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where I is ampacity (amp), WR is heat dissipated by radiation (watts), WC is heat dissipated by natural convection (watts), and R is
resistance (ohms) at operating temperature and 60 Hz.
Table 1. Ampacities of Copper No. 110 Bus Bars - Ampacities in this table are for bus bars having an emissivity of 0.4.
This was observed on samples exposed for 60 days in an industrial environment, and it is probably identical to that of bus bars in
service.
Direct-current ampacities may differ from AC ampacities because of AC skin effect:
Weight
In.
Area
Per
DC
Resistanc
e
Foot,
at 20 C,
Lb
Microhms
Circular
Per Ft
Mils,
Square
In.
Thousands
30 C Rise
50 C Rise
65 C Rise
Skin Effect
60-Hz
Skin Effect
60-Hz
Skin Effect
60-Hz
Ratio at
Ampacity,*
Ratio at
Ampacity,*
Ratio at
Ampacity,*
70 C
Amp
90 C
Amp
105 C
Amp
1/16 x 1/2
0.0312
39.7
0.121
264.0
1.00
103
1.00
136
1.00
157
1/16 x 3/4
0.0469
59.7
0.181
175.0
1.00
145
1.00
193
1.00
225
1/16 x 1
0.0625
79.6
0.241
132.0
1.00
187
1.00
250
1.00
285
1/16 x 1 1/2
0.0938
119
0.362
87.7
1.00
270
1.00
355
1.00
410
1/16 x 2
0.125
159
0.483
65.8
1.01
345
1.01
460
1.01
530
1/8 x 1/2
0.0625
0.241
132.0
1.00
153
1.00
205
1.00
235
1/8 x 3/4
0.0938
119
0.362
87.7
1.00
215
1.00
285
1.00
325
1/8 x 1
0.125
159
0.483
65.8
1.01
270
1.01
360
1.01
415
1/8 x 1 1/2
0.188
239
0.726
43.8
1.01
385
1.01
510
1.01
590
1/8 x 2
0.250
318
0.966
32.9
1.02
495
1.02
660
1.02
760
1/8 x 2 1/2
0.312
397
1.21
26.4
1.02
600
1.02
800
1.02
920
1/8 x 3
0.375
477
1.45
21.9
1.03
710
1.03
940
1.03
1.1
1/8 x 3 1/2
0.438
558
1.69
18.8
1.04
810
1.03
1.1
1.03
1.25
1/8 x 4
0.500
636
1.93
16.5
1.04
910
1.04
1.2
1.04
1.4
3/16 x 1/2
0.0938
119
0.362
87.7
1.00
195
1.00
260
1.00
300
3/16 x 3/4
0.141
179
0.545
58.4
1.01
270
1.01
360
1.01
415
3/16 x 1
0.188
239
0.726
43.8
1.01
340
1.01
455
1.01
520
3/16 x 1 1/2
0.281
358
1.09
29.3
1.02
480
1.02
630
1.02
730
3/16 x 2
0.375
477
1.45
21.9
1.03
610
1.03
810
1.03
940
3/16 x 2 1/2
0.469
597
1.81
17.5
1.04
740
1.04
980
1.03
1.15
3/16 x 3
0.562
715
2.17
14.6
1.05
870
1.05
1.15
1.04
1.35
3/16 x 3 1/2
0.656
835
2.53
12.5
1.07
990
1.06
1.3
1.06
1.5
79.6
3/16 x 4
0.750
955
2.90
11.0
1.09
1.1
1.08
1.45
1.07
1.7
1/4 x 1/2
0.125
159
0.483
65.8
1.01
240
1.01
315
1.01
360
1/4 x 3/4
0.188
239
0.726
43.8
1.01
320
1.01
425
1.01
490
1/4 x 1
0.250
318
0.966
32.9
1.02
400
1.02
530
1.02
620
1/4 x 1 1/2
0.375
477
1.45
21.9
1.03
560
1.03
740
1.03
860
1/4 x 2
0.500
637
1.93
16.5
1.04
710
1.04
940
1.04
1.1
1/4 x 2 1/2
0.625
796
2.41
13.2
1.06
850
1.06
1.15
1.06
1.3
1/4 x 3
0.750
955
2.90
11.0
1.08
990
1.08
1.3
1.07
1.55
1/4 x 3 1/2
0.875
1,110
3.38
9.40
1.10
1.15
1.09
1.5
1.09
1.75
1/4 x 4
1.00
1,270
3.86
8.23
1.12
1.25
1.11
1.7
1.10
1.95
1/4 x 5
1.25
1,590
4.83
6.58
1.16
1.5
1.15
1.14
2.35
1/4 x 6
1.50
1,910
5.80
5.49
1.18
1.75
1.17
2.35
1.17
2.7
1/4 x 8
2.00
2,550
7.73
4.11
1.23
2.25
1.22
1.21
3.45
1/4 x 10
2.50
3,180
9.66
3.29
1.27
2.7
1.26
3.6
1.25
4.2
1/4 x 12
3.00
3,820
2.74
1.31
3.15
1.30
4.2
1.28
4.9
3/8 x 3/4
0.281
358
1.09
29.3
1.02
415
1.02
550
1.02
630
3/8 x 1
0.375
477
1.45
21.9
1.03
510
1.03
680
1.03
790
3/8 x 1 1/2
0.562
715
2.17
14.6
1.05
710
1.04
940
1.04
1.1
3/8 x 2
0.750
955
2.90
11.0
1.08
880
1.08
1.15
1.07
1.35
3/8 x 2 1/2
0.938
1,190
3.62
8.77
1.12
1.05
1.10
1.4
1.09
1.6
3/8 x 3
1.12
1,430
4.35
7.35
1.15
1.2
1.14
1.6
1.13
1.85
3/8 x 3 1/2
1.31
1,670
5.06
6.28
1.18
1.35
1.16
1.8
1.15
2.1
3/8 x 4
1.50
1,910
5.80
5.49
1.20
1.5
1.19
1.18
2.35
3/8 x 5
1.88
2,390
7.26
4.38
1.24
1.8
1.23
2.4
1.22
2.8
3/8 x 6
2.25
2,860
8.69
3.66
1.27
2.1
1.26
2.8
1.24
3.25
3/8 x 8
3.00
3,820
11.6
2.74
1.33
2.65
1.31
3.55
1.30
4.1
3/8 x 10
3.75
4,770
14.5
2.19
1.38
3.2
1.36
4.3
1.35
4.9
3/8 x 12
4.50
5,730
17.4
1.83
1.42
3.7
1.40
1.38
5.8
1/2 x 1
0.500
820
1.04
940
1/2 x 1 1/2
0.750
1/2 x 2
1.00
1/2 x 2 1/2
1.25
1/2 x 3
11.6
637
1.93
16.5
1.04
620
1.04
955
2.90
11.0
1.08
830
1.08
1.1
1.07
1.25
1,270
3.86
8.23
1.12
1.11
1.35
1.10
1.55
1,590
4.83
6.58
1.16
1.2
1.15
1.6
1.14
1.85
1.50
1,910
5.80
5.49
1.20
1.4
1.19
1.85
1.18
2.15
1/2 x 3 1/2
1.75
2,230
6.76
4.70
1.24
1.55
1.22
2.1
1.21
2.4
1/2 x 4
2.00
2,550
7.73
4.11
1.26
1.7
1.25
2.3
1.24
2.65
1/2 x 5
2.50
3,180
9.66
3.29
1.32
2.05
1.30
2.75
1.29
3.15
1/2 x 6
3.00
3,820
11.6
2.74
1.36
2.4
1.34
3.15
1.33
3.65
1/2 x 8
4.00
5,090
15.5
2.06
1.42
1.40
1.39
4.6
1/2 x 10
5.00
6,360
19.3
1.65
1.47
3.6
1.45
4.8
1.44
5.5
1/2 x 12
6.00
7,640
23.2
1.37
1.52
4.2
1.51
5.6
1.50
6.4
3/4 x 4
3.00
3,820
11.6
2.74
1.42
2.05
1.40
2.75
1.38
3.15
3/4 x 5
3.75
4,770
14.5
2.19
1.48
2.4
1.46
3.25
1.44
3.75
3/4 x 6
4.50
5,730
17.4
1.83
1.52
2.8
1.50
3.75
1.48
4.3
3/4 x 8
6.00
7,640
23.2
1.37
1.60
3.5
1.58
4.7
1.56
5.4
3/4 x 10
7.50
9,550
29.0
1.10
1.67
4.2
1.64
5.6
1.62
6.5
x 12
9.00
11,500
34.8
0.914ambient 1.72
1.67 external 7.5
*3/4
Applicable
to typical
in-service
conditions
(indoors, 40C
temperature),4.9
horizontal1.69
run on edge,6.5
and free from
magnetiC influences.
Amp
AWG/MCM
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
3
2
1
1/0
2/0
3/0
4/0
250
300
350
400
500
600
700
750
800
1000
1250
1500
1750
2000
IEC
mm 2
0.75
0.80
0.82
0.90
1.00
1.31
1.50
2,08
2.50
3.31
4.00
5.26
6.00
8.37
10
13.30
16.00
21.15
25.00
26.70
33.62
35.00
42.40
50.00
53.51
67.44
70.00
85.02
95.00
107.22
120.00
126.68
150.00
152.01
177.35
185.00
202.68
240.00
253.35
300.00
304.02
354.59
380.03
400.00
405.36
500.00
506.70
630.00
633.38
760.05
800.00
886.73
1,000.00
1,013.40
COBRE
desnudo
TF-TW 600V
11.83
6.00
THW
600V
ALUMINIO
TTU
2000V
ASC
ASCR
19.00
8.00
30.00
16.00
16.00
40.00
20.00
20.00
55.00
30.00
30.00
70.00
40.00
50.00
50.00
100.00
55.00
65.00
65.00
70.00
70.00
130.00
70.00
85.00
85.00
100.00
100.00
150.00
175.00
95.00
115.00
115.00
115.00
130.00
235.00
275.00
285.44
320.00
125.00
145.00
150.00
175.00
150.00
175.00
175.00
205.00
165.00
200.00
200.00
235.00
340.00
195.00
230.00
230.00
275.00
410.00
215.00
255.00
255.00
320.00
460.00
510.00
240.00
260.00
285.00
310.00
285.00
310.00
555.00
280.00
335.00
335.00
630.00
320.00
380.00
380.00
710.00
780.00
810.00
355.00
385.00
400.00
420.00
460.00
475.00
420.00
460.00
475.00
845.00
410.00
490.00
490.00
965.00
455.00
520.00
545.00
205.00
55.00
150.00
460.00
745.00
845.00
941.00
TF-TW 600V
THW
600V
TTU
2000V
ARRANQUE DIRECTO
POTENCIA
DEL MOTOR
MONOFASICO
POTENCIA
DEL MOTOR
TRIFASICO
ESTRELLA
TRIANGULO
KW
HP
115 V.
LRD
220/240 V.
LRD
0.09
1./8
2.8
KW
HP
220/240 V.
LRD
415/440 V.
LRD
660 V.
LRD
220 v.
LRD
415/440 V.
LRD
0.12
1./6
3.2
0.18
1./4
4.6
0.25
1./3
5.2
0.37
1./2
7.4
0.55
3./4
10.2
0.75
1
13
1.1
1.5
18.4
1.5
2
24
1.8
2.5
2.2
3
3
4
34
3.7
5
56
4
5.5
4.5
6
5.2
7
5.5
7.5
80
7.5
10
100
3365
5367
11
15
15
20
08
08
10
10
12
16
16
22
22
3355
3359
1.4
1.6
2.3
2.6
3.7
5.1
6.5
9.2
12
15.7
17
24.3
28
29.6
34.7
39.8
40
50
70
92
06
06
07
08
08
10
12
14
16
21
21
22
32
32
3355
3357
3357
3359
3363
3365
0.25
1./3
1.4
0.37
1./2
1.8
0.55
3./4
2.75
0.75
1
3.5
1.1
1.5
4.4
1.5
2
6.1
1.8
2.5
7.5
2.2
3
8.7
3
4
11.5
4
5.5
14.5
4.5
6
18.9
5.5
7.5
20
7.5
10
27
9
12
32
11
15
39
15
20
52
18.5
25
64
22
30
75
25
34
85
30
40
103
33
45
113
37
50
126
45
60
150
51
70
170
55
75
182
59
80
195
63
85
203
75
100
240
F7375
06
07
08
08
10
12
14
14
16
21
22
22
32
35
3355
3359
3361
3363
3365
4367
4369
4369
F5371
F5371
F5371
F5371
F7375
0.76
0.99
1.36
2.5
3.5
4.2
6.5
8.4
10.5
11
14
17
21
28
35
40
47
55
60
66
80
90
100
105
115
135
05
05
06
07
08
08
10
10
14
14
16
16
21
21
22
32
3353
3357
3357
3359
3361
3361
3365
3365
4367
4367
4369
4369
0.6
0.9
1.1
1.5
2.3
2.8
3.8
4.9
6.4
6.6
8.9
10.6
14
17.3
21.3
25.4
30.3
34.6
39
42
49
57
61
66
69
82
04
05
06
06
07
07
08
08
10
12
12
14
16
21
22
22
32
35
3355
3357
3357
3359
3359
3361
3361
3363
3365
12
14
16
16
21
18.5
22
22.54 30.0578 36.99 43.35 49.13 59.54 65.32 72.83 86.71 98.266 105.2
32
12
12
14
16
21
LC1D
LC1F
9
X
12
X
18
X
25
X
32
X
40
X
50
X
65
X
80
X
90
X
115
X
150
X
LR9
35
16.185
21
X
185/225
3357
3357
3359
3359
3361
3363
3365
4367
22
32
35
3355
3357
3357
3359
112.72
117.3 138.728
4367
4369
4369
F5371
57.8
60.694
66.47
78.0
3359
3359
3363
3363
To Find
Direct Current
Amps when
Horsepower is Known
Amps when
Kilowatts is known
Amps when
kVA is known
Kilowatts
HP x 746
E x Eff
kW x 1000
E
IxE
1000
Kilovolt-Amps
Horsepower
(output)
I x E x Eff
746
AC/DC Formulas
AC / 1phase
AC / 1phase
AC 3 phase
115v or 120v
208,230, or 240v
All Voltages
HP x 746
HP x 746
HP x 746
E x Eff X PF
E x Eff x PF
1.73 x E x Eff x PF
kW x 1000
kW x 1000
kW x 1000
E x PF
E x PF
1.73 x E x PF
kVA x 1000
kVA x 1000
kVA x 1000
E
E
1.73 x E
I x E x PF
I x E x PF
I x E x 1.73 PF
1000
1000
1000
IxE
IxE
I x E x 1.73
1000
1000
1000
I x E x Eff x PF
I x E x Eff x PF I x E x Eff x 1.73 x PF
746
746
746
Power - DC Circuits
Watts = E xI
Amps = W / E
Single Phase
(2 or 3 wire)
CM=
2K x L x I
VD
1.73 x K x I x L
CM
1.73 x K x L x I
VD
A squirrel cage induction motor is a constant speed device. It cannot operate for any length of time at speeds below those shown on
To Calculate the speed of a induction motor , apply this formula:
Srpm = 120 x F
P
Srpm = synchronous revolutions per minute.
120 = constant
F
= supply frequency (in cycles/sec)
P
= number of motor winding poles
Example: What is the synchronous of a motor having 4 poles connected to a 60 hz power supply?
Srpm = 120 x F
P
Srpm = 120 x 60
4
Srpm = 7200
4
Srpm = 1800 rpm
T
= full-load motor torque (in lb-ft)
5252 = constant (33,000 divided by 3.14 x 2 = 5252)
HP = motor horsepower
rpm = speed of motor shaft
Example: What is the braking torque of a 60 HP, 240V motor rotating at 1725 rpm?
T = 5252 x HP
rpm
T = 5252 x 60
1725
T = 315,120
1725
T = 182.7 lb-ft
Calculating Work:
Work is applying a force over a distance. Force is any cause that changes the position, motion, direction, or shape of an object. Wo
To calculate the amount of work produced, apply this formula:
W=FxD
W = work (in lb-ft)
F = force (in lb)
D = distance (in ft)
Example: How much work is required to carry a 25 lb bag of groceries vertically from street level to the 4th floor of a building 30' ab
W=FxD
W = 25 x 30
W = 750 -lb
Calculating Torque:
Torque is the force that produces rotation. It causes an object to rotate. Torque consist of a force acting on
To calculate torque, apply this formula:
T=FxD
T = torque (in lb-ft)
F = force (in lb)
D = distance (in ft)
Example: What is the torque produced by a 60 lb force pushing on a 3' lever arm?
T=FxD
T = 60 x 3
T = 180 lb ft
Full-load torque is the torque to produce the rated power at full speed of the motor. The amount of torque a
To calculate motor full-load torque, apply this formula:
T = HP x 5252
rpm
T = torque (in lb-ft)
HP = horsepower
5252 = constant
rpm = revolutions per minute
Example: What is the FLT (Full-load torque) of a 30HP motor operating at 1725 rpm?
T = HP x 5252
rpm
T = 30 x 5252
1725
T = 157,560
1725
T = 91.34 lb-ft
Calculating Horsepower:
Electrical power is rated in horsepower or watts. A horsepower is a unit of power equal to 746 watts or 33,0
Horsepower is used to measure the energy produced by an electric motor while doing work.
To calculate the horsepower of a motor when current and efficiency, and voltage are known, apply t
HP = V x I x Eff
746
HP = horsepower
V = voltage
I = curent (amps)
Eff. = efficiency
Example: What is the horsepower of a 230v motor pulling 4 amps and having 82% efficiency?
HP = V x I x Eff
746
HP = 230 x 4 x .82
746
HP = 754.4
746
HP = 1 Hp
Use Formula
To Find
Use Formula
HP = I X E X
Eff.
746
HP
I = HP x 746
E X Eff x
PF
Given
Find
HP
Solution
HP = 240V x 20A x
85%
746
HP=5.5
I = 10HP x 746
240V x 90% x 88%
I = 39 A
To calculate the horsepower of a motor when the speed and torque are known, apply this formula:
HP = rpm x T(torque)
5252(constant)
Example: What is the horsepower of a 1725 rpm motor with a FLT 3.1 lb-ft?
HP = rpm x T
5252
HP = 1725 x 3.1
5252
HP = 5347.5
5252
HP = 1 hp
AC motors are considered constant speed motors. This is because the synchronous speed of an induction
To calculate synchronous speed of an induction motor, apply this formula:
rpmsyn = 120 x f
Np
rpmsyn = synchronous speed (in rpm)
f
= supply frequency in (cycles/sec)
Np
= number of motor poles
Example: What is the synchronous speed of a four pole motor operating at 50 hz.?
rpmsyn = 120 x f
Np
rpmsyn = 120 x 50
4
rpmsyn = 6000
4
rpmsyn = 1500 rpm
Options:
- Useful Formulas
- Motor Formulas
To better understand the following formulas review the rule of transposition in equations.
A multiplier may be removed from one side of an equation by making it a division on the other side, or a div
A.
Ep =
Es x Is
Ip
B.
C.
Is =
Ep x Ip
Es
D.
A.
Ep =
Es x Ip
Ts
B.
C.
Tp =
Ep x Ts
Es
D.
A.
Ip =
Is x Ts
Tp
B.
C.
Ts =
Ip x Tp
Is
D.
DC Motors
Horsepower
90v
120v
180v
240v
Amperes
1/4
1/3
1/2
4.0
5.2
6.8
3.1
4.1
5.4
2.0
2.6
3.4
1.6
2.0
2.7
3/4
1
1-1/2
2
3
5
7 - 1/2
Horsepower
9.6
12.2
------
7.6
9.5
13.2
17
25
40
58
4.8
6.1
8.3
10.8
16
27
--
90v
120v
180v
3.8
4.7
6.6
8.5
12.2
20
29
240v
Amperes
10
15
20
25
30
40
Horsepower
-------
76
------
-------
90v
120v
180v
38
38
55
89
106
140
240v
Amperes
50
60
75
100
125
150
200
--------
--------
--------
173
206
255
341
425
506
675
115v
200v
230v
2.5
3.3
4.1
5.6
7.9
9.2
11.5
13.8
19.6
32.2
46
57.5
208v
Amperes
2.4
3.2
4.0
5.4
7.6
8.8
11
13.2
18.7
30.8
44
55
4.4
5.8
7.2
9.8
13.8
16
20
24
34
56
80
100
115v
200v
208v
230v
2.2
2.9
3.6
4.9
6.9
8.0
10
12
17
28
40
50
115v
230v
1/2
3/4
4.0
4.8
2.0
2.4
460v
Amperes
1.0
1.2
575v
0.8
1.0
1
1 1/2
2
3
5
10
15
20
25
30
40
Horsepower
6.4
9.0
11.8
---------
3.2
4.5
5.9
8.3
13.2
24
36
47
59
69
90
115v
230v
50
60
75
100
125
150
200
--------
113
133
166
218
270
312
416
1.6
2.3
3.0
4.2
6.6
12
18
23
29
35
45
460v
Amperes
56
67
83
109
135
156
208
1.3
1.8
2.4
3.3
5.3
10
14
19
24
28
36
575v
45
53
66
87
108
125
167
115V
200V
208V
4.4
6.4
8.4
12.0
13.6
----
2.5
3.7
4.8
6.9
7.8
11.0
17.5
25.3
2.4
3.5
4.6
6.6
7.5
10.6
16.7
24.2
230V
Amperes
2.2
3.2
4.2
6.0
6.8
9.6
15.2
22
115v
-------
200v
32.2
48.3
62.1
78.2
92
120
208v
30.8
46.2
59.4
74.8
88
114
230v
28
42
54
68
80
104
115v
--------
200v
150
177
221
285
359
414
552
208v
143
169
211
273
343
396
528
230v
130
154
192
248
312
360
480
115v
200v
208v
--
--
--
230v
Amperes
--
300
350
400
450
500
------
------
------
------
230v
460v
2300v
26
32
41
52
61
78
101
126
151
201
575v
Amperes
21
26
33
42
49
62
81
101
121
161
53
63
83
104
123
155
202
253
302
400
230v
460v
575v
2300v
----12
15
20
25
30
40
r any length of time at speeds below those shown on the nameplate without danger of burning out.
position, motion, direction, or shape of an object. Work is done when a force overcomes a resistance. Resistance is any force that tends to hinder the mov
y from street level to the 4th floor of a building 30' above street level?
object to rotate. Torque consist of a force acting on distance. Torque, like work, is measured is pound-feet (lb-ft). However, torque, unlike work, may exis
er at full speed of the motor. The amount of torque a motor produces at rated power and full speed can be found by using a horsepower-to-torque convers
sepower is a unit of power equal to 746 watts or 33,0000 lb-ft per minute (550 lb-ft per second). A watt is a unit of measure equal to the power produced by
by an electric motor while doing work.
ent and efficiency, and voltage are known, apply this formula:
s is because the synchronous speed of an induction motor is based on the supply frequency and the number of poles in the motor winding. Motor are desi
Ip =
Es x Is
Ep
Es =
Ep x Ip
Is
Ts =
Es x Tp
Ep
Es =
Ep x Ts
Tp
Tp =
Is x Ts
Ip
Is =
Ip x Tp
Ts
500v
550v
----
----
------13.6
------12.2
500v
550v
18
18
27
43
51
67
16
16
24
38
46
61
500v
550v
83
99
123
164
205
246
330
75
90
111
148
185
222
294
2300v
---
-----------2300v
-14
18
23
28
32
43
575V
2300V
1.1
1.6
2.1
3.0
3.4
4.8
7.6
11
0.9
1.3
1.7
2.4
2.7
3.9
6.1
9
---------
460v
14
21
27
34
40
52
575v
11
17
22
27
32
41
2300v
-------
460v
65
77
96
124
156
180
240
575v
52
62
77
99
125
144
192
2300v
-16
20
26
31
37
49
460v
575v
2300v
302
242
60
Amperes
Amperes
361
414
477
515
590
289
336
382
412
472
72
83
95
103
118
Resistance is any force that tends to hinder the movement of an object.If an applied force does not cause motion the no work is produced.
nd-feet (lb-ft). However, torque, unlike work, may exist even though no movement occurs.
an be found by using a horsepower-to-torque conversion chart. When using the conversion chart, place a straight edge along the two known quantities an
tt is a unit of measure equal to the power produced by a current of 1 amp across the potential difference of 1 volt. It is 1/746 of 1 horsepower. The watt is t
number of poles in the motor winding. Motor are designed for 60 hz use have synchronous speeds of 3600, 1800, 1200, 900, 720, 600, 514, and 450 rpm
ace a straight edge along the two known quantities and read the unknown quantity on the third line.
nce of 1 volt. It is 1/746 of 1 horsepower. The watt is the base unit of electrical power. Motor power is rated in horsepower and watts.
f 3600, 1800, 1200, 900, 720, 600, 514, and 450 rpm.