1961 Minivac 601

Minivac 601 Digital Computer Kit was an electromechanical digital computer product created by Claude Shannon and sold by Scientific Development Corporation as early as 1961 as an educational kit for digital circuits. It used electrical relays as logic switches and for storage. It had a six-bit binary input/output array, consisting of simple switches and indicator lights and a dial to input decimal numbers.

1961 Selective Typewriter

Manufacturer by: IBM Memory Technology: Magnetic Core Memory Size: Up to 64k bytes CPU Technology: Transistor Machine Cycle Times: 750 nanoseconds(1.33 MHz)

Page 1 of 25

1962 LINC (Laboratory Instrumentation Computer)

The LINC (Laboratory Instrumentation Computer) offered the first real time laboratory data processing. Designed by Wesley Clark at Lincoln Laboratories, Digital Equipment Corp. later commercialized it as the LINC-8.

1964 Compact Cassette Taper

RAND tablet input device (commercially known as Grafacon), sold with DEC Workstations at $18.000. Compact cassette tape (Phillips). Software: The BASIC programming language developed by Kurtz and Kemeny.

Page 2 of 25

1966 Parallel Processing Computer

A large parallel processing computer created by the Department of Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency contracted with the University of Illinois the ILLIAC IV. The first large-scale array computer, the ILLIAC IV achieved a computation speed of 200 million instructions per second, about 300 million operations per second, and 1 billion bits per second of I/O transfer via a unique combination of parallel architecture and the overlapping or "pipe-lining" structure of its 64 processing elements.

1967 Paperclip Computer

The "paperclip computer" was introduced in 1967 in a book called How To Build a Working Digital Computer by Alcosser, Phillips, and Wolk. The book describes how you can build a simple computer with things around the house, like paperclips for switches, and a tin can for drum memory in.

Page 3 of 25

1968 Apollo Guidance Computer

The Apollo Guidance Computer made its debut orbiting the Earth on Apollo 7. A year later, it steered Apollo 11 to the lunar surface. Astronauts communicated with the computer by punching two-digit codes and the appropriate syntactic category into the display and keyboard unit.

1969 Personal Computer

Prototype is Ettore Sottsass in 1969 and Perry King invention and design. Configuration is the ancient science and technology, adopted a piece can curl display to old-fashioned typewriter which replaces the paper.

Page 4 of 25

1971 Nokia's MikroMikko Computer

Figure 1

Figure 2

Before telecommunications, there was the information technology division of Nokia as shown in figure 1. There are three components in this computer which is motherboards and Ethernet network adapters that are not only ergonomically sound, but also completely pc-compatible. Figure 2 is Kurzweil Reading Machine processing unit. Gail Yarnell gave Bits & Bites lecture on 9/18/83; audio tape in tape file. Office file Reading machine for the blind. Cassette tape and machine keys located in Object File.

1972 HP-35

Hewlett-Packard announced the HP-35 as "a fast, extremely accurate electronic slide rule" with a solid-state memory similar to that of a computer. The HP-35 distinguished itself from its competitors by its ability to perform a broad variety of logarithmic and trigonometric functions, to store more intermediate solutions for later use, and to accept and display entries in a form similar to standard scientific notation. Page 5 of 25

1973 TV Typewriter

The TV Typewriter, designed by Don Lancaster, provided the first display of alphanumeric information on an ordinary television set. It used $120 worth of electronics components, as outlined in the September 1973 issue of Radio Electronics. The original design included two memory boards and could generate and store 512 characters as 16 lines of 32 characters. A 90-minute cassette tape provided supplementary storage for about 100 pages of text.

1973 Micral

The Micral was the earliest commercial, non-kit personal computer based on a microprocessor, the Intel 8008. Thi Truong developed the computer and Philippe Kahn the software. Truong, founder and president of the French company R2E, created the Micral as a replacement for minicomputers in situations that didnt require high performance. Selling for $1,750, the Micral never penetrated the U.S. market. In 1979, Truong sold Micral to Bull.

Page 6 of 25

1974 Xerox Alto

Researchers at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center designed the Alto the first work station with a built-in mouse for input. The Alto stored several files simultaneously in windows, offered menus and icons, and could link to a local area network. Although Xerox never sold the Alto commercially, it gave a number of them to universities. Engineers later incorporated its features into work stations and personal computers.

1974 Scelbi 8H

Scelbi advertised its 8H computer, the first commercially advertised U.S. computer based on a microprocessor, Intels 8008. Scelbi aimed the 8H, available both in kit form and fully assembled, at scientific, electronic, and biological applications. It had 4 kilobytes of internal memory and a cassette tape, with both teletype and oscilloscope interfaces. In 1975, Scelbi introduced the 8B version with 16 kilobytes of memory for the business market. The company sold about 200 machines, losing $500 per unit. Page 7 of 25

1975 Felsensteins VDM

The visual display module (VDM) prototype, designed in 1975 by Lee Felsenstein, marked the first implementation of a memory-mapped alphanumeric video display for personal computers. Introduced at the Altair Convention in Albuquerque in March 1976, the visual display module allowed use of personal computers for interactive games.

1975 MITS Altair

The January edition of Popular Electronics featured the Altair 8800 computer kit, based on Intels 8080 microprocessor, on its cover. Within weeks of the computers debut, customers inundated the manufacturing company, MITS, with orders. Bill Gates and Paul Allen licensed BASIC as the software language for the Altair. Ed Roberts invented the 8800 which sold for $297, or $395 with a case and coined the term "personal computer." The machine came with 256 bytes of memory (expandable to 64K) and an open 100-line bus structure that evolved into the S-100 standard. In 1977, MITS sold out to Pertec, which continued producing Altairs through 1978. Page 8 of 25

1975 Tandem 16

Tandem computers tailored its Tandem-16, the first fault-tolerant computer, for online transaction processing. The banking industry rushed to adopt the machine, built to run during repair or expansion.

1976 Apple I

Steve Wozniak designed the Apple I, a single-board computer. With specifications in hand and an order for 100 machines at $500 each from the Byte Shop, he and Steve Jobs got their start in business. In this photograph of the Apple I board, the upper two rows are a video terminal and the lower two rows are the computer. The 6502 microprocessor in the white package sits on the lower right. About 200 of the machines sold before the company announced the Apple II as a complete computer.

Page 9 of 25

1976 Cray I

The Cray I made its name as the first commercially successful vector processor. The fastest machine of its day, its speed came partly from its shape, a C, which reduced the length of wires and thus the time signals needed to travel across them. Speed Size : 166 million floating-point operations per second : 58 cubic feet

Word length : 64bit words

1977 VAX 11/780

The VAX 11/780 from Digital Equipment Corp. featured the ability to address up to 4.3 gigabytes of virtual memory, providing hundreds of times the capacity of most minicomputers.The first VAX model sold was the VAX-11/780, which was introduced on October 25, 1977 at the Digital Equipment Corporation's Annual Meeting of Shareholders.Bill Strecker. Many different models with different prices, performance levels, and capacities were subsequently created. For a while the VAX11/780 was used as a baseline in CPU benchmarks because its speed was about one MIPS. Page 10 of 25

1977 The Commodore PET (Personal Electronic Transactor)

The Commodore PET (Personal Electronic Transactor) was a home/personal computer produced from 1977 by Commodore International. A top-seller in the Canadian and United States educational markets, it was Commodore's first fullfeatured computer, and formed the basis for their entire 8-bit product line.

1978 The Speak & Spell line

The speak & Spell line is a series of electronic handheld educational toys created by Texas Instruments that consist of a speech synthesizer, a keyboard, and a receptor slot to receive one of a collection of ROM game library modules (collectively covered under patent US 3934233). The first Speak & Spell was introduced at the summer Consumer Electronics Show in June 1978, making it one of the earliest handheld electronic devices with a visual display to use interchangeable game cartridges.

Page 11 of 25

1979 Motorola 68000

The Motorola 68000 is a 16/32-bit CISC microprocessor core designed and marketed by Freescale Semiconductor (formerly Motorola Semiconductor Products Sector). Introduced in 1979 with HMOS technology as the first member of the successful 32bit m68k family of microprocessors, it is generally software forward compatible with the rest of the line despite being limited to a 16-bit wide external bus. After 30 years in production, the 68000 architecture is still in use.

1980 ST 506

The ST-506 was the first 5.25 inch hard disk drive. Introduced in 1980 by Seagate Technology (then Shugart Technology), it stored up to 5 megabytes after formatting and cost $1500. The ST-506 connected to a computer system through a disk controller. The ST-506 interface between the controller and drive was derived from the Shugart Associates SA1000 interface which was in turn based upon the floppy disk drive interface thereby making disk controller design relatively easy.The ST-506 Interface and its variants (ST-412, ST-412RLL) were defacto industry standards for disk drives well into the 1990s. Page 12 of 25

1980 Lisa

The Lisa was a more advanced system than the Macintosh, such as its inclusion of protected memory, cooperative multitasking, a generally more sophisticated hard disk based operating system, a built-in screensaver, an advanced calculator with a paper tape and RPN, support for up to two megabytes (MB) of RAM, expansion slots, a numeric keypad, data corruption protection schemes such as block sparing, nonphysical file names (with the ability to have multiple documents with the same name), and a larger higher-resolution display.

1981 IBM PC

IBM PC as a low-cost assemblage of electronic Lego parts made every neighborhood electronics geek a computer technician and every small office and home work room a data center. IBM introduced its PC, igniting a fast growth of the personal computer market. The first PC ran on a 4.77 MHz Intel 8088 microprocessor and used Microsofts MS-DOS operating system. Page 13 of 25

1983 GPS/ GIS

The Global Positioning System was opened for use by civilian aircraft in 1983, beginning a trend that combined with great advances in geographic information systems and mapping tools led to agency data visualized in layered maps and cars telling their drivers where to turn.

1984 Macintosh

The Macintosh or Mac, is a series of several lines of personal computers designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. The first Macintosh was introduced by Apple's then-chairman Steve Jobs on January 24, 1984; it was the first commercially successful personal computer. These include the descendants of the original iMac and the entry-level Mac mini desktop models, the Mac Pro tower graphics workstation, the MacBook, MacBook Air and MacBook Pro laptops. The Xserve server was discontinued January 31, 2011.

Page 14 of 25

1984 CD-ROM

A CD-ROM (an acronym of "Compact Disc Read-only memory") is a pre-pressed compact disc that contains data accessible to, but not writable by, a computer for data storage and music playback.CD-ROM for computers: Flattened two entire industries, data storage and music dissemination. Its successor, the DVD (1996), killed off the video tape.

1985 NETWORK FILE SYSTEM

NETWORK FILE SYSTEM: The file system that brought us to the age of network storage. No longer would your data be hostage to the computer in which it was created or to backup tape.

Page 15 of 25

1987 POWERPOINT

In 1987, Presentation was renamed PowerPoint due to a trademark problem.PowerPoint 1.0 Mac was launched in the same year.It had taken the pair two years and 10 months to perfect.In August of the same year the Microsoft Cooperation bought Forethought for $14m. POWERPOINT: The one you love to hate. All the knowledge in the world boiled down to easy, succinct, bullet-pointed meaninglessness.

1989 WWW

WORLD WIDE WEB was invented by Tim Berners-Lee, it would soon change the way governments, business and people operate. The World Wide Web (known as "WWW', "Web" or "W3") is the universe of network-accessible information, the embodiment of human knowledge which users can read and write via computers connected to the Internet. The Web has a body of software, and a set of protocols and conventions. Through the use hypertext and multimedia techniques, the web is easy for anyone to roam, browse, and contribute to. Page 16 of 25

1990 SLIP/PPP

SLIP/PPP (Serial Line Internet Protocol and Point-to-Point Protocol): is what got everyone on the Internet via dial-up modems back when broadband was an obscure industry term. In networking, the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is a data link protocol commonly used in establishing a direct connection between two networking nodes. It can provide connection authentication, transmission encryption, and compression.

1991 LINUX

LINUX: A Unix knockoff that is the worlds largest hobby project for coders. A select few are among the worlds best. In 1991, in Helsinki, Linus Torvalds began a project that later became the Linux kernel. It was initially a terminal emulator, which Torvalds used to access the large UNIX servers of the university. He wrote the program specifically for the hardware he was using and independent of an operating system because he wanted to use the functions of his new PC with an 80386 processor. Development was done on MINIX using the GNU C compiler, which is still the main choice for compiling Linux today.

Page 17 of 25

1991 GRAPHICS COPROCESSORS

Graphics Coprocessors made the fancy stuff possible by pulling graphics data away from the CPU and eventually gave rise to separate graphics cards. A graphics processing unit or GPU is a specialized circuit designed to rapidly manipulate and alter memory in such a way so as to accelerate the building of images in a frame buffer intended for output to a display.

1992 THE BROWSER

The browser made the Web work for the rest of us. A web browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) and may be a web page, image, video, or other piece of content. Hyperlinks present in resources enable users easily to navigate their browsers to related resources. A web browser can also be defined as an application software or program designed to enable users to access, retrieve and view documents and other resources on the Internet.

Page 18 of 25

1993 PDF

Portable Document Folder (PDF), is an open standard for document exchange. This file format system created by Adobe System on 1993 is used for representing documents in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems. Each PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a fixedlayout flat document, including the text, fonts, graphics, and other information needed to display it.

1994 PHP

Hypertext Processor (PHP) as it's known today is actually the successor to a product named PHP/FI. Created in 1994 by Rasmus Lerdorf, the very first incarnation of PHP was a simple set of Common Gateway Interface (CGI) binaries written in the C programming language. Originally used for tracking visits to his online resume, he named the suite of scripts "Personal Home Page Tools," more frequently referenced as "PHP Tools." Page 19 of 25

1995 WINDOWS 95

On August 24, 1995, Microsoft releases Windows 95, selling records reached 7 million copies in the first five weeks. This is the era of fax/modems, e-mail, the new online world, and dazzling multimedia games and educational software. Windows 95 has built-in Internet support, dial-up networking, and new Plug and Play features that make it easy to install hardware and software. The 32-bit operating system also offers enhanced multimedia capabilities, more powerful features for mobile computing, and integrated networking.

1996 USB

The USB 1.0 specification was introduced in 1996. It was intended to make it fundamentally easier to connect external devices by replacing the multitude of connectors at the back of PCs. USB was created by a core group of companies that consisted of Compaq, Digital, IBM, Intel, Northern Telecom, and Microsoft. . The original USB 1.0 specification had a data transfer rate of 12 Mbit/s. The USB 2.0 specification was released in April 2000.USB2.0 develop a higher data transfer rate than the 1.0 specification (480 Mbit/s vs 12 Mbit/s). Page 20 of 25

1997 BROADBAND

The history of broadband is the history of the Internet. The Internet preceded broadband by a few years. Expansion of Internet users worldwide led Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to develop faster rates of data transmission, and broadband was introduced in 1997. It soon led ISPs to compete for customers, bringing the price of broadband service down and making it the most popular form of Internet access. Broadband is 10 times faster than dial-up, making more applications available.

1998 GOOGLE

Google began in 1996 as a project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin. Larry and Sergey were both studying at Stanford University California. The plan to make a search engine that ranked websites according to the number of other websites that linked to that site The domain google.com was registered on September 14th 1997 and Google Corporation was formed a year later in September 1998. In 2004, Google launched its own free web-based email service, known as Gmail. In September 2005, Google made a new partnership with a very interesting company NASA. In 2006 Google launched Google Video.

Page 21 of 25

1999 WiFi

Back in 1991 Wi-Fi was invented by NCR Corporation/AT&T (later on Lucent & Agere Systems) in Nieuwegein, the Netherlands. Initially meant for cashier systems the first wireless products were brought on the market under the name WaveLAN with speeds of 1Mbps/2Mbps.

2001 Amiga OS 4

Amiga Inc. signed a contract with Hyperion Entertainment to develop the PowerPC native Amiga OS 4 from their previous Amiga OS 3.1 release. OS4 runs only on PowerPC computer systems. Amiga, Inc.'s (current Amiga trademark owners) distribution policies for Amiga OS 4.0 and any later versions required that OS4 must be bundled with all new third-party hardware "Amigas", with the sole exception of Amigas with Phase5 PowerPC accelerator boards, for which OS4 is sold separately. This requirement was overturned in the agreement reached between Amiga, Inc. and Hyperion in the settlement of a lawsuit over the ownership of Amiga OS 4.

Page 22 of 25

2002 .NET

Version:1.0 Version Number:1.0.3705.0 Release Date:2002-02-13 Visual Studio:Visual Studio.NET Default in Windows:Windows XP Tablet and Media Centre Edition.

2003 Service Oriented Architectures

Tracking the origins of service oriented architectures is a daunting task. Many factors contributed to the arrival of service oriented architecture. These include, application development, on early computers, networking, the client server architectures, object oriented programming and component technologies, the standards wars, arrival of the internet, and advances in enabling technologies.

Page 23 of 25

2004. Adobe Flex

Adobe Flex (version 1.0) was first released by Adobe back in March 2004 and created quite a stir in the web industry. It was now possible to create real applications that ran in the browser using the Flash Player. The minus side of this new technology was the cost. Flex was first released as a commercial application server with a heavy price tag well over $10,000 USD! This pretty much priced the new technology out of reach for most companies and individuals, resulting in slow uptake of Adobe Flex.

2005 Multicore Processor

Until 2005 single-core processors outnumbered multi-core processors. In the years before there were only multi-core solutions used in individual cases. In the majority of cases they enhanced the frequency. But at a frequency about 4 GHz the CPU would get too hot and take a lot of electricity. This was the point when multi-core processors became more important. Therefore the demand for multi-core processors increased. Today, single-core processors are not used in new personal computers. But they remain popular in embedded systems. Page 24 of 25

2009 Windows 7

Windows 7 is a series of operating systems produced by Microsoft for use on personal computers, including home and business desktops, laptops, tablet PCs, and media center PCs and also is the latest release of Microsoft Windows. Windows 7 was intended to be a more focused, incremental upgrade to the Windows line, with the goal of being compatible with applications and hardware with which Windows Vista was already compatible.

2009 Google Chrome OS

Google Chrome OS is a Linux-based operating system designed by Google to work exclusively with web applications. July 7, 2009, Google announced the operating system and made it an open source project, called Chromium OS. Chrome OS only ships on specific hardware from Google's manufacturing partners. The user interface takes a minimalist approach, resembling that of the Chrome web browser. Since Google Chrome OS is aimed at users who spend most of their computer time on the Internet, the only application on the device is a browser incorporating a media player and a file manager. Page 25 of 25