivers..
g.
M
" " " "
" "
h.
i.
" mountains and promontories "islands " countries
k.
1.
"seas " vessels and

"festivals
48
49
m.
n.
o.
"constellations
49 49 49
50 50
" winds
Natural divisions of time

Xp6vos, GtiXacrcra, yrj
BeuriXetfs, fiao-lXeia
p.
r.
7.
The
generic article
substantivized words and phrases
50
53 53
54
8.
With
a.
Adjectives
Participles
b.
Table of Contents.
Adverbs
Prepositional phrases
Infinitives
c.
56
57
d.
e.
57 58
60
attributive adjectives
9.
With
appositive nouns
10.
With
the predicate
11.
12.
With nouns accompanied by

Predicative position
61
65 67
reflexive pronouns.
13.
14. 15.
In genitive combinations
With
possessives
and genitives of personal and
70 73 73
74
With With
interrogatives
<S\Xos
16.
17. 18.
and
trepos
With ^Karros
With
With
e/carepos, #/a0w,
and
and
ap-cpbrepos ixeivos
...
74
19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.
ovtos, 85e, ttjpos,
74
77
77
With demonstrative With

atrds
adjectives
With
iras, d-rras, a-tip-iras,
and 6\os
78 79
79
With numerals
With
superlatives
With comparatives
80
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
General Grammatical Works.

Bernhardy, G., Wissenschaftliclie Syntax der griechischen Sprache.
Berlin, 1829.
Brugmann, K., Griechische Gram m at ik-M tillers Handbuch,

3.
1
,
Ed. 1900.
Berlin, 1877.
Buttmann, A., Des Apollonios Dyskolos vier Buecher ueber die

Syntax.
Krueger,
K.
W.,
Historisch-philologische
Studieri,
Vol.
n.
Berlin, 1851.
Krueger-Poekel, Griechische Sprachlehre.

(Referred to simply as Krueger.)
Leipzig, 1875-1894.
Kuehner-Gerth, Ausfiihrliche Grammatik der griechischen Sprache.

Leipzig, 1898.
(Referred to simply as Kuehner.)
Madvig,
J. N.,
Monro, D.
B.,
Syntax of the Greek Language. London, 1873. Homeric Grammar. Oxford, 1891.
Berlin, 1862.
Schoemann, G. F., Die Lehre von den Redetheilen.

Vogrinz, G., Grammatik des
born, 1889.
Homerischen Dialektes.
Pader-
Special
Ameis,
C.,
Works Dealing with the

in
Article.
den griechischen
Ueber den Gebrauch des Artikels

Muehlhausen, 1846.
Bukolikern.
Blass, Fr., Rheinisches
Museum xliv
(1889), 101
ff.
(Reviewed
Amer. Jour.
Pkil., xi, 107.)
Brugmann, K., Die Demonstrativpronomina

d.
in
den Indogermani-
schen Sprachen, Abhandl. der Koenigl. Saechsischen Gesettsch.

Wiss. xxii,
I.,
No.
vi.
Leipzig, 1904.
Dornseiffen,
cato.
De
articulo
apud Graecos eiusque usu
in praedi-
Amsterdam, 1856.
5
Bibliography.
Eichhorst, O., Die Lehre des Apollonius Dyscolus

Philologus,
vom
Artikel.
xxxvm,
399
ff.
Die Lehre des Apollonius Dyscolus

tive.
vom
articulus postposi-
Wehlau, 1882.
Foerstemann, H., Bemerkuugen ueber den Gebrauch des Artikels

bei
Homer.
Magdeburg, 1861.
Fuller, A. L.,
De
articuli
in
antiquis Graecis
comoediis
usu.
Leipzig, 1888.
Gildersleeve, B. L., Amer. Jour, of Phil., in various places as
cited below.
Herbst, L., Philologus, xxxviii, 502
ff.
xl, 374
ff.
Kallenberg, H., Studien ueber den griechischen Artikel.
bei
Namen von
Laendern, Staedten und Meeren in der griechiPhilol.
schen Prosa.
xlix, 515
in
ff.
n.
bei Flussnamen,
bei 7ra?,
Philol.
bei Gebirgsnamen.
ovtos,
iKeivos
Berlin Pr., 1891.

oBe
Der Artikel
Jahresh. des
und
Herodot.
ft'.
Vereins zu Berlin, 1897,
Middleton, T. F.,
xxin, 204 The Doctrine of the Greek
Article, etc.
4th ed.
by Rose.
J.
London, 1841.
dissertation, 1900.
Mildeu, A. W., Limitations of the Predicative Position in Greek.
H. U.
Proksch, A., Ueber den Gebrauch des Artikels insbesondere beim

Praedikat.
Schildener, H.,
Suppl.,
Philol.
XL,
Iff.
Der
griechische Artikel.
ff.
Jahns Jahrb., 1851.
xvn, 101
Schmidt,
C, De
articulo
in
nominibus propriis apud Atticos
scriptores pedestres.
Stein, R.,
Kiel, 1890.
De articuli apud Pindarum usu. Breslau, 1868. Uckermann, "W., Ueber den Artikel bei Eigennamen in den Komoedien des Aristophanes. Berlin, 1892. Volker, F., Syntax der griechischen Papyri, I. Der Artikel. Munster (Program) 1903.
Zucker, A., Beobachtuugen
bei
ueber den
Gebrauch des Artikels

Anabasis.
Personen namen in
Xen options
Nuernberg,
1899.
Bibliography.
Editions of Theocritus.
Ahrens, H. L., Theocritus, Bion, Moschus.
Leipzig, 1855.
I.
Text, n. Scholia.
Theocritus, Bion,
Moschus
Ed. minor, Teubner.
Leipzig,
1902.
Cholmeley, R.
etc.
J.,
The
Idylls of Theocritus, with English notes,
London, 1901. Ad.

Th.
Fritzsche,
Arm.,
Theocriti
Idyllia.
Editio
altera
parabilior.
Leipzig, 1870.
3.
ed.,
Theokrits Gedichte, 2. ed., 1869;

Leipzig, 1881.
by Ed.
Hiller.
Hartung, J. A., Theokrit, Bion und Moschus, griechisch mit

metrischer Uebersetzung.
Leipzig, 1858.
Kiessling, Th., Theocritus, Bion et Moschus, Graece et Latine.
London, 1829.
Lang, A., Theocritus, Bion and Moschus.
prose.
Rendered
3.
into
English
London, 1901.
ed.,
Meineke, Aug., Theocritus, Bion et Moschus.

1856.
Berlin,
Snow, H., The Idylls and Epigrams of Theocritus.

Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, Bucolici Graeci.
Oxford, 1873.
Oxford.
Gotha, 1830.
Wuestemann, E.
F., Theocriti Reliquiae.
Ziegler, Chr., Theocriti
Carmina.
3. ed.,
Tuebingen, 1879.
Miscellanies.
Hiller,
Ed.,
Beitraege
zur
Textgeschichte
der
griechischen
Bukoliker.
Leipzig, 1888.
Paris, 1898.
Legrand, Ph. E., Etude sur Theocrite.
Rumpel,
J.,
Lexicon Theocriteum.
v.,
Leipzig, 1877.
Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, U.
schen Bukoliker.
Ziegler, Chr., Codicis
Die Textgeschichte der griechiScholia in Theocritum.
Berlin, 1906.
Ambrosiani 222.
Tuebingen, 1867.
PREFACE.
The
found
following study embraces the thirty idylls of Theocritus

in the edition of Fritzsche,
as genuine
idylls,
and the nine epigrams accepted by both Ahrens and Fritzsche. In referring to the the numbering employed by most editors, as found in
is
Fritzsche,
used, while in reference to epigrams the order (i-ix),

is
found in Ahrens,
kept, but the
numbering of Fritzsche, and

in the bibliography,
most
editors, is
given in brackets.
The monograph of Ameis mentioned above

and frequently
bucolic poets.
referred
to
below (always as " Ameis
"),
was
published as a specimen chapter of a proposed lexicon of the
The treatment
of the article in Theocritus there
given does not aim at completeness, and only the more important
features are pointed out.
OF THE
OF
UNIVERSITY
THE ARTICLE
IN
THEOCRITUS.
Introduction.
Before proceeding to the examination of the article as
it is
used
by Theocritus, it will be well to consider briefly the leading facts of its origin, and the development of its various functions. The demonstrative origin of the Greek article is a well recognized
the Indo-European family, as
early
force
by comparison with other languages of by the literary monuments of the language, and the persistency with which the demonstrative
fact, attested as
well
attaches to the article through all periods of
its
history.
This demonstrative origin was recognized by the Stoics,

rightly
classed
who
the
article
among
the
pronouns.
It
appears,
however, that grammarians probably as early as Aristarchus

considered the article (to apdpov) a separate part of speech entirely (See Schoemann, " Lehre distinct from pronouns (avrcovvfiiat).
von den Redetheilen,"
p. 1 1 7 f.)
The
first
use of a demonstrative seems to be to point to someactually present to the senses, a function called
'
by That is, the demonApollonius Dyscolus a Setf t? ttj? cn/reo>?. strative is local, and has relatively strong emphasis, which is augmented by actual gesture. Out of this function develops naturally the one whereby appeal is made, not directly to the senses, but to the intellect and mental experience, called by
thing that
is
2
Apollonius
(1.
c.)
is
SeZft?
rod
vov.
The
to
reference
is
then to
something that
mention.
known, or assumed
or,
be known, either from

as the result of previous
previous experience
It
is
more immediately,
the recall of a previously recognized object
irepl
(rvpT&Zews n. 3.,
page 99.
9,
Bekker.
p. 15.
Brugmann, "Die Deraonstrativpronomina,"
11
12
The
ava<f>opd,
Article in
Theocritus.
avaTroXrjcns.
The element of
actual gesture
is
lost,
and the pronoun depends for its emphasis on the position it occupies, and the tone in which it is uttered. It was in this avatpopd, its most common function, that the grammarians saw the
real nature of the article.
Apollonius emphasizes this in various

I.
places,
especially
.
Synt.
6.
r)
"Eo'Tiv ovv
lSlov
dpOpov
p. 26 (Bekker), where he says, ava$opd rj icrrc irpOKareiXe^/ /jlcvov

y
7rpoao)7rov irapaaTaTLKT}.
The demonstrative nature of the

use to which
it
article is clearly seen in
another
is
put.
When two
its
sentences are coordinated, a

avacfropd,
demonstrative, by virtue of
power of
first.
may
be used at
the head of the second to connect the two sentences by referring to
an antecedent contained
relation, this connection of
in
the
Originally a paratactic
two sentences develops into a hypotactic

is
relation, in
first,
which the second sentence
made dependent upon

relative.
2
the
and the connecting demonstrative becomes a

is
In
Attic Greek the form of demonstrative which

is
used in this way

but the
article,
the relative pronoun properly so called,
o?, etc.,
as a demonstrative, can also appear in this role.

still
Where
it
there
is
a shifting between parataxis and hypotaxis,
is
sometimes
its
doubtful, whether the postpositive sentence, with the article at
head,
is
dependent or not, whether the

3
article is
demonstrative or
its
relative.
Since the use of the article as relative depends upon

avacj)opd, it is natural, that the clause in
power of
which
it
stands
regularly follows the clause containing the antecedent, and that the antecedent
is definite.
4
Apollonius Synt.
25. 26, etc.
2
i.
6.
p.
26 (Bekker),
cf. i.
p. 48,
11.
26-28,
ir.
3. p. 98, 11.
See Professor Gildersleeve, "Problems in Greek Syntax," A. J. P. xxin,

f.
pp. 255
3
Cf.
Brugmann, Griechische Grammatik 642.

article,
Apollonius distinguished two
kinds of
the "prepositive," Apdpov

i,
ttpotciktiicSv,
ff.
and the "
postpositive,
&p6pov bTOTaKTiicbv (Synt,
43, p. 85,
1.
12
(Bekker)).
All the later Greek
grammarians followed him
in this (Eichhorst,
articulus postpositive," p. 1), while

4
"Die Lehre des Apollonius D. vom modern grammar no longer considers the
postpositive form an article, but a pronoun, viz., the relative pronoun.
Apollonius saw difficulty in cases where the relative precedes, with an indefinite
antecedent, and consequently,
when
5s is
o.
so used he no longer called
it
an
article
but an &6pi<TT0P
p.bpiov.
(See Eichhorst,
c, page 5.)
The Article in Theocritus.

It
is
13
but logical to suppose that in
its
earliest conception the
demonstrative was adapted to use as an adjective as well as a

substantive demonstrative.
Mere
juxtaposition of the substantive
with a noun would be sufficient to bring about a reduction of the

substantive demonstrative to an adjective.
this process
Clear indications of
It
is
of reduction
also
still
are seen in
its
Homer.
attended
tho
in
by a decrease
of
pure
demonstrative
1
value,
Homer
article,
this
is
well preserved.
adjective
Just as the pronominal

including
6S|rea>?,
demonstratives, so
the
demonstratives,
the
serve for sensual
demonstration, Setft?
tt)?
and
mental demonstration,
Setfi?
rod vov, dva(j>opd.

is
Between these
two kinds of demonstration there

ence,
often but a very slight differ-
and by a simple gesture a
Setft?
rod vov
may be made an
in dvacpopd the
actual Setfc -n}? ctyeo>?.
(Cf. Theocr. Id.
xv.
63).
We
have said that Apollonius and others saw
real nature of the
Greek
article.
ava(j)opd can best be seen

1.
What Apollonius included under from his own words, Synt. I, 6, p. 2G,
dpOpov
rj
14
ff
(Bekker).
:
There
l
after saying that IlSlov
dva<f>opd,
he continues
'
'
Avafa'perat, 8e
rd 6vop,ara
. . .
(1)
(2)
rjroi fear
t)
iô^rjv, [our
piovaSLtcrjv
par excellence/
6
the famous/ etc.]
koX Kara
k.tt\o~iv.
yap
outgo? cnrocfMiLvopLevos, 8ov\6<; o-ov

6 8e p,erd
ravra
eVcu^cre,
7r\rj6os V7rayopeveL SovXcov.
rod dpdpov, 6 SovXds o~ov

{ }
ravra
e7roLr]ae, pLovabi/crjv Kriqcnv urrayopevei.
icai icar
avro
povov drrXrjv dva<j>opdv [simple anaphora, of a thing previously

mentioned, or known]
.
This passage has been quoted at length

it
because of a misapplication of part of
by Krueger
:
in his
gram-
mar,
1,
50. 2. 3.
There, after stating
" Gleichfalls deiktisch
steht der Artikel, insofern der Begriff als
einem bevorschwebenden
Gegenstande naturlich, notorisch oder

gedacht wird, wo er dann
he cites in support of the
last part
iiblicher
Weise zukommend
oft als schw'dcheres Possessiv erscheint"
of his statement Apollonius
The
essential difference
between the early adjective
article lies in the fact that the latter
cases to
mark an
object as definite
article and the real Attic had become customary or obligatory in certain and known. In this sense the use of the adjec-
tive article is denied to

2
Homer.
1.
Cf. Apollonius,
page 71,
28
f.
14
Synt.
The Article in Theocritus,

i,
36, p. 72, Cf. 39, p. 79

<nraiTov<Tiv?
'MovaSi/cal ovcrau at
KTrjcrei*;
to
dpdpov
Compare
Milden,
9, to
u Limitations of
a similar intent.
the
Predicative position in Greek," page

it
But
Apol-
is
clear,
from the passage cited from Apollonius, and from

with
the
places
cited
a comparison
lonius
is
by Krueger,
that
referring to the use of the article with
nouns accom-
panied
by possessives or genitives of personal pronouns (or nouns), and means to show that the articular noun in such
its
cases designates an object as the sole possession of

crov,
kind
8ov\6<?
a slave of yours (you
may have many),

if
6 8ov\6<; a-ov,
your
is
only slave.
More
exactly stated this means, if sole possession

not, the article
call a
to
be indicated the article must be used,

omitted. 1
may
be
As
is
a matter of fact,
is
what we
" possessive " use

adopted
of the article
discovered,
not recognized by Apollonius as far as can be

fact
in
merely a modern category
for
convenience to characterize a certain phase at dvafopd.

Logically then, the Attic article marks an object as definite and
known.
The
generic article
it
is
no exception,
for
it
2
picks out an
individual and lets

tr
stand as typical of
its class.
The
ancient
3
grammarians recognized a generic article, and Apollonius

aopio-T(i>8r)s
7]
says,
6 heLTrvr}<ras
cnWafi? yiverai rod dpdpov \ in cases, namely, irah /coifidcrda) ", and adds that the Stoics
article.
like
also
recognized this use of the
What marks
the difference
is that,
between the generic article and the specific article

never became a necessity. 4
while
the latter became obligatory in certain cases, the generic article
The use of
the adjective article with substantivized participles
was not recognized by Apollonius, 5 except in a few isolated cases,

tho he did admit
substantively. 6
its
use in the case of other parts of speech used

substantivized participles Apollonius accepted
As
Eichhorst, Philol. 38. 413, correctly interprets the passage thus.

Cf. Professor Gildersleeve,
"Problems,
etc.", p. 122.
I.
3 5
Synt.
i,
34, p. 68 (Bekker).
*See Professor Gildersleeve,

p. 83,
c.
See Buttmann, Apol. Dysc. Synt.,

Synt, p. 22,
1.
note 3 to 108. 20.
15
ff
(Bekker).
UNIV
The
15
Article in
Theocritus.
only such few as had become genuine substantives by
common
to
usage, and with these only he admitted the use of the adjective
article.
In other cases he viewed the
article
as a
pronoun
which the participle was added as an

Because of
thus
its
attributive.
is
defining power the article
used to distinguish
subject from predicate, the definite subject being articular,

it
and
becomes a rhetorical means to avoid ambiguity. 1

its deictic
But the
predicate also admits the article, in

uses,
as well as generic
and then subject and predicate are

is
logically equivalent.
It
beyond the scope of
this study to trace the history of the
Greek
a few
article in all its functions.
We
need only consider briefly

fix
important facts of usage which will help us to
the
position of Theocritus.
The
substautive article has the widest range and the freest use
in the epic of
Homer.
In the
14 to
Iliad,
we
2 are told,
o,
rj,
to
is
used
as a demonstrative pronoun
times, or in the ratio of
3000
1
;
times, as adjective article
218
and
in the
Odyssey the proratio of
nominal use occurs 2178, the adjectival 171 times, in the

13
to 1.
In common with Homer, the
lyric poets, as well as the
tragic poets often use the article as pronoun, rarely with

tions,
3
preposi-
the latter oftenest in Euripides.
Figures need scarcely be
adduced, if they were available, to show the vast difference in the

relative frequency of the
pronominal and adjective
article
between
Homer and
Attic
prose.
Under
the
constantly
degrading
influence of the adjective article
and the simultaneous growth of

it
other demonstrative pronouns, the pronominal article became more
and more
article,
closely confined until
was reduced
in Attic to
the
sphere of a few fixed expressions.
On
the other side, the adjective
tho rare in
Homer and
Hesiod, had
4
won
a secure foothold
that the later
and contained at
least potentially all the functions
article actively displayed.
In Hesiod
the demonstrative use of
p.
Theon Progymnasmata-Spengel Khetores Graeci, n, 83. Stummer, "Ueber den Gebrauch des Artikels bei Homer," Miinnerstadt, 1886, 56 quoted by Vogrinz, p. 198. 3 4 Bernhardy, p. 312. Kuehner, 458. 1.
Cf.
1G
The
Article in Theocritus.
the Article corresponds to the
Homeric
seem
1
use,
but the real article as
we
find
it
in Attic
is
said to be excluded altogether.

to
Late epic
writers, especially Apollonius,
have reverted consciously
to the
Homeric use of the
article.
We
shall see presently to
what extent Theocritus follows the same

lyric poetry
line.
is
When we come
to
we
find that the article proper

is
again very rare.
The
life,
farther the poetry
removed from the language of everyday

So, in Pindar the
the less scope
it
affords for the article.
article is a rare
phenomenon, and the old demonstrative meaning

2
usually
lies
close at hand.
In the
little
lyrical
portions of tragedy
in dialogue it
likewise, the real

is
article is
used, and even

prose.
far
less
frequent
than
in
Attic
Late dithyrambic
excess,
writers
Telestes
carried
it
the avoidance of the article to
and
in
does not occur. 3
Comic
poetry, on the other hand,
approximates the popular language, and consequently we find an

increased use of the article.
Not only
in
is
this true of Aristophanes^
but the fragments of Epicharmus indicate the same for the old
Dorian comedy.
lyric
But even
comedy the
heroic.
differences between
and dialogue must be taken into account, besides the elements

paratragedy
of parody,
and mock
In prose,
its
it
need
scarcely be said, the article as such reached
highest develop-
ment and
freest use, especially in Plato.
period, a little later than Theocritus, if
Coming now to a later we examine the mimes of

and
in a sphere closely
the Dorian Herondas,
who wrote
in Ionic,
related to that of the Doric-bucolic idylls of Theocritus,
we
find
that the article
is
used with a frequency that equals

4
if it
does not
actually exceed that found in Aristophanes.
When we
take up Theocritus, a few general considerations must
be kept in mind in order to obtain a clear picture of his usage.
by a studied imitation of This imitation was earlier models, especially the epic of Homer. extended to departments not strictly epic, and is shown by the That revival of archaisms in form, vocabulary and syntax.
Alexandrian literature
is
characterized
Kuehner,
I.
c.
See Professor Gildersleeve,
Introductory Essay to his Pindar, p.

p. 465.
4
ci,
and
Stein's dissertation.
3
Smyth, " Greek Melic Poets,"
See table,
p. 19.

Theocritus
is
is
17
never entirely free from this Alexandrian influence
to
be expected.
Judged, however, by the Doric
idylls, it
must
fresh
be admitted that he was poet enough not to allow his
own
and natural impressions to

rural idylls,
suffer
under the influences active in his
time at the expense of realism and truth.

it is
The language of
these
true, is far
is to
from being a pure Doric

that a free
fact for
which allowance
be made in any application to Theocritus of

1
K. O. Muller's statement
and familiar use of the
article is characteristic of the
Dorian dialect
yet the essential

idylls,
tone of the Sicilian shepherd speech remains.
In the epic
This
on the other hand, we expect to find an actual return to early

models,
and imitation of the Homeric
epic.
imitation
Theocritus carries out with a great degree of consistency.

study, therefore, of the forms, syntax
Any
must
and
style of our author
distinguish between these two principal types represented in the

idylls
:
the Doric (bucolic,
and urban mimi) and the epic (includ-
ing one Ionic lyrical piece, Id. xn). 2

these two types are basic
as the vocabulary
The
differences between
and penetrate the metrical form as well and syntax. Karl Kunst 3 showed the differences obtaining between the Doric and the epic idylls in the
treatment of the hexameter.
It needs only a glance at the tables
given below to see

far as the article
how
is
far apart are these
two groups of
idylls so
concerned. 4
It
is
true that statistics based
simply on the number of articles found in an author cannot

present the facts in anything like their full light.
There may
be stretches of poetry or prose where the article would not

Gorier, in,
2
p. 504.
The small group
of Aeolic
poems stands
closer to the epic than to the Doric
idylls in the treatment of the article.

3
4
Diss. Philol. Vindob.
i,
p. 1
is
ff. cf. A. J. P. xxi, 352,
vm,
116.
In the tables no attempt
made
to separate the bucolic idylls in the
narrower
sense from the mimetic pieces, as
Kunst did for metrical study, since no sharp lines can be drawn between the two classes of poems in the treatment of the article. It
may
be noted, however, that the mimetic pieces, n, xiv, XV, xx, xxi,
Idyl xviii, which
xxvn,
for con-
(xviii), do not reach the highest average.
Kunst puts
venience with the
Edyllia mimica,' stands because of its dialect at the end of the Doric group in the table, but represents a different type of poetry from the other Doric pieces, while Id. xn, Ionic lyric, belongs dialectically to the epic group,
'
where Kunst
also puts
it.
IS
be
required,
The
because
of
the
form
of
the
thought and the

be passages
in
character of the
nouns; and again there
may
which the form of the thought and the character of the nouns
ordinarily require the article.
That
is
to say, the
frequency or
infrequency of the article

the
may
be due to accident, or the nature of

of
figures
thought
expressed.
Nevertheless, masses
from
various authors would at least

authors.
article.
show the
relative tendency in these

statistics
Unfortunately there are few
on the Greek
All the available figures that have been found are incor-
porated in the tables given below.

Plato
we
are confined to the figures given
been augmented slightly by a

figures given
to serve.
For the dramatic poets and by Fuller, which have personal count. For Homer the
1
by Stummer
as cited
by Vogrinz
(p.
197) will have

the meagre
Personal count of the article in Herondas furnishes the
basis for the figures quoted for that author.

statistics
From
given for the dramatists no farreaching inferences can be

a comparison with
the figures for
drawn
tables
in
Theocritus.
The
Doric
show a
to
far greater frequency
of the article in the
idylls than in the tragedians, bringing
them
that
closer to Aristophanes.
It
is
be
remembered,
however,
in
the
case
of
the
dramatists no distinction has been
made between
lyric
on the one
differences
hand and dialogue on the
other, tho quite the
same
may be
expected to obtain between these elements in the drama, as

idylls.
between the different types represented in the

occurrence of the article
Comparison
with Herondas shows that in his mimes as a whole the average

is
greater than in the Doric idylls of
Theocritus taken as a whole.

present
But the extremes

as
in
in
Herondas
indeed
the
are not as
It
uo such
differences
Theocritus,
as
elements that go to
make up
the
mimes of Herondas
varied as the elements in the Doric idylls of Theocritus.
may
be
assumed then, that these two writers (Theocritus in the Doric idylls)
cannot be far apart in the use of the
of Theocritean idylls
follows the lines of
article.
For the
epic
group
we may
say, that here the poet in general

in
Homer, tho with a degree of greater freedom
the addition of the adjective article.
Diss. ? p. 117.
The Article in
Tlieocritus.
19
Table Showing the Frequency of the Article and the Comparative Frequency of Articular and Anarthrous Nouns. 1
's
73
*.
Doric
Idylls
tJOC
be
*<
u
13
c"J5
11 3*
go
>
11
<
142 139 29 24 93 36 190 91 59 37 70 54 119
9
1
194 202 54
61
u
a)
*.G
ii
in
IV
V
VI
VII VIII
IX
X
XI
152 166 54 63 150 46 157 93 36 58

81
14
6
3 10 8 3 5 3
1
.092 .036 .018

.02 .217 .05 .032 .138
2 2 2
1
2
4
1
80 84 42 57 124 29
52 64 6 52 38 24 76 6 19
4
1
XIV
XV
XIX
70 149
8
XX
XXI
XXIII
XXVII
XVIII Total-
45 67 63 70 58 1586
75 109 138 223 138 281 38 1002 37 25 40 32 97
5 54
2 2 2
.037 .014 .026 .125 .022 .029 .031 .028

.041
3
1

2 4
1
54 43 24
10 884
66
3 5 12 25 9 37 3 94
2
2 32
.526 .506 .777 .904 .826 .630 .331 .688 .166 .896 .469 .342 .510 .75 .422 .805 .682 .342 .172 .557
52 63 25 37 83 19 34 54 6 37 27 12 48
5
49 69 66 77 79 1432
10 52 33 16
4 617
8 4
1
176 55 224 145 65 74 97 66 167 14 59 121 99 93 83 2049

108 154 182 334 215 396 43 1432
26.8 31.1 46.2 60.6 47.1 34.5 15.1 37.2 9.2

50.
27.8
18.1
28.7 35.7 16.9 42.9 33.3 17.2 4.8 30.1
Epic
XII
XVI
XVII XXII
xx rv XXV
XXVI
Total..
.04 .045 .086 .112 .065 .131 .078 .093
1
1
20
6 6 12 8
.26
12
2 2 3 3
14
11
77
11
.055 .043 .053 .057 .049 .289 .076

.29
100 150 181 331 210 388 41 1401
7.4 2.5
.5 .8
3 5
8 2
2.3
2.
4.6
2.1
31
Ion.Lyr.
XII
.054
2
1 1
42 37 25 24 86
9
3
2 6 13 21
1
45 39
31
6.6
Aeolic
XXVIII
2 5 7
1
1
XXIX
.05
XXX
Total..
.156 .072
.20 .018
14 17 36
1
.20 .35 .531 .369
5.1
37 107
10 62
19.3 35.1 19.6

10.
BereNIKE
Epigr.
38
.20 .703
40
22
35.4
^n
the statistics for articular and anarthrous nouns (columns 8-11), proper
names, vocatives and predicates are excluded.
20
The
Article in
Theocritus.
43
<1>
>
03
Homer.
-3
jg
CO CD
<D
CD
fcJDc
CD
S3 1<
3
ID
*J
CD
Iliad.
Odyssey.
15693 12110
3000 2178
.191 .171
218
171
.013 .014
A
ve
*2~
irstl
a>
JJ =&- K
uller
CD h-1
T3
*-<
te
<j
* F*
?5
230 484 230 375 810
.206 .316 .162 .250 .527
3!=a
Aeschylus.
Prom. Vine.
Oed. Tyr.
Sophocles.
Euripides. Medea. " * Iphig. Taur. Aristophanes. Vespae. Plato Phaedo.
210 303 159 257 562 768

606
1114 1530 1419 1499 1537
Theocritus*
n
{l^]ll
'
Herondas.*
Mime.
Number
Lines.
Adj.
Articles.
Average
per
Line.
ii
in
IV
V
VI
VII
Total.
90 102 97 95 85 102 129

700
48 70 73 64 47 57
70
.533 .686 .752 .673 .552 .558 .542

.612
429
* Statistics marked (*) are based on a personal count.
The
Article in
Theocritus.
21
idylls the table
Within each of the two principal groups of

shows wide divergences.
pieces of the Doric group,
This
is
especially
noticeable
in
the
and even within individual poems there
are important variations as will be seen presently.
At one
pole
stands Id. iv,
la
plus rustique de toutes
'
(Legrand, p. 242), with
an average of .904 per line; at the other stands the troublesome
and corrupt ix, with an average of only .166. Or, to take a more legitimate example than ix, Id. vn, the regina eclogarum
'
as
Heiusius called
it,
of which large
portions
are
lyric
and
descriptive,
shows
an
average of
.361
per
line.
Id.
xviii
(EXe'vTjs i7ri0a\dfjLLO<;), tho of the
same
dialect, is so essentially
itself.
different
from the other Doric idylls as to require a place by
In
it
the average occurrence of the article per line sinks to .172.
Between these extremes of the Doric group the tables show variety
and gradation.
We
will return
below
to a consideration of
some
of the phenomena presented by individual idylls.
To
turn briefly to the epic group,

rest
r/
it
will be seen that Idd.
xin
and xxvi stand out above the

article.
with a freer use of the adjective

it
In the case of xin
T\a?), however,
is
to
be noted
that twelve of the twenty adjective articles in the idyl are found
in the introductory verses (1-15), addressed to the poet's friend
Nikias
(at
an average of
.8
per
line),
while the remaining 8
articles are distributed

(at
over the sixty lines of the epyllion proper

line
1
an average of .13 per
).
In Id. xxvi (Afjvai

setting as
it
rj
Ba/cât),
the opening verses (16),
which give the
were, contain
five of the eleven articles.

rites,
In the rapid account of the mystic
of the confusion at the discovery of Pentheus, and of the
terrible
punishment
for his curiosity, the article disappears.

it
In order to complete the account of Theocritean usage

the article appears, also the freedom with which
will
be necessary to consider, in addition to the frequency with which

it
is
omitted.
In the
statistics
last
four
columns
of
the
table
(p.
19)
are
given
comparing the number of articular nouns (exclusive
of substantivized words), and anarthrous nouns (excluding from
The
difference between the introduction
and epyllion was noted by Professor
Gildersleeve in his review of Legrand, A. J. P., xxi, 352.
22
both counts proper nouns, and from the latter predicates and
vocatives).
The same
statistics.
objections
must be admitted
above
in the case of
these figures
as those mentioned
in connection
with the
preceding
We
can, however, learn from

affairs
is.
them approxi-
mately what the state of

lay
In
this discussion
that,
we may
normal.
aside the epic idylls with the
remark
since they are

is
Homeric
imitations, a general omission of the article

is
A few
is
instances where the article
used with an extension that

affect the general
not Homeric (Cf.,
xxv, 180 and 84) do not

article.
result.
Among
the Aeolic, lyric, pieces, only Id.
xxx
shows any
degree of freedom in the use of the

close to the epic group.
The
others stand
In the Doric poems, on the other hand, in accordance with what has already been said, the omissions of the article are far less numerous and varied. They are not confined to the cases where Attic prose may omit the article, nor, on the other hand, do they seem to be as extensive as in the tragic poets and perhaps
even in Aristophanes, certainly far
less
extensive than in
Homer,
Hesiod and Pindar.

that there
is
Comparison with Herondas seems
to indicate
no great difference between Theocritus and the author 23 f.) says simply that the
article is
of the mimes.
Ameis
(p.
omitted with
great freedom
by the bucolic poets
in the case of
common nouns
unattended by attributives.
He
the
gives a
list
containing nearly
seven hundred examples of such omissions from the idylls and
epigrams of Theocritus
be complete.
and
list is
evidently not intended to
He makes
no attempt to distinguish between epic

citations in the list
and Doric
from epic
idylls,
and an examination of the
shows that more than half the cases
cited for Theocritus are taken
idylls. In a second list of examples (also incomplete and apparently chosen at random) of cases where the article is omitted with nouns accompanied by attributives, Ameis includes But here again no less seventy-six examples from Theocritus. While it is true, of than fifty-one are citations from epic idylls.
course, that Theocritus
makes use of
his privilege as a poet,

idylls, yet
and
lists
omits
the article freely

that
even in the Doric
simple
and
figures
do not discriminate between epic and Doric

idylls are apt to create false impressions.
23
of the omissions
Many
is,
of the article in Theocritus will be discussed below under the

various categories.
What
is
to
be noted here
that in nearly all
of these categories a large proportion of the omissions are found in

epic
figure
idylls.
Furthermore, prepositional phrases and formulae

considerable extent.
to
account, as well as the fact that

article are
By taking these things many of the omissions of

is
into
the
such as are permissible also in Attic prose, the margin

greatly reduced.
poet's choice in
of actually poetic omissions in the Doric idylls
That metrical exigences may have determined the

certain
cases
seems inevitable, but we cannot admit that the
influence of metre
was great enough or frequent enough
to
have
interfered materially with the natural taste of the poet

affected his style.
and so have
Within individual
Idyl
idylls
of the Doric group closer analysis

in the use
shows considerable variation

i
and omission of the
article.
may
serve as an example.
In the dialogue portions of
this
poem
45 lines) the article (11. 1-28, 57-63, 143-152 most freely (1 .0(3 per line) and omissions with nouns of
Contrasted with
this,
(11.
is
used
definite
reference are correspondingly rare (of ten omissions, four are in

prepositional phrases).
stands the passage
containing the description of the prize cup

article sinks to
29-56), where the
an average of .214 per
line,
with a corresponding
definite reference).
increase in omissions (fifteen with
nouns of
Commentators have long noticed the epic coloring shown in epic forms, words and expressions, and
of the substantive
article.
in this passage, in the free use
The
is
gS&j
(11.
64-142) occupies middle
ground between the other two parts, with an average of .455

articles per line.
Its tone
noticeably higher than that of the
dialogue,
and epic forms occur with considerable frequency.
The
in this
tendency to greater freedom in the omission of the article

(pSrj
than in the dialogue, might suggest similar conditions in other
idylls
where we have songs incorporated in the poems.
examination, however, of such idylls (viz. xi, xv,
xvm,
An
V, VI,
vn, viii, x) proves, that the song portions of the Doric idylls show no characteristic treatment of the article, different from other
parts of the poems.
Just so Legrand
(p.
426) has shown, that
24
The
Article in
Theocritus.
Theocritus does not aim to distinguish his pastoral songs from

other parts of the idylls metrically or musically, and that the
bucolic caesura
portions
(ib. p.
it
is
treated in the
same way
in the songs as in other
425).
For
(p.
Id. ii
may be
noted that in the monologue of Simaetha
(63-165), her address to the
moon
passage cited by Legrand
262) as showing a greater proportion of epic forms
there
is
falling off of the article (from
an average of .451 in other parts
to .216, the refrain counted once).
So in Id. xiv the introductory
dialogue shows few actual omissions of the article.

prj(iL<i
But
in the
of Aeschines they become more numerous, and in the rapid

lover's quarrel with his mistress, the
is
and excited account of the

article disappears.
This passage again
cited
as showing traces of epic diction.
In
by Legrand
girl in Id.
(/.
c.)
the rapid exchange of speech
between the impassioned lover and the reluctant

there
is
xxvn,
marked freedom in the omission of the article especially with names of parts of the body, nouns of relationship, and nouns accompanied by possessives or genitives of personal pronouns. For Id. ix we may note great unevenness in the use of the article. Introduction (1-6), Menalkas' song (15-21), and narrative (14, 22-27) lack the article the concluding address to the Muses (28a
;
38) has but one article (32) ; while the remaining five articles of the piece, all generic, are found in the seven lines of Daphnis'
song (7-13).
This analysis might be carried further and applied to each of

the idylls.
It has
been
carried far enough, however, for our
purpose.
We
will proceed in the following to a detailed account
of the use of the article by Theocritus.
A. Substantive Use of the Article.

i.
The
article
as a demonstrative pronoun.
is
The
use of the
article as a
demonstrative pronoun
not restricted in Theocritus
to the cases that are
common
to
in Attic prose, but includes also
cases
that
are
peculiar
the
language of epic and appear

epic idylls naturally
occasionally in Attic poetry.
The
show a
much
freer use of the substantive (demonstrative) article than the

Doric
idylls,
1 because of conscious imitation of Homer.
25
It is
to
seen, however, that
even here the proportion of substantive

2
adjective articles
1.
is
not nearly so great as in Homer.

article,
The substantive (demonstrative)

This
is
unaccompanied by a
particle.
the least
it
in Theocritus, as
is
in
common use of the substantive article Homer and the Attic poets. Fifteen
in epic idylls.
cases occur, seven of
them
It
is
found only in the

37, 91
oblique cases, and resumes an object previously mentioned either

as subject or in an oblique case.
In only three cases
(i,
xxv, 129) it is used with a preposition. In all cases save xvi, 40 the article stands in the thesis of the foot, and in eight at the I, 29, 37, head of the line. The occurrences are the following xvn, ix, (twice); xvi, vn, 103; 85; 33; 40; 60, 91; vi, 43 xxn, 53, 161, 195; xxv, 129, 278. The dative of the substantive article, unsupported by a particle
:
is
occasionally used
;
28, 38
xxv, 186
all
an adverb. 3 So, tw, "therefore,'' xvn, " turn," xxix, 11 ; tt}, "there," xxv, ra
as
159.
One
of these stands outside the epic group, in the Aeolic

stand in the thesis of the
article
first foot.
xxix, and
2.
The substantive
accompanied by a
particle.
This
is
far the
commoner use of
Srj,
the substantive article.
Most frequently
fiev,
the article so used stands at the head of a clause, followed by

Se,
yap,
ye} or preceded by avrdp.

is
This use, of which certain
phases survive in Attic prose,
not so closely confined as the
preceding, but occurs with considerable freedom also outside the

epic idylls.
a.
A
.
use, characteristic as
it is
common,
a\a>7re/ce?,
is
the use in balanced

fiev
. .
clause of o fiev
and
8e,
o Be:
I,
48 Sv
.,
a B\ Here
a uev
designating parts are put in apposition with the

(cf.
word signifying
73,
cf.
the whole
Ameis,
p. 9), as in
Od. 18.95.
similar construction, with a

is
Homer, Od. noun in

4
:
12, the
singular designating the whole
found in a Skolion
u?
rav fiakavov rav
/xev eêt
fjuev
rav fteparai Xafielv
/cayo) TralSa /caXrjv rrjv
e%0) tyjv h'epaât Xafieiv.
See table, introd.
p. 20.
2 4
See figures cited above from Stummer.
Ameis,
p. 9.
Smyth,
Greek Melic
Poets,' p. 152, 18.
26 where the
The
lirst line is
Article in
Theocritus.
spoken by a Dorian, while in the second an

taste of the
is
Athenian parodies the rustic

ardpKes
8*
Dorian (Smyth).
that in
An
:
unusual application of this construction

ai fiev
Id xxu, 112
I
IBpwn avvLâvov,
i/c
I
fieydXov Be
aTyjr
0X4709
j ever avBpos
Xpoty Be
S' alel
irdcraova yvla
airrofievos fyopeeaice ttovov

is
:
t' afielvco.
Instead of
the expected al Be there
a shift
here to the person, making the construction a mixed one

their bodies
u but
that of the one kept shrinking
while the other
(man) grew ever stronger."

Other instances of the use of
are
:
o fiev
6 Be in
balanced clauses
;
v,
94
VI, 2,
43
xi, 58
. .
.
xv, 128
In the sense "some

others,"
some,"
.
49
we find xxx, 4.
fiev
o Be:
xxx, 18-21. "some vm, 70; xvi, 24; xxv, 9 if.,

;
xvn, 30
.
.
"part
part,"
In place of either
a noun
fiev or
:
Be another pronominal form, or

. .
may
6
be used
rj
fiev
.
.
o? Be
xxvn,
138.
68.
to> fiev
. .
Be XXII, IX, 4.
XII, 13.
182.
/juev
. .
.
fiev
iya>
Be
II,
0$ fiev
. .
.
epXv Be
avrap
.
eya) VII, 130.
6 fxev
ff.
rbv
fiev
.
B*
.
erepov
.
fiev
aWbs
. .
.
Be
XXV, 102
xxvi,
apes
a Be
XIV, 20.
nev0ev?
fiev
at Be
16.
is
In two cases the
first
implied in the preceding words

b.
member of the pair is omitted, but xvn, 105 xxv, 187.

:
6 Be, o2 6Y,
etc.,
without
a preceding
o fiev, ol fiev, etc.
This
use of the substantive article in the nominative case, at the head of

a sentence,
It
is is
one of the uses that survived even in Attic prose.

is
frequent in Theocritus and

idylls.
by no means
is
limited to the
epic
As
in
Attic, the
article here
regularly
marks a
change of subject.
in Attic,
Cases where there
no such change are rare

in
and no certain examples occur

35,
tcl B'
Theocritus.
The
following cases, marking a change of subject, are found in Theocritus

:
I,
ov
cf>pevb<;
airTerai aura?
ra Be
refers to the
rivalries of the
two
lovers, as just described.
The
neuter plural
referring
to
the
general context of an
is
. .
immediately preceding
sentence or clause
found again in the epic idyl

.
xxu, 167 and

8' rjvOe, i. e.
181.
1,
37. ot 8'
.
I
eTGHTLa fiox@%ovTi, referring to the
two objects of the foregoing sentence.

maid addressed
in the
11.
102. a
all
the
preceding
line.
In
other instances the

reference
27
is,
as in the examples quoted, to a person or thing either
directly mentioned in the preceding sentence, in
an oblique
IX,
;
case,
or
clearly
;
implied:
;
VI,
10,
15,
;
26;
53
VII,
;
128, 156;
XI, 13
xnr, 47, 70
xv, 57
;
xvi, 8
;
xvn,
32, 62, 63
27; xix,
xxn, 10, 80, 191, 198 71 xxv, 94 xxx, 25.

; ; ;
xxm,
xxiv, 12,
17, 30, 41, 55,
It has been said that there is
no certain example
61
is
in Theocritus
of b Be used at the head of a sentence in the nominative without a change of subject.

o
A
is
possible case
iroiel.
is II,
e/c
Ovecov BeBerai
Be
/Jbev
Xoyov ovBeva
reading
But
BeBeficu
given by the mss.,

subject.
and
if this
retained, o Be
is,
marks a new
The
reading of the whole line
however, open to question. an individual, addressed in a
In two instances,
in dialogue,
command
and
so subject of
an imperative
or in the nominative
for the vocative, is referred to in a following clause
by
o Be
v.
149, and xv. 30.
The
oblique cases of 6 Be, oc Be, etc. are likewise used without

fiev,
a corresponding 6
to refer to persons
or things previously
mentioned or easily recognized from the context.

referred to
i,
The antecedent
:
is
regularly subject of the preceding sentence or clause

;
39, 100, 138

;
n, 48
vi,
20
vn,
27,
90
vm,
to
xxn, 88
xxm,
59 xxv, 1, 42, 51, 68, 126, 235. In three instances an oblique case of 8 Be refers
:
an antecedent
other than a subject of a preceding sentence

AeX(f>Lv ofiov
fiev
T Kal
RvBd/U7T7rov lovras
tois
n, 78. (77) elBov B'tjv %av6oTepa
eki'xpvcroLO yeveids.
fjLe'ya
(in
which lay the two infant brothers Herakles and

y
Iphikles)
(sc.
tow
.
B
.
e\a/3' vttvos.
.
XXIV, xxvi,
10.
.
|
B(vao~e (sc. 'A\/c/JLr)va) tra/co?
14. (13) vvv

.
B*
irdpage
Avtovoo)
1
opyia Bd/c%(o,
ra
8'
ov% opeovri
/3e/3rj\oc.
In apodoses of conditional and

Herodotus sometimes use
antecedent
in
relative sentences
Homer and
an
2
o Be (also in oblique cases) to refer to
the
subordinate
clause (also
in
oblique cases
).
mss. t&
5'.
Meineke and Hiller r&re
but Fritzsche
to
vn. 59
correctly
notes
cet."
2
"nunquam
videlicet Theocritus dixit toLtc, ralre, r&re cet. pro olVe, atre
See Kriiger, n, 50,
1, 11,
and compare Homer
II.
xi, 409.
28
The
Article in
Theocritus.
Such a use can

instances
OVTL
cSoov
:
also be
cited for
|
Theocritus in
the following
ix, 36, ou? yap opevvn

8a\r)<TClTO JîpKT).
yadevaau
17, KOI
rj
(sc.
fJL6V
Molaai),
(TV
row
'
7TOTft>
XXIX,
evdv<;
TO KClXoV Tt? eyevev

<f>i\o<;.
pedos
Be
is
alveaaij
tw
8'
rnrXeov
rpieTr}?
The
kcli
in these cases the so-called apodotic 8e.
In n,
24
fju
el fiev h? eSe'xeo-Oe, tcl S' rjs (f>i\a
(where
tcLS' is
preferred
by
some
editors),
ra 8e
may
be explained in the same way, as
referring to the preceding context (as in
under 2
I, 35, discussed above you had received me, that had been dear to me." Compare the scholiast ad loc. /cal ravra civ /caXw? elêv (vf ^,v)
b.)
"
if
JL
>
and
rjv
av tovto irpocrfyikh}
the relative conditional clause follows the
is
When
the case
main
clause,
ice
slightly different, as in
xvn, 74
6 8' eifoxos, ov
fyCkriar) (sc.
c.
Zeu?) yetvofxevov
tcl
irp&ra.
8e,
o'i
6 fievj oi pep, etc.,
without a corresponding o
8e9
etc.,
in
the
nominative
is
case
resumes a person or thing previously
mentioned and
always followed by a contrasted action of the

subject.
same or of another
particles
The nominative
is
case never stands at
the head of the sentence or clause, but
namely
;
preceded by one or two
/cat, ei he, rjrot,
&?.
Following instances occur
in Theocritus:
;
I, 138; vn, 90; xx, 17; xxi, 46; xxv, 45, 223 xxvi, 3 xxvn, 66. The oblique cases of o fiev so used, with one exception (xxi, 58),
stand at the head of the seutence.
Of
the fifteen occurrences,
eleven are in epic idylls and a twelfth in the Ionic xn.

cases
In most
the
demonstrative refers
to
the subject of the preceding
The occurrences may simply be noted. They are, xxi, 58; xxn, 102,131, 1,57; ix, 22; xn, 25; xvn, 36 196; xxv, 73, 92, 138, 145, 204, 250, 262. Tap The The substantive article with other particles. d. substantive article with yap, frequent in Homer, found occasionsentence.
;
:
ally in tragedy, in Pindar,

3
and in Herodotus, 2 and
cited
:
even for
Thucydides, occurs in Theocritus only in two epic idylls
xvn, 4
to
This is a more natural interpretation than that of Fritzsche who refers tA 5^ " Amici quasi dicas vernacule 'das Volkchen' (those good fellows) V. 119." 3 2 Krueger, n, 50, 1, 2, See commentators to Thuc., i, 69, 2 vi, 36, 2.
1
. . .
.
The
Article in
Theocritus.
29
At;
xxv,
e.
5, 44,
197, and in the Berenice frg., line 4.

:
to
877,
VII, 29.
Avrdp
article
avrap
o,
xxii, 105
XXV, 232.
to
The
in
as a substantive antecedent
relative clause is
it
found
Homer, Pindar and Herodotus.

degree
is
In Attic prose
occurs
with some
of frequency only in Plato. 1

rare.
Even
in epic
diction this use

critus
Three examples may be cited for Theoxvi,

5, rcov ottogoi
. . .
from epic
tq) /lev
idylls:
&)
valovaiv.
XXII,
fie
182,
...
yeverj irpofyepeaicov.
XXV, 193,
i/c
to fxev ottc
irpoiTOv avrjpev.
In
o5
VII, 94,
aXka
to y
Travrcov fxey xnreipo'xpv
<sc. Si8ai;av^>,
Toy or t68\
tv yepaipeiv apgevp,
is
<at>,
most editors write
This use of the article
simply a type of anaphora
whereby the speaker or writer anticipates

points forward to the following.
place of a noun with the article.

f.
his own words and The relative clause takes the Compare Plato, Euthyd. 291 a.
The noun
It
to
which
fiev
or o 8e refers
may
be
added in
remains
apposition.
interval.
is
often separated from the article
by a considerable
This form of expression begins in
Homer and
the
property of epic also in

It
is
Alexandrian times, especially in

in Aristophanes
Callimachus.
a form of deixis suited to the language of

is
everyday
life
and, hence,
more frequent
and
most
Plato than in the tragedians and historians. 2

in the oblique cases. 3
In Homer
is
it is
frequent in the nominative case, and with # 6V, but
found also
mostly in
in all save
The occurrences
111,
in Theocritus,
epic idylls, are confined to the nominative case,
and
;
three instances to
he
44
xin, 17
xvn, 71
;
xxn,
27, 76,
91, 99, 109, 110, 137, 183, 203;
153.
xxiv, 26, 51 xxv, 86, 148, In most cases the noun referred to by the article is clear
from the context even before the addition of the apposition.

exception
irap
is
|
An
XXI, 17, oifBeh
iv
/jlo-o-g)
yefrcov
ireXev a 8e
avTav
6\if$op,4vav icakvftav Tpvfyephv irpoo-evaê
OaXaaaa. 4
The
x
indefiniteness of
oY,
and
its
distance from Oakaoraa cause
Krueger,
I, 5,
ir,
50, 2, 5,
and
1,
50,
1,
20.
Cf.
Gildersleeve to Justin Martyr

3
A,
2
8.
Bernhardy, Wissenschaf tliche Syntax, page 308.

Reiske's conjecture ir\ev
Foerstemann, page
the Aldine ed.
6.
6.
is
now generally adopted

and
for vevia of mss. 11, 18.
M. and Edd. Junt. and
Call. (Cholraeley trevlq),
tt&vtt] of
30
no
difficulty.
1
The
Article in
Theocritus.
Such separatiou would uot seem abnormal

a
illative
is
to a
Greek.
ii.
The
article as
pronoun.
The
use of forms of the
article as relative
pronouus
not found in Attic prose.

is
That
its
use in this
manner was not

and survives
in
altogether foreign to Attic
evidenced
in the
The usage was continued modern Greek. 3 In old Ionic it was frequent, but o? and 01 are more common than 6 and to/. 4 It was common also in Aeolic, Doric, and Neoionic. Herodotus so uses
by
its
/coivrj
appearance in private inscriptions. 2
the forms with initial

relative,
oirep.
5
t,
but with prepositions also the ordinary

only the latter
and with
tj?
tho
Homer shows
6Vt?,
The fragments of Epicharmus and

examples
for Doric.
offer
poems of Pindar In Alexandrian poetry the Homeric

the
use
is
freely imitated,
and
in Theocritus the article as relative
occurs in most of the poems.

are of course far
The ordinary forms
of the relative
more common.
article is in general restricted in
This relative use of the

critus as in
Theocases
Homer, 6
to clauses that refer to a definite antecedent,
and, therefore, regularly follow the antecedent clause.

are cited from
Two
I,
Homer where
140).
7
this rule is not observed, II.
125,
Od.
iv,
349
(= xvn,
In correlation with a demonstrative,

used as relatives.
forms of the
article are not
With one
possible
exception (xv, 86), only forms with initial t are used as relatives
by Theocritus. The antecedent is indefinite in but one instance XXIX, 3, KTJyco fih ra cfrpe'vcov ipe'co /cear iv pvyuf. The article
as relative, with
definite,
preceding antecedent
is
found
as
follows:
i,
47, 118; n, 12, 67; in, 22, 35; iv, 59; v,

10,
8, 11,
93;
47,
VII,
59, 93; IX,
23, 24, 29; x, 4, (v.
1.
a?); xi, 16,

tcqv
53; xin, 57; xiv, 34; xv, 86, o TptîXrjro^ "A6Wj? o 'Kxepovn faXeirai, 8 117; xvi, 102; XVII, 5, 128; xvin,
1
25,
Cf. Pindar, O,
,
Meisterhans 2 123,
xi (x), 19, and Gildersleeve, ad loc. " Syntax d. gr. Papyri," cf. Volker
;
i,
p. 6.
3 5 8
Brugmann, 642.
Krueger, n, 25,
5.4.
6
Monro, 262.
7
Monro, 262.
Brugmann, 642,
(For
.
.
p. 550.
in
The only example of a form without initial t used Homer, cf. Krueger, n, 15, 1, 2). For the vulg. 8
MS. p.
. .
as relative.
.
this use
0i\etrai,
Ahrens wrote
6s after 6
.
contrary to the metre, while Fritzsche followed Beiske in reading

from the variant
(pikrJTai
<Pi\t)t6s,
in
some minor
mss.,
and early edd.
Theocritus
may have
used # simply for metrical reasons.
The
37; xxi, 38, 62
4,
Article in
Theocritus.
31 58
29
(?),
xxn, 114; xxv,

;
55,
2,
183
34,
(?)
xxm,
9, 43, 46,
209; XXVII, 19;
xxvm,
XXIV, 10
Epigram viii (xvn),

B.
1.
5.
Adjective Use of the Article.
With
objects present to the senses, Setfi? t?}? cn/re&)?.
From
what has already been said of the origin of the

that in
its earliest
article, it is clear
stage the adjective article was used with the
names of
was
still
objects actually present to the senses.
When
the article
largely implicit in the noun,
its
addition was necessarily
attended by a certain degree of emphasis or direction.
With
the
growth of other demonstratives, however, and the rapid extension

of the article itself to wider uses, this emphasis decreased until by
the time of the Attic period the adjective article in all
relatively unemphatic.
its
uses
1
was
can
The Alexandrian
poets,
we
are told, often

is true, it
used the article with demonstrative force.
If this
be due only to a conscious return to earlier models.

later Greek,
In Attic and
its
when
its
the article had long been fully developed,
use
to point to things actually present
was probably no more emphatic
than any of
other uses, unless supported by actual gesture.
This
is
true of our
own
definite article
as well, tho both English
and that of modern German and German use the article in this way
It
to
with far
less
freedom than Greek, and more readily resort to

is
stronger demonstratives.
into
be remembered that analysis
" objects present to the senses," "previously mentioned,"
" present to the mind," etc., is merely convenient categorization, and does not imply that there was to a Greek any difference in meaning between the article in one case and in another. Among the examples to be cited under the present category there are
comparatively few where the simple article in English will not
approximately give the value of the Greek
article.
For
instance,
when Battos
(Id. IV,
1) asks Corydon,
" tivos al ^5oe?"; the
article evidently points to the cattle before
him, and yet al
is
by
no means equivalent
to aihe or avrat.
" Whose are the cows,"
or even " whose cows " practically puts as
much emphasis upon
Ostermann, Jahnii Ann. 1858,
vol. 78, p. 361.
32
at as was intended.
The
Article in
Theocritus.
Similarly, Id.
I,
2, ttotI rais
iraâlcri is
not
" by yonder spring," or " by this spring/' but simply " by the
spring," the one, namely, in the landscape before us and the only
one at
laid
this
moment
of special interest.
Where emphasis
is
is
actually
upon the
location of a person or thing, the demonstratives are
freely used, or,
where the demonstrative pronoun
not added, the
presence of some demonstrative form often supports the article,
much
(in,
like a gesture in actual conversation.
So, for instance, wSe

(i,
38; IV,
51), relSe
(i,
12; v, 32), Bevpo

1, 8,
21
XXVII, 10,
12), rjvChe (v, 23),

in the
or a demonstrative standing with another

(i,
noun
where
immediate vicinity
13, 23
v. 63, 101).
In some
69,
other cases actual gesture must be imagined, as in
xxn,
Amycus
refers to himself as 6 ttvktt]^.
The
following cases of
this use of the article, with objects present to the senses,
have been
13, 21,
noted, none, save
xxn,
1,
69, from epic idylls:

(two),
a>/9t<o?,
i,
1, 2, 8,
23;in, 38; IV,

(two), 55;
44
45
v, 3,
24 (two,
OaWov), 46, 50, 52 with anaphora also to 1. 21

(tov
aliroXov),
tov
13
48,
;
v/3otov &fiv6v), 32, 47, 48, 49, 1 63, 75, 78, 99,
100 (ra?
11,
viii,
kotivov), 101,
102 (ras
;
Spvos),
110 (tov
(to
138
vil,
43
vin,
!
;VI,
27 (two), 44
14, 27
3
(%<w wotynqv
vdfia),
2
= iyco
81, 89,
cf.
xxn, 69);xv,
o-ocj)Q)Tpov
Xpnpa
2.
Epigram,
With
line
I, (i), 1,
XXII, 69;xxvn, IX (xn), 3

drjXeia);
;
65,
145
(to
10, 12,
57;
2.
IV,
I,
(top TpiiroSa)
(xxi),
objects previously mentioned.
to a Setft? tov vov is but a short step,
From a Setft? -n)? cn/reo)? as we have seen, and the

The
meant
This
SeZfi?
between the two cannot in some cases be sharply drawn.

frequently
overlap.
categories
By
is
tov
vov
is
reference to a definite object that
present to the mind.
mental presence
1
is
either
due to the
fact that the
given object has
In connection with the lines
last quoted, 47-49, note rovrei, <55e, %vda,

vijfia,
11.
45-47.
vdw,
2
11
Na/ta seems to be a rare hyperdoric form for
"sewing."
Na/m from
liquid matter,"
belongs to a higher sphere, being especially
common
in the
tragic poets, particularly Euripides,
and nowhere occurs in the sense "basin of
water," as would be required here, tho in idyl

in a natatorium.
xxm,
61
it is
used of the water
8 T6 XPVP- ; in the speech of the Syracusan woman refers to the singer of the Adonis song. The line is doubtful, but this reading and the interpretation of Fritzsche seems most reasonable. See for a discussion of the line, Legrand, p. 308.
The
Article in
Theocritus.
33
previously come within the range of the hearer's mental experience
and
is
suggested again by a present circumstance, or
it is
due more
immediately to a direct mention or implication of the object in the

preceding words.
widest sense to cover both these cases
triple division
That Apollonius uses the term avafyopd in its is clear not only from his
of this function, but also, because he speaks of
ava<f>opd as presupposing in general a Trpovêarcoo-a yvcoai,?, 1 or,

in a
narrower sense, as a
will take
recall
of a irpoKareuXe^ fievov irpoa-oyrrovr
We
this
up
first
the cases of simple anaphora of things
that have been mentioned or implied.
The
article
was used
for
purpose as early as Homer's day, but while the emphasis upon
this article
and
later
Greek
was comparatively strong it was no longer so.
in the early period, in Attic
it is to be noted that no small number of the examples to be cited here are found in epic idylls, and a large proportion of the others occur in narrative
In contrast with the preceding category,
passages.
I,
41, 6 Trpecrfivs,
i.
e.
the jptTreis ye'pcov of
1.
39,
50,
61, 92, 143 (two), 149
; n,
36, 72,
159;iv,
22
(6 Safios, the
dcme of
rol SafMorat of line 21), 37,
52 a w6pTi^\
v, 24, 30,
61, 139, 144,

61, 81 (two),
yafiftpos,
in
Ti?
i. e.
149; vir, 34, 42, 128 ; vm, 28 (two), 29 (two), 84, 88;xi, 17; xm, 14, 46, 59; xv, 129 (o
"AScovk,
1.
1.
/cevTa<T<re,
1.);
:
XXI, 4
128),
148;
sleep
xix, 5 (rav
he does
oSvvav, implied
(top vttvqv, after kclv oXfyov vvktos
iwifjiiKTorycn
" the
little
i.
snatch."),
14
(rots
aXievo-cv), 20,
26
(o Katpos,
e.
to /caXov de'pos) 46, 47 (two), 50,

:
52, 53 (to> xpvaq>, with anaphora to

Cf. %/juo-oV,
1.
aveiXfcvaa y^pvaeov IxOvv.
57,
"some
gold," and
tq>
XP V<T <?
again,
1.
60, with
2 5. Synt, p. 26, 12. Ostermann [Jahnii Ann. 1. c] notes, "jener Greis, wie der Artikel oft bei den Alexandrinern demonstrative Bedeutung hat." This note is quoted (ad loc.) by Fritzsche, and Hiller refers to Krueger, n, 50, 3, 4, where the Homeric use of the article in such cases is referred to. As a matter of fact Attic Greek would have nothing else here but 6 irptafivs, and it is scarcely conceivable that an Alexandrian should interpret the article here differently from an Attic writer. The mere fact that epic influence can be seen in the present passage is not sufficient to force an Homeric emphasis upon the article.
Synt., p. 29,
To
this
Cholmeley's comparison with
6 (rrpaTubras of
xiv, 56
is
pointless, unless
he
intends 6 yauPpds to be taken in apposition with'ASoms.
34
The
Article in
Theocritus.
anaphora.), 56, 57 (raynio-Tpia), 60, 66 (row vttvcov, the

just
related.
1.
dream
xxin,
7 (rcov wvpacov, implied

1.
in
TroXvfaXrpos,
rjparo,
1, cfriXeovTa,
3,
tov
"E/og)t<z,
1,
1.
4), 11,
60 (TwyaXfia, of Eros, tov

64, 71,
(ttjv
6eov,
58),
63.
examples are from epic idylls: xxiv, 103, 133;
84;
xxvn,
2,
5 (to fylXaiia).
Epigram
is,
The next xxv,

v
objects
39, 51, 52, 53,
seven
1,
51,
(xiii), 1.
6eov).
3.
With
objects present
to
the
mind, that
that are
referred to simply as
known,
either
from previous experience or
Here the anaphoric power of the article has its widest scope. Minute analysis of this type of anaphora into subsidiary categories would be unprofitable. It is sufficient and
general report.
convenient to group under a few principal heads cases that are
approximately alike. 1
are
set
So we may consider together
(1) things that

/car''
doion as
known or
notorious, including the avafyopa
iô^rjv of Apollonius, (2) things that are customary, proper, requisite,

desirable, (3) things that are
known and
Under
:
referred to in their relation
to a person or thing previously
mentioned or implied
the so-called
possessive use of the article.
the present category, then,

first
are included those cases that

divisions.
come under the

I,
of these three
They
are the following
6,
9 (rav oliSa), 11, 82 (a

(o ftov/coXos),
Kcopa
ii,
Priapus
Se
pretends to
know
her),
105
152;
4 (two), 29 (two), 40, 43 (two) ;iv, 4 (two), ,35, yvval^), 37, 58, 61 ;V, 12 (rav alya), 42, 97, 123 VII, 67, VI, 45; (rav KV/cXdfiivov), 133 (rav <j)daaav), 135; 8' oXoXvycov), 145 a vScop, TeTTiyes, rol (to ff. 136 78,
74;in,
36 (ral
is
(rol op-raices)
VIII,
87;
x,
15, 21, 44, 54,
55;
;
XI, 12;
XIII, 6, 7 (rav irXo/cafjiiSa, with
which Hylas
3 usually pictured),
16;xv,
7, 24,
37
(rofr 8>
epyoi^),
vvov, quoting a
proverb or custom), 98
;
aypav, the daily catch), 36
43 (two), 52, 63, 77 (rav xxi, 31 (rav xix, 8 Epigram, xxx, 29 xxix, 37
;
See Krueger,
i,
50, 2, 4.
past,
In this description of a scene witnessed in the
and now
recalled, the artiis
cle is virtually a deixis transferred to the past.
In the same lines the article

Cf.
also freely omitted with other objects.

3
Theocritus
may have had

n.,
Textg., p. 175,
a picture of the boy in mind. and Naber, Mnem. xxxiv, (1906), p. 169.
Wilamowitz,
The
VI (xx),
6.
Article in
Theocritus.
Cases occur where the article

is
is
used with
a.
noun
whose identity
first
explained in the following words.
The
point
mind of the speaker
anticipates his speech

is
and
lets the article
forward to the definition that
to follow.
1
This definition usually
takes the form of a relative clause.
In Theocritus we note the

tov
. . .
following: in, 21, tov arecâvov
(pvXdcraa)
40;
xxn,
.
64;
xxni,
.
58;
xxv,
The
re
;
IV, 28,
211.
:
Once we
6
find
.
the
.
article
/nerpelv
pointing forward to infinitives

.
.
xvi, 60,
poÔo?
vlêiv
irapeXOelv.
article is
used with similar
prolepsis, but without a following relative clause or equivalent, in
Epigram, vin (xvn),

KcofjLG)8Lav
I
1.
"A
<fxovd
(fycovd is
Awpios
%(ovr]p
tclv
evpcbv 'E7rt%a/0fio?.
defined only
when we
etc.
reach rav tcwpLwhiav.

4.
With things thai are marked as customary, proper,

is
Tho
this use of the article
merely a subdivision of the previous

it is
category, as
was
said above,
is
given a separate paragraph for
convenience.
II, 1
,
The same
true of the following division.
ral Sdcfrvai, ra (f>i\rpa, 2, rav /ceXefiav, the ingredients and

for preparing the love
implement
begin
;
charm
in the
mystic
rite
about to
86,
33, ra iriTvpa, the husks essential to such

(1.
rites.
ra SiSa/crpa, the requisite pay for instruction

<f>dp/jLafcov,
85).
vin, 17
XI,
to
the proper remedy, with anaphora also to line 1

(f)dpfia/cov.
fF.
xiv, 52, to
xxn,
oo
64, 6
(jllo-Oos,
the required pay
anticipating the relative clause

<t>dpfjLa/cov
. .
/cev ere TrWoi/xev.
xxni,
24, to
to \a6os, in both cases "the longed for," and to
Xaô? may be looked upon as an appositive to to c^dp/xaKov; 38, ftpaxy fcXavaov, e7rto-7retcra? 8e to Bd/cpv. Fritzsche aptly compares
Horace, Od. n,
6,
23
" debita sparges lacrima favillam "
but
the article also refers to the Sd/cpv implied in Kkavaov, and so

renders,
Lang
"weep
a little; and
when thou
value.
hast
made
this libation of
thy tears."
5.
The
to
article with
possessive
This use of the
article
seems
have belonged
to the early language,
and
if
some of the
it
examples formerly cited for
Homer have been
replaced by conjecture
with forms of the personal and possessive pronouns, 2

1
seems
Krueger,
i,
50, 2, 7.
See Vogrinz,
p. 194.
36
impossible to deny
The
it
to
Homer
altogether.
Here, as in other
uses of the Greek article, the failure of our
own
definite article
is
may
cause over translation, whereby the Greek article
unduly
seen,
emphasized.
The Greek grammarians themselves,

it
as
we have
made no
special provisions for this use of the article apart
from
2
the general head under which
really belongs,
namely
avacfropd.
The
definite article in
modern English may
also be used in this
way, but we are restricted to a few old combinations.

render
We
<
fie
>> twv a>rcov KaOekolcra [Id. v, 133), "taking

is
may me by
when
no
the ears," and, " I have a pain in the head "

for aXye'co
perfectly intelligible
fails
rav KefyaXdv (Id.
Ill,
52); but our article

f* 01
us
we
try to translate So? rav
Pa
(^-
xv
>
66),
and we resort
the article
to the possessive.
Even
it
the
Greek
article at a later period

3
longer sufficed to indicate possessive relations.

is
When
used in this sense,
is
of course necessary in order to avoid
ambiguity, that the possessor be known, and consequently, in most

cases, the
person of the possessor
is
directly indicated in
the
preceding context, most frequently as subject or object of the verb,

4 or as a dative of interest.
No
cases are cited below
from epic
idylls.
In the other
body,
articles
idylls,
particularly the Doric, the article

especially with
appears freely in
of
the
this function,
names of parts
of
relationship.
of
dress,
and
nouns
article
With
parts
of the
body the possessive
has been noted
in thirty-nine (39)
cases, its omission in forty-six (46), of
which
twenty-one (21) are prepositional phrases, and a number of others formulae like irocral %opevo-ai, TroBas eX/cet?, %etpo? eâyjrafie'va.
It
may
be of interest also to note that the possessive article
is
rare
in narrative portions.
for here there
a.
is
Dialogue furnishes most of the examples,
least
danger of ambiguity.
With parts of the body : afi<\>r}v (Aeol. yao-Trjp xxi, 41 yeveiov VI, 36, XX, 8
;
= civxv v
;
xxx, 28
yews XXIX, 33
XX, 24
5
;
Sd/crvXos viii, 23;

fcpaBta XXIII,
/ce(j>d\Ti
in, 52, xi, 70, xx, 12, xxi, 13

9
;
34
/cporacjios XI,
fierooirov
fiveXos
See Foerstemann,
p. 28.
2 4
Compare above,
Cf.
Introd.
1.
See Volker,
(ifiol) Xevicbv
o. c., p. 7,
and footnote
<?7r'
5.
Foerstemann,
c.
rb fitrcoTrov
bfypticn Xdfitre fieXaipais.

-rrepi
In the same self-descrip-
tion
we
find without the article vrr/pav, xcurcu,
KpoTCMpoiai, in' ocppvai, 6fi/xara,
but t6
(rrdfia,
and again
k ctoh&twp, (pupa.
37
IV,
xxx, 21
bhovs vi, 37
viii,
ofi/xa v,
36
6w%
;
54;
crrrXd iv,
36; oS<%>
xxiii, 13
;
TrapavaXXX, 5
XX, 26
xv, 66
(v.
;
1.
(<B?) v, 133 ;wj>0a\/juk xi, 53; Trpoacoirov II, 140 XX, 12; XXX, 3 (?) o-To/ia I, 146 viii, 82; xi, 9, 56 TTcoyoyv x, 40 teal o-TOfia); XXI, 57 o-cfrvpov iv, 51 %t/> x, 55
69; ofc
(?);
7rou?
xxi,
9,
48
xxvn,
18.
The
here: tv 8
II,
y
following group of words, used with the possessive article,
tho not to be classed as parts of the body,

yvayfjiv, in
may
best be treated
the sense of
. .
"mind"
yv(bfjiav
;
or " judgment " xxi, 62,

l
&
;
%eve
epeiSe
rav
;
I8ea
voos,
XXX, 14;
xxi, 32.
2
83
poppet
xx,
3
;
"breath " viii, 76

tion
;
14
xxiii,
I,
2
;
fcdWos
irvevâ
o-Qivos
;
44
779071-09,
;
" character, disposi<f>covd
" x, 37
xi,
xxiii, 2
cfrprjv
;
n, 19
;
XI, 72;
x, 37
i/rinâ
52
xv,
4,
37
xxiii, 55
xxvn,
;
61.
:
b.
As with
;
parts of the body, so with articles of dress

v, 15
;
II,
53,
156
c.
in, 25
xv, 21 (two), 39 (two)
xxvn,
54.
is
With nouns of relationship.
Where
the reference
clear
the article
may be
omitted.
The nouns then approach
the value
5 of proper names and are similarly treated.
In Theocritus Attic
the
usage
is
generally followed.
The proportion of omissions of

is
possessive article
idylls.
with this class of nouns
not large in Doric
Following are the cases where the
article in the possessive
Hiller explains: "firma

Kiessling however
intende,
scil.
mentem meara," and

(cf.
similarly "Wuestemann
)
and
:
Hartung.
Cholmeley, and Lang's translation

recte interpreteris."
ri>
.
renders
"iam animum
stand
it
ut
somnum
Aside from other

natural to under-
considerations, since rdp follows the imperative

as referring to the subject, that
is
epei.de, it is
For the possessive article similarly used after an imperative, with reference to the subject compare x, 55 xv, 21, 66 xxvn, 18. In two cases, in, 3, and viii, 63, where the reference is
"your."
;
;
not to the subject of the imperative but to the speaker, there

because the context in each case decides.
2
is
no ambiguity,
ed
yap av
eiK<iais
' '
Kara rbv
vbov.
Whatever the
true reading of this troublesome
line, rbv vbov is
the
mind "
of the subject of the verb.
The same phrase

of ras wbprios
is else-
where anarthrous with or without a possessive pronoun. 3 KbeV a <po}va ras irbprtos, a80 rb 7rvevp.a. The presence
'
and
its
own
position indicate that rb irvevfia
is
"her breath."
irvev/xa,
l
Fritzsche's objection to
to be applied
this interpretation, 'obstat
connexus versus sequentis,' would have
as well to the preceding words.

4
c5
He
8.
interprets rb
aer spiritu motus,'

p. 48,
ras dXefidro}
\pvxa.s.
See Wilamowitz, Textgeschichte,

3,
note
1,
See Krueger, 50,
m,
A.
Kuehner,
462, d.
38
sense
is
;

prefixed:
Trarrjp
fidrn p iy, 9;
;
vm,
xix, 7
vui, 20
re/cwv
16; x, 58; XI, 54, 67; (which had become thoroughly
substantivized and
was
treated as a real noun)
xv, 47.
Here
we may put
X<tsvr)p
also heairoTn^ v,
10 and SovXa
II,
94.
In xv, 148
is
not "
my
husband " but, with anaphora
to Ato/cXet'Sa?,
"that man."
Outside the sphere of words above enumerated, Theocritus
free in the use of the article with possessive value.
is
The
is
identity
of the possessor
is
usually clear from the context.
Cases occur,
not directly
in dialogue,
however, especially in dialogue, where the possessor

indicated to the reader.
This
is
the
more common
because the reference was at once clear to the listener, and the
possessor need not be indicated to
examples need simply be

62, 87, 120, 121
;
listed.
him with such exactness. They are the following

:
The
i,
14,
n, 64, 127; in,

x
;
3, 7; iv, 13, 26,
28
v, 28,
;
85, 87, 88, 89, 96, 105, 107, 127 65, 87

2
;
vi, 2, 6, 9, 10, 21, 29

(?), 3, 6,
vn,
vm,
35, 63, 70, 72, 73
x, 2
34
xi, 12, 39,
44, 74, 80;
xn,
20, 23; xv, 55,
xxi,
"its
14
(twice),
27,
33,
67
3
;
130; xx, 28, 40, 42, 44; xxni, 13, 18 {rav ^Xidv,
;
doorpost" with reference to fieXdOpoLs)
xxvn,
33, 37
4
;
xxviii, 23.
6.
The
article with
proper names,
a.
With names of persons.
Few
chapters in the study of the Greek article have caused more
difficulty
than that of articular proper names, and especially names
of persons.
Recent years have seen the publication of a number

field,
of important contributions in this special

to the
which are devoted
examination of individual authors and departments.
Impor-
tant data have been
brought to light which contribute to an
7rcus
rq.
K&\iri5i.
'
my
:
girl.
'
'
So Fritzsche, noting
t
<rov
' : '
alii
puellas in universum articulo signincari existimant."

2
icdXindi is
minus apte " her pitcher.

Ameis,
p.
rds KaXds alyas.

Kal tois
Cf. schol.
ras tcaXas
a?7as.
x/>u<ro?0-ti> ovetpoLs.
Kal
tois is Scaliger's correction (ap.
16)
for the vulg.
kclLtoi.
Hermann
(ap. Fritzsche) wrote Kal cots,
and
so Fritzsche
and Hiller.
4
The
' \
article is desirable not only with possessive
meaning, but also

vopevta in
with anaphora,
those golden dreams of yours.
'
rd
5 ircfoa /caXd vofxeOoj.

it is
the present
best taken
The reference of t& is ambiguous. With "iny flocks," with *a\d adverbial as in 1. 47.
39
understanding of the sphere of the articular proper name, and

consequently, of the stylistic effect of
its
free
employment.
The sphere and
effect
of the articular proper noun have been

aspect
by Professor Gildersleeve in the American Journal of Philology, xi, 483 ff. The facts to be noted are the following. We know that classical Greek poetry outside of comedy had little use for the articular proper name. It is
stated in their general
excluded from
in
Homer and
rare in lyric poetry
the sole instance
Pindar (Pythia, x, 57) being accounted an excusable Dorism. 2

it is
In tragedy
so rare that Valckenaer
was led
is
to
deny
its
use
in that department.
In Aristophanes there
a freer use, so that,
tho the lyric choruses admit articular proper names of persons in
only two places (Lys. 1213, Ran. 422), according to Fuller, 4 in

dialogue they are
by no means
rare.
In prose, Plato leads with
the freest use of articular proper names.

historians, while
last.
He
is
followed by the
the orators, restricted by official speech, stand

all this
The meaning of
can be nothing
is to
else,
than that the
sphere of the articular proper
name
be sought in those departlife.
ments and authors that approach the speech of everyday
The home of
its
the articular proper
name
is
familiar language,
is
and
tone, therefore,
where
it is
freely used,
familiar.
The mere
fact that the article regularly
accompanies proper names in modern

this, for it is in
Greek
is itself
an indication of
the popular usage

is
of the earlier language that the origin of modern uses

sought.
to be
In Theocritus
epic (Ionic),
it is
necessary to distinguish again between the

idylls.
and Doric (bucolic)
In the former Theocritus

for
In the domain of prose, L. Herbst, Philologus xl, 374

ii.
;
ff.,
Thucydides
(see A. J. P.
for
541)
C.
Fr. Blass, Eh.
M. xliv,
Iff.
(see
A.
J. P. xi, 107),
Demosthenes
Schmidt, "
De
articnlo in nominibus propriis

;
scriptores pedestres," Kiel, 1890 (see A. J. P. xi, 484, note)
i, Philol. xlix (N. F. hi) 1890, 515 ff., Landern, Stadten und Meeren in der griechischen Prosa," n, Berlin Program 1891, "Der Artikel bei i, Flussnamen und n, Gebirgsnamen ;" and Ad.
two studies, Part
apud Atticos H. Kallenberg, in " Der Artikel bei
Namen von
study of Uckerraann,
In poetry there is the den Komodien des Aristophanes," Berlin Pr. 1892, which has remained uncompleted. 2 3 Cf. Prof. Gildersleeve, ad loc. In a note to Euripides, Phoen. 147.
Zucker, Niirnberg Pr. 1899, for Xenophon's Anabasis.
"Der
Artikel bei
Eigennamen
in
Diss., p. 35.
40
The
Article in
Theocritus.
in general closely follows his model,
and admits the

:
article
with
names of persons only

attribute,
in the
following instances
;
1) with an
;
xm,
7 (not in the epyllion proper)

1
j
xvn, 26
xxn,
140; xxvi, 1 appellatives, XXIV,

34,
xn, 35
(Ionic "lyric)
and 2) with national

This
1,
a MiSeans,
'AXtc/Jirjva; xil, 14, 6eo-aa\6<;,
generic;
is
xxv, 180, ov%

is
'EXi/cnOev 'A%ato?, with anaphora.
a total of nine cases against
one hundred and fifty-one, where
the article
omitted (vocatives and predicates not being counted).
The Aeolic
(lyric)
group shows but one articular name of a person,
with an attributive (xxviii, 17), against five without the article. 2 In the Doric idylls the situation is different. There Theocritus
approximates the familiar language of the naive shepherd, and
we
names of persons used with considerable Taking the Doric group as a whole, we find sixty-eight proper names of persons with the article, one hundred and eighty
find articular proper
freedom.
without the
it
article,
or 27.41
articular.
With
the Doric idylls
is
interesting to
compare the mimes of TIerondas.
single
careful count covering the first seven
mimes showed
eighty-five
anarthrous names of persons, and twenty-two in articular combinations, or
20.5
articular.
tt}?
Of
these twenty-two, nine are of the
type o Mara/civr)?
Marauciov
^vWos, where
the proper
name
(17)
stands rather in appositional relation to the elliptical phrase o
genitive
and four others are national
appellatives.
It
is
is
evident then, that in Herondas the articular proper

frequent than in the Doric idylls of Theocritus.
name
less
In the epigrams
proper
included in this study no articular names of persons occur.
Ameis
(p.
14
"
f.)
in
discussing
the
articular
name
in
Theocritus simply accepts for
our author the rule posited by

loquitur in animo versatur, aut
Hermann
3
:
Nimirum
ut articulus apponatur ad illud nomen,

is
quod aut loquenti vel ei quicum fama et sermonibus hominum

anaphora,
celebratum
est"
the
familiar
and remarks,
p. 23,
"Nominibus
propriis saepe vix
In each of these cases
strict
epic interpretation
makes the
article
demonstra-
tive.
2 3
For names
of divinities see below.
Euripides, Iphig.
AuL,
praef,, p. xvii.

ullo discrimine additur et adimitur."
41
That anaphora does play a

etc.,
part
is true,
and the categories "the famous," "the aforesaid,"
may
in
some cases be applied, but no law can be laid down which

It lies wholly within
will categorically explain Theocritean usage.
the poet's choice, whether or not he shall use the article, and the
metre
may
in
is
some
that
cases be the deciding element.
The
best that
can be said
where the
article is used, the tone is generally
that of familiar reference to persons either belonging to the small

circle, rural
or urban, in which the speaker moves, or familiarly
known
The
Id.
to the
speaking characters by current report, or homely
legend and superstition.

occurrences will be taken up
considered are those unaccompanied

I,
by idylls, and the by attributives.
first to
be
7roTa/jLei/3eTo. Aa</>w?, the subject of " this shepherd song, ra AdfotBos akyea" occurs but once more in
100, %<w Adcfrvis
this idyl
with the
article, line
140.
The name
:
occurs eight times
(exclusive of vocatives) without the article

AdcfrvLSos a\<yea
;
1.
19 in the
1.
title
"to,
at the beginning of the song,
66
as predicate,
120, 121
in apposition, 113,
116
and where Daphnis speaks of
himself in the third person, 103, 135.
I,
109, wpaios x&8covi<>.
This
is
the only mention of Adonis in the idyl,
and the
line is
open
to question.
Anchises, another favorite of Aphrodite

article.
is
mentioned
figures in
article.
in line
106 without the

with "ASavis
Both were familiar
shepherd lore and might with equal propriety have the
The
article
may
be contemptuous.
Besides the nine

find (dvpaios (65)
anarthrous forms already quoted for this idyl
we
and Aio/z^Seo? (112).
AfiapvWcSa, the Amaryllis of the speaker's dreams and hopes, almost " my Amaryllis." 2. o TiTvpos. 41, a 8' AraXdvra, 47, coSoovls. In these lines (40 to 51) five
Id. in,
1.
'
tclv
'
mythological parallels are related.

(40) without the article,
in the second
y
In the
first
we
find 'liriropbevr)^
Arakavra with
the article in a contrast
the apposition 6
Me\a^7rou? (43), itself anarthrous, is preceded by /jbavris, while Pero is described as a 8e /jLarrjp
. . .
a yapieaaa
Treplfypovos 'AXcêo-fcySot?;? (44/45)
in the third parallel
we
find "ASft)w? with the article (47).

etc.,
The formula a the famous,"

o "ASawt?,
" storied,"
might do for a
S'
ÂraXdvra and
but
42
The
the
Article in
Theocritus.
we have
equally well
known
'liriroêvrj^,
MeXd/Jurov^ and
'A\(ea-/3(H?7? ? as
we ll
as Biaz/ros (44)
and 'IacrtWa (50) without

a KXeap terra, the only
o
the article.
Id. IV, 21, t<m AafjL7rpid8a.
Id. v, 88.
mention of her name in the
idyl.
90
Kpa-rtSa?.
In both
cases a possessive translation will approximate the tone of the

article.
|
Id. VI, 6.
fldXXei tol
I ioXixfyafie
to
ttoi/jlvlov
a TaXdreua
TaXdreia
.
fiaXoco-iv.
In
this as in the other
Polyphemus
idyl,
.
always has the article except xi, 76, TaXdretav aXXav, " another Galatea.'' 42. rbv Adcfrviv 6 Aa/Wra? i(f>C\rjae. Else.
where in the idyl these names are anarthrous
(11.
1, 5,
20, 44) save
Aa^yt? once,
Id.
1. 1, where it has the appositive 6 fiovicoXos added. vn, 55. tov AvklSclv, " hunc hominem, me, Lycidan,"
(Fritzsche)
but
1.
this is the
only passage in which the
name
1
person thus used for the speaker himself has the

Be Tn-f/309. 2
article.
of the
72.
6
73. t&s Beêa?, her

%evLa<$ p. s.,
namely of the familiar Daphuis

1.
legend, (v.
Adifivis.
%avQas
v.
in schol.).
Id. VIII, 8.
%a>
Except here and verse
1,
where we have
Ad<f)vi8i ra
(5,
%apievTi, this
name
is
anarthrous throughout the idyl
31, 36,
38 =
670), 71,
92) and the
name of
33
the other shepherd, MevdX/cas

--= iyeb,
never has the article
(2, 5, 30, 32,
39, 62).
In
line 8
we
have a contrast, but we have contrast as well

the article does not appear,
familiarly with the article,
so, 5,
in other cases
is
where
31, 71.
Daphnis
3
referred to
and of the two singers he was the

(v.
more widely known and more famous

TaXareias.
6, above.
13.
rav TaXdretav "that Galatea of
92).
Id. xi. 8.
his/'
It
is
rds
VI,
cf. to
Id. XIV, 31.
a Be Kwio-tca
e/cXaev.
|
her lover
who
is
speaking.
He
has previously referred to her as a xapieaaa
KvvLcr/ca (8)
contrast
in this
and a Be (21). Here the noun stands in a strong and a Be is almost demonstrative. Other articular names idyl are proper adjectives, and names accompanied by
attributives.
It
may be noted that
of the twelve anarthrous names

Id.
nine occur in the long speech of Aeschines.
xv, 23. tov

19,
70, 150,
Compare
(Kofidras)
2 3
;
for anarthrous forms,

vii,
1,
103;
v,
9,
14,
86, (Ad/cwi>),
96
VI 11, 33, 38.

p. 165.
11,
See Wilamowitz, Textg.,

Cf. Leutsch, Philol.
Anz.
515.
Wilamowitz, Textg.,
p. 234.

"AScoviv, here
43
"the Adonis,"
i.
e.
the spectacle, celebration.
Of
the ten occurrences of this
name
and
in Theocritus (exclusive of four

I,
vocatives), seven in this idyl,

is
109
line
in, 47
xx, 35, there

idyl.
but one lackiug the
article,
namely
Id.
111 of this
follow
:
The
other occurrences of the

aeiSew, "the Adonis
T
lpai
"thy
name in song" 102.

;
XV
96, tov "ASeoviv

. .
.
olov tol
tov" AScovlv
ayajov
(Aphrodite's
1.
101) Adonis here."
statue of
Adonis was
i,
set
p. 101).
up at this festival (11. 127-128, Bekker, Charikles, But this fact will not account for the article, tho
128),
is
names of
statues regularly take the article in Attic prose (Schmidt,
p. 16), for
Kinrp^j also represented by a statue

it
(1.
without
the article in both places where
occurs (128, 131).
Elsewhere
Bellerophon
Id.
in the idyl "AScovis, with the article, is
accompanied by attributives.
6 BeXXe/oo^wy,
92. KopivOiai,
elfies avcodev,
ek koX
whom
/cal
the Corinthians chose as their special hero.

.
. .
xx, 35.
ov
tov,
tov "AScovlv
cett.
;
<f)C\.7)o~ev
(s. c.
Ku7T/9t9), (vv.
11.
avTov vulg.,
;
Fritzsche,
kclv
tov Ahrens, Hiller, Cholmeley

Id.
Wilamowitz).
1,
Compare
xv, above.
Anarthrous are
used with
;
JLvvei/ca,
42, and 'Ev8v/jl(cov, 37.
few cases follow where the

to
article
is
proper
14, 6
adjectives
refer
to
persons
II,
96, o MvvSlos
1.
xn,
ecro-aXo?, generic, as o'AfivfcXaid^cov,
13; XIV, 12, 30; XV,
97.
In vn, 71 where the
article
is
omitted with a national
appellative in the singular, 'Aâ/weu?
was probably the man's

article stands
name.
In other cases the proper adjective with the
in apposition with the
name of
the person
n, 29
v, 2, 72,
73
xxiv,
or with an attributive added,

1.
xxv, 180, ovg
'EXi/crjOev
'A%ato? (with anaphora, referring to

Cases where the proper
165).
appositional
is attended by an noun are comparatively rare. When the proper name precedes, it is set down as well-known and the apposition is added 2 with little emphasis in, 31, a Tpacco /coo-/civ6fjLavTi<;. v,
name with
the article
See Kuehner,
462,
A.
Anm.
1.
For
this troublesome line see

is
Wilamowitz, Textg.
p. 135,
where the Ay poid>

'
reading of the mss.
plausibly defended.
tion of the anarthrous Ko<xKiv6fiavTis
In the reading given above, the addiafter the intervening raXadea finds no parallel
I,
in Theocritus, tho Hiller cites Iliad,
11, rbv Xptio-rjp
TfTl/xrja-
apTjTfjpa.
44
2, ttjvov
tt>8'
The
Article in
Theocritus.
tov iroLjieva tov Hvftapvrav

1.
tov Ad/cayva, 62,
6 /3ovko\os
6 Av/ca)7ra$ (v.
o>Se),
143,
tw Ad/cwvos tw
7'
Troifievos.
VI, 1,
Aa/xotVa? â> Aa(/)w? o ftov/coXos, 1 23,
o fxavTis
6 TiJXeyLto?,
con-
temptuous, "that fakir prophet

' "
following cases attributives also occur
tov itot
Avdirw
toi>
|
icpaTepov
Odyssey ix, 509. vn, 152, rrjvov tov iroijueva compare XI, 7, 6 TloXvcfra/jLov
cf.
:
In the
Ku/cXft)-^ 6 Trap' a/xw
copâlos IIoA,v(a//,o?, both passages notable

xiii, 7, ttcuBos
|
for the heaping of articles.
tov âpievTo^ "TXa.
For
are
articular proper names in the nominative in apposition with an expressed or implied vocative see below under " article with
nouns in apposition with pronouns.
'
The proper names
so used
names of animals.
With proper names of persons, accompanied by an
attributive the
article is
used with considerable regularity in the Doric idylls.

cases
Of
thirty-two
where the
article is omitted,
twenty-seven
is
occur in epic idylls.
The
first
attributive position
the most
common
(26 cases), far behind follows the third (6 cases), and last
stands the second (4 cases).

are found in epic idylls,
First attributive
|
Four
instances of the
first
position
and one of the third position. position: II, 102-103, ay aye tov XiTrapo^pcov
AeXfytv,
2
115; in, 32; V, 4; VI, 40; VII, 47; x, 41; xi, 8; XII, 35; xiii, 7 (in the introduction, not the epyllion proper where, excepting "TXa? 6
ek
efia
ScofjLaTa
39, 118, 152;
vm,
%av06<;,
1.
36, proper
names of persons are anarthrous); xiv,

3
;
8,
30; xv, 86, 128; xvn, 26, (epic); xvm, 5, 28, 31 34, 140, (epic); XXVI, 1, (epic); XXVII, 1, tclv ttlvvtclv
the only articular
xxn,
'Eke'vav,
name of
xiii, 5,
('
a person in the idyl
xxviii, 17.
Here
is
as in v, 62
ApQirpfavos) and xv, 83,
{Sivdpwiros),
"Wilamowitz,
first
in his edition, prefers the readings without the article.
Pairs in which the
name
1,
anarthrous, while the second, always with an attributive or apposition,

:
vu, 132 xxn, 34, 140 xxvi, article, are found elsewhere in Theocritus and similarly in the (spurious) epigram xi (in), 3. 2 This is the only place in the idyl where AA.0is is articular, tho 1. 29 we do find Most of the occurrences of the name are the name in apposition with 6 Mtvdios. in the ritualistic chant of the girl (21, 23 (twice), 26, 29, 50, 53, 62) and the rest
has the
;
;
in the address to Selene (narrative) (77, 149).

3
Elsewhere in the idyl 'EXâ, without an attributive,

(1.
is
anarthrous
25, 37, 48)
as MeveXdy, also
1),

Second attributive position
in, 35
v,
45
147; vn, 98; xv, 127.

an apposition,
:
Third attributive position.
An
attributive added to a proper
name
added
in this position has
more
xiii,
often the value of
loosely as
an afterthought.
The
occurrences follow
vn,
the
105; vin, 1; xn, 29;
36; xx, 43.
So
also once
name of
proper
a divinity, n, 148.
five cases
In only
understood
the article
is
used with the genitive of a

relationship, expressed or
y
name depending upon a noun of

:
II,
G6,
rcovfiovXoio
Ava^co.
iv, 21, rol t<m

;
AafMrrpidSa, rol Ba/JLorac.
names of
b.
divinities
XV, 97, a t<z? 'A/>7eta<? Ovydrnp Epigram, n (vn), 1 ; VI (xx), 1.
with
With names of divinities. In the case of names of divinities Theocritus shows much the same latitude in the use of the article
as in the case of personal names.
In
fact,
even excluding oaths,

is
the proportion of articular names of divinities
greater than that

article is
of articular names of persons.

generally excluded, as
In the epic idylls the
we
and
expect.
Four
cases occur in epic idylls,
where the
(xxvi,
article is used,
(11.
but of these, two in xiii are not in the

11), while the other
epyllion proper
in
two stand together
The Aeolic group furnishes two 6), examples, both forms of "E/ocw? (xxix, 22 xxx, 25), and in the epigrams considered, four such articular names are found. In the
a contrast.
;
Doric group of idylls the article

with
great
is
prefixed to names of divinities
frequency.
Of
the
hundred and fourteen names

water, the
(excluding oaths which will be treated below) forty-two, or 36.8
per cent, have the
article.
The Nymphs of wood and
Muses,
patrons
of
shepherd minstrelsy, Eros and Aphrodite,
themes of
many
a shepherd song, are the divinities that figure

in the
list.
most prominently
We may
believe that statues of

in
Nymphs, of
the
Pan and Dionysus were a common sight And groves where many of the pastoral scenes are laid.
Priapus,
as
so
these rural divinities were felt

statues
ever
present, even as their
and
statues,
when named,
which the
regularly have the article.

article is
One
of the
common
cases in
used
is
after verbs of
sacrifice
and analogous expressions.

for convenience.)
(The alphabetical arrange-
ment
is
46
'
The
AfufyLTphr]
Artiole in Theocritus.
xxi, 55
'AttoXXcqv
v,
82
anarthrous in epics.
;
<S>ot/3o?
and
<1>.
'AiroXXcov anarthrous, VII, 101
XVII, 67
Ilataz/,
articular,
epigram
(vn),
1.
'AfypohiTa
n, 7; x, 33; xix,
Kv7r/)t9, articular five
anarthrous four times in Doric idylls.

I,
out of thirteen times: (xin),

1,
95, 105; n, 130, 131.
Epigram
v,
on a statue of the goddess.

Uacfria articular
:
Kvirpoyeveta anarthrous,
55.
xxx,
31.
ular: in, 46; xxiii,

xviii, 26
XX, 33 (?) XXVI, 6 tg>? rpels (sc. ftwixovb) to, 'ZepeXa, to>? evvea tw Aiovvaa> anarthrous, xxvi, 9, 27, 33, 37 'E/cara: n, 12. "Ejo&>? tov "Epcora, spoken by i, 97; (epic).
:
Atowcro?
his
(?).
Aêo:
98
xxvn, 14,15, 16. 'Ao>? n, 148;

:
Kvde'peia artic;
xiii, 11
anarthrous
vii, 3.
;
AafjLarrjp anarthrous,
;
vn, 32, 155.
mother (but
v
:
1.
E/9<wto?
apyaXeco).
n,
7, 6 t'
"Epw?,
with a touch of bitterness,

lover speaks,
in, 15, rov^'Epcora; the disappointed

"E/jo)?,
x, 20, axftpovTiaTos
again a lover speaking.

25.
:
xiii,
1; xxiii, 4;
xxvn, 19; xxix, 22; xxx,

1
;
AnarIV, 43,
throus as proper noun "E/>a)? occurs eight times.

the sky-god
;
Zev?
22
;
epigram, VI (xx),
of these
anarthrous thirty-seven times,
twenty-five
in epic idylls.
"Hpa
:
IV,
anarthrous
three times, once in Doric.
Moio-ai
I,
9,
20, ra? ftovicoXiKas
MotVa?, 144; v, 80
6
;
ix, 32,
a Molaa
icai <ba y
"
my muse;"
xi,
anarthrous sixteen times, seven of these in epic, one in epigram,

six in Id.
and
I,
2,
we
1
find
vn. rah
UiepiSes, with the article XI, 3.

'TLXt/ccovido-i.
In epigram
part
NvfjLcjzai:
v, 12, 54, 140, 149.
In
this
idyl
statues
of
nymphs may have been

is
of the
setting.
Nvficjxu,
(Nu/nfa, viii, 93),
anarthrous four times in
Doric idylls (excluding vocatives and oaths).
In
I, I,
22,
we
find
rav Kpavaiav, with reference to a

Besides these two occurrences Yidv
for
is
statue.
naz/:
16; V, 58.
articular seven times in oaths,

:
which see below. It is anarthrous but twice I, and iv, 63, in the plural. IlXoOro? x, 19, avrd?
3, /xera llara,
6 II. (clvtos
;
"alone").
sits
IIpir}7ro$:
I,
21, (a statue), 81,
fy&
viii,
the speaker
^lefieXa
before a statue of the god.

6, (see
Upoarev^
;
52
(?).
xxvi,
1
above under AtoVuo-o?)

and
2 anarthrous xxvi, 35.
See Wuestemann, to
1.
17,
cf.
Fritzscke.
Of the names
of divinities used with the article, nine are
accompanied by an
The
Article in
Theocritus,
47
In
Names of
noun
it
divinities in oaths.
1.
TiorC with the genitive.
Theocritus (and the other bucolic poets, see Ameis, p.

in this
37) the
form of oath always has the
article,
tho in comedy
I,
is
sometimes, in tragedy always, anarthrous (Krueger,

I,
68,
37, 2):
12; iv, 50; V, 74; XV, 70.
So once with val
ttoti,
in v, 70.
2.
Nat' with the accusative.
In
a
anarthrous twice, once with
this common form the name is common noun in an epic idyl,
XXIV, 73,
V, 141
3.
is
>val
yap
ifiov yXv/cv (jzeyyos,
and val Mot/oa?,

used:
n,
II,
160.
In the following
;
cases
the
article is
118; iv, 47;
vi, 21
xv, 14; xxvn, 20, 50. In four cases the noun

It
is
is
Ov and
:
ov fid with the accusative.

iv, 17, 29
;
anarthrous
;
vn, 39
xi, 29.
articular in
:
y, 14, 17
xxvn,
35.
Once a common noun
used
2
vi, 22,
kov
c.
fi
e\a6\ ov top
ifiov rov eva yXv/cvv, wwep
oprj/u.
Names
of peoples in the plural.
Theocritus in general ob-
serves the rule, according to which they are anarthrous.
Of
the
forty-seven occurrences of
idylls)
names of
article
this class (only nine in

:
Doric
only two
|
have the
8'
1.
XV, 93.
rot?
Iie\oirovva<ncrTl
i
XaXeO/xe?
hcopiahev
ef eari,
91),
So/cw,
AcopLeeao-i,
we are
if
Corinthians (Dorians,
(we) the Dorians?'
The
is
and who may speak Dorian

is
not
other case
a patronimic in the plural

Aev/caXccoves.
article.
3
XV, 141,
d.
ol en,
wporepov KairCQai
cities
/cat
Names of
in general
do not require the
In
Theocritus the article

IV,
used only in two passages in Doric idylls
32, alveco rdv re "Kporcova

ipei.
Ka\a
ttoXl?
d re Zd/cvvOos.
XV, 126, a MtXaro?

adjective in the
first
Without the
(i,
,
article
such names occur
;
xni, 11
1
xx, 33
(?)
xxi, 55
xxx, 25)
20 n, 12 m, 46 x, 20 xi, 6 one with an adjective in the third

;
; ;
position (n, 148).

Fuller, p. 74
;
Fritzsche interprets
Ameis, p. 37 Krueger, 50, 5, 9 ). " nee me latuit, non (latuit) hunc

;
:
meum unicum
dulcem
(oculum)," and so most editors. Two passages in Herondas, cited ad loc. by Cholmeley for a different purpose, support the interpretation which makes oi rbv
iixbv k.
t.
i.
an oath,
viz., V,
59,
/id
toijtovs tovs 860
vi, 23,
fia rotirovs roils
yXvKias,
3
sc. 6<pda\ixofc.
Compare
also the oath cited above
from the epic xxiv,

13.
73.
Kallenberg, Philol., xlix, 536; Blass, Eh. M.,
xuv,
48
eighteen times in
idylls.
e.

epic,
eleven
in
Doric,
and twice
in Aeolic
Names of
rivers.
With such names Theocritus

Doric
(cf.
uses the
article three times, in
idylls, in referring
to
neighboring
VII, 1.
streams: IV, 24; V, 123
124,
'
1 fie pa anarthrous);
Names
f.
of rivers are anarthrous eighteen times in Doric, nine times
in epic, even
when
iroTafios is added, as in
Names
of mountains
vn, 75, 112. and promontories. With names of
this
class the article is
found three times, twice with an attributive

in apposition: IV,
IV,
19; XI, 47; once where the name stands
33, to 7roTaq>ov to Aaiciviov}
Names
of this class are found

idylls.
I,
without the article seventeen times in Doric, five in epic

g.
e7rl
Names
of islands have the article in two instances:
125,
vao-ov tclv
îKeXdv
XV, 126,
tclv
*2afiiav
<
sc.
vaaov or
yav >.
h.
Such names are anarthrous twice
in Doric idylls, once in
Aeolic with raero?, five times in epic.
Names of
countries are rare in Theocritus

in
and never have
the
article.
Three cases were found
Doric idylls
xiv,
:
68
XVIII, 20,
i.
'AxauSa yalav, 31. Names of seas are also rare.

and that
t
e?
Only one example was found

viii, 56,
in Doric
tclv
in adjective form, with the article
litee\dv
aka.
The
five
instances in epic all

is
stand
without the
article.
Of
in
other bodies of water, a lake
men-
tioned, xvi, 84, without the article.
spring
:
is
mentioned with
the article,
its
name
adjective form
v,
126, a
Su/Sapm?
<sc. Trnyq or icpdva^>, but elsewhere such names are anarthrous,

so
:
vii, 6,
115
xvi, 102.
k.
Names
is
of vessels
2
and
statues,
Attic Greek regularly used

'Apyco, ship of the
with the
nauts,
article.
In Theocritus the
Argo'Apyv,
mentioned in the epyllion of Id. xiii, without the

21, 28, 74.
substantival.
article, lines
In Id, xxn, 27, *H
fiev
the article
is
Names of
statues with the article
have
cd.
cf.
2
But here a temple of Hera on the promontory may be meant. Cf. Schol. in Med. 37, Ziegler, " Scholia," p. 100, and for iroraQov (-rrpoarjcpov) of a temple
Plut. Themistocles, viii, 2, 10.
Schmidt, pp. 16 and 13.
The Article in
Theocritus.
49
already been spoken of (see above under Nv/4$at and Hpiniros).
In
Id. XXIII, 58,
we
find teal ttotI top Seov rj\0e, top vfipio-e,

is
where a statue of Eros

1,
1,
7)
meant, and in the epigrams, v, (xiii),

. .
Kvirpts; VI, (XX), 88'

6
atvrjp
IleLcravSpos; VIII, (xvil),

all
xwvrjp
tclv KcdfiwhCav evpeov 'E7râ/3/ao?,
of which are
inscribed on statues of the persons named.

1.
Names
of festivals of the gods are anarthrous in inscriptions
of the best period. 1
In Theocritus two such names occur, one

.
(e/x* oyiroWcov t Be faXeei fieya) Kdpvea (Apollo's festival) tcai 8rj tyepirei. The SaXvaia are mentioned, vn, 3, without the article. m. Names of constellations are anarthrous save in vii, 54 XcopCav, and here corruption is easy for /ea>ptW <Morelius ed., ap. Ahrens>. In the same idyl "A/3/cto? is anarthrous (112). Other names of constellations occur only in epic idylls. n. Names of winds are anarthrous (vn, 53; ix, 11 x, 46),
with the
article:
V, 83,
except in one passage

NoVoz/ top
o.
t' JLvpov.
vii, 58, %a\//oVe? GTopeaevvri
top re
Tho
not strictly to be classed as proper names, the nouns
denoting natural divisions of time are by their definite nature akin

to proper
belong primarily the names of the seasons of the year.

they appear with or without the
prepositional phrases.
article, in
article,
names and may be treated here conveniently. Here In Attic 2

the latter principally in
In Theocritus
:
de'pos
;
alone appears with the

ix, 12
;
Doric idylls
vi,
16
vin, 78
xxi, 23, 26.
These nouns are used freely without the

idylls,
article, ten
times in Doric
and
six times in idylls of the epic group.
Like the seasons may be viewed
also the lesser divisions of time,

article, in the
wf
and
:
a/jLap.
Afiap
octoi
is
used but once with the

'ifyaaicov
|
plural
XXI, 23,
ras vvktcls
Zevs,
tw
Oepeos /juvvdetv,
ore Ta/jLara /xarcpa
<f>epei,
where the
article is generic.
Of
the twenty anarthrous forms of this word, eight stand in epic

idylls,
and of the others,
five are
used in prepositional phrases.
See Meisterhans, Grammatik der Attischen Inschriften,*
p. 228.
Krueger, Krueger,
i,
50, 2, 12. 50. 2, 12
I,
and
47, 2, A. 1
and
2.
50
The
Article in
Theocritus.
Nvf
occurs more frequently with the article, twice in the accusative

II,
denoting extent (anarthrous once in the plural,

x, 18
;
86, with he/ca)
XI, 77.
So
in
1
comedy the
article
always accompanies vvktcl

article are
:
in this construction.
Other cases of vv% with the

;
xi,
44
(generic)
xxi, 28 (" the present night ")
and
in the plural,
generic, xxi, 22, 25.
Nuf
is
anarthrous nine times in Doric
idylls in expressions of time.

p.
Here may be considered

unless
is
also xpovos,
OaXaaaa and
land
is
777,
which, like proper names, are definite, and do not require the
article,
particular
time,
:
sea,
or
indicated.
X/00V0?
articular three times
11,
92, 6 he ^popo? avvro
(f>ev<ycov,
xiv,
tion.
possibly with anaphora, "that time," "those days of longing."
70
xxiii, 28, both times generic, with semipersonificais
SdXaaaa
cf. cf. 1.
. .
.
found with the
article
VII,
the whole sea,
Vergil, Eel., IX, 57)
57 (generic, of
XI, 43, rav ry\av/cav he
OaXaacrav,
17,
62, top fivdov, " that deep of yours."
In xxi,
In Doric
he
OaXaao-a,
the
article
is
substantival.
;
OaXaaaa is twice anarthrous (vi, 27 XI, 49). r^ (7a) XI, 79, ev tcl 7a fcrj<yd)v rt? (j>aivofjLaL elfMev. Here Ameis (p. 15), and Fritzsche "in hac terra;" cf. Hiller. But Kiessling better:
idylls
: :
"
Non
in patria/ sed in terra continent!,
quam
opponit mari, in
quo Galatea, aqua repudiatur, degit."

phraseological,
But
ev 7a,
"on
land,"
is
and the
article
would ordinarily be omitted.
XIX,
4, tclv
yav eirdraê, " the ground."

definite reference the
(viii,
xxx,
is
3,
ra9 7a?, " the
earth."
With
word
twice anarthrous in
Doric idylls
r.
53
xvm,
20).
BacriXev?, in the singular, referring to a definite individual,
occurs
twice
in
Doric
is
idylls,
with the article: xv,

article,
22,
51.
âaiXeia (BaaiXiao-a)
used once with the
reference to Ptolemy's queen, while in

is
XV, 24, with xxvn, 29, rerj BaaiXeia

in
anarthrous in the predicate.

7.
The generic
article*
With
noun
the singular, the
Fuller, p. 46.
1,
Compare
;
also the neuter adverbial expressions rb fieaauPpivdv,

;
etc.,
2
15
iv, 3
v, 113, 126
/.
;
x, 48,
1,
and rb
Kav/ia,
"aestus per medios," x, 51.
Kuelmer,
462,
Krueger,
50, 2, 15.
Compare above,
introd.
The
51
its
generic article points out an individual as the representative of

class.
it
If the noun used with the generic
article is
of a nature that
its class,
can be used only in the singular, because the only one of

it is
the article shows that

its parts.
conceived as a whole, complete in

is
all
When
the generic article
used with a noun in the
plural, all the individuals
of the class are taken together and
conceived in their relation to one another, as members of the same

genus.
In
all cases
there
is
anaphora
in the widest sense of the
term, since individuals or classes cannot be designated with the

article unless they
have previously
to
some extent come within the

where
experience
entirely
of the hearer.
Hence, in the definition of objects
unknown, the
article is unnecessary, except in cases
the nature of the substantive, or the need of distinguishing subject
and predicate, demands the presence of the
article.
The exact
limitations of the use of the generic article cannot be defined.
Theocritus uses the article with nouns in this sense freely and
at times
abundantly. (Cf. Id.
I,
133
ff.
vm,
76
(cf.
IF.
ix,
7-8
x, 30-31).
The
fact that
it is
never obligatory
Gildersleeve,
" Problems,"
p. 122),
makes
its free
employment
l
in the
Doric idylls
a characteristic of the naive speech of the characters in these idylls.
In
Homer
the generic article

it
is
rare
and
so
we
are not surprised
to find that
does not occur with nouns in the epic idylls of
Theocritus.
a.
With singular nouns.
This
is
I,
the
72,
Theocritus and occurs as follows:

vdp/acraos ,
87; 132
more common use in fif., a he KaXa

;
a
;
ttitvs, G>\a<o? (ra? tcvvas, rol oveft>7r?)
III,
13
IV,
16
v,
130
VI, 7
VIII,
76
ra fiaXiSi
(/-taXa),
;
ra
ftol,
IX, 7 (2), 8 (2)
x, 28 (2),
(2), 79-80, ra Spvl (ral fiakavoi), a ixoaôs, ra> ftov/coXcp (at fides) ; 3031, a atf, tclv /cvtmtov, 6 Xu/co?,
;
rav alya, a yepavos, rwporpov, 47, 52

tyvxpov
6<f>Lv
XII,
14
XV, 58, rov

;
(preceded
by
lttttov
without article
;
the
article
;
visualizes,
hence emphasizes the unpleasant), 83

j
xxi, 33, 6Q
xxiii, 28, 29, 30, 31

b.
(v.
1.
xxvn,
:
3, 9.
With plural nouns

aliroXoi),
I,
80, rol (Sovtcii, rol 7rot/ieVe?, wttoXol
90, 135,
136; n, 35;
m,
26,
53;
IV,
11,
^rueger, n,
50, 4.
52
to)?

Xv/eo?
V, 111,
;
112, ras Saavfcep/cos aXtoireicas ,
114, tq>?
Kavddpo?, 1 125
VI,
16; vn, 57, 120;

ev rot?
vm,
38, 44, 48 (2), 49,
79; X, 29,
a\X
efJLiras
arefydvoL?
ra irpara Xeyovrai, 2
XV, 28, ai ya\eai (perhaps, however, a term of reproach applied to the awkward* Eunoe) xxx, 15 xxi, 22, 23 Berenike fr., 2, ra SUrua.
44
c.
With abstract nouns.

is
As with
concrete
nouns,
it
so
with
abstracts the generic article

to establish sharp
not obligatory, and
is
impossible
differences
everywhere between articular and
anarthrous abstracts as Kuehner for example does. 3
The
article
with an abstract noun

individual phase
may
be intended to designate not only an

in a particular
relation,
of the
abstract
with
anaphora, but also all phases and relations gathered into a single
concept
strictly generic sense.
The sphere
of Theocritean poetry
precludes the free use of abstract
nouns as such, and simple
abstracts are consequently not numerous.

fication is
tendency to personiis is
noted in a number of instances and in other cases there
distinct anaphora.
For convenience the arrangement of examples
alphabetical,
akyos xx, 16 (anaphora)

9
;
e/)a>?
n, 63; XI,
1,
80;
xxiii, 9
xxx,
with anaphora in n, 63 and xi, 80.

:
Otherwise
;
articular only with attributives
I,
93
n, 69,
etc. (refrain)
x, 57
XIV, 26
xxiii, 43.
As
common noun
e/>a>? is
anarthrous twelve
times in Doric idylls, five of these with prepositions.
fcdWos
XaOos
xxiii, 32 (with
attrib.).
In n, 83, /cdWos
irevia
is
concrete.
xxiii, 24 (anaphora)
neXwfia xiv, 2 (anaphora)
poxOos xxi,
2 (concrete in xvi, 60)

1
xxi,
1,
16 (personification in both)
two nouns are causal, and in 112
(si
The
relative clauses
which follow the
last
5a<rvK4picos is
2
an epithet.
:
Fritzsche notes correctly

si
" in coronis vel nectendis vel a nobis conspectis
quis nectit coronas vel
nexas
to
cum gaudio contemplamur). ,,
Objection to
it
rots,
-and
its
position in the verse, at
the penthemimeral caesura, where
receives
undue emphasis according
Hermann (Opusc,
tu
a-T<pdpo})
v, 89), led the latter to

(p. 9).
emend
to iv to?s <rre(f)dvio (cdd. p. D.,
and so Ameis
But Fritzsche
/j.Tras
shows (ad loc. and to viii, 5) that the verse is to be read with a caesura after and after arecp&vois. On the other hand iv rots with superlatives seems to be decidedly a prose use. See Krueger, i, 49, 10, 6. 3 Cf. Krueger, I, 50, 3, 3 and 4 and Hist. Philol. Studien, n, p. 461, 1, 2.
60,
and
see Gildersleeve,
1. c.
53
ttoOos
xxx, 21
(semipersonification)
>
<tXoT??<?
xn, 20 (with
(
possessive).
It is anarthrous as abstract xvi,
66
epi)
xviii,
54.
(frpovrfc
xxi, 28 (personification and anaphora)

XP^txa
%a/w? V, 37
?
(generic-semipersonification)
xviii, 4) the
word
is
concrete.
1.
XXI ^*>. ^ n xv 1^5 (cf. Here nfay be put also /ea>/xa>oYa,

The
epigram
8.
vm (xvn),
article with
The
words and phrases used as substantives.
substantivized words and phrases was by Apollonius in all cases save apparently with 1 participles. The use is so familiar that it requires no detailed discussion here. With substantivized words and phrases the article appears in all its functions, particular and generic. In the idylls of Theocritus the particular use is far the more common one. In
use
of the article with
recognized
the epic idylls cases of this use of the article are infrequent,
especially in the
two
idylls
where Homeric
are
lines are
most
closely
followed,
a.
xxn
and xxv.
With
adjectives.
Most frequent
II,
the cases where the
article stands
a.
with substantivized adjectives. 2

112,
Particular: Masculine.
;
waTopyos.
;
in,
4,
rbv
ivopâv
24, 6 Svo-aoos.
VII, 5, âSiv ra>v iirdvcoOev
96, o SetXo?;
119, o Svo-nopos. 3
18,
xn, 23; xiv, 29; xv, 8, 12, 42, 53; xx, 44; xxin, 37; xxix, 20. Epigram, vi (xx). 2, rbv
I,
Xeovrofjudxav, rbv o^vêipa.
Feminine.
V, 51,
49, rav rpco^Lfiov
(sc. crra^vXrjv).
4,
II,
72,
138
100
xv, 43, 145, a

(Neuters
I,
OrjXeia, the singer present,
xviii, 4.
are not
i/ceo
5
Neuter.
used
20,
adverbially with the
article
included here).
Moio-as.
/cal
t&$ ftovtcoXacas
eirl
to
irXeov
Here
as in
vm,
17, rb rrXeov seems to be " the prize."

"
Cf. introduction
.
and below under "
participles
Cf Gildersleeve, Syntax, 28 ff. Ameis cites rbv &lvov from this passage and elsewhere as a substantivized
Its use as
adjective.
a noun had become so fixed that

it is
it
was no longer
felt as
a substantivized adjective in the sense in which
here used.
4 It is unnecessary to take the article here as Fritzsche (ed. 1869) took it, "seine Appetitstraube, die zum Essen bestimmte Traube," comparing t&
.
. .
didaKTpa,
5
vm,
86.
Tb.v Tpd)ifwi> is the edible fruit

insists that rb ir\4ov
on the vine
(1.
46).
So Fritzsche, but Cholmeley

ii,
does not equal
d/cpo^
(Haupt,
Opusc,
312), but expresses simply a degree definitely higher than that reached
54
II,

36, 143.
;
in, 27, to 76 fxav reov ahv rervKraL. 1
IV,
;
45
V,
71
vin, 17
S'
xiv, 11
fi
xv, 78
ra
aarifcd
ov/c
ifylXwo-ev
"
4.
xvi, 42
xvn, 118
xx, 31,
that baggage
(Euneike) with
her city airs/ 7 with

(1.
contemptuous reference to her own words
4)
not " those town girls," as Cholmeley translates.
xxiv,
72; xxvi, 24; xxix, 5; xxx,

/3.
Generic : Singular.
The
:
generic singular
:
is
rare
and outside
of neuter forms occurs but once

is
x, 17, rov akiTpov.
The neuter
an
found in three places
xx,
19, to /cpijyvov, equivalent to
abstract
noun
xxix,
6, to 8e Xonrov, " all the rest."
Epigram,
IV (xn),
4, to tcaXov.
Plural.
In the plural again most of the
cases are neuter, but a few masculines
and feminines do occur

87,
t<z?
XXI, 44.
19
Epigram, VII (xvi),

all
5.
:
I,
/za/eaSa?.
The
remaining cases are

vi,
;
neuters
;
in, 31, TaXaOea " the truth."

;
vn, 127
vin, 42
xiii, 3
xiv, 50
xxvi, 32.
b.
With Participles.
It has been said (see introduction) that
Apollonius did not recognize the use of the article with substantivized participles except in the case of a
few stereotyped forms.
As
a matter of fact, because of their adjectival character, partici-
ples are treated in this respect exactly as adjectives are treated.
Apollonius himself takes up cases where the participle

him "the advantage,"
is
is
used as an
by
others, just as vin, 17
is
according to
as v, 71.
That
there are, however, cases in Theocritus where there
a confusion of superlative
ever, also
and comparative is shown by Legrand (p. 311), who cites our passage. See, howWilamowitz, Textgeschichte, p. 50, note. Taken in connection with the preceding, the meaning is clear: "you sang rb. Ad<pvi5os <\7ea and won the
prize
(t'fcco
aorist)
for pastoral
minstrelsy"
tu
with
a possible reference to the
very contest mentioned, line 24.

1
Fritzsche
erit
is
"ad
te
quod
attinet,
quod
sentis
/c,
<t6
re6p^>
suave, hilare,
laetum
<d5i> ttvktoll>."
Compare
schol. cd.
struction
common enough
(cf.
(see Fritzsche, ad loc.
"rb <rbv fiipos." This confound in Pindar, ) and is
Pyth., xi, 41
Pyth., v, 72).
Meineke, however, followed by Hiller, renders:
"tua tibi voluptaseffectaest," connecting rb rebv ctStf, and similarly Ameis (p. 11) and Snow. Cholmeley objects to this version on the ground that rb rebv AM " could only mean 'your sweetness.' " But Aristotle, (BheL, i, 1354, b. 11) furnishes an exact parallel in iirnxKoireip
2
rrj Kpicrei
rb Ulov
r}bi> 1)
\vir-qpbv.
Like etvos, /x-qKds, "the bleating one," had practically become a noun. In the Thesauros of Stephanos but one instance is cited where /^/cds is used as an Nauck Fr. 466, adjective of something besides a goat, Soph., Frg. Amphiar.
nr)K&8os
/3o6s.
55
1 adjective in the first attributive position, and with ' 6 Tvpavvo/cTovrjaas
TifjLcLo-Oco
'
he
illustrates a
generic
2,
use
of the article which
he
characterizes as TrpoXwTrTiK&Tepov.
In Theocritus substantivized
participles with the article
do not
be
occur in the strictly epic idylls and they were probably not used
by Homer.
a.
As
in the case of adjectives the generic use is to
distinguished from the particular.

Particular.
Here the anaphoric value of the

reference to definite
XIII,
article
appears
in all its
phases, with
fyiXeovra.
persons or things
XI,
19,
tov
68, tcov
irapeovTwv.
This
is
the
only idyl of the epic group that shows examples of this type.
Two
low.)
other cases, both generic, occur in the same poem.
(See be-
xv, 47,
6 tkq)v,
54, 77.
9,
6 fucrwv, ol /Mo-evvres.
xxix,
xxin, 3, 62-63, toI tyXeovTes, 18. Here belong also those cases
where the participle with the
article is
I,
used in apposition with a

63, 'AtSav tov eicXdOovTa,
;
noun or pronoun.
120, 121.
So with nouns
;
xni, 7
With pronouns
proper
xiv, 53. Epigram, iv (xn), 1 xxviii, 8

\
viii (xvn), 1.
xxix, 32.
Three cases may also

49, 6
be mentioned, where
the participle with the article precedes a
name
ill,
32,
%a
|
irpav iroioXoyevcra TXapaifiark
rbv arpoTTOv vttvov lavcov
'Evi//lmW
V, 4, tov fiev tclv avpcyya

first
irpoav K\e-\jravTa KofjLaTav.
Of
these the
and the
at the
last
have
been enumerated above

in the
remaining
case, the position
among proper names with of 'Ezû/uW

participle
the article, but
head of
the following verse indicates that the

appositive.
13.
was
felt as
an
Generic: Singular,
viii, 17,
6 vi/cwv,
"the winner," 48.
X, 53; XI, 75, tclv irapeolaav afxeXye. tl tov <f>evyovTa Sta/ceLS

(proverbial). XII, 13, 16
;
XIV, 62, tov
<f>tXeovTa, tov ov fyikeovTa
(=
tov fJuaevvTa, hence ov.
Cf. VI, 17).
xv, 25, 48, 126.

27,
The
only generic neuter singulars are:
xxin,
to
fieWov, and
epigram iv (xn),
1
4, to Trpocrfj/cov.
Syntax I, 34, p. 68, Bekker. Synt, p. 27. A TK&v had become so thoroughly substantivized as to be construed with a dependent genitive f. L, Eur. Elec, 335; Ion., 308 Ale, 167.
2
;
;
56
Plural,
The
Article in Theoci'itus.
x, 8, tcov aireovrayv
XII, 2, oi 8e 7ro0evvT<;
15.
(epic); xxiii,
this article
24; xxix, 30; xxx,
Actual
XIII,
66
omissions of
with substantivized adjectives and participles are rare
outside of the epic idylls.
In the Doric idylls we

;
may
note
in,
47,
iirl
irXeov
XiWa?
XV, 27,
e? fjueaov,
both phraseological
xv, 142; vi, 17;

c.
vm,
is
QQ.
With adverbs.
Three cases are to be distinguished here;

used as a noun, second, when
it
it is
first,
when
the adverb
used as
an adjective, third, when

a.
preserves
its
adverbial character.
Used as nouns.
This use of the
article is denied to
Homer.
Where forms
infrequent,
of the article stand with adverbs they are explained
as demonstratives. 1
Occurrences of this use in Theocritus are
two
;
in epic.
S'
V, 28, rbv irXarlov
x, 3,
tw
Tfkarlov, 9,
twv eKToOev
p.
6, as
xiii, 4, to
avptov; XVI, 13, rcov vvv (taken
demonstrative, in the
Homeric manner)
by Ameis, xxv, 216, to
fieo-nyv.
/3.
Epigr. VII (xvi), 4, toiv TrpoaOe.

attributive adjectives,
Used as
with nouns expressed or under-
stood, generally in the first attributive position.

this use
One
at
instance of
and the
first
position
is
cited
:
from Homer,
38,
II.
xiv, 274.
virevepOev
Two
|
cases appear
in
epic
idylls
xxn,
XaXkai
where
o
;
the article
may
be considered demonstrative, and
xxv, 236,
vn, 136
find
irplv (sc.
;
oto-To?).
The remaining
cases are
3.
xv, 141
xxx,
1
21.
Epigram, vi (xx),
II. ix,
24 Once we
I,
the adverb with
the article following the noun, like the

i.
appositive use in
The
7.
case in
Homer, f. Theocritus is vn,
559, and Od.
xxn,
is
220.
5,
xa ^ v
v eTrdvcodev.
Preserving their adverbial character. 2

in
This use
frequent
enough
found in
Homer, and with adverbial accusatives of adjectives is Pindar. 3 The article is not restricted to local and
cover most cases.
idylls,
temporal adverbs, but these categories

Theocritus the construction
cases occur in epic.
is
In
frequent in Doric
and three
Temporal adverbs or neuter adjectives are
Foersteinann, p. 19.
2 3
Krueger,
1,
50, 5,
10 and 13.
11,
50, 5, 10
and
11.
Kuehner,
461, 6.
Stein, p. 40.
The
the most
i/julv
Article in
Theocritus.
57
Ill, 3,
common.
I,
41,
1
kclijlvovtl
ill,
to tcaprepov.
TiTvp
to kclXov
7re(f)i\r)fjLve.
:
18, to kclXov 7ro0op(baa.

;
; ;
Other
cases are the following
Temporal: I, 15 II, 144 IV, 3 V, 13, 48; xv, 15; xvn, 75; xx, 21; xxn, 4; xxv, 240; xxiii, 40. Adverbs of manner : in, 18; vii, 59, xv, 58. Omission of the article may be noted in I, 34, 98
113, 126; x,
2,
29,
kclXov, VII, 21,

d.
fieo-afjLeptov
2
;
VIII, 16, iroOeairepa.
With prepositional
jihrases.
Masculine and feminine forms

a.
to designate persons
do not occur in Theocritus,

Ovpav.
The
Trap
purely
substantive use of prepositional phrases occurs only in the neuter

in four instances
:
x, 14,
to, irpo
xxvin,
25,
to,
<f>CX(p.
XXII, (epic) 22,
tcl
777909
ttXoov, 61, to, t
ef ifiev (sc. gevca).
/3.
The appositive use of articular prepositional phrases, found Homer, occurs in Theocritus as follows I, 1, a 7rn-t>?
:
.
also in
ttjvcl
ttotI tclIs irayaicri, 65, vpcri<? 08' a>f Atri>a?
V, 52,
65
4.
VII, 40,
y.
151
xi, 7
xxvi, 4
(epic).
Epigram, vi (xx),
/car' clvtov
Most
II,
common
first
are the cases where a prepositional phrase stands in the

:
v, 47,
;
I,
30, a 8e
;
e\tf,
72
33
49',
57
vi, 18
vn,
7,
130, 138
xxv, 180
(epic)
xxvin, 17
e.
xxx,
27.
With
the infinitive.
We
use of the articular infinitive in Theocritus.
would naturally expect but little Doubt has been cast

idylls).
|
on each of the three cases that are cited (from Doric

IX, 13,
In
ipebv
tw
Se Oepeos <j>pvyovTO<;
i<yay
too-gov fxeXehalvct)
oaaov
to TrcLTpos fivdcov Kol /jLdTpo? ciKovav, various changes are made. 3
No
certain parallel has yet been cited for such a use of the infinitive
for a concrete
irielv
noun
as is found in x, 53, ov /xeXeSaivei tov to
iyxevvTa.
Here, as in the passage cited as parallel from
l
.
T6 ko\6v troubled the scholiast who explains

olptI
tfyovv 81a to kcLWos 4/xol

olvtI
ire<f>i\.
7}
tov xaXws
fj
5ia t6 koXov
1,
J)
to KaXbv
tov \tav.
Editors
Cholme-
ley ad loc., Fritzsche to
41) cite as parallels to this use of the article with neuter
adjectives for adverbs of quality, Lucian,

(cf. ib. 3),
Amor.
26,
voucivdois
t6 ko\ov avdovaiv
Herondas, 1, 54, Anthol. Pal., vn, 219, Callim., Ep. 52, and others (see Legrand, p. 308), which show that the construction is late. As in the case
Cf.
1,
of other adverbs, the article lends definiteness.
34,
where the
/j.e<r.
article
is
omitted.
2 3
Now
probably correctly read r6
fxea.
by Wilamowitz
for tv
See Fritzsche' s critical note.
58
The
Article in
Theocritus.
Anthol. Pal. xii, 34, 4
el? efyepev
to
<j>ayelv,
eh
Se irielv eSiBov,
changes have also been made to avoid the
article,
tho most editors
keep the reading given.
The verbs used
here, belonging as they
do to
;the
sphere of vulgar language would be especially prone to

infinitive.
1
such an extension of the articular
In xi, 60, vvv av to

avTo ya, clvtoOl or
ya
velv
/jbepLadev/jLcu,
editors generally write
similar forms.
9.
The
article
with appositive nouns,

it
a.
When
a noun
it
is
used
in apposition with another noun,
takes the article if
does not
simply express an attribute or predicate, but adds a definite and

distinguishing
value.
characteristic.
2
Apollonius
lays
it
The article then has anaphoric down as a law, that an appositive

article
:
added to a proper noun always takes the
tol
Be eirideTiKa
eirdv o-vvTaacrnTat KVpiois ovofiaai, ttclvtws o~vv apOpois \eyeTai,

el
fjLrj
tcl inrap/CTLfcd
t&v
pn/JLctTcov eirKpepotTo.
This
is
too general
a statement, since numerous cases arise where the appositive stands
without the
article.
As
a matter of fact, the rule stated at the
beginning of this paragraph applies also in the case of proper
names followed by an
is
appositive, for if the appositive simply adds

article
. . .
an attribute which does not distinguish the individual the

unnecessary. 4
For Theocritus we may

VII, 3
f.
;
cite in, 31,

/c'
|
a Tpaioo
fcocr/av6/JLavTL<;
(?).
teal
<>pao-i8afJL0$
;
'AvTiyevvs Svo
;
TeKva
Epigr.,
Avfcvpeos.
vili,
93
XIV, 24
XXVIII, 6
vn,
2,
and
others, besides
many
in epic idylls.
XXIX, 38. Only
two
cases are cited
below from an epic idyl where the appositive
has the
article, xiii, 5,
epyllion proper.
article, see
a.
and 19, of which the former is not in the For cases where the proper name also has the
above under proper names.

appositive
I,
The
:
may
precede,
and then
it
has the greater
emphasis
IV, 33 V, xix, 1. 120; 80; xiii, 19; xiv, 1, 12; xv, 11, 18, 22, 110, Epigram, (xvn), 1 ix (xxi), 1.
113, tov /3ovto,v
vi/cco Ad<f>viv.
ill,
43
vm
*&. A.
2
J. P., in, 195.
3
4
Syntax, 32, p. 65. 11, Bekker. See Kuehner, 462 A. Amn. 1.

Cf. Fuller, p.
66 f. for examples from Aristophanes.

p.
59
is
The
appositive
may
it
;
follow,
and then the greater emphasis

. . .
tw Aa/JtTrptdSa rot BafioTcu "the people (descendants) of Lampriades, the demesmen" (cf. iv, 33; xm,5). v,10,15, 64 vi,44 vn,73 viii,34 xiii,5 xiv,13,24 XV, 138, 139 XXI, 9 ff. rd ratv yetpotv aOXruxaTa, rol KaXa6t(Ticot,
IV, 21, rol
;
upon the noun which avXwrptSos. ill, 4, 26
modifies: n, 146, tfrtXto-ras
Ta? afias
toI tcaXa/jtot, rdyKtcrrpa,

i/c
rd
(frvfctdevra
SeXwra
|
(op fiat KvpToC re

re
yepcov
/cat
o-'Xpivwv
XaBvptvOot
|
fxrjptvOot
/coma
eir
ipeia/jLCMrt
\e/x/3o?).
Here
rol icakaOCa-Koi, etc., are in epexegetic
apposition with rd d6\rj/jLara.
the other nouns in the series

retards the description.
is
noteworthy.
The omission of At
the article with

first
is
the article
Each group of implements
a picture
by
itself:
" the baskets, the rods, etc.," of their trade, and then in
a rapid sweep are added, in a confused heap, " lines, wells, traps,
cords, an oar
and an old boat on

vi (xx),
2.
stays."
xxiii, 21.
article
Epigram,
with nouns
VII,
IV (xn),
11
Omissions of the
also occur.
idylls.
is
in apposition with
;
common nouns
type
So n, 121;
xv, 97,
in
etc.,
but mostly in epic

of
b.
A common
apposition
that
where a noun
expressed
in
stands
apposition
with
or
personal
pronoun
the
or
this
is
understood.
relation
noun
substantivized
the
article,
word standing
appositive
:
generally
takes
because
reference
necessarily definite in
most
cases.
it
The
may
;
precede
or follow the pronoun to which

.
. .
belongs
I,
116, 6 fiov/c6\o$
III,
;
iycD Adfois.
fxe
II,
72, iya)
... a
x
)
peyaXoiTOSj 138
;
19,
irpoGTTTVâi
56.
is
top
aliroXov
v,
90
XI, 39
XII,
23
to
XIV,
XVIII, 22,
generally
a/i/xe? 8' at
irdaai o-vvofAdXuces.
avvo/jidXiKes
Here
at irdaai
d/jL/ues.
taken
with
as
predicate
It
seems better, however, to take at
irdarat
alone, in
apposi-
Fritzsche expands on the article here saying

e.,
'
: '
hunc qualem coram vides
caprarium, h.
qualis esse caprarius verus debet,
hominem haud contemnenquadam

dignitatis
dum.
Aliquoties Theocritus
ita
quum
facit,
quis de se ipso atque officio suo et vitae
genere praedicat,
officium eius
ponit articulum, ut aut
cum
conscientia
suae ea persona, quae verba
loqui videatur, aut, id quod redit eodem,
notum significetur. " He compares v, 88, 90; xiv, 56. It cannot however be maintained that in all these cases there is dvacpopa /far' kôxhv for that is what Fritzsche' s note seems to say for this instance.
60
tion

with
amies.
xx,
2.
18;
xxm,
37;
xxvm,
8; xxix, 32.
Epigram, iv (xn),
find
With pronouns implied

in in, 24,
or understood
an articular appositive
and xiv, 29.

article, in
we Here belong
those cases where the
noun with the
the nominative
case, stands in apposition

tive.
1
with an expressed or unexpressed vocais
This use, found also in Homer,
more common
is
in the
plural,
where
distinct forms for the vocative are wanting, but the
singular of
so,
common
as well as proper nouns

rj
similarly found
ib.,
Arist. Birds, 665,

;
Upo/cvrj
eicfiaive
cf.
1628;
Plut.,
1100
Lucian Deor.
ov
Dial., 20, crv Be irpocnQi ty KOnva.

in
Following
151, at
Vili,
examples of plurals are found

Xfaaipat,
|
Theocritus:
I,
Be
;
fir}
o-KipTvarelre
xxin, 62, 63. In the singular are found names of animals IV, 45, gitO' 6 Keirapyos
:
V, 100,
108
(?),
110;
67
the
folloAving,
all
(or Xeirapôs), 46,
a Kvfiaida
10.
(v.
1.
v K.)
is
with obros, v, 102, 147.

article.
In
I,
151, the
name of an animal
The
usually adds
thus used without the
article with the predicate.
something previously
it
The fact that the predicate not known of the subject,
and
is
indefinite in the sense that
designates the class to which
the subject belongs, causes the predicate in most cases to stand
without the
article.
But when the predicate
is
to be regarded as
known and
itself is
definite, it takes the article in
the same
way
as other
nouns, and subject and predicate are equivalent. anarthrous the predicate cannot take the
is
If the subject
the
article, unless
nature of the subject

article,
such as to make
is
it
definite
without the
or the predicate
its
a word which requires the article to
complete
meaning.
Cases are rare in Theocritus where an

Id. in,
actual predicate has the article.

fio/jL/Sevcra,
13, aide
yevoifiav
fieXto-cra.
Editors usually
call
the
article
deictic,
explaining that the speaker points to a bee that happens to be

flying about.
Theocritus shows a fondness for the generic

is
article,
and
1
since there
nothing in the passage to indicate emphatic
See Gildersleeve, Syntax,

Cf.
13
Krueger,
i,
45, 2, 6
n, 50,
7, 4.
2 8
Ameis,
p. 17.
o.
See especially J. Dornseiffen.

cases of articular
c, and A. Proksch,
o.
c,
who
eliminated
many
nouns falsely understood as predicates. has however yielded little that is not in the grammars.
This special work
The
deixis,
it
Article in
Theocritus.
61
seems better to
7r<z?
call the article
here generic.
xxi,
article
is (like)
14,
outo? toIs aXievaiv 6

possessive value.
list
Tropos, ovtos 6 ttXovtos.
The
has
(Outo? by attraction for Tavra, referring to the
of implements described in the preceding lines).

ovos ev pd/j,va> to re \vyyiov ev irpvTaveiw
:
xxi,
36,
aW*
u he
an
ass in the bramble,
and the (proverbial)

;
light in the
is
Prytaneum."
Ameis,
(p. 4),
reading to Be (mss.
to re
Kaupt's correction),
\vyyiov predicate.
takes the article as substantive subject with

(Cf.
Hermann, Opusc. v, 112). In other cases that have been cited as instances of articular predicates, the articular noun is to be taken as subject (so where
one member of a sentence
2, tl Be tol to
fjbeXrjfia).
is
an interrogative pronoun,
is
f. i.
xiv,
This
true of XXI, 33, otrro? apLCTTOS

a>
oveipo/cpLTas, 6 SiSda/caXos io-Tt 7ra/o'
vovs,
which Ameis,
(p. 19),
etc.,
renders
" cui mens
est
pro suo magistro."
'O faMcr/cako?
logically answers the question ti? 6 StSda/caXos with the predicate

i/oO?.
In x,
29, t& irpaTa has been taken adverbially (see above)
while at iracraL in xvin, 22, has been construed as in apposition
with the subject a/xê? (see above under 9
b).
Somewhat
verbs.
ifkeov So,
different are the cases
where an articular noun stands

and similar
as indirect predicate after verbs of making, calling,

f.
i.,
viii, 17, tl Be to irXeov eêl 6 vlk<ov.
Here
ti
is
would simply mean "what more"

is
while rC to irXeov
" what
in,
7.
the prize the victor will get."
Compare
viii,
86 and
11.
The
article with
is
nouns accompanied by
attributive adjectives.
When
the article
used with a noun accompanied by an attribu-
tive adjective, the adjective
may occupy
one of three positions.

first,
These positions are regularly designated as the

third
second and
stands
attributive
position respectively, as
the
adjective
between the
article
and the noun, or follows the

its
articular
noun
with an article of
anarthrous noun. 1
simplest,
b.
own, or with
its
own
the
article follows the

is
Of
these positions
first
logically the
and
is
therefore designated
by
Aristotle (Rhet.
1407,
37) as the position

1
which contributes
to o-vvTOfjuia in composi-
See Milden, " Limitations of the Predicative Position in Greek," introd.
62
tion.
The
In the second position each

mentions this position
(1.
article has its

c.
own
it
value.
Aristotle
line 36) as
one of the
has been
elements that contribute to oy/cos in composition, and

called the "oratorical" position.
is
In the third position the noun
stated simply, without being indicated as definite or

its
known,
after-
and the adjective with

this position.
article is
added much
like
an
thought to explain the noun.

that "
Aristotle does not directly mention

it
Professor Gildersleeve has called

2
the position
is,
or affects to be, easy " and " familiar/'

its
and has pointed
out that
interpretation depends
upon the grammatical stage of

is still
the language.
"
When
the article
largely implicit,
when
vuh
is 6
vlos then uto? 6 e/ô?

e/io?
= 6 wo? o
eyuo?.
When
it is
explicit,
then vlos 6
o ifjuk
is
has a decidedly naive

neglegentia,
effect,
the afterthought
a grata
a slipshoddiness of the Greeks."
Since poetry can omit the article, can resort to the implicit article,
the third position
may
is
be used as a poetical equivalent for the

especially the case
f.
i.,
second position.
This
where the noun has

I,
more than one
attributive, as,
it/,
xvi, 44,
far
126.
Of
the three positions, the

is
first
is
the most
common
the third
in
is
Theocritus, while the second
the least
common, and
position
is
only about one fourth as

the
adjective
is
common
as the first position.

first
Where
in
possessive, the
regular
Theocritus, only one instance of each of the other positions being
found.
a.
ii,
First
attributive
position
I,
3,
7, 13,
20, 61, 133, 146
12, 94, 102, 115,

iv, 19, 40,
118, 126, 156;
m,
5, 46, 49,
13
(parti-
ciple);
(twice),
59;
v, 17, 24, 87,
101, 112;
VI, 11,
16
36
vn,
10, 39, 65, 87, 118, 121, 123, 132,

;
152
vm,
;
47, 49, 56, 62, 86
x, 20, 24, 28, 41
XI, 6, 8, 35, 39, 43, 47,

;
xiv, 8, 12, 26 53; xn, 20, 28, 35; xm, 5, 7, 11, 16, 19 xv, 4, 33, 34, 51, 58, 81, 86, 110, 128; xvi (epic), 22; xvn (epic), 26; xvm, 5, 19, 28, 31; xx, 5, 33; xxi, 10, 14, 19,
26, 55, QQ, 67;
xxn
I,
(epic),
34,
140, 189;
xxm,
56o
51; xxiv
Apollonius Synt.,
40,
p.
80,
12,
Bekker,
twp
dpdpuv 56o ava<popas
8ia<popovs SrfkotivTuv.
2
See his Justin Martyr A. ;
6,
A. J. P.,
vi, 262,
xvn,
518.

(epic),
63
61 (aWos), 63
xxvm,
see
23
xxix,
16, 37
XXVI (epic), 1, 24 (aWo?) xxvii, 1 xxx, 25. Epigram, I, 1, 3. For

;
adverbs and prepositional phrases used attributively
in this position
above under 8 c and
d.
b.
Second attributive position.

in
No
examples of
this position are
found
epic idylls save xiii, 6, and this does not stand in the
epyllion proper.
Following examples occur: iv, 20; v, 99, 108

;
vn, 98
viii,
27
xiii, 6
xv, 127.
Epigram,
/jlol
I,
1.
Here may
ttouciXov,
be mentioned also v, 11,
to Kpo/cv\o<;
irolov
.
eBw/ce, to
answering the question to

this position in three cases
voucos.
is
The
adjective takes
where the noun
accompanied by a
(x), 2.
demonstrative:
once with
I,
23; v, 147.
v, 14.
Epigram, in
instances
Similarly
<zuto'?,
Four
where a prepositional
1
phrase stands in this position have been cited above, under 8 d

c.
yS.
Third
attributive position.
The
addition to proper
names of
an adjective
end).
in this position
has already been discussed (see 6 a
Outside the sphere of proper names the following cases

:
have been noted

top irucpop (vv.
I,
124
in, 37
;
v,
36
viii, 74,
\6yov
11.);
X, 18
XI, 46, afiireXo^
a
;
yXv/cv/capiros
2
;
xxi, 8
xxni, 32;
xxv
II,
(epic)
27
xxix, 19
and with a pre-
ceding demonstrative,
d.
30. 3
When
the articular
noun
is
accompanied by two or more
attributive modifiers, Attic prose
usage permits a choice of positions

is,
within certain limitations. 4
Stated generally, the rule
that,
when two attributives without a conjunction are joined to a noun by means of the article, usually either both stand between the article and noun, or one (or even both) follows the noun with the article repeated. According to Krueger, when both attributives
are adjectives, they are usually both inserted in the first position
For
cases
where one
of
two adjective attributives takes this position see below
under 2 In
to eat
d.
this description put into the
mouth
of the Cyclops, the omission of the
article with the other
nouns
is
noteworthy.
The Cyclops emphasizes what
and drink, the product

the vine
of the vine (cf. Legrand, 307, 364).

is
is good Note that in
English also
3
par excellence
the grape).
For participles, adverbs and prepositional phrases in this position see above under 8, and for cases where the noun has more than one attributive see below. 4 Krueger, i, 50, 9 ff Kuehner, 464, 7.
.
64
The Article in
Theocritus.
only when one adjective forms a single concept with the noun, and
the other adjective modifies the complex.
In Homer ! the comis rare,
bination of two attributives with an articular noun
and
in
most cases both attributives stand between the

This
is
article
also the
most common position

avSpa
x, 57
in Theocritus.
:
and the noun. With two
adjectives
we
find the following cases

.
.
n, 3, tov ipov
< fiapvv
modifier
.
evvray*
is
<f>i\ov
XV, 138.
found
Where one
:
an adjective, the other a genitive or some other modifier, the

is
I,
inside position for both attributives

TTiKpov epcora; vii, 80, 136,
92, tov clvtco
138; xvi, 90
ical
(epic); xviii, 6.
:
In
1
one case two adjectives joined by

teal tco
take this position
xxx,
âXeiro)
is
/calvo/jiopco rtwSe vo<rr)\xaTOS.
In
V, 84, a predicate
adjective
inserted
afxeXyco
by hyperbaton
(cf.
irXav hvo
ra<z Xoittcls BiSvfJia-
to'/co? al<ya<;
Ameis,
p. 15).
In one instance two attributive adjectives, each with an article, Compare precede the noun VI, 22, tov ifibv tov eva yXv/cvv. Thuc, 8, 23, 4, raZ? yu,e#' eavTod vavcrl teal Tah Tpurl tclIs Xtat? iraperrXei, and other examples cited by Kuehner, 464, 7, c. (cf.
:
Ameis,
tov Xlv
p. 21).
vTrefjLeive,
In xin,
5, oo/JLcjiLTpvcDvos 6 %a\;eo*;a/?Sio?
wd?, o?
o %a\/e.
vl<h is in apposition
with the
elliptical
(dflfaTpVCDVOS.
In a few cases one attributive precedes with the

the other follows with the article repeated:
(f)iXov
I,
article,
while
141, tov MotVat?

70,
2
avBpa, tov ov
Tpo(j>6<;
Nv/jlcJxilo-iv
|
a7re^^.
II,
a etâ/Jt'Sa
VII,
in
Opaaaa
7.
iLoucaplTis
ayxfflvpos vaiovcra;
39;
XIII,
In in, 45, an
I,
adjective
and a genitive follow

re
the third
Twice we
find positions not sanctioned
by
prose usage:
126, alirv
aa/xa
ttjvo
Avicaovihao, to koX
Krueger, n, 50, 9 and

Qpq.<rcra
Anm.
name as some editors take argument for /xcucapTris as a proper name, on the ground that the girl here speaking would scarcely call " na/capiTis" an old woman who had MaKaplrrjs, fern. brought all her woe upon her, cannot be taken seriously. naicapiTis seems to have been commonly used of the dead with about as much 6 paKaplrifjs lias yhp X^yei tis sincerity as "derseelige" in modern German. orx"cu' (Stobaeus Flor. 121, 18, cf. Hiller ad loc). Compare Herondas, vi, 55,
because of
its
position can hardly be a proper
it.
Fritzsche's
Ku\cu0ts
i}
p,aKap?Tis.
The
ticucdpeao-Lv ayrjTov,
65
and xvi,
(epic) 44, Seivos aot8o\ 6 K^to?,

is
where
the omission of the article before the nouns

article is
poetical.
The
unrepeated with a genitive, following an articular noun

first
with an adjective in the
attributive position, in
is
XV, 51, and so
frequently where the genitive

12.
a personal pronoun.
adjective modifier either precedarticle
is
Predicative position. 1
An
its
ing or following a noun and

predicative position.
said to stand in the
The
relation of the adjective to the
nouu
is
then that of predicate to subject, with a form of the participle
noun thus attended by a predicative adjective is not distinguished from other individuals of its class, but its In present attribute is contrasted with other attributes of itself.
understood.
translation the article
is
often omitted.
Simple cases of
case are the
a)%ero.
this construction
:
with nouns in the nominative

.
following
IV,
5,
Avto?
a<t>avTO<; 6
1.
/3ov/c6\os
;
xi, 67, a fjudrvp a&i/cel

;
/ne fiova, cf.
xxi,
XV, 53
is
XX,
24
xxiii, 24
xxv, 236
(epic).
Cases where there
an
ellipsis
of the verb eVrt need not be cited.

in Theocritus, especially in idylls
Such
ellipses are
very
common
vni and xv.
The most common type of the

is
predicative modifier in Theocritus
that of oblique predication in the accusative case, with verbs of
calling,
making, and a few others.
Of
the adverbial dative and

(o. c.)
prepositional types discussed

in Theocritus.
by Milden
&>?
no examples occur
VI, 7
Of
the accusative type following instances have
been noted
iv, 13, top

;
BovkoXov
koucov eitpov
x, 2
xix, 8
xxi, 23, 47
is
xxix,
18.
(In
xxvn,
37, ra 8e irwea
KaXa
vo/jLevco, kclKcl
used adverbially with the verb).
Add
to
these three instances of oblique predication in the accusative with parts of the
body
XX,
8, fxaXafcov
to yevecov e%ei?
XXIX, 33
xxx,
28.
All of the cases so far cited are easily explained in
conformity with Attic usage.

caused commentators no
koX a Ku7rpi? yeXdoco-a.
to
little
The
trouble.
four cases
remaining have
I,
95, rjvOe ye fiav dSela
Here
as in the other three cases presently
be
cited,
Legrand,
(p. 309), believes that
we must admit
faulty
See Milden, " Limitations of the Predicative Position in Greek.

See Gildersleeve to Justin Martyr A., 17, 11.
66
construction, that in every case the adjective ought to stand between
the article and noun.
None of the
difficulty.
passages, however, save iv, 49,

cited, dSela
need cause any real
In the passage just
belongs to the predicate, with the participle yeXdoiaa.
Cholmeley
correctly compares Pind. Pyth. viu, 12 (10), Tpaêla Svcrfxevecov

. . .
viravTidâLG-a
/cpdrei.
In Theocritus we find the same

|
construction in V, 90, 6 YLparihas tov iroL/xeva Xeto? vjravrcov

eKîaCveL, for
which Ameis,
(p. 41), also
believed that a transposiconstruction does not
tion of the article

differ
must be assumed.
ical
The
In have do simply with an o"A&wm. In XXIX,

fjueXatvat^.
1
from XX, 24,

I,
Xevicdv to
fxercoTrov
iirel /cal
en
oc^pvai Xd/jare
vofievei,
is
109,
a>/?ato?
x&Scovls
paXa
we
we
to
ellipsis
of eari and aypalos
predicate
6^779,
to
33, aviKa tclv yevvv avhpe'i'av
have a construction familiar enough with parts of the body, and

this,
together with two other
examples of the same kind, has
already been cited under " oblique predication."
There remains
to
only IV, 49, eX6
>
r)v fioi
poi/cov to Xay(o/36Xov
P.).
(tl for
Hermann,
the
opOrjv
Wilamowitz, to codd., tv
position
The
fir)
scholiast vet., noting

:
of
poL/cov,
explains
fancifully
pd/38ov
ovaav
7rv%6Tai yeveadai tcajXTrvX^v, cva

ftovv.
ey/cvov ovorav /3Xdyjrrj tt)v
The
parallels cited
by Fritzsche and others
for this position
of poiKov are accusatives and datives of the type discussed by
Milden, and do not explain this passage.

prepositional type cited from Lucian
f
The same
is
is
true of the
by Cholmeley, while the

Crookie,"
latter's
suggestion
Pot/eoV,
"my
staff
unsupported.
To
take poiKov as the direct predicate of to XaycofioXov does not

since a XaywftoXov
is
suit,
is
naturally poacov
(cf.
vn, 18, where a
XaycoftoXov
called a poiica Kopvva).

tl
Unless we admit hyperba-
ton of the adjective attribute,

solution of the passage.
for to seems the only present
Of
other cases of the predicative position where Ameis, (p. 41),
xx, 24 and xxi, 23, have been disposed of above. Two others remain to be mentioned xv, 145, to XP^H10, aocj)(OTpov, where evTi is to be supplied, and xxvn, 58,
sees difficulty,
:
^n
' '
the whole passage see Seymour, Proc.
Am.
Phil. Ass'n, July, 1882, p. xli,
On
the Smile of Aphrodite."

Ta/jLTreôvov
iroincras
i/juov
67
see
pd/cos,
for
which
below under
" article with possessives."
Among
13.
participial modifiers
no examples of the type discussed
by Milden occur in our poet.

The use of
the article in genitive combinations.
In the case
of nouns accompanied by dependent genitives, two kinds of relations are

relation.
a.
1
distinguishable, an attributive relation and a partitive
Attributive position.
simple attributive genitive dependis
ing upon an articular governing noun

attributive adjective
generally treated as an
and stands
in
an attributive position.
its
The
it
genitive usually has, an article of
own, except when
is
proper noun.
In Theocritus there are few instances of such posi-
tions outside of proper nouns.
In three cases an anarthrous genitive of a common noun stands

in the first attributive
position
(most edd.
now
dvdpdiirwv).
xvi,
xv, 107, wvOpdyrrwv

90, at
8'
&)?
fivdos
/jlt/Xcov
avdpiOfioi
|
XiXid8e$, apparent hyperbaton of a partitive genitive.

idyl
is
But the
ai
re).
epic
and at
8'
may
be the true reading (v.
1.
xxvn, 46, ra /SoukoXco epya, where fiovfcoXco is generic. Genitives of proper nouns are more numerous: I, 19; II, 8, 21, 62 (ra AeXfaSos Sana, tho parts of the body usually stand in the
partitive
position), 70,
146, a
re
$>iXl<7Ta<s
|
fidrvp
6.
tcls
afxas
avXnrplhos a re MeXtfoO?, 3 160.
V, 20,
114; XVIII,
In two
cases anarthrous genitives of proper nouns follow articular gov-
erning nouns with the article repeated,

tive position:
II,
i.
e.,
in the second attribu-
4 74, rav ^variSa tclv KXea/oto-ra?.
vii, 10.
Krueger,
i,
47, 9, 9
Studien,
it,
p. 78.
Kuehner,
464, 3.
2
3
Apollonius Syntax,
i,
42, p. 84,
Bekker.
shows that, in spite of the re .... re, one woman, Changes in the text and assumption of a lacuna (Fritzsche) are unnecessary. Parallels with similar repetition of the article with connectives can be cited. So Cholmeley cites Xen. Anab., m, 117 Plato
context, esp.
1.
The
154,
mother of both
girls, is
meant.
Rep., 334
4
Ant,,
i,
21
Dem. De
Cor., 205
I,
Add
Ant., v, 63, and
Dem. In
Meid., 124, and see Maetzner to Ant.,

Fritzsche (et
al.
)
21.
writes rds KX. after certain cdd.,

artic.
consuetudini Theocr.
personae designandae appositus."
an articular genitive
of a proper
noun
in
and notes: u congruit But a parallel for such a position cannot be cited from
68

the anarthrous genitive of a proper
Once
noun occupies the third

:
attributive position in conjunction with an adjective
HI, 45.
Articular attributive genitives in a few instances stand in the

first
attributive
:
position.
;
Two
of the
genitives
are
:
common
xv, 97.
!
nouns
x,
Epigram,
b.
xxi, 9 ; three are proper 52 (vn), 1 VI (xx), 1.

;
nouns
Partitive
position.
dependent
genitive,
articular
or
is
anarthrous, preceding or following an articular governing noun,

said to stand in the partitive
is
position.
In the case of actual

the
article
partitive genitives this
the regular position, tho
such
genitives
sometimes stand between
by hyperbaton and the

under
a),
governing noun. 2
Except in the case already
cited (see
xvi, 90, Theocritus observes this rule for partitives. 3

a.
With
is
substantivized adjectives denoting a part, the partitive

; ;
xvn, 2, 12 xvin, 4 xxiv, xxv, 216. Epigram, iv (xn,) 2. Five of these stand in I, 20 xxix, 5. It is articular twice epic idylls. With parts of the body and analogous nouns the genitive, /3. The in partitive position, is articular, save in xxvi, 20 (epic). The genitive IV, 15, 44-45 x, 46. articular genitive precedes
genitive
anarthrous in xv, 139
37, 72
follows
VIII,
76
X, 39, tclv Iheav ras ap\xovias
(cf.
Kock
to
Arist. Birds 993)

/jLVfcrjo-aro
xv, 33
xxvi, 20
(epic),
%a
\xkv tclv rcecfraXdv
7ratSo? ekolaa (where fidrvp fiev stands for
â
fiiv tclv
in
some cdd.). Examples are <y.
also found in Theocritus, as occasionally in
Attic prose (esp. Thucydides,
Kuehner,
23-24.
464, 3
1),
where
purely attributive genitives stand in partitive positions.

case
In one
the
(?),
genitive
is
articular:
;
XV, 52; otherwise anarthrous:
V, 1
c.
73
xiv, 52
xxm,
Omission
of the article with the governing noun, while the
Theocritus,
who
uses few articular adnominal genitives of proper nouns, save with
nouns
i,
of relationship.
In xxvn, 14, we have a proper adjective

Bekker.
d. Phil.
in xxi, 55,
and
20,
1
added
attributives.
i,
Apoll. Synt.
10, p. 35,
2 3
Krueger,
I,
47, 9, 11.
See Kallenberg, Jahresb.
Ver. zu Berlin 23, 199 and 200
cf.
J. B.
1892, 312.

genitive
is
69
articular.
Most
cases of this kind in Theocritus can
be explained from the character of the governing noun, which
may
be indefinite, accompanied by an interrogative or indefinite

is
pronoun, a vocative, or a predicate, while the genitive
a noun
with definite reference and hence

cases the omission of the article
a.
is
naturally articular.
In a few
is
poetical.
:
The governing noun precedes

vj3piv ras
x, 9, Tt? ttoOos rcav e/eroOev.

;
XXI, 66; XXIII, 14,

/3.
opyas
:
XXVIII, 23.
The governing noun

;
follows
VI, 10,
rot royv otcov
hrerat
<r/co7ro<?
(a-KOTTos is subsidiary predicate), 13,
37; vin, 49; xxi,

indefinite
2,
55
d.
xxin,
Here
xxvn,
14.
The partitive genitive with interrogative and

the article
it is
pro-
nouns.
is
more
often omitted in Theocritus with
the genitive than
used.
in epic idylls, while only

article is
one case occurs in

Apollonius
ti'<?
l
But most of the omissions are found this group where the
states
it
used (xvi, 13).

after
as a rule that the

it
partitive genitive
and
7T(uo?,
unless
is
a pronoun,
always has the
article.
is
The following
:
cases occur in Theocritus

;
where the genitive

(xvi), 4.)
articular
v,
148
vn, 5
x, 8, 15; xvi, 13 (epic); xxi, 44.
(cf. Epigram vn Most of the geni-
tives are substantivized words.
Anarthrous genitives with
ti? in
Doric idylls are only n, 83, and VII, 24.

e.
Forms of
if
the article, with the
dependent genitives.
Here
it
there
need not,
indeed
can,
noun unexpressed, followed by ellipsis which The most be supplied in all cases.
is
always a familiar
common
the
type in Theocritus
is
that with neuter plural forms of

affairs,
etc.
:
article,
designating property, actions,
II,
76,
rd
Av/ccovos,
4>u07ea>,
Lykon's (house, shop, garden or what

31, rd TXavfcas, rd
v,
not).
rd
Uvppo)
(sc.
/JLeXrj.
IV, 23,
Cf.
Arist.
Birds 919, Clouds 1365).

(epyllion)
;
112;
vm,
20; x, 41; xin, 67

article,
xxvi, 38
(epic).
Masculine and feminine forms of the

1
with nouns of
Syntax,
Cf.
I,
37, p. 76,
1.
12
ff.
Bekker.
Herondas, v, 52, and for parallels in Attic, where this form of expression is rare, Dem., 54, 7, tQv HvdoSdpov 43, 62 (p6fios), ra rod &irodav6vros. Arist. Wasps, 1432, tA UittAXov. Lysias, 12, 12, Jf t' d5e\<f>o0 rod i/xov.
;
70
The
Article in
Theocritus.
relation understood, are
found as follows
H, 66, 146
HI, 35
(?)
IV,
21; V, 15; x, 15; xiv, 53 (?). x 14. The article with possessives and
pronouns.
reflexive
genitives of personal
and
a.
With possessives.
The
article
with nouns
accompanied by possessives, or genitives of pronouns, personal,

reflexive, or demonstrative,
may
(1) distinguish the given object
from similar objects
in the possession of others
(xv, 18), or (2)
with deixis or anaphora designate a particular

sion of the person indicated
objects of the
object, in the posses-
by the pronoun, as
in
his
distinct
from other
or (3)
same kind
possession (xxi, 30),

its
designate the given object as the only possession of

27).
to
kind (xxi,
This last is the (avafyopa) Kara fJiovaSiicrjv kti)(tlv according which Apollonius and other Greek grammarians account for the
2
article in this construction.
If there
is
no such avafyopd the

But, as
article
may, according
is
to Apollonius, be omitted.
we
have
seen, this
but one phase of the
article in this
form of
is
expression.
Only one
case occurs in epic where the article

:
used
(XXII, 59), in an elliptical expression

Position.
rr)?
<rri<;
(%a)/?r;?).
With
the
exception of two
cases,
the
possessive
occupies the normal position between the article and noun, 3 the
first
. . .
The two
exceptions are
v, 108, rdv
|
<f>pay/iov
tov
first
cl/jlov,
and xxiii, 36-37,

is
iv irpoQvpoHJi
:
rolai
3, 39,
Teolaiv.
The
;
found
I,
n,
116, 146, 164; v, 128, 130; vi, 22;
xiv, 30, 38
6.
vm, 75; x, 57; xn, 20 xv, 11 ; xxi, 27, 30 xxiii, 21, 26, 27, 41 xxix, The noun is to be supplied from the context in xv, 18
; ; ;
xxvii, 59 ; xxn, 59. In one passage the manuscripts show the possessive
predicative
7roL7)(Ta<f
in the
position,
pdfcos.
after
the
noun
xxvii, 58, rwpurexovov

cited
i/jibv
This,
and two examples,
for
this
position in classical Greek, Soph. Ai., 573, 4 Eur. Hippol.,
683,
See Wendel, Jahrb., Suppl. 26, 1901,
p. 33.
Kaibel, Comic. Graec. Frg., I 1 ,
p. 177, to
2 8 4
Sophron
frg. 145.
See introduction.
See Milden,
o. c.
See Jebb's note.
The
have been emended
in the
Article in
Theocritus.
71
position
in various ways.
The same
is
c.
found
1
:
next to the
last line
of Id.
xxvn,
contained in MS.
rdv
(rvpvyya redv (MS. re(ov).
In the omission of the

considerable freedom.
article
with possessives Theocritus shows
Of the
one hundred occurrences of posses-
sives (excluding vocatives
and predicates, and counting the refrain
of Id.
ii,
but once) seventy-two are anarthrous.
Of these,
thirty-
four are found in epic idylls, and of the remaining thirty-eight in
Doric and Aeolic

b.
idylls,
seventeen stand in prepositional phrases.
With
genitives
2 of pronouns.
This use of the

is
article
is
post-Homeric. 3
sonal
When
the article
eius,
used, the genitives of per-
pronouns and avrov,
regularly
take
the partitive
position, while genitives of reflexive pronouns, avrov, ipsius, and
aXkrjktov stand in attributive positions.
When
an attributive
is
added, the genitives of personal pronouns and avrov, eius,

stand in the attributive position before the substantive.
may
There are
few exceptions to these rules
in Attic,
and some of these have
been removed by easy conjectures. 4

rules, offering
Theocritus follows the same
but one possible exception to the partitive position
of
fiev in
v, 2 (see below).
epic.
No
examples with the
article
are
found in
a.
cedes,
With genitives of the personal pronouns. 5 The pronoun preand in a few cases is separated from the article by interven-
ing verbs: n, 69, 75, 81, 87, 93, 99, 105, 111, 117, 123, 129,
v, 4, 19, 109 vi, 36 xv, 31, 69 xx, 5 xxm, xxix, 16 xxx, 9. The pronoun follows, occasionally separated from the noun: n, 126; vn, 119; vin, 15, 63, 82 (cdd. rot) x, 36 XI, 55, 70 xv, 71 xxvn, 5. In in, 37, the genitive stands between the noun and an adjective added in
135
;
(refrain)
43
the third attributive position

fiev
6(f>6a\fji6s fiev 6
Sefuk*
In V,
2, to
vd/cos,
we
find the only exception to the partitive position.
See Ziegler, and Wilamowitz, ed., and Textg.,
p. 91, n. 1.
464, 4.
<rev
. . . .
Krueger,
i,
47, 9, 12
n, 47,
9,
3 and
5.
Kuehner,
In the one instance cited for Homer, T. 185.
x a ^w
rbv fivdov
*
&Ko6<ras, <rev
4 5
depends on anotiaas. See Merriam, note to Hdt., vi,
30, 7.
Only
nev (Znedev),
and
<Tv
occur.
72
The
examples of
Article in
Theocritus,
Few
this attributive position are cited
from
classical
authors, and iu all of
them a
103,
alfia
particle or attributive
is
added,
except Arist. Lys., 416,

>ot).
T/79 jjlov >yvvai/c6<;
(Meineke
p>ov t?)?, others
See
Fuller,
7,
p.
fiev
for
;
other
examples and compare
Herondas, V,
position
to
VI, 41, ttjv fiev yXcocraav.
The
may be
l
a late growth, as Cholmeley remarks.

vjjlwv
In the
New
Testament
/3.
an emphatic
may
stand in the attributive position.
With genitives of
2
;
reflexives.
There
:
is
I,
no exception
92, rov avrco
to the
|
regular attributive position in Theocritus

TTLKpov eptora
7.
8.
awe
XV, 131
V,
61
XXVii, 13.
:
The genitive of the demonstrative follows the same rule n, 60. The genitive of a relative precedes in x, 4, a? rov iroha.
article
Omission of the
pronouns
is
with nouns accompanied by genitives of

Seventeen
comparatively infrequent in Theocritus.
cases of omission occur, but of these, six are in epic,
and seven
others occur with

c.
names of parts of the body.

3
The
poets frequently combine the dative with the substantive
as a dative of possession
and the dative of personal pronouns then

its
may
of
stand between the article and
noun.
There
is
much
use
this dative in
is is
Homer. 4
In Herodotus
this use
is
and position of
the dative
the dative
not infrequent, but this position

to
also found
5
when
where
be taken with the verb.
In Attic prose
such a position of datives of personal pronouns occurs, the dative

is
usually a dative of possession.
But when neither sense nor

is
position
demand the
possessive interpretation, the dative
to be
taken with the verb.
Few
cases occur in Theocritus where such

is
datives stand between the article and noun, and scarcely one
certainly a dative of possession
IV, 62, to tol yevos
;
:
in,
1,
ral 8e
p,oc
al7? ftoo-Kovrai-,
airoppel.
VII, 121, to rot
koXov avdos
In
other xcases of this position the pronoun certainly goes with the
'Blass, N. T. Gram., p. 171. 'Cholmeley (and Wilaraowitz), writes airCo, ipsius, ''according to epic usage. Monro, Horn. Gram., 252." But if avrG> is Homeric, rbv avrQ> w. %p. is not Homeric (Monro, 1. c.
1 4
Krueger,
Dyroff
'
, '
11,
48, 12,
'
Geschichte des Pronomen Reflexivum.

1,
Krueger,
48, 12, 2.

verb: vn, 43; X, 24,
73
Other positions
is
(cf.
vn, 11); xxix,

in
1
;
22.
of the dative are more frequent and

construction
(cf.
no case
VI, 6
;
the possessive
;
demanded
i,
146
n,
XV, 55
XX, 28,
21,25, 27). 15. The article with
interrogatives.
In combination with an
to one that is to be
interrogative and substantive the article either points back to an

object previously mentioned, or
by prolepsis
1
more
closely defined in the following.
Theocritus uses this con-
struction twice,
and both times the

:
article points
5,
back
to an object
8,
mentioned by another speaker

ttoIov
.
v,
rav iroiav avpiyya,
to
vdtcos,
both times with contemptuous reference.

with
16.
The
article
aWos and
is
erepos.
first
The
article is
used with
a noun accompanied by aXXos in the

a rule only
attributive position, as
when
2
the reference
to the
remainder of a given whole,
"the
rest."
Following examples of the construction occur in

first
Theocritus, none besides the
attributive position being found
xvin, 17
erepov)
;
xxiv, 61
(epic), rbv
aXXov
iralha (aXXov here

article
xxvi, 24
(epic).
is
Omission of the
3
with aXXos
(aXXoi) and a noun
confined to epic idylls.

is
With aXXos used
found: xiv, 60; (xxn, 178 (epic), coXXot, v. 1. aXXoi; xxvi, 15 (epic), aXXai, vulg. aXXai) XXII, 205, rbv aXXov ( rbv erepov), with anaphora, " that other."
substantively, the article
With
erepos the article refers to a definite one of two individuals.

article is thus
In Homer the
sense erepos
article is
found occasionally. 4
In a generic
may
or
may
not have the article.
In Theocritus the
:
found only with erepos used substantively, once in epic
vn, 36; vni, 91; xi, 32; xn, 14, (Ionic lyric); xxv, 255 (epic). Omission of the article is confined to epic idylls, save
xxix, 15
1
(Aeolic).
Krueger, 50,
4, 7.
i,
Kuehner,
11, p. 38,
461,
1.
A.
6.
;
Bekker Krueger, I, 50, 4, 9. Tn Theocritus occasional shifting between &Wos and Zrepos is noticeable. *The grammars tell us that oi &X\oi is found everywhere in Homer, (Monro, 260, a, "passim"), but many of the examples are disputed, and the schol. to
Cf. Apoll. Synt.,
21
ff.
B, 1 says
eMptpei.
article
4
"AAXot] 8n ZrjvdSoros ypdcpei <3\\oi (or wXXot). 6 5 TroirjTrfs aaw&pdpios Where Homer has ol dXXoi, etc., demonstrative interpretation of the may be applied, as in the two examples quoted above from epic idylls.
:
Kuehner,
465, 10.
74
17.

With
eicacrTos
the article
is
used by Theocritus without a

"Efcaaros
noun, in epic,
XX v,
195,
to.
e/caara, with anaphora.
occurs but once outside the epic idylls (xiv, 19), without the
article.
18.
With
6/caTepos, afx^xo
and aôrepo^ nouns are generally

1
articular
position.
in Attic
prose,
with the pronoun in the predicative
The
tragic poets aud- Herodotus

article.
show examples of the

xxiv,
omission of the
In Theocritus e/cdrepos does not occur.

:
"Afujxo, with anarthrous noun, occurs twice in epic idylls
109,
<
107
the
>
xxv, 260.
Elsewhere
it is
used substantively,
without
article.
'Aôre/jo? occurs once with an articular

;
noun,
XI, 70, tgo? 7ro'Sa? a/AcfroTepcos /iev
with an anarthrous noun

elsewhere
it
only in the epic
xxn,
(13, 30,
130), and
is
used
substantively without the article.
and eiceivos. When are used with a noun, the noun usually has the
19.
With outo?,
88e, ty/vo?,
ovtos, 88e, etc.,

article.
It
is,
however, not the presence of the demonstrative that makes the

article necessary.
Demonstratives point to
defiuite,
known
objects,
and, since nouns referring to such objects are normally articular,

it
follows that nouns accompanied
by demonstratives are normally
articular.
But, if a noun by itself cannot or regularly does not

it
take the article,
does not take the article because of the presence
2 of the demonstrative.
The
relation of the demonstrative

is
pronouns
to
the
accompanying nouns
not that of attributives but of

in respect
appositives,
and hence the position which they occupy
to the article is not attributive, but predicative.
In regard to the
Theocritean use of the article with nouns accompanied by demonstratives, it
may
be said that Attic usage
is
generally followed, with
occasional
poetic omissions
prose.
of the article which would not be

(p.
permitted in
Ameis,
36), contents himself with the
^rist. Eccl., 837, Fuller, p. 114. Kuehner, See Krueger, I, 50, 11, 19 ff.
465,
4. Fr.
Blass,
Eh. M., xliv,
1889, pp. 6-23, on
otiros in
Demosthenes, rev. A. J. P., xi, 107.
H. Kallenberg,
demonstratives in Herodotus.
Jahresb. des Phil. Ver. zu Berlin, xxni, 1897, pp. 204 ff., on the article with L. Herbst, Philol. xxxviii, 503 ff., 6 wSXefxos 85e
and
Thucydides summarized, A. J. P., i, 241. B. L. Gildersleeve "Problems in Greek Syntax," A. J. P., xxni, pp. 8 and 123 ff.
68e 6 7r6Xe/xos in
;

simple statement that the article
demonstratives (and with
is
75
added and omitted with the

/uo'?,
cro'?,
clvtos, 7ra?,
eo'?,
ktL) in the
bucolic poets, referring for particulars to the index of these poets
which he had begun. 1

a.
outo?, oSe, r^vos
and
/ceti/09,
with nouns unaccompanied by
attributives,
always stand in the predicative position.

(first position),
The pronoun
noun (second position). Intervening words often separate the demonstrative from the noun. First position: ovto$, II, 28, 53 x, VIII, 39 Yii, 51 V, 102 41, 42, 45; xv, 44. S8e, I, 65 (?) v, 72. Epigram, vi (xx),
precede
or follow the
; ;
;
may
1.t^
1,
w
:
ii,
17, 22, 27, 32, 37, 42, 47, 52, 57,

i/celvos (actios, Aeolic),
62
iv,
15/16; vin, 26.

outo?,' ii,
xxvin,
;
24.
;
15 ; v, Second
position
59
Epigram,
vn
(xvi),
1.
v, 30, 32
oSe,
vin, 23
xiv, 4
XXI, 65.
;
iv,
;
12; v, 34, 41; vn, 31

v, 117
;
vtii,
;
xvin, 15. xvii, 118 (epic).

55
;
tt/i/o?, ii,
153
xv, 8
xvi, 42 (epic)
b.
With nouns accompanied by

is
attributives.
When
the articular
noun
accompanied by an attributive, the demonstrative may, as
in Attic,
abandon
its
predicative position, and stand between the
adjective modifier
and the noun.
So
I,
13, to Karavres tovto
few facts regarding the pronouns themselves, as they appear in Theocritus,

of interest
may be
roles,
and not without value.

the refrain of
id.
As shown by
ticeivos is
the appended table, the

ttjvos
colorless oCros remains in the lead, but 88e,
and the Doric
play important
(10
rijvos in
n), while
unimportant.
Summary.
Without nouns.
W. articular nouns.
W. anarthrous nouns.
oOtos...
51
5 in epic). 23 (none in epic). 15 8

2
in epic).
89 (11 in epic).
68 (22 "
61
(
",
88e
T7JV0S...
30 25
"
"
" " "
).
11
"
"
"
"
).
).
28(2
" M "
"
).
).
).
27(14
" 8(none u
).
). ). ).
).
).
"
" "
4 "
" "
"
iKUVOS.
8( 6 "
114(21
2 (none "
3( "
53(20
" "
3( 6 "
231 (20 "
).
).
Total..
"
).
64(2
).
[t is to be noted especially, that of the cases of anarthrous nouns accompanied by a demonstrative, a large percentage (20 in 53) are found in epic idylls (con-
fined to o&tos
and
;
88e),
while there are only two cases where the article

adjectives,
is
used in
epic (xvi, 42
xvn, 118), both with substantivized

Interesting too
is
Doric
rrjvos.
the preponderance of 88e

idylls.
and both with the in epic idylls, and the
frequency of
ttjvos
with nouns, in Doric
76
ye&Xocfrov
I, 1.
The
n, 116
Article in
Theocritus.
v, 101.
xxx,
1.
X,
xiv, 26.
Epigram,
v, 17
;
In
all
other cases the demonstrative remains in a predicative

adjective
position.
The
may
stand in the
first
:
attributive position,
and the demonstrative precede the complex

86
;
iv,
59
viii,
or follow
it
xv, 34.
The
adjective
may occupy
the second
:
147
vn, 151.
and the demonstrative precede the complex v, Epigram, in (x), 1 f. or stand between the noun
and the following articular adjective
I,
1/2,
22/23
v, 64/65.
The
adjective, finally,
may
stand in the third attributive position

:
and the demonstrative precede the noun

âX/eeo?, or stand between the
n, 30, oBe
attributive
/3o'//./3o?
noun and the
I,
120.
In two
alrrv
cases,
where the noun has more than one attributive, the

first,
article is
omitted with the

aa\xa
I,
which precedes the noun

to
/cat
I,
126
f.
re
ttjvo
|
Av/caoviSao,
ficucdpeo-GLv
|
aynrov
Epigram,
f.
tcepabs rpdryos outo? 6 i*a\os
rep^lvOov rpcbyow.
is
The omission of
c.
the article before alirv and /cepaos

article with
poetical.
68e,
Omission of the
nouns accompanied by ovtos,
rrjvos
and
eiceZvos.
As was
stated above, a
article,
noun which of
itself
cannot or regularly does not take the
remains anarthrous
case, for
when used with a demonstrative pronoun. This is the example, when ovtos (etc.) is subject, the noun predicate,
the noun
is
or
when
added as subsidiary predicate

(f.
i.
to the demonstrative in
;
xxin, 21, 35 xxvii, 55). Besides these constructions, there are a number of cases where the omission of the article is more or less general in Attic Greek. This is true
the accusative case
1), in
the case of proper nouns, tho in Theocritus, the only two

:
proper nouns used with demonstratives have the article
V, 17 a
and
102
2),
clause, as in xvi,
when the demonstrative points forward to 73 (epic) xxin, 33, 46 xxiv, 84

;
relative
;
(epic)
3),
when
the demonstrative points to an object actually present, as,
oSei, 128; n, 50; vi, 33;

(epic);
xxn,
54, 62 (epic);
xxv,
ii,
18,
29
xxvii, 49.
tt)i>o?
Epigram, 98
;
(vn), 4;
68e
is
ovto?
15,
132;
in, 6
vii,
4),
when
used with
(x), 3.
is
much
the same
force as roioaEe:
vn, 125.
Epigram, in
categories,
Of
the remain-
ing twenty-six cases in which the article
omitted, and which

epic,
cannot
be
put under these
twelve occur in
two
in the Ionic
xn
(12, 34), one in Aeolic
(xxix, 14), one in
The
the Berenike fragment.
ovto<;
ii,
;
Article in
Theocritus.
77
The
ten cases remaining for Doric are
65.
88e vii,
;
V,
v.
43
1.
vii,
63
XV, 15
83; XXVII, 40.

;
xvm,
58.
1-771/09
e/cetvos
1, 36; IX, 29
11,
84;
(tceivoiai
ttjvolo-l).
Evidently the number of poetic omissions of the

is
article in
Doric idylls
comparatively small.
adjectives' TOioOro?, to to?, roioaSe, roaos,
20.
The demonstrative
the
roaoorhe, roao-rjvos
and ttjXUos are regularly used by Theocritus

whether substantively or with nouns.
without
article,
Of
fifty-seven occurrences of these adjectives, only fifteen are adjectival,
nine of them in epic idylls.
Of
the six instances in Doric
idylls only
XXIII,
1 6,
roaav
one would in Attic Greek require the article, namely (f>\6ya t<x? Kvdepeias, " the fire of Aphrodite, so
great," as just described.

vii, 149,
The
other occurrences are

32.
11,
161
21.
153 vin, 8 The article with

;
xvm,
avros.
Auto?, "ipse," "self," as a sub-
stantive pronoun, if used with a noun, stands in apposition with
the noun.
Hence
if the
noun
is
articular, avrfc in
this
sense
stands in the predicative position.
The
article is
used when the
noun
cf.
refers to a definite,
known
x, 19
1 person or object.
The examples
2
;
of this construction in Theocritus are: IV,
5,
15/16
V, 14
xxvii, 35.
Ai/ro'?,
vin, 80;
(?),
xi, 12
xxvn,
61.
" idem," " the same,"
is
an
adjective, and, in conjunction
with an articular noun, occupies an attributive position, usually

the
first.
as proper nouns, omit the article with

critus
In Attic Greek, proper nouns, and common nouns used az/ro'9, " idem." In Theois
auTo?
confined
almost entirely to
the
intensive
:
use
discussed above.
Two
cases only of 6 avro?
were found
xvm,
22, SpofjLos (ovtos (rare position) and

pvOfjibs
xxvi, 23 (epic), teal Avrovoas In xi, 34, covtos is a doubtful variant for outo?. Nouns with avros, " ipse," are anarthrous eight times outside
(dvtos.
the epic idylls.
Of these,
three are cases of proper nouns

11,
vii, 5,
100; xxx, 31. The others are: xxvn, 63. Epigram, v (xni), 6.
^rueger,
2
89; vn, 70,; xxi, 17;
1,
50, 11, 14-18.
avrb.
T&o-Tta,
fxdvos cf.
For out6s
Kuehner, 465, 4, Anm. 6 and f. " only her bones," cf. II, 89, airrh 3<rrta, "only bones." iv, 15 v, 85 x, 19 xi, 12 xvni, 12.
.
. .
78
22.
The
article with 7ra?,
airas, (jv\iira%
etc.,)
and
oko<;.
noun
it is
used with
7ra?, etc., (as
with ovtos,
takes the article if
normally articular without 7ra9. A noun used with 7ra? (etc.,) in the sense " whole " or " all " takes the article, therefore, in Attic
when
is
there
is
definite reference to
no such
definite reference, the article
known objects. Where there may be omitted, but the

7ra? is
generic article
may
also be used.
When
is
used indefinitely
in the sense of "every," the
noun
anarthrous.
If the noun
with 7ra? has the

(irdvres;) is
article,
two cases are distinguished.

first
its
When
7ra9
used attributively, in the
attributive position, the

parts.
whole
is
thought of in contrast with
When, on
the
it
other hand, 7ra? (jrdvTes) stands in the predicative position,
merely adds a further modifier without implying a contrast with

the parts.
In the attributive position

XXI, 14,
O 7Ta? 7TO/30?.
7ra?
is
found but once
in Theocritus
In the predicative position

a.
7ra? (irdvres) occurs

;
as
follows
preceding the noun

:
xxvn, 33
;
xxviii, 25
b. following the
;
noun I, 139 67 xxi, 31

;
V, 107, ra Or^pCa iravra (generic)
Vin, 16
XIII,
xxiv, 38, the last two in epic. Without accompanying noun 7ra? may have the article, individual or generic. Of the cases found in Theocritus none stand in epic idylls. They are in, 18, to irav, adverbial cf. VII, 98, ra
;
:
xxn, 22
nrdvra.
XIV, 50
xviil, 22.
roi<; is
Epigram, VIII (xvn),
9.
In XVI,
102, tois iraai (epic),
a relative, and in
xvn, 85 and xxn,

Without the
99, (both epic) the article

article 7ra? is
is
a substantive pronoun.
used in this
way
thirty-four times in Doric idylls.
When Omission of the article with nouns accompanied by 7ra?. 7ra? every " is used with a noun the article is omitted in Attic.
="
So
also in Theocritus:
I,
50,
102
vn, 26
fifty
xxi, 45
these,
xxv, 53
(epic).
Besides these cases, there are

7ra? is used
instances in Theocritus
where
with anarthrous nouns.
Of
twenty-nine
the twenty
plurals), the
stand in epic idylls, and one in the Ionic

cases remaining for Doric idylls
xn.
Of
and epigrams (mostly

Kuehner,
465,
6.
Krueger,
i,
50, 11, 8
n, 50, 10,
2.
Kallenberg on
irar
in Herodotus, J. B. des Phil. Ver. zu Berlin,
xxm,
1897, pp. 2042.
The Article in
Theocritus,
79
majority contain no definite reference and, hence, are naturally
may be noted in the ; " all my hair " VII, n, 89, iraaai rpix&y following instances " XI, 31 ; XIX, 3 ; IX, 33 109, tcara xpoa iravra, " all thy skin
anarthrous.
Actual omission of the article

:
xxiii, 56
xxvn,
33.
Epigram,
olttos
(vn)
6.
Nouns accompanied by
always anarthrous in
reference, as in
(epic)
;
and
o-vfiTras
(once,
xn,
is
1
7),
are
Theocritus, even where

. . .
there
.
definite
n, 56, fiev fieXav xxn, 86 (epic).
alfia
airav;
xvii, 41
"O\o? appears once with an articular noun,

position
:
in
;
predicative
Epigram,
:
vn
(xvi), 6, oXov rbv avhpa

(Aeolic),
once with an
a variant for
anarthrous noun
ov/c
xxix, 4
where a/co\as
is
oXas.
23.
The
article with
cardinal numerals refers to definite objects

:
well
known
or previously mentioned
y\v/cvv, cf.
36 and xi, 53.

where the
vi, 22, rbv i/xbv rbv
eva
xi, 6
xiv, 29
xvin, 19.
Add
the
xvi, 90
(epic),
article
may
be substantival.
Hence,
|
article is
used in designating the parts after a whole number has

:
been mentioned
T/aeZ?
. .
.
xxvi, 6
(epic), kolôv SvoicaiBe/ca /3t/xov?
to>?
Tft)?
ivvea.
Nouns accompanied by ordinals are frequently anarthrous. 2 A noun so used is articular but once in Theocritus I, 3, /xera Hdva
:
to Sevrepov ad\ov aTroiarj.
Elsewhere the
article
appears only
with ordinal numerals used substantively, or as adverbial neuters

x, 29
24.
;
xvn, 75 xvin, 4 xxn, 4 ; xxv, 240. With superlatives, as with ordinal numerals, omission of the
; ;
article is easy
and frequent.
With nouns
expressed, the article

;
is
used
vn, 10, cf. xxi, 19. vin, 62 xi, 35 xxiv, 63 (epic). Without accompanying nouns, superlatives with the article are found a, as substantives II, 143 VII, 98. Epigram, IV (xn), the last two being appositives b, as 2, ab verbs vn, 59 xv, 58 xxiii, 40.
:
The only
instance in Doric with accompanying noun.

see
For Attic Greek
John Thompson,
CI.
R,
xx,
6,
304.
80
25.
The Article
in
Theocritus.
With comparatives the article generally implies contrast or
anaphora.
(apposition)
With nouns Theocritus has

;
the following: xv, 139

;
xvm,
20
;
6 (anaphora to
1.
1.)
xx, 43
(apposition).
With comparatives used

article in
last
:
substantively and adverbially

;
we
find the
I,
v, 71
vm,
17
xxiv, 72
xxvi, 32
(the
two
in epic).
OF
UNIV
OF
LIFE.
Winfred George Leutner was born
1,
in Cleveland, Ohio,
March
1879.
He
graduated from Adelbert College of Western Reserve
University in 1901.
In the
fall
of the same year, he entered the

in
Johns Hopkins University as graduate student
Greek, Latin,
and Sanskrit.
in
In 1903, he was appointed Fellow in Greek, but
resigned before entering upon the Fellowship, to become instructor
Greek
at Adelbert College.
He
resumed graduate work at the

fall
Johns Hopkins University as Fellow by Courtesy in the

1904.
of
He
this
attended
the
lectures
of Professors Gildersleeve,
all
K. F.
Smith, Bloomfield, Miller, and Wilson, to

opportunity
to
of
whom
To
for
he takes
Professors
express
his
is
indebtedness.
Gildersleeve and Miller

inspiration
studies.
he
in
especially grateful
constant
and guidance
the
prosecution
of his principal
May, 1905.
THIS Bo k is
Book
STAMPED
DUE N THE
Bliow
fa
DATE
Santas'' *y-
*3;
JM20
1983
J
IECC!R.4[g
33
15w-4 '24
t
VC 00551

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LIBRARY

WINFRED GEORGE LEUTNER

SUBMITTED TO THE BOARD OP UNIVERSITY STUDIES OF THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY

Digitized by the Internet Archive

2007 with funding from

objects present to the senses

as customary, proper, etc

With proper names Names of persons a.

" mountains and promontories "islands " countries

"seas " vessels and

Natural divisions of time

With nouns accompanied by

and genitives of personal and

19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

ovtos, 85e, ttjpos,

With demonstrative With

iras, d-rras, a-tip-iras,

General Grammatical Works.

Brugmann, K., Griechische Gram m at ik-M tillers Handbuch,

Buttmann, A., Des Apollonios Dyskolos vier Buecher ueber die

Krueger-Poekel, Griechische Sprachlehre.

Kuehner-Gerth, Ausfiihrliche Grammatik der griechischen Sprache.

(Referred to simply as Kuehner.)

Schoemann, G. F., Die Lehre von den Redetheilen.

Works Dealing with the

Ueber den Gebrauch des Artikels

Blass, Fr., Rheinisches

Pkil., xi, 107.)

Brugmann, K., Die Demonstrativpronomina

schen Sprachen, Abhandl. der Koenigl. Saechsischen Gesettsch.

apud Graecos eiusque usu

Eichhorst, O., Die Lehre des Apollonius Dyscolus

Die Lehre des Apollonius Dyscolus

Foerstemann, H., Bemerkuugen ueber den Gebrauch des Artikels

Herbst, L., Philologus, xxxviii, 502

Kallenberg, H., Studien ueber den griechischen Artikel.

Laendern, Staedten und Meeren in der griechiPhilol.

Berlin Pr., 1891.

Vereins zu Berlin, 1897,

xxin, 204 The Doctrine of the Greek

Mildeu, A. W., Limitations of the Predicative Position in Greek.

Proksch, A., Ueber den Gebrauch des Artikels insbesondere beim

Jahns Jahrb., 1851.

nominibus propriis apud Atticos

Gebrauch des Artikels

Ed. minor, Teubner.

Idylls of Theocritus, with English notes,

London, 1901. Ad.

Theokrits Gedichte, 2. ed., 1869;

Hartung, J. A., Theokrit, Bion und Moschus, griechisch mit

Meineke, Aug., Theocritus, Bion et Moschus.

Snow, H., The Idylls and Epigrams of Theocritus.

F., Theocriti Reliquiae.

Ziegler, Chr., Theocriti

Legrand, Ph. E., Etude sur Theocrite.

Die Textgeschichte der griechiScholia in Theocritum.

following study embraces the thirty idylls of Theocritus

used, while in reference to epigrams the order (i-ix),

kept, but the

numbering of Fritzsche, and

The monograph of Ameis mentioned above

below (always as " Ameis

published as a specimen chapter of a proposed lexicon of the