Biology 1001 Lab Section TF9C Practical Review Sheet Scientific methods- scientific investigation share some common

elements and procedures Independent variables-the variable you have control over, what you can choose and manipulate. Dependent variables-the end impact, what is observed in response to the experimental conditions. Controlled variables-a variable that is kept constant Control the independent variable is held at an established level, contain point its set on. Graphs Line graph- show changes in the quantity of the chosen variable and emphasize the rise and fall of the values over the range Bar Graph-used for data that represent separate or discontinuous groups or nonnumerical categories Microscopes Type of microscopes- The Compound Light Microscope (two eyepieces), 2d The Stereo Microscope- 2 lens, 3d view Parts of microscopes (function) Cell division Mitosis - Mitosis is the process by which a eukaryotic cell separates the chromosomes in its cell nucleus into two identical sets, in two separate nuclei Meiosis - Meiosis is a two-part cell division process in organisms that sexually reproduce. Meiosis produces gametes with one half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. There are two stages of meiosis: meiosis I and meiosis II. At the end of the meiotic process, four daughter cells are produced. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosisMitosis is a process of cell duplication, or reproduction, during which one cell gives rise to two genetically identical daughter cells. Meiosis, on the other hand, is a division of a germ cell involving two fissions of the nucleus and giving rise to four gametes, or sex cells, each possessing half the number of chromosomes of the original cell. Independent assortment- genes for one trait are not inherited together with another trait. Random

Law of segregation- 2 alleles coding for the same trait separate during gamete formation Drosophila-medium Sexing the fly-? Dont remember Zea mays-??? Phenotype- observable characteristics Genotype- Genotype refers to the genetic traits in an organism. Homozygous-Having two identical alleles that code for the same trait Heterozygous- having two different alleles for a single trait Monohybrid -mating between individuals who have different alleles at one genetic locus of interest Dihybrid- a cross between F1 offspring (first-generation offspring) of two individuals that differ in two traits of particular interest Chi square- determine if your null hypothesis (something you want to test if it is true or untrue) can be accepted or rejected Degree of freedom- the number of values in the final calculation of a statistic that are free to vary Fungi and protest- Protists are generally unicellular. Fungi are multicellular. Fungi are mainly saprotrophic, while protists are not (they can be heterotrophic, autotrophic, parisitic and saprotrophic). They have different cell wall compositions (Fungi cell wall is made of chitin, protist ones aren't). I am pretty sure protists reproduce mainly asexually and fungi reproduce sexually by producing spores. Diatoms-important autotrophic protists found in plankton Hyphae- is a long, branching filamentous structure of a fungus Mycelium- the vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae Amoeba- shapeless unicellular organisms. Autotroph- "self-feeding" Heterotrophic- An organism that cannot synthesize its own food and is dependent on complex organic substances for nutrition. Paramecia- In general, they feed on bacteria and other small cells, making them heterotrophs Different types of Algae- Green (desmids, spirogyra) Brown (dyctiota, ectocarpus)

Zygomycota- is a phylum of fungi. The name comes from zygosporangia, where resistant spherical spores are formed during sexual reproduction. Pilobolus crystallinus- It is unique in that it adheres its spores to vegetation, so as to be eaten by grazing animals. It then passes through the animals' digestive systems and grows in their feces. Ascomycota- Its members are commonly known as the sac fungi. The defining feature of this fungal group is the "ascus". Asexual only. Ascocarp- the fruiting body (sporocarp) of an ascomycete fungus. It consists of very tightly interwoven hyphae and may contain millions of asci, Ascospores- An ascospore is a spore contained in an ascus or that was produced inside an ascus Asci- an ascus (plural asci; from Greek "skin bag") is the sexual spore-bearing cell produced in ascomycete fungi. Basidiomycota- Basically, Basidiomycota are filamentous fungi composed of hyphae, and specialized club-shaped end cells called basidia that normally bear external meiospores. Sexually reproducing Basdiocarp- is the sporocarp of a basidiomycete, the multicellular structure on which the sporeproducing hymenium is borne. Stipe- stem or stalk-like feature supporting the cap of a mushroom Gills- under the cap of some mushroom species, used by the mushrooms as a means of spore dispersal, and are important for species identification Pileus- cap of a mushroom Lichens : any of numerous complex plantlike organisms made up of an alga and a fungus growing in symbiotic association on a solid surface (as a rock) Foliose- a lichen whose thallus is flat and leafy Crustose- a lichen whose thallus is thin, crusty, and closely adherent to or embedded in the surface on which it grows. Fruticose- having a shrubby often branched thallus that grows perpendicular to the substrat

Plant diversity I
Non vascular plants- plants without a vascular system (xylem and phloem). Although non-vascular plants lack these particular tissues, a number of non-vascular plants possess tissues specialized for internal transport of water. Xylum- function is to transport water,

Phlomem- living tissue that carries organic nutrients Bryophytes (mosses) leaves are gametophytes and round thingy on top is sporpophyte. Live in moist environments. Fern (ptherophyta) heart shaped gametophyte, has rhizoids, leafy sporophyte Archegonia Female Antheridal Male Lycopodium strobilus: tiny pine looking end of a selaginella or a lycopodium that contains microspores and megaspores Adaptations that lead to the movement of plants from water to land: search for sunlight, competition for nutrients. Liveworts (Marchantia, from the class model) Femal looks like an octopus, male like a cone, leaves are flat, water habitat Different type of vascular and seedless plants: Lycophyta-club mosses (selaginela and lycopodium) Pterophyta (fern, horsetail, whisk ferns) Seeded vascular: Angiosperms and gymnosperms. Gymnosperms: seeds are coated. Pines and ginkos. Angiosperm: Flower plants, have seeds as fruits. Cones: gymnosperms, wind pollination, ovule of the pine, sporophyte megasporocyte through meiosis produces gametophyte megaspores. Seed Parts of the flower form and function Fruit: coated seed. Double fertilization Pine life cycle Angiosperm life cycle Monocots and diocots: "Monocot" and "dicot" are short for "monocotyledon" and "dicotyledon". Monocotyledons have veins going up to the top of the leaf and no midrib, while dicotyledons have veins branching out from a thick, center midrib. Also, monocot flowers have petals in multiples of 3 but dicot flowers have petals in multiples of 4 or 5.

Diffusion: Movement of water from HIGH to LOW concentration Osmosis: any water movement Hypertonic, isotonic, hypotonic Dialysis tubing experiment IN the bag: starch and glucose IN the beaker: solution of I2KI At the end fill three test tubes: First water: Control, then bag, then beaker. And run two tests: I2KI for presence of starch and Benedicts (needs heating) for reducing sugar. Results: Contents of bag turns purple means the membrane is permeable for I2KI. Contents of bag turn red means positive for glucose bag is not permeable for glucose. Enzymes: we use to make the cheese is called Emporase. Purified enzymes, such as rennin (rennilase) are isolated from the stomach lining of calves. However genetically engineered enzymes, such as chymosin (Chy-max TM) or Emporase TM, which we used, are added to milk to speed up the rate of curdling. We use protease to cut down the cheese. What are they made of: aminoacids How do they function: by binding to specific receptors and speeding up the rate of reaction How does temperature and pH affect their function? Sponge- porifera, parazoa, no symmetry at all, live in water use OSCULUM for water to pass through so they can eat Hydra: cnidarian, radial eumtazoa, mouth only cavity, tissues but no complex organs, tentacles Planarians: acoelomate, bilateral protostome, muscles and cilia, non parasitic and falttened. Clamworms: Anelida, coelomate, bilateral. Live in mud or ocean floor, segmentation Earthworm: anelida, coelomate, bilateral protostome, terrestrial burrowing in rich organic matter Clams: Mollusca, protostome coelomate must have a external shell, mantle, which secretes the shell, a visceral mass which hold all organs and a muscular foot for locomotion. Crayfish: arthropoda, coelomate, protostome. Exoskeleton that they shed periodically Grasshoppers: terrestrial arthropod, spiracles allow for breathing, open vascular system. Sea Star: Echinodermata, radial, moves about by suction cups called tube feet

Chordata: have a head and move using apendages. Symmetry Bilateral (three tissue layers) Radial (two tissue layers) Coelomates have a fluid filled body cavity called a coelom with a complete lining called peritoneum derived from mesoderm (one of the three primary tissue layers). The complete mesoderm lining allows organs to be attached to each other so that they can be suspended in a particular order while still being able to move freely within the cavity. Most bilateral animals, including all the vertebrates, are coelomates. Pseudocoelomate animals have a pseudocoel (literally false cavity), which is a fully functional body cavity. Tissue derived from mesoderm only partly lines the fluid filled body cavity of these animals. Thus, although organs are held in place loosely, they are not as well organized as in a coelomate. All pseudocoelomates are protostomes; however, not all protostomes are pseudocoelomates. An example of a Pseudocoelomate is the roundworm. Acoelomate animals, like flatworms, have no body cavity at all. Organs have direct contact with the epithelium. Semi-solid mesodermal tissues between the gut and body wall hold their organs in place. Diploplastic: only have an ectoderm and an endoderm; they have no mesoderm (Cniddari-hydra) Triploplastic: three primary tissue layers: a ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm (deuterostomes and protostomes) Protostomes vs deuterostomes In protosomes, the blastopore develops into the mouth and the second opening forms the anus. In deuterostomes, the blastopore develops into the anus and the second opening forms the mouth. for protostomes, During early cell divisions the cells almost immediately become determined. Deuterostomes are not cell specific, so protostomes have determinate cleavage while deuterostomes have indeterminate cleavage.