Renewable Energy 35 (2010) 12281235

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Renewable Energy
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/renene

Exergy analysis and investigation for various feed water heaters of direct steam generation solarthermal power plant
M.K. Gupta a, *, S.C. Kaushik b
a b

Mechanical Engineering Department, Ujjain Engineering College, Ujjain, M.P. 456010, India Centre for Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, 110016, India

a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history: Received 8 April 2009 Accepted 12 September 2009 Available online 29 October 2009 Keywords: Energy and exergy analysis Solarthermal power plant Feed water heaters Bleed pressure

a b s t r a c t
The energy and exergy analysis has been carried out for the different components of a proposed conceptual direct steam generation (DSG) solarthermal power plant (STPP). It has been found that the maximum energy loss is in the condenser followed by solar collector eld. The maximum exergy loss is in the solar collector eld while in other plant components it is small. The possibilities to further improve the plant efciency are identied and exploited. For minimum exergy loss in receiver the inlet temperature of water to the receiver, which is governed by the number of feed water heaters (FWHs), bleed pressure and mass fraction of bleed steam, must be optimum. The only one FWH has been proposed in conceptual DSG STPP. In order to evaluate the optimum bleed pressure and mass fraction of bleed steam to maximize the STPP efciency, the investigations are carried out for various bleed pressure and mass fractions of bleed steam of proposed conceptual DSG STPP having one FWH. The investigations for bleed pressure and mass fraction of bleed steam are also carried out by incorporating two and three FWHs. It has been found that there will be signicant improvement in efciency by using three FWHs and further gain in efciency is possible by making provision for more FWHs. 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction Energy conservation is a key goal of economy and it will continue to be in near future. The most effective way to meet the energy demand is to use energy more efciently. The exergy analysis [1,2] method is a useful tool for promoting the goal of more efcient energy-resource use, as it enables the locations, types and true magnitudes of wastes and losses. The exergy analysis shows the true measure of loss which is evident from the results of energy and exergy analysis reported for various types of thermal power plants of various capacities [36]. The popularity of exergy analysis method has grown consequently and is still growing [711]. Habib and. Zubair [7] quantied irreversible losses in components of a regenerative Rankine cycle power plant and concluded that maximum irreversible loss takes place in boiler, and regenerative feed water heating reduces irreversible loss in boiler and whole plant. Singh et al. [3] carried out the energy and exergy analysis for the system components of a typical 50 kW solarthermal power plant (STPP) under given operating conditions. The typical 50 kW STPP uses thermic uid in solar collector eld. The high

* Corresponding author. E-mail address: mk_gupta70@rediffmail.com (M.K. Gupta). 0960-1481/$ see front matter 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2009.09.007

thermodynamic quality of solar radiation has led the researchers to explore the efcient conversion of concentrated solar energy into electrical energy by using thermodynamic power cycles. Solar thermal power generation is one of the promising aspects [12] of solar energy utilization. Techno-economic feasibility of parabolictrough based MW scale STPP with some incentives from the government, has been well proven by the successful operation of about 354 MW capacity solar electricity generation scheme in California, USA [13]. The feasibility of the direct steam generation (DSG) process in horizontal parabolic-trough collectors had already been proven [14]. The rst conceptual and pre-commercial 5 MWe capacity DSG STPP has been presented by Zarza et al. [15]. The only one feed water heater (FWH) has been proposed in conceptual DSG STPP, while in a conventional fossil fuel based thermal power plant feed water preheating is done to improve the plant efciency [7]. The objective of the present study is to carry out the energy and exergy analysis of the proposed conceptual design of 5 MWe DSG STPP [15,16] to pinpoint the location and magnitude of the process irreversibilities in system. For minimum exergy loss in receiver of DSG STPP the inlet temperature of water which is governed by the number of FWH, bleed pressure and mass fraction of bleed steam, must be optimum. Thus, the investigations are carried out for various bleed pressure and mass fractions of bleed steam of proposed conceptual DSG STPP having one FWH in order to

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evaluate the optimum bleed pressure and mass fraction of bleed steam to maximize the STPP efciency. Further, the investigations are also carried out by incorporating two and three FWHs. 2. Description of 5 MWe DSG STPP The 5 MWe DSG STPP [15,16] is composed of a DSG parabolictrough solar collector eld connected to a superheated steam Rankine power cycle (Fig. 1). The solar collector eld consists of seven parallel rows of ET-100 collectors and each row is composed of 10 collectors: 3 collectors for preheating water, 5 collectors for water evaporation and 2 collectors for superheating steam. Table 1 gives the parameters of the ET-100 parabolic-trough collector and design-point parameters for the solar collector eld. The design point of solar collector eld is solar noon on June 21st. The solar collector eld produces superheated steam at 410  C and 70 bar. Fig. 2 shows the temperatureentropy plot of plant cycle. The steam generated from solar collector eld enters the high-pressure turbine (HPT) via pipeline-1 and it is divided in two streams at outlet to HPT. The one stream is sent to inlet of the low-pressure turbine (LPT), while another stream is used for feed water heating and deaeration in a feed water tank/deaerator operated at 5.6 bar. The exhaust steam from low-pressure turbine is condensed in steam condenser with the help of cooling water from the cooling tower. The condensate is pumped by condensate extraction pump (CEP) to ejector and deaerator. Degasied water is then sent to the solar collector eld inlet through pipeline-2 by the collector feed water pump (CFP). 3. Energy and exergy analysis Exergy is a generic term for a group of concepts that dene the maximum work potential of a system, a stream of matter or a heat interaction; the state of the (conceptual) environment being used as the datum state. In an open ow system there are three types of energy transfer across the control surface namely work transfer, heat transfer, and energy associated with mass transfer or ow. The work transfer is equivalent to exergy in every respect as exergy is maximum work, which can be obtained from that form of energy. The exergy ExQ of heat transfer Q from the control surface at temperature T is determined from maximum rate of conversion of thermal energy to work Wmax. The Wmax is given by

Table 1 Parameters of the ET-100 parabolic-trough collector and design-point parameters for the solar collector eld [14,15]. Number of parabolic-trough modules per collector Number of collectors in a row Nc Number of collector rows in collector eld Nr Gross length of every module Aperture width B Overall length of a single collector L Inner/outer diameter of steel absorber pipe Di/Do Inner/outer diameter of glass cover Dci/Dco Net collector aperture area per collector Optical efciency ho at peak/ design point Direct solar irradiance Geographical longitude of the site Geographical latitude of the site f Ambient temperature Ta Incidence angle of solar radiation 8 10 7 12.27 (m) 5.76 (m) 98.5 (m) 0.055/0.07 (m) 0.125/0.130 (m) 548.35 (m2) 0.765/0.74 875 (W/m2) 5 580 W 37 240 N 20 C 13.7

potential and physical exergy Exph. The kinetic and potential energy are again equivalent to exergy. The physical specic exergy j depends on initial state of matter and environmental state and is given by b ba, where b h Ta s, sufx a refers to the environmental state, h is specic enthalpy; s is specic entropy and Ta is environmental/ambient temperature. Energy analysis is based on the rst law of thermodynamics, which is related to the conservation of energy. Exergy analysis is a method that uses the conservation of mass and conservation of energy principles together with the second law of thermodynamics for the analysis, design and improvement of energy systems. Exergy analysis is a useful method; to complement not to replace energy analysis. Unlike the mass and energy the exergy is not conserved. The rst law of thermodynamics or energy balance for steady ow process of an open system is given by

Ei

n X j1

Qj

Eo Wnet

(2)

11 1

Wmax Ex

Q 1 Ta =T

(1)

Exergy of steady ow stream of matter is sum of kinetic,

Pipe-line 1 11 1 kg 1

9 10

2, 3, 7

Solar collector-field

1-y7 kg

3 4 Condenser 7

HPT

LPT

7 7

6 5
5

10 Pipe-line 2 9 CFP 8

y7 kg

FWH

6 CEP

S
Fig. 2. Temperatureentropy plot of DSG STPP.

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of DSG STPP [15,16].

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where Ei and Eo are respectively the energy associated with mass entering and leaving the system, Qj is heat transfer to system from source at Tj, and Wnet is net work developed by the system. The exergy balance for steady ow process of an open system is given by

Exi

ExQ

Exo ExW IR

(3)

where Exi and Exo are respectively the exergy associated with mass inow and outow, ExQ is exergy associated with heat transfer, ExW is exergy associated with work transfer and IR is irreversibility of process. The irreversibility may be due to heat transfer through nite temperature difference, mixing of uids and mechanical friction. Exergy analysis is an effective means, to pinpoint losses due to irreversibility in a real situation. The energy or rst law efciency hI of a system or system component is dened as the ratio of energy output to the energy input of system or system component i.e.

where Ib is beam radiation falling on horizontal surface, the tilt factor rb for beam radiation is rb cos q/cos qz, the minimum angle of incidence q for NS horizontal axis tracking is cos q sin fsin d cos fcos dcos u2 cos2 dsin2 u1=2 , zenith angle qz is cos qz sin d sin f cos d cos f cosu and the declination angle in degrees is given by d 23:45sin360=365284 n. The total exergy input to DSG STPP or the exergy ExI received by the collector system is calculated by

ExI QI 1 Ta =TS

(8)

where TS y5600 K is apparent black body temperature of sun. The energy absorbed Qa by receiver/absorber of solar collector eld is given by

Qa ho Ib rb BLNc Nr ho QI

(9)

hI

Desired output energy Input energy supplied

(4)

The heat energy Qa is transferred to water as useful heat gain rate Qu by water owing through receiver tube and remaining amount Qa Qu is lost from the receiver to ambient as heat loss Ql. The Qu is given by

The exergy or second law efciency is dened as

Qu m11 h11 m10 h10 m10 h11 h10 (5)

(10)

Desired output exergy output hII Maximum possible output exergy input

The exergy Exa of heat absorbed by receiver at mean receiver temperature Tr is given by

The percentage energy loss lc of system or system component is calculated as the ratio of energy loss in the system or system component to the energy entering in the whole system. Similarly the percentage exergy loss or efciency defect dc of system or system components is dened as the ratio of exergy loss IRc in the system or system component to the exergy Exinput entering in the whole system. The dc is given by

Exa Qa 1 Ta =Tr

(11)

The exergy gain Exu by water owing through receiver is given by

Exu m10 j11 j10 m10 h11 h10 Ta s11 s10

The mean receiver temperature Tr is calculated by

(12)

dc IRc =Exinput 100

3.1. Analysis of conceptual DSG STPP

(6)

Ql Ul pDo Tr Ta LNc Nr

(13)

The heat loss coefcient Ul is correlated in terms of Tr by calculating the Ul for various values of Tr ranging from 523 to 723 K. The Ul for a Tr is given by

The analysis for the individual components of DSG STPP (Fig. 1) has been carried out by ignoring the kinetic and potential energy change and assuming steady state operation. The energy Ej and exergy Exj at state point j are represented respectively by mjhj and mjjj. Table 2 shows the relations for the energy loss, hI, exergy loss and hII for DSG STPP and its components by choosing each component in Fig. 1 as a control volume. The total energy input to DSG STPP is the energy QI received by the collector system or falling on the aperture plane of collector. The QI by considering only the beam component of solar radiation is given by

Ul q0 loss =pDo Tr Ta
where q0 loss for a Tr is equations:

(14)

is heat loss rate per unit length of receiver tube. The Ul calculated iteratively [17] by solving the following

  0 4 4 q0 loss qco s pDco hw Tco Ta ec pDco s Tco TS

0 q0 loss qci co 2pkc Tci Tco =lnDco =Dci

(15) (16)

QI Ib rb BLNc Nr
Table 2 Relations for energy and exergy analysis of DSG STPP. Components Collector Receiver Collector-receiver Pipeline-1 HPT LPT Condenser CEP Deaerator CFP Pipeline-2 Whole-plant Energy loss QI Qa Qa Qu QI Qu m11h11 m1h1 m1h1 m2h2 WHPT m3h3 m4h4 WLPT m4h4 m5h5 WCEP(m6h6 m5h5) m6h6 m7h7 m8h8 WCFP(m9h9 m8h8) m9h9 m10h10 QI(WT WP)

(7)

  . 1 D  1 0 0 o 4 4 Tci 1 qloss qrci pDo s Tr er Dci ec

(17)

Irreversibility ExI Exa Exa Exu ExI Exu m11j11 m1j1 m1j1 m2j2 WHPT m3j3 m4j4 WLPT m4j4 m5j5 WCEP(m6j6 m5j5) m6j6 m7j7 m8j8 WCFP(m9j9 m8j8) m9j9 m10j10 ExI(WT WP)

hI/100
Qa/QI Qu/Qa Qu/QI m1h1/m11h11 WHPT/(m1h1 m2h2) WLPT/(m3h3 m4h4) (m6h6 m5h5)/WCEP m8h8/(m6h6 m7h7) (m9h9 m8h8)/WCFP m10h10/m9h9 (WT WP)/QI

hII/100
Exa/ExI Exu/Exa Exu/ExI m1j1/m11j11 WHPT/(m1j1 m2j2) WLPT/(m3j3 m4j4) (m6j6 m5j5)/WCEP m8j8/(m6j6 m7j7) (m9j9 m8j8)/WCFP m10j10/m9j9 (WT WP)/ExI

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The Ts is sky temperature and wind heat transfer coefcient hw is taken 25 W/m2 K. The emmissivity ec of glass cover is taken equal to 0.88 and the emmissivity er of cermet selective coating of receiver [18] in terms of Tr is taken equal to er 0.00042Tr 0.0995. The correlation for Ul in terms Tr obtained is
2 Ul 9:64479 0:0429686Tr 0:0000541032Tr

(18)

The thermodynamic analysis of components related to Rankine cycle of DSG STPP is carried out as per the analysis available in thermodynamics textbooks. The state at inlet point 1 to HPT is specied and exit state 2 is determined by using the mentioned exit pressure p2 and isentropic efciency of HPT equal to 0.71. The work/ energy output WHPT of HPT is calculated by WHPT 0.88 (m1h1 m2h2) by assuming the hI of HPT equal to 0.88. The exit state 2 from HPT is taken as state 3 at inlet to LPT and exit state 4 from LPT is determined by using the mentioned exit pressure p4 and isentropic efciency of LPT equal to 0.78. The work output WLPT of LPT is calculated by WLPT 0.90 (m3h3 m4h4) by assuming the hI of LPT equal to 0.90. The exergy output of HPT and LPT are respectively equal to WHPT and WLPT. The exit state 5 from the condenser is saturated water at condenser exit pressure p5. The hI and hII for condenser have not been dened because there is no well dened output. The exit state 6 to CEP is evaluated by assuming the isentropic efciency of the CEP equal to 0.62. The work input WCEP to CEP is calculated by WCEP (m6h6 m5h5)/0.85 by assuming the hI of CEP equal to 0.85. The exit state 2 from HPT is also taken as state 7 of bleed steam at inlet to deaerator. To determine the state 8 at exit to the deaerator the hI of the deaerator is assumed equal to 95%. The exit state 9 to CFP is evaluated by using the isentropic efciency of the CFP equal to 0.62. The work input WCFP to CFP is calculated by WCFP (m9h9 m8h8)/0.85, assuming the hI of CFP equal to 0.85. The net work output of the whole plant is difference of turbine work output W T and pump work input WP, where the W T is WHPT WLPT and the WP is WCEP WCFP.

WLPT 2794.60 kW, WCEP 7.42 kW, WCFP 133.43 kW and Wnet 5514.73 kW. Table 4 shows the percentage energy loss, rst law efciency, irreversibility, percentage exergy loss and the second law efciency of each components of the proposed conceptual 5 MWe DSG STPP. The rst and second law efciencies of whole plant are respectively 15.87% and 16.75%. The second law efciency of turbines is low due to the low isentropic efciency of turbines. It is evident from Table 4 that the major energy loss is in the condenser (44.02%) followed by collector eld (35.95%), while in other components the energy loss is small. the irreversibility and exergy loss are mainly in the collector eld and smaller in other components. The energy loss in condenser is 44.02% while exergy loss in condenser is only 4.88%. The amount of work that can be produced from heat rejected in condenser will be negligible. Hence the exergy analysis makes it easier to go for improvements in those components where the exergy loss is more. It can also be concluded that there is potential for improvement in deaerator (open FWH) because the rst law efciency of deaerator is 95% while the second law efciency is 62.11%. 4.2. Improvement potential and further analysis It is evident from results of exergy analysis that large exergy losses in the decreasing order take place in collector and receiver. The exergy loss in collector can be reduced by increasing the concentration ratio of collector which is limited due to material and design considerations and the exergy loss in receiver can be reduced by keeping optimum mean temperature of receiver or heat energy collection. For the maximum exergetic efciency of a PTC row the inlet temperature of collector uid (water) circulating through the receiver must be optimum for the same exit temperature of collector uid. The energy efciency of heat energy collection of PTC row decreases with increase in mean temperature of heat energy collection, but the energy efciency of Rankine cycle block of plant increases. Thus, for the maximum combined efciency of DSG STPP the inlet temperature of collector uid (water) circulating through the receiver must be optimum. The inlet temperature of water to PTC row of DSG STPP depends on temperature of feed water pre heated by steam bleed from turbine stage. The proposed conceptual design of DSG STPP has only one FWH. For optimum inlet temperature of water to PTC row as well as for less exergy loss in FWH the number of FWHs must be more than one and bleed pressure as well as corresponding bleed mass fraction of steam must be optimum. Hence, further analysis has been carried out to investigate the effect of changing the bleed mass fraction and bleed pressure of steam on efciency of DSG STPP. The

4. Results and discussion 4.1. Energy and exergy analysis of proposed conceptual plant Table 3 shows the mass ow rate, enthalpy and entropy of water/steam at each thermodynamic state point represented in Fig. 1 or Fig. 2 corresponding to design point [15,16] of proposed conceptual DSG STPP. The physical exergy Exph at each state point is calculated and is also tabulated in Table 3. The various quantities obtained from the analysis are: QI 34750.8 kW, Qa 25715.59 kW, Qu 22257.78 kW, Ql 34 57.81 kW, ExI 32932.59 kW, Tr 689.8 K, Ul 5.748 W/m2 K Exu 10215.13 kW, WHPT 2860.97 kW, Exa 14792.62 kW,
Table 3 Thermodynamic parameters at different state points for 5 MWe DSG STPP [ha 84.03 kJ/kg, sa 0.2965 kJ/kg K at 1 bar and 293 K]. State-points 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 p bar 65 5.6 5.6 0.1525 0.1 5.6 5.6 5.6 84.46 80 70.6 T C 402.51 172 172 54.317 45.8 45.91 172 139.2 141.1 129 407.6 h kJ/kg 3174.3 2790.19 2790.19 2351.8 191.8 192.69 2790.19 585.8 599.2 547.3 3177 s kJ/kg K 6.5026 6.867 6.867 7.2458 0.6491 0.6502 6.867 1.73 1.742 1.616 6.472 m kg/s 8.464 8.464 7.083 7.083 7.083 7.083 1.381 8.464 8.464 8.464 8.464 Exph kJ/s 10765.22 6610.414 5531.848 1640.601 31.577 35.598 1078.566 691.970 775.628 648.821 10863.95

Table 4 Comparative results of exergy and energy analysis of various components for 5 MWe DSG STPP. Components Collector Receiver collectoreld Pipe-line1 HPT LPT Condenser CEP Deaerator CFP Pipeline-2 Whole-plant Energy loss kW 9035.21 3457.81 12493.02 22.85 390.13 310.51 15299.28 1.11 259.86 20.01 439.28 29236.06 Irreversibility kW 18139.97 4577.49 22717.46 98.74 1293.83 1096.64 1609.02 3.39 422.19 49.77 126.81 27417.86 Energy loss % 26 9.95 35.95 0.066 1.123 0.894 44.02 0.003 0.748 0.058 1.264 84.13 Exergy loss % 55.08 13.90 68.98 0.30 3.93 3.33 4.88 0.01 1.28 0.15 0.38 83.25

hI %
74 86.55 64.05 99.91 88 90 85 95 85 91.33 15.87

hII %
44.91 69.05 31.02 99.09 68.86 71.82 54.19 62.11 62.69 83.65 16.75

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analysis has also been carried out by proposing incorporation of two FWHs and three FWHs in the conceptual 5 MWe DSG STPP. Analysis has been carried out for the same solar radiation intensity by assuming same useful heat gain. For the purpose of analysis it has been assumed that state of steam generated at exit to PTC row is kept same by changing the mass ow rate of water. The pressure drop and heat loss are also assumed same through pipelines and condenser. The expansion line from boiler pressure pB to condenser pressure pC has been assumed same and having isentropic efciency of expansion equal to 0.75 for both turbines combined. Thus, it is not required to determine the state at exit to HPT or inlet to LPT. The total work of expansion in both turbines combined is calculated by taking the rst law efciency of both turbines combined equal to 0.90. The procedure followed is to evaluate the thermodynamic state at all points starting from PTC row exit to PTC row inlet after undergoing various processes in thermodynamic cycle based on single open FWH (deaerator), or two FWHs (one deaerator and other closed), or three FWHs (one deaerator and others closed). For a calculated particular inlet temperature of water to PTC row, the mass of steam generated is calculated by

that particular efciency can be achieved for two different bleed mass fractions. It can be seen that higher efciency is attained in the pressure range 36 bar and bleed mass fraction in the range from 0.11 to 0.17. The efciency reduces with higher bleed mass fraction and higher bleed pressure, but the efciency is close to optimum for lower bleed mass fraction and lower bleed pressure. Thus there is wide choice for bleed pressure of single open FWH. Table 5 shows the maximum efciency and corresponding optimum bleed mass fraction y7opt for various bleed pressure p7. The simulation to evaluate y7opt for a p7 has been carried out for various values of y7 up to 0.03 more than y7max, where y7max for a p7 is amount of steam extracted to make the feed water leaving the open FWH at state 8 to be saturated. The y7max is determined by

y7max h8 =0:95 h6 =h7 h6

(20)

m1 Qu =h11 h10
4.3. Bleed pressure optimization for single open FWH

(19)

It is evident (Table 5) that the optimum bleed mass fraction corresponding to a bleed pressure is equal to the bleed mass fraction which makes the water leaving FWH saturated. The optimum bleed mass fraction increases with bleed pressure. It can be seen that for higher efciency (15.879%) the bleed pressure should be in lower range, and highest efciency is attained at bleed pressure equal to 4.1 bar and the bleed mass fraction equal to 0.1767. The improvement in efciency for single FWH is not signicant by changing the bleed pressure, as the irreversibility in FWH increases more or less equal to reduction in irreversibility in PTC row. 4.4. Bleed pressure optimization for two FWH with and without drip pump Fig. 4 shows the DSG STPP having two FWHs with and without drip pump. There are two extraction points to bleed the steam. The extraction point B for closed FWH is in LPT while the extraction point A for deaerator may be in HPT or LPT. The maximum permissible amount of steam for feed water preheating should be extracted from point B, as here the exergy of steam is low. The maximum permissible bleed mass fraction for deaerator makes feed water leaving the deaerator saturated. The temperature of feed water leaving the closed FWH should be less than the temperature of extracted steam. The maximum permissible bleed mass fraction for closed FWH makes feed water leaving the closed FWH either saturated or to attain the temperature equal to 5 less than the temperature of extracted steam, whichever is possible. If we use an open FWH for extraction point B then due to lower pressure/ saturation temperature vapour forms for higher bleed mass fractions which require large pump work. Thus, the FWH utilizing steam extracted from point B must be closed one. For the

Fig. 3 shows the variation of efciency of DSG STPP for the case of a single open FWH (Fig. 1) for various values of bleed pressure p7 and bleed mass fraction y7 of total ow at HPT inlet. The state point 7 for steam extraction may be in HPT or LPT as shown by dotted line in Fig. 1. Though for the safety in open FWH/deaerator the pressure in deaerator should be less than 9 bar but for conceptual understanding we have taken the higher bleed pressure range for simulation. It is evident (Fig. 3) that efciency does not follow monotonous trend with bleed pressure and bleed mass fraction. For a particular bleed mass fraction if bleed pressure increases then the efciency rst increases attains peak and then decreases. At lower bleed pressure if bleed mass fraction is more, then the efciency decreases and even it may be negative due to large pump work because the vapour forms in the deaerator with increase in bleed mass fraction. For lower range of bleed pressure it may be observed

Variation of efficiency I , IIx0.94 (%) [I T=875 W/m 2, Ta=293 K]

15 .3

15

0.25
12

15 .3

1 15 5 .6 15 .7 .5

0.2 Bleed mas s frac t ion y7 (k g/ k g)

151 12 5 .5 1 15 4 .9 5.1 .6

9 5. 14 1 .1 5 115 5 . .6 15

15 .5

15 .1

-3

14 .9

15 .3

.5 15

15 .3

15

0.15

14 .9

15 .6

15 .1

Table 5 Optimum and maximum bleed mass fractions for single FWH for various bleed pressure p7. p7 bar y7max kg/kg 0.1090 0.1273 0.1411 0.1521 0.1615 0.1695 0.1767 0.1831 0.1890 0.1944 0.1984 0.2355 0.2603 0.2794 0.2950 y7opt kg/kg 0.1090 0.1273 0.1411 0.1521 0.1615 0.1695 0.1767 0.1831 0.1890 0.1944 0.1984 0.2355 0.2603 0.2794 0.2950 Maximum hI % 15.714 15.789 15.831 15.856 15.870 15.877 15.879 15.878 15.875 15.869 15.863 15.753 15.616 15.469 15.319

.3 15

.1 15

15

0.05

1 15 .
15

15
14 .9
14 .9

9 14 .

1 FWH

14 .9

10

15

20

25

30

14 .9

0.1

15 .5

15

Fig. 3. Variations of efciency with bleed pressure and bleed mass fraction of DSG STPP with single open FWH.

15. 7

.3 15

.1 15

35

40

Bleed pressure p7 (bar)

1.1 1.6 2.1 2.6 3.1 3.6 4.1 4.6 5.1 5.6 6 11 16 21 26

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a
1 kg 11 1 2 HPT 3 LPT A B

10

5 6 C CEP yB kg FWH

5 6

9 CFP

FWH

7 1-yA kg

7m 1-yA kg E

7 C yB kg

CEP

Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of DSG solarthermal power plant with two FWHs (a) without drip pump (b) with drip pump.

degasication other FWH for extraction point A must be open type. Fig. 5 shows the variation of yB, yA and efciency with pB and pA. The bleed pressure pB for point B is taken in the range 0.22.4 bar, while the bleed pressure pA for point A is taken in the range 2.59 bar. In order to achieve maximum efciency for given values of pB and pA, we have considered the maximum permissible bleed mass fraction yB and yA respectively for closed FWH and deaerator. The values of yA and yB for given values of pB and pA for the DSG STPP with two FWHs without drip pump are calculated by:

with increase of pB for a pA, because of the higher yB. The yA increases with increase of pA for a pB, because of the higher saturation temperature of feed water leaving deaerator for higher pA. It can be seen that the efciency hI for a pB rst increases and then decreases with increase of pA. Thus, there is optimum pA for a pB. It can be seen (Fig. 5) that higher efciency can be achieved by keeping the pB in the range 0.61.2 bar with corresponding pA in the range 6.58 bar. Table 6 shows the variation of maximum efciency and corresponding optimum pA, yB, and yA for various values of pB. For a pB the efciency is evaluated for various pA to ascertain the optimum pA which maximizes the efciency for that pB. The bleed pressure pB for point B is taken in the range 0.22.5 bar for the simulation, while the bleed pressure pA for point A is taken in the range 0.1 bar more than pB to 9 bar. The highest thermal efciency (16.13%) can be achieved by keeping pB equal to 0.9 bar along with other corresponding optimum parameters. Table 7 shows the variation of maximum efciency and corresponding optimum pA, yB, and yA for various values of pB for DSG STPP having two FWHs with drip pump. The heater drip leaving the closed FWH at state C is mixed with feed water leaving closed FWH by using a drip pump, instead of discharging it to condenser. The values of yA and yB for given values of pB and pA for the DSG STPP with two FWHs with drip pump are iteratively calculated by:

Solar collector-field

Condenser With drip 1-yA-yB kg pump

Condenser

yA kg

yA kg

yB kg

yB kg

1-yA-yB kg

yA h8 =0:95 h7m =hA h7m yB 1 yA h7 h6 =0:95hB hC h7 h6 h7m 1 yA yB h7 yB hE =1 yA

(23) (24) (25)

yA h8 =0:95 h7 =hA h7 yB 1 yA h7 h6 =0:95hB hC

(21) (22)

It can be seen (Fig. 5) that yB increases with increase of pB for a pA, which is due to the fact that at higher pB the temperature of bleed steam will be more. Thus, more quantity can be bleed to heat the feed water leaving closed FWH to reach the temperature 5 less than the temperature of bleed steam. The yB decreases little with increase of pA for a pB, because the temperature of feed water at inlet to closed FWH increases with increase of pA. The yA decreases

First the initial value of yA is assumed and yB and h7m are determined. The obtained values of yB and h7m are used to evaluate the new value of yA and iteration is carried out till the convergence is obtained. It is evident (Tables 6 and 7) that yA reduces due to higher temperature of feed water entering the deaerator and yB reduces due to lesser amount of feed water from CEP by using drip pump in comparison to without drip pump. The efciency improves slightly with drip pump and improvement is more for higher pB. The highest thermal efciency (16.17%) can be achieved by keeping pB equal to 1.2 bar along with other corresponding

Variation of yB [I T=875 W/m 2, Ta=293 K] 2 0.14 1.5 1 0.5

Bleed pres s ure pB (bar)
0.12 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.14
0.12 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 6 0.14 0.12

Table 6 Optimum parameters for two FWH without drip pump for various bleed pressure pB in low pressure closed FWH. pB bar Optimum parameters corresponding to pB pA bar 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.2 2.5 4.7 5.3 5.8 6.3 6.6 7 7.3 7.6 7.9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 yA kg/kg 0.17191 0.16649 0.16253 0.16000 0.15641 0.15450 0.15215 0.15021 0.14859 0.14548 0.14174 0.13822 0.13488 0.13172 0.12869 0.12580 0.12302 0.12035 0.11778 0.11288 0.10608 yB kg/kg 0.01555 0.03107 0.04283 0.05237 0.06060 0.06772 0.07413 0.07994 0.08524 0.09033 0.09519 0.09978 0.10412 0.10825 0.11220 0.11598 0.11962 0.12312 0.12650 0.13293 0.14190 15.972 16.042 16.082 16.106 16.121 16.129 16.133 16.134 16.133 16.129 16.124 16.117 16.110 16.101 16.091 16.081 16.071 16.059 16.048 16.023 15.985 Maximum hI %

0.04 3

0.04 7

0.1 0.08 0.06 8 9

2 1.5 1 0.5

Variation of yA [I T=875 W/m 2, Ta=293 K] 0.1 4 0.08 0.0 0.12 0.06 0.1 0. 14 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.14 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.18 0.16 3 4 5 6 7 8 Variation of efficiency I (%) [I T=875 W/m 2, Ta=293 K]

2 15 .8 15 .9 1.5 1 6 1 0.5 3

16
16

16 .1
16

16.1

16.1 16 5 6 7 Bleed pressure pA (bar)

16.133 8

16.1 16

Fig. 5. Variations of parameters with bleed pressures of DSG STPP with two FWHs.

1234

M.K. Gupta, S.C. Kaushik / Renewable Energy 35 (2010) 12281235 Table 8 Optimum parameters for three FWH for various bleed pressure pB in low pressure closed FWH. pB bar Optimum parameters corresponding to pB pA bar 15.973 16.046 16.090 16.118 16.138 16.152 16.161 16.168 16.173 16.176 16.177 16.177 16.176 16.174 16.171 16.168 16.164 16.160 16.155 16.145 16.128 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.2 2.5 3.1 3.4 3.6 3.7 3.9 4 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5 5.1 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.5 5.7 pD bar 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 yB kg/kg 0.01339 0.02696 0.03741 0.04605 0.05348 0.06005 0.06597 0.07138 0.07637 0.08102 0.08538 0.08949 0.09339 0.09711 0.10065 0.10405 0.10731 0.11046 0.11349 0.11927 0.12732 yA kg/kg 0.10617 0.10205 0.09793 0.09305 0.09115 0.08786 0.08697 0.08452 0.08238 0.08050 0.07881 0.07731 0.07595 0.07471 0.07359 0.07256 0.07001 0.06917 0.06839 0.06700 0.06380 yD kg/kg 0.18299 0.17606 0.17171 0.16960 0.16552 0.16354 0.15969 0.15782 0.15599 0.15418 0.15241 0.15067 0.14896 0.14727 0.14561 0.14398 0.14398 0.14237 0.14079 0.13769 0.13467 Maximum hI % 16.504 16.559 16.587 16.601 16.606 16.606 16.603 16.597 16.589 16.580 16.569 16.558 16.546 16.533 16.520 16.507 16.493 16.479 16.465 16.436 16.392

Table 7 Optimum parameters for two FWH with drip pump for various bleed pressure pB in low pressure closed FWH. pB bar Optimum parameters corresponding to pB pA bar 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.2 2.5 4.7 5.3 5.8 6.3 6.7 7 7.3 7.6 7.9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 yA kg/kg 0.17178 0.16624 0.16217 0.15957 0.15690 0.15395 0.15154 0.14955 0.14789 0.14474 0.14096 0.13740 0.13403 0.13083 0.12778 0.12485 0.12205 0.11935 0.11674 0.11180 0.10492 yB kg/kg 0.01527 0.02996 0.04076 0.04932 0.05650 0.06274 0.06822 0.07312 0.07755 0.08177 0.08577 0.08951 0.09303 0.09635 0.09951 0.10251 0.10538 0.10813 0.11077 0.11575 0.12262 Maximum hI %

optimum parameters. It can be concluded that the efciency by having two FWHs in general improves over the single FWH case. 4.5. Bleed pressure optimization for three FWH In this arrangement (Fig. 6) one more closed FWH, which preheats the feed water leaving the deaerator by bleeding the steam from state point D is also proposed. The pressure pD is higher than pA, and the heater drip from state point E is discharged to deaerator. Table 8 shows the variation of maximum efciency for various values of bleed pressure pB and corresponding optimum pA, pD, yB, yA and yD for DSG STPP having three FWHs. For the simulation the bleed pressure pB for point B is taken in the range 0.2 2.5 bar, the bleed pressure pA for point A is taken in the range 0.1 bar more than pB to 8 bar and the bleed pressure pD for point D is taken in the range 0.1 bar more than pA to 12 bar. For a pB and pA the efciency is evaluated for various pD to ascertain the optimum

pD which maximizes the efciency for those pB and pA. For a pB the efciency is evaluated for various pA at corresponding optimum pD to ascertain the optimum pA which maximizes the efciency for that pB. The values of yA, yB and yD for given values of pB, pA and pD for the DSG STPP with three FWHs are calculated by following sequence of equations:

yD h9a h9 =0:95hD hE yA h8 =0:95 yD hE 1 yD h7 =hA h7 yB 1 yA yD h7 h6 =0:95hB hC

(26) (27) (28)

It is evident (Table 8) that by using three FWHs there is significant improvement in efciency. The highest thermal efciency (16.60%) can be achieved by keeping pB equal to 0.7 bar along with other corresponding optimum parameters. 5. Conclusion

1 kg 1 11 Solar collector-field 2 HPT D A D 3 1-yA-yB-yD kg LPT A B

The energy and exergy analysis has been carried out of a conceptually proposed direct steam generation (DSG) solar thermal power plant (STPP) having only one feed water heater (FWH). The major energy loss has been found to occur in condenser followed by collector eld. The exergy analysis shows that collector eld is main source of exergy destruction. The exergy loss in condenser is insignicant, because in the condenser the low quality energy is lost. Thus, the exergy analysis provides a more accurate measurement of the actual inefciencies in the system and the true location of these inefciencies. The results of exergy analysis of DSG STPP point out that collector and receiver require improvement. To reduce exergy loss in collector, material constraints play an important role and hence, extensive work in this direction is to be carried out to make STPP a real success. To reduce the exergy loss in receiver of DSG STPP the temperature of water at inlet to row of parabolic-trough collector must be optimum. Only marginally change in efciency has been observed by changing the bleed mass fraction and bleed pressure of DSG STPP with single FWH and the optimum bleed pressure has been found to be 4.1 bar with maximum efciency equal to 15.879%. The optimization has also

yD kg

y B kg

y A kg

10

Condenser With drip pump 5 6 CEP C yB kg

9a E

9 CFP

FWH

7 1-yA-yD kg

yD kg

Fig. 6. Schematic diagram of DSG solarthermal power plant with three FWHs.

M.K. Gupta, S.C. Kaushik / Renewable Energy 35 (2010) 12281235

1235

been carried out by incorporating two and three FWHs. The maximum efciency equal to 16.134% can be achieved by using the two FWHs without drip pump. It has been found that by using three FWHs there is signicant improvement in maximum efciency (16.606%). and for higher efciency at least three FWHs are must. Further enhancement in efciency of DSG STPP is possible by making provision for more number of FWHs. References
[1] Kotas TJ. The exergy method of thermal plant analysis. Butterworths; 1985. [2] Bejan A. Advanced engineering thermodynamics. Wiley Interscience Pub; 1988. [3] Singh N, Kaushik SC, Mishra RD. Exergetic analysis of a solar thermal power system. Renewable Energy 2000;19:13543. [4] Gupta MK, Kaushik SC. Exergetic utilization of solar energy for feed water preheating in a conventional thermal power plant. International Journal of Energy Research 2009;33:593604. [5] Ameri M, Ahmadi P, Khanmohammadi S. Exergy analysis of a 420 MW combined cycle power plant. International Journal of Energy Research 2008;32:17583. [6] Mago PJ, Srinivasan KK, Chamra LM, Somayaji C. An examination of exergy destruction in organic Rankine cycles. International Journal of Energy Research 2008;32:92638. [7] Habib MA, Zubair SM. Second-law-based thermodynamic analysis of regenerative-reheat Rankine-cycle power plants. Energy 1992;17:295301. [8] Habib MA, Said SAM, Al-Zaharna I. Optimization of reheat pressures in thermal power plants. Energy 1995;20:55565. [9] Gupta MK, Kaushik SC. Exergetic performance evaluation and parametric studies of solar air heater. Energy 2008;33:1691702. [10] Gupta MK, Kaushik SC. Performance evaluation of solar air heater for various articial roughness geometries based on energy, effective and exergy efciencies. Renewable Energy 2009;34:46576.

[11] Gupta MK, Kaushik SC. Performance evaluation of solar air heater having expanded metal mesh as articial roughness on absorber plate. International Journal of Thermal Sciences 2009;48:100716. [12] Beerbaum S, Weinrebe G. Solar thermal power generation in India a technoeconomic analysis. Renewable Energy 2000;21:15374. [13] Price H, Lupfert E, Kearney D, Zarza E, Cohen G, Gee R, et al. Advances in parabolic trough solar power technology. Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 2002;124:10925. [14] Eck M, Zarza E, Eickhoff M, Rheinlander J, Valenzuela L. Applied research concerning the direct steam generation in parabolic troughs. Solar Energy 2003;74:34151. [15] Zarza E, Rojas ME, Gonzalez L, Caballero JM, Rueda F. INDITEP: The rst precommercial DSG solar power plant. Solar Energy 2006;80:12706. [16] Eck M, Zarza E. Saturated steam process with direct steam generating parabolic troughs. Solar Energy 2006;80:142433. [17] Dufe JA, Beckman WA. Solar engineering of thermal processes. New York, U.S.A.: Wiley; 1991. [18] Odeh SD, Morrison GL, Behnia M. Modelling of parabolic trough direct steam generation solar collectors. Solar Energy 1998;62:395406.

Nomenclature
hj: enthalpy at state point j (J/Kg) kc: thermal conductivity of glass cover (W/m K) mj: mass ow rate at state point j (Kg/s) n: day of the year pj: pressure at state point j (N/m2) Tc: temperature of glass cover (K) Tj: temperature at state point j (K) B: aperture width (m) yj: bleed mass fraction at state point j f: latitude of location jj: specic physical exergy at state point j u: hour angle s: Stefans constant