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President Donald N. Bersoff, PhD, JD President-elect Nadine J. Kaslow, PhD Chief Executive Officer Norman B. Anderson, PhD Monitor on Psychology staff Executive Editor Rhea K. Farberman Editor Sara Martin Consulting Editor Kim I. Mills Senior Editors Sadie F. Dingfelder Lea Winerman Senior Art Director Malcolm McGaughy
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The Monitor on Psychology (ISSN-1529-4978) is the magazine of the Amer ic an Psy cho log i cal Association (APA) and is published 11 times per yearJanuary, February, March, April, May, June, July/August combined, September, October, November, December. Publications office, headquarters and editorial offices are at 750 First St., N.E., Wash ing ton, DC 20002-4242. APA purchases only first publication rights for photos and illustrations. There fore, it cannot grant permission to reuse any illustrative material. APA holds the copy right for text material in Monitor on Psychology articles. Per mis sion requests to re pro duce text ma te ri al should be ad dressed to APA, Per mis sions Office, at the APA address. Telephone num bers: Head quar ters (202) 336-5500; TDD (202) 336-6123; Dis play ad ver tis ing (202) 336-5714; Clas si fied advertising (202) 336-5564; and Sub scrip tions (202) 336-5600. The views expressed in the Monitor on Psychology are those of the authors and may not reflect the official policies or positions of the American Psychological Association or the Monitor on Psychology. No endorsement of those views should be inferred unless specifically identified as the official policy or position of the American Psychological Association. The publication of any advertisement by APA is an endorsement neither of the advertiser nor of the product. APA en dors es equal employment op por tu ni ty prac tic es, and we reserve the right to edit all copy and to refuse ads that are not in con so nance with the principles of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Subscription to the Monitor on Psychology ($6) is included in the annual dues and fees for all APA members and student affiliates. Individual subscription rate is $50; individual surface rate is $103; and individual airmail rate is $131. Institutional subscription rate is $93; institutional surface rate is $195; and institutional airmail rate is $223. Single copies are $20 each. For $16 extra, the Monitor on Psychology will be mailed first-class to subscribers in the United States, Canada and Mexico. For $75 extra, airmail is available to foreign subscribers (other than Canada and Mexico). Periodical postage is paid at Washington, DC, and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Monitor on Psychology Subscriptions Department, 750 First St., N.E., Washington, DC 200024242. CANADA SUBSCRIPTIONS: Canada Post Agreement Number 40036331. Send change of address information and blocks of undeliverable copies to PO Box 1051, Fort Erie, ON L2A 6C7. Printed in the United States of Amer i ca. 2013 by APA. Address editorial in quir ies to the Monitor on Psychology ed i tor, and ad vertising and subscription inquiries to Monitor on Psychology/ advertising or Monitor on Psychology/subscriptions. 2
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Letters
Women at risk I was excited to see that attention was given to such a plaguing topic in the African-American community in African-American women at risk (January Monitor). The article discussed the innovative intervention programs designed to engage real-life women by providing them with actionable steps and a network of support to empower them to lead healthier lives. Because of the success of some of the intervention programs such as the 12-week Prime Time Sister Circles, it appears that such programs can be benchmarked and used to combat other pressing womens issues. Interestingly, within one intervention program, the Christian participants held the idea that taking care of their own health was selfish; and therefore, they did not put the effort into eating healthy or exercising. The experts within this program cited this as the hardest hurdle to overcome when coaching these women. I would posit that it is not only AfricanAmerican Christian women who put their own health and well-being as the final priority, but many women from a variety of races, religions, geographic locations and socioeconomic backgrounds. With this theory in mind, it may be beneficial for psychologists to make more efforts to appeal to women on the importance of self-preservation. Because what women need to remember is that we are no good to anyone unless we are at our best, and that means taking care of ourselves first.
LAMEIKA ARMSTEAD Capella University
days in 1960 at Wayne State University. My office mate was working on his masters and had been an undergraduate student of James V. McConnells at Ann Arbor. Herbs project was to replicate McConnells slice-and-dice earthworm studies. So, one warm night, we went out looking for worms and as happenstance would have it, they were popping up all over the campus. There we were, running around the campus stuffing earthworms into old ice cream containers. We then took the containers back to my apartment and put them in the freezer. The next day, my bride came home from a long day of teaching and was pleased that I had bought and stored some ice cream for her. You can imagine the rest of the story. Fortunately, she didnt file for divorce and 52 years later we still laugh about the incident. Perhaps, as a result of that experience, Herb left the graduate program for his first love, music, and opened a wellknown guitar studio in Ann Arbor under his name, Herb David. By the way, Harry Harlow published his humorous Fundamental Principles paper in the December 1963 issue of the Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology as his parting shot as the editor. For many years, I required all of my graduate students to read and take the lessons to heart in writing up their research papers. I also adapted it as my final act as editor, after 35 years, of the International Journal of Intercultural Relations. I once asked Harry if readers got the point of the paper. He gave me his sly grin and shook his head, no.
DAN LANDIS Emeritus professor of psychology, University of Mississippi Affiliate professor of psychology, University of Hawaii, Hilo and Manoa
Psychological hijinks The January Psychological hjinks article brought back a humorous incident of my early doctoral student
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More family ties In response to our December article on psychologists whose family members followed them in the field, several members alerted us to their own family ties: Monroe Gottsegen, PhD (father) Gloria Gottsegen, PhD (mother) Abby Gottsegen, PhD (daughter) Leonard J. Haas, PhD, VA Salt Lake City (son-in-law) Milton Schwebel, PhD, Professor & Dean Emeritus, Rutgers University (father and grandfather) Andrew I. Schwebel, PhD, Professor, Ohio State University (son, deceased) Robert Schwebel, PhD, private practice, Tucson Ariz. (son) David C. Schwebel, PhD, Professor & Associate Dean, University of Alabama at Birmingham (grandson) Frank Schwebel, graduate student, clinical psychology, University of Washington (grandson) Helping the diverse at community colleges Reading about the obstacles many nontraditional students face in the community college setting (Diversity at community colleges, September Monitor) did not seem to strike me as a diversity issue, but more a classroommanagement issue. The strategies presented in the article did not seem to provide any flexibility in allowing teachers to support their students. For example, if there is a single parent in the class who has trouble with attendance, why would a teacher not utilize technology in hopes that the student could be successful with online postings? To demonstrate flexibility and hold students accountable, I continues on page 8
M O N I TO R O N P S YC H O L O G Y M A RC H 2 0 1 3
Presidents
COLUMN
ince the tragic school shooting in Newtown, Conn., mental health has been part of a nationwide conversation about what to do about gun violence. As the worlds largest organization of behavioral health practitioners and scientists, APA has much to contribute to this discussion. In recognition of APAs expertise, the White House invited Dr. Norman B. Anderson, our chief executive officer, to a Jan. 9 meeting, where he stressed five major points: 1. Improve and expand school violence prevention efforts, including the formation of school threat assessment teams; 2. make communities safer, including instituting a public health campaign to encourage helpseeking for persons in distress; 3. enhance access to mental and behavioral health and substance use services, including making mandatory these services provided by psychologists; 4. increase federal funding for vital service and training programs, including guaranteed funding for the Graduate Psychology Education Program; and 5. enhance the knowledge base for sound public policy on violence prevention, including funding a research agenda. A week later, as a result of this meeting and others, President Obama presented four steps that he said could be taken immediately: 1. close background check loopholes to keep guns out of dangerous hands; 2. ban military-style assault weapons and high capacity magazines; 3. make schools safer; and 4. increase access to mental health services. As part of the plan to make schools safer, the Obama administration is advocating for $150 million to school districts to hire, among others, school psychologists to help foster safer and more nurturing school climates. As part of its plan to increase access to mental health services, the administration is proposing to fund the training of 5,000 more mental health professionals, including psychologists, by providing stipends and tuition reimbursement. Most relevant to current practitioners, the administration is issuing final regulations governing group health plans requiring that they cover mental health services at parity with physical health plans. The Affordable Care Act already requires all new small group and individual plans to cover 10 essential health benefit categories, including mental health and substance abuse services.
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With 30,000 firearm-related homicides and suicides a year, the president called gun violence a public health crisis. But research into gun violence apparently has been barred by Congress as a result of lobbying by the National Rifle Association. The president has disputed that there is any real prohibition and has directed the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to identify the most pressing research questions and has called on Congress to provide $10 million so that CDC can conduct that research. APA is already ahead of the game. At Monitor press time, APAs Council of Representatives was considering the creation of a task force to develop a policy on the prediction and prevention of gun violence. In January, the Board of Directors, acting on behalf of the council, allocated almost $35,000 to fund a literature review and working group to evaluate and revise as necessary two APA resolutions on violence in video games and mass media. There is the danger that tragic events will lead to quick but faulty solutions with unintended consequences. One example is the passage by the New York legislature of its Safe Act. Among other provisions, the act requires mental health professionals to report to the director of community services who shall, in turn, report to the Division of Criminal Justices Services when they determine that a patient is likely to engage in conduct that would result in serious harm to self or others. This means psychologists in these cases are mandated to breach confidentiality. APAs Code of Ethics requires practitioners to disclose the limits of confidentiality. Knowing that the utterance of violent urges may be disclosed to the state, the patient is likely to avoid discussing these urges. And, if disclosed, the patient may see this as a breach of trust and never return to therapy (just like the patient in Tarasoff v. Board of Regents). That the act holds mental health professionals immune from civil or criminal liability for disclosures reasonably made under the likelihood standard, will only increase the possibility of disclosure. In fact, as I interpret the likelihood standard, it would only require a 50 percent possibility that the patient is dangerous. This in itself will lead to a great many false positives and unwarranted breaches of confidentiality. Fortunately, APA is more thoughtful than the New York legislature. Its practice and research agenda will, it is hoped, contribute to the national dialogue on gun violence in a responsible and data-oriented way. n
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Contents
What draws us to Facebook? Psychologists and communication researchers are studying how Facebook so successfully lures us in. 56 Like it, or not Psychology professors are making courses a feature of their students Facebook feeds in an effort to enliven class and enhance learning. 60
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Building more internships APA has disbursed its first internship stimulus awards to help institutions build much-needed accredited programs. More PTSD among homeless vets Homeless Iraq and Afghanistan veterans are more likely to be haunted by PTSD than homeless vets of previous eras. Trash the ash Curbing tobacco use especially among vulnerable populations requires targeting antismoking messages just as effectively as tobacco companies hawk cigarettes, said attendees at APAs Tobacco Health Disparities meeting. I/O psychology goes to Mars Research by industrial-organizational psychologists is guiding efforts to promote team cohesion among astronauts during the longestever manned space voyage: NASAs planned 2030 trip to Mars.
www.facebook.com/American PsychologicalAssociation
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The pre-Alzheimers brain Neuropsychologists are among those identifying precursors to Alzheimers work that someday might lead to treatments to slow the diseases progression. Vulnerable patients Psychologists are using distraction, exposure therapy and other strategies to ease anxiety among children who face surgeries and other medical procedures. Not your grandfathers CE Continuing education is becoming more interactive, applied and research-based than ever before.
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Upfront 10 New study throws into doubt the universality of the Big Five 11 Violence against teachers spurs urgent call to action 12 Poll of psychologists cites emotions as top obstacle to successful weight loss 13 Does your librarian further behavioral science? 13 Nominate candidates for APA treasurer
A genetic event 550million years ago appears to have set the stage for our mental illnesses today.
QUESTIONNAIRE Smarter than ever?
Departments 4 Letters 5 Presidents column 9 From the CEO 13 By the Numbers 14 In Brief 24 Random Sample 25 Judicial Notebook 54 Perspective on Practice 72 Division Spotlight 79 Personalities
Over the past century, the average IQ in industrialized countries has risen to keep pace with the complexity of modern life. IQ researcher James Flynn discusses why those gains have occurred and whether they are likely to continue.
PSYCHOLOGIST PROFILE A champion of change
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As a psychologist with a visual impairment, Maria Dolores Cimini advocates for access to STEM education for todays students with disabilities.
NEW JOURNAL EDITOR Predicting and preventing violence
APAs new Journal of Threat Assessment and Management will help police, social workers, human resource managers and others separate real threats from the cries for help.
APA now publishes Military Psychology
The move promises to increase the journals reach and the number of timely and relevant articles on psychologys contributions to military life.
AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATION Grants and opportunities How does insight help gifted children?
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With an APF grant, Matthew McBee is exploring ways to help gifted students improve their problem-solving and academic performance.
Career Opportunities
M A RC H 2 0 1 3 M O N I TO R O N P S YC H O L O G Y
Letters
continued from page 4 suggest the teacher could mandate attendance as a percentage of the overall grade. This small change in classroom expectations would allow the single parent a chance to be up to speed if they are absent and a motivator to have a plan B in order to earn the attendance points. This would also be a way a psychology professor could ensure a successful class due to attendance being a motivation, decreasing the need to address issues of chronically absent students. In reference to the other identified challenges of the students, whether it is immigration status, shelter, time management or difficulty with understanding material, Im curious as to what policies community colleges have to assist the students and the teachers in the stated categories. I agree that it is not a psychology teachers job to be a counselor, but it is a teachers job to recognize the importance of the teacher-student alliance. In secondary schools measures are put in place, such as individual education plans and special education, to give children the help needed to be successful. And these same children grow up to be the adults at these community colleges. I would hope community colleges could assist these types of students with the same type of concern and help them be successful versus challenging them to greater failure.
SABRINA SCOTT Howard University
Please send letters to smartin@apa.org or Sara Martin, Monitor editor. Letters should be no more than 250 words and may be edited for space and clarity.
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M O N I TO R O N P S YC H O L O G Y M A RC H 2 0 1 3
FROM THE
CEO
If youre like most psychologists, you are increasingly relying on your smartphone or tablet for communications, to follow current events, professional development and research. APA is actively responding to this movement by providing some of our most popular publications and services in mobile app formats, allowing members to read our content on whatever
electronic device they prefer. We have heard clearly from members that they want it all: While they enjoy reading their publications in print form, they also want them available electronically so it is easier to share articles and other information with their colleagues and clients and keep key information on hand. If you havent already, I encourage you to try out our most popular apps: APA Journals Pro: The free APA Journals app makes the intimidating task of staying up-to-date with the associations 77 journals a lot easier. Search the database for articles published as far back as 1894, and set up email alerts for your favorite topics. Study abstracts are free to all users, and APA PsycNET subscribers can also access the full articles. APA Monitor on Psychology: The free Monitor app delivers APAs flagship magazine to your smartphone, iPad or Kindle every month. Read current and past issues and access special content not available in the print magazine, such as videos, slide shows and more. With the app, you can download entire issues for offline reading and search our archive of Monitor articles. In addition, the app is an invaluable tool for those who want to immediately access the Monitors employment ads. gradPSYCH: Especially for psychology students and their advisors, the gradPSYCH app offers full access to the magazine, including articles on new careers in psychology, research tips and more. Readers can also access our extra digital content including our popular Internship Hunters video diary series, which followed the ups and downs of six graduate students searching for internships this year. APA Convention app: This free app was a huge success for last years meeting and will be re-launched this spring for APAs 2013 Annual Convention in Honolulu, July 31 Aug. 4. The APA convention mobile app provides convention attendees with comprehensive information about the meeting so you can engage before, during and even after the meeting ends. The app provides a complete list of sessions and speakers; a customizable convention schedule/personal itinerary; real-time convention alerts via text messaging; social media interaction with live Twitter feeds from anyone using the convention hashtag; and much more. PsycEssentials: A pocket resource for busy psychotherapists, PsycEssentials offers therapists reliable information on all aspects of psychotherapy, from assessment to termination. Particularly valuable are symptom checklists, standardized screening measures, state-by-state referral resources, and information on psychotropic drugs. Available in print, e-book or app formats for $39.99. In addition to meeting the needs of our members, APAs apps serve another important goal: Promoting psychology to the public. Since these apps can be downloaded by anyone, a high school student or teacher seeking empirically supported information on psychology can easily find Monitor articles or APA journal abstracts, for example. This is an important public service that is allowing us to share psychological findings with an ever-widening audience. I hope you give these apps a try and let us know what you think. n
M A RC H 2 0 1 3 M O N I TO R O N P S YC H O L O G Y
Upfront
New study throws into doubt the universality of the Big Five
Few psychology theories have as much support as the Big Five personality traits the finding that peoples personalities can be described by variations across five basic dimensions: openness to new experience, conscientiousness, extroversion/ introversion, agreeableness and neuroticism. But new research with a small South American tribe has thrown the universality of the five factor model into question. According to a study published Dec. 17 in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, a team of researchers administered a translated version of a Big Five personality inventory to 632 Tsimane, members of a small tribe of huntergatherers in the Bolivian lowlands. The researchers asked them to rate on a 1-to-5 scale how much words like aloof, reserved and energetic described their personalities. When researchers analyzed the results, they found that the traits did not cluster into the usual Big Five groups. For instance, a person who rated himself as reserved also tended to say he was talkative suggesting that the overarching concept of extraversion doesnt hold up in this culture, says lead author Michael Gurven, PhD, an anthropology professor at the University of California, Santa Barbara. In fact, only two clusters of correlated responses emerged from a factor analysis of the 40-item test: industriousness and a tendency to be prosocial. Neither of these two factors mapped onto the Big Five, says Gurven. The Tsimane may have only two factors because there are only so many ways to be successful in that environment hunting and gathering or being a shaman, leader or sociable charmer capable of convincing friends to share their food, he says. The finding is surprising given past research led by five factor theorist Robert McCrae, PhD, who found evidence supporting the five factor personality model in more than 50 countries (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2005). Perhaps the five factors failed to emerge in the Tsimane sample due to translation issues or the abstract nature of the questions, he says. Still, its an important finding and could shed light on the evolution of personality, McCrae adds. This is an admirable study, with potentially important theoretical implications, he says.
SADIE DINGFELDER
Michael Gurven
A tribe of hunter-gatherers in the Bolivian lowlands show evidence of just two personality factors, rather than the usual five.
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victimized by students 44 percent reported being physically attacked and 72 percent reported harassment, while 50 percent said they experienced theft or property damage at school. The findings were based on survey responses from almost 3,000 K12 teachers in 48 states. The article provides detailed recommendations aimed at preventing violence against teachers, including the creation of a national registry maintained by the U.S. Department of Education to track such incidents. The article also suggests requiring all educators to master classroom management training before they are licensed to teach. To address student behaviors that can lead to violence against teachers, the authors recommend tailoring efforts to individual students, focusing on reasons why problem behaviors occur rather than on ways to stop the behavior once it happens. Professional psychologists can play a critical role in helping prevent violence against teachers, which in turn can make school a safer place for all concerned, Espelage says.
LISA BOWEN
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Upfront
APA forms clinical practice guidelines panels for obesity and PTSD
APAs Board of Directors has named 11 scientists and clinicians to serve on the panel that will draft guidelines for the treatment of obesity and another 11 to serve on the panel that will draft guidelines for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. These are the second and third development panels to be established within APAs clinical practice guidelines development initiative (for more, see Treatment guidelines now under way, in the December 2011 Monitor.) The members of the obesity panel are: Jamy Darone Ard, MD, University of Alabama at Birmingham. Gary Bennett, PhD, Duke University. Phillip Brantley, PhD, Louisiana State University. Leonard Epstein, PhD, SUNY, University at Buffalo. Barbara Fiese, PhD, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign. Jane Gray, PhD, Dell Childrens Medical Center of Central Texas. Maria Llabre, PhD (chair), University of Miami. Michelle Polfuss, PhD, RN, CPNP-AC/PC, Childrens Hospital of Wisconsin. Hollie Raynor, PhD, RD, LDN, University of Tennessee. Delia Smith West, PhD, University of Arkansas. Denise Wilfley, PhD, Washington University in St. Louis. The members of the PTSD panel are: Laura Brown, PhD, Fremont Community Therapy Project. Joan Cook, PhD, Yale School of Medicine. Christine Courtois, PhD (chair), Courtois and Associates. John Fairbank, PhD, Duke University. Matthew Friedman, MD, PhD, Dartmouth Medical School. Joseph Gone, PhD, University of Michigan. Devon Hinton, MD, PhD, Harvard Medical School. Russell Jones, PhD, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Annette La Greca, PhD, University of Miami. Priscilla Schulz, LCSW-C, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences. Jeffrey Sonis, MD, PhD, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Self-Regulation More information about APAs Brain, Cognition, development of clinical practice and Development guidelines, including the backgrounds Andrea Berger 2011. 225 pages. Hardcover. of each panel member, can be found on ISBN 978-1-4338-0971-2 Item # 4318092 the project website. You can also send List: $79.95 APA Member/Affiliate: $49.95 questions to ctg@apa.org. n
Developmental Psychology
The Adolescent Brain
Edited by Valerie F. Reyna, Sandra B. Chapman, Michael R. Dougherty, and Jere Confrey
2012. 440 pages. Hardcover. ISBN 978-1-4338-1070-1 Item # 4318098 List: $79.95 APA Member/Affiliate: $59.95
Edited by Peggy McCardle, Sandra McCune, James A. Griffin, and Valerie Maholmesh 2011. 228 pages. Hardcover.
2012. 352 pages. Hardcover. ISBN 978-1-4338-1138-8 Item # 4318104 List: $79.95 APA Member/Affiliate: $49.95
FAD0093
www.apa.org/pubs/books 800-374-2721
Note: APA has adopted new terminology aimed at bringing its labeling of guidelines in accord with that of other health care organizations. The term clinical treatment guidelines has been replaced by clinical practice guidelines. Further, the term practice guidelines has been replaced by professional practice guidelines. Clinical practice guidelines are focused on specific disorders and interventions, while professional practice guidelines are mainly concerned with how practice is conducted with particular populations or in particular settings.
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By the numbers
3 times
The increased likelihood of death from any cause among stroke survivors who develop depression compared with people who have not experienced a stroke or depression, according to a study to be presented this month at the American Academy of Neurologys annual meeting.
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Percentage of U.S. adults who have gone online to figure out a medical or health condition; of these, half followed up with a visit to a health-care professional, according to a 2013 report from the Pew Internet and American Life Project.
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Percentage of men who say theyve fallen in love at first sight, according to a survey of almost 100,000 people around the world published in the book The Normal Bar (Crown Publishing Group, 2013). Only 28 percent of the women surveyed reported the same.
3 times
How much more likely boys are than girls to be diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, according a study online in Januarys JAMA Pediatrics. The rates of overall diagnoses have jumped 24 percent since 2001.
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Brief
IN
Snapshots of some of the latest peer-reviewed research within psychology and related fields.
Digital Vision
of these three psychosocial conditions. The figure rose to 35 percent for single women who had never married and to 67 percent for those who separated or divorced less than 12 months before their child was born. (American Journal of Public Health, February) n Feeling depressed may aggravate chest pain in older women whove had heart problems, according to research by scientists at Queensland University of Technology. The researchers surveyed more than 10,000 women ages 70 to 75. Their analysis showed that a diagnosis of depression within the previous three years was a significant risk factor for chest pain in women with heart disease and a past history of heart interventions. (British Journal of Health Psychology, online Dec. 7) n People with mental illness are more likely to be victims of domestic violence, finds a meta-analysis conducted at Kings College London. Researchers examined results from 41 studies and found that women with depression were two-and-a-half times more likely to be physically abused by a partner than was the general population. Women with anxiety disorders were more than three-and-a-half times more likely to be abused, and those with posttraumatic stress disorder were seven times more likely. Women with other conditions such as obsessive compulsive disorder, eating disorders, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder were also at higher risk, as were men with all types of mental disorders. (PLoS One, online Dec. 26)
People who had backpacked were more creative than those who hadnt, a study finds.
n Taking a break from technology and immersing yourself in nature may improve creativity, according to research by psychologists at the University of Utah and the University of Kansas. In the study, 30 men and 26 women participated in four- to sixday wilderness hiking trips without any electronic devices. Of the 56 subjects, 24 took a 10-item creativity test the morning before they began their trip, and 32 took the test on the morning of the trips fourth day. The researchers found that people who had been backpacking four days answered an average of 6.08 of the 10 questions correctly, compared with an average
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score of 4.14 for people who had not yet begun the trip. (PLoS One, Dec. 12) n Married women appear to suffer less partner abuse, substance abuse and postpartum depression during their childbearing years than women who are cohabitating or do not have a partner, according to a study led by researchers at St. Michaels Hospital in Toronto. Data from a survey of 6,421 Canadian women aged 15 years or older show that about 10 percent of married women experienced partner or substance abuse or postpartum depression and 20 percent of women who were cohabitating had at least one
M O N I TO R O N P S YC H O L O G Y M A RC H 2 0 1 3
Brief
IN
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n Most adolescents who plan or attempt suicide have already received some mental health treatment, according to a study by Harvard University psychologists. In a survey of more than 6,000 youngsters ages 13 to 18 and at least one of their parents, the researchers found that about 1 in 8 of the teens had persistent suicidal thoughts at some point, and about one-third had made a suicide attempt. Among this group, 55 percent of suicidal teens had received some therapy before they thought about suicide, planned it or tried to kill themselves. The finding contradicts the widely held belief that suicide is largely due to a lack of access to treatment. (JAMA Psychiatry, online Jan. 9) n People enjoy their discretionary income more if they spend it on social activities, according to a study led by Stony Brook University psychologists. Four experiments involving more than 1,900 adults found that people preferred social experiences over objects, regardless of their age, employment or marital status, education, household size or income. (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, online Dec. 31) n Women with significantly lower levels of education than their parents may be at higher risk for poor mental health, finds a University of Queensland study. Researchers measured the depressive symptoms and educational achievement of 5,619 women ages 31 to 36, and those of their parents. They found that the greater difference between parents in particular a mothers education and their
A study by Harvard psychologists contradicts the widely held belief that suicide is largely due to a lack of access to treatment.
daughters, the greater the chance the daughter will experience depression and other mental health disorders. Daughters with an equivalent or higher level of education than their parents had better mental health. (Quality of Life Research, November) n NFL retirees are more likely to have depression and cognitive problems due to brain injury, suggests research led by University of Texas at Dallas scientists. In the study, 34 retired NFL players submitted to neurological and neuropsychological tests and 26 underwent detailed brain scans. These
results were then compared to brain scans of healthy individuals. While 58 percent of the players had cognitively normal results, 24 percent had mild cognitive impairments, 12 percent had cognitive deficits and 6 percent had dementia. Twenty-four percent of the athletes were also diagnosed with depression. The brain scans showed that the athletes with cognitive impairment and depression For direct links to these journal articles, click on the journal names.
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a foreign one, suggest the results of a study led by a psychologist at Pacific Lutheran University. The researchers subjected 40 30-hourold babies in Tacoma, Wash., and Stockholm, Sweden, to vowel sounds in their native language and in foreign languages and gauged their interest in the sounds by measuring how long they sucked on a pacifier. In both countries, the infants sucked on theirs pacifiers longer when they heard their native tongue, suggesting they could differentiate between the languages, the researchers found. (Acta Paediatrica, February) n Expectant dads mental health problems may trigger later emotional and behavioral problems among their children, according to research conducted at Helse Fonna Hospital in Haugesund, Norway. In the study of nearly 32,000 children in Norway, scientists found that fathers who scored high in psychological distress, depression and anxiety at week 17 or 18 of the babys gestation had children with higher levels of emotional and behavioral difficulties at age 3, including disruptive behavior and anxiety. The results held even after controlling for factors such as the fathers age, marital status, physical ailments, alcohol use, cigarette smoking and the mothers mental health status. (Pediatrics, online Jan. 6) n The memory problems that many women experience in their 40s and 50s appear to be most acute right after menopause, according
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had significant differences in their brains white matter compared with that of healthy individuals. (JAMA Neurology, online Jan. 7) n An overactive amygdala may keep autistic teens from adjusting to unfamiliar social settings, finds a University of Michigan study. Researchers analyzed fMRI data from 32 children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders and 56 typically developing youth, gathered while they identified the gender of faces that were expressing different emotions. The
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youth without autism showed decreased activation over time to the faces, while those with autism showed sustained activity in the brains amygdala region over time when they saw sad and neutral faces, the researchers found. This process can leave the children feeling overstimulated and anxious, the study concluded. (Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, January) n Just hours after theyre born, babies can tell the difference between sounds in their native tongue and
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Brief
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to a study led by a University of Rochester neuropsychologist. The researchers measured the cognitive skills, estrogen levels and menopauserelated symptoms, such as hot flashes and sleep disturbance, in 117 women. Women in the early stage of postmenopause performed worse on measures of verbal learning, verbal memory and fine-motor skill than did women in menopauses later stages. The researchers also found that selfreported sleep difficulties, depression and anxiety did not predict memory problems, suggesting that cognitive declines brought on by menopause are independent processes rather than a consequence of sleep disruption or depression. (Menopause, online Jan. 2) n Womens use of anti-depressants during pregnancy is not linked with an increased risk of stillbirth or infant death, finds a study conducted at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden. Researchers examined data from more than 1.6 million births including nearly 30,000 women who had taken a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor during pregnancy. They found no significant association between use of these medications during pregnancy and the risk of stillbirth or infant death, even after accounting for maternal psychiatric disease and other factors. (Journal of the American Medical Association, Jan. 2) n Infants raised in a bad economy may be at greater risk for substance use and delinquent behavior during adolescence, according to a study by
scientists at State University of New York Upstate Medical University. The researchers analyzed data on nearly 9,000 born from Jan. 1, 1980, through Dec. 31, 1984 to examine the relationship between the high unemployment rates and subsequent rates of substance use and delinquent behaviors among adolescents. They found that 1-year-old children during this time frame who lived in an environment with an unemployment rate that was 1 percent or more higher than the mean regional unemployment rates had a higher chance of using marijuana (9 percent more), smoking (7 percent), using alcohol (6 percent), getting arrested (17 percent), being affiliated with a gang (9 percent) and committing petty theft (6 percent) and major theft (11 percent) during adolescence. (Archives of General Psychiatry, online Dec. 31) n People appear to be more likely to reciprocate greed, not generosity, finds a study led by a psychologist at the University of North CarolinaChapel Hill. In five experiments involving divisions of money or work, participants who were the recipients of an act of generosity didnt pay generosity forward any more than those who had been treated equally. But participants who had been the victims of greed were more likely to be greedy to a future recipient, creating a negative chain reaction. (Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, online Dec. 17) n The negative effects of playing violent video games may accumulate over time and lead to increases
in aggressive behavior, suggests a study conducted at The Ohio State University. Researchers assigned 70 French university students to play a violent or nonviolent video game for 20 minutes on three consecutive days. The students who played the violent video game showed increases in aggressive behavior and expected to be the recipient of hostility and aggression from others each day they played, whereas those who played nonviolent games showed no meaningful changes in aggression or hostile expectations. (Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, March) n Toddlers with more developed language skills may be better able to manage frustration by the time theyre in preschool, finds a study with 120 children ages 18 to 48 months led by Pennsylvania State University. In one lab-based task, children were asked to wait eight minutes before opening a gift. The researchers found that the children who had better language skills as toddlers and whose language developed more quickly expressed less anger at age 4 than their peers whose toddler language skills werent as good. Children whose language developed more quickly also were better able to occupy themselves at age 4, which in turn helped them tolerate the wait. (Child Development, online Dec. 20)
AMY NOVOTNEY
For direct links to these journal articles, click on the journal names.
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internships
APA has disbursed its first internship stimulus awards to help institutions build much-needed accredited programs.
BY TORI D e ANG ELI S
Building more
PA awarded an average of $20,000 each to 32 internship programs in December to help them gain APA accreditation. The awards were the first round of APAs internship stimulus package, a program approved last August by the APA Council of Representatives that set aside up to $3 million over three years to help qualified, nonaccredited internship programs take all the steps necessary to become APA-accredited. The grants can be used to pay for application and site visit fees, program consultation, administrative and supervisor support, intern stipends and benefits, and other costs of seeking accreditation. The stimulus reflects APAs commitment to helping programs go through a quality-assurance mechanism so that we know that our students are graduating from programs that have met the standards of the profession in the same way as students in other health professions, says APA Education Director Cynthia Belar, PhD.
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Thats important for overall training purposes, for protection of trainee rights, and for students job prospects post-internship, she notes. Many institutions, including the Veterans Administration and the federal government, will not hire students who have completed internships that arent accredited by APA. Eighty programs applied for the funding. Their applications were reviewed by a grants review group headed by the Board of Educational Affairs (BEA), chaired by G. Andrew Benjamin, JD, PhD, and made up of members of BEA and the Association of Psychology Postdoctoral and Internship Centers, or APPIC. In the second round of grants, expected to be announced in June, APA will award up to $800,000. APA is giving priority to programs that seek to increase their number of internship positions, that serve historically underserved populations and that prepare psychologists for working in the 21st century health-care system, such as primary-care settings and community health centers, says Belar.
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The awards should make a solid contribution toward righting the internship imbalance, potentially adding 150 programs and 520 new internship positions over the threeyear period, adds Jackie Tyson, the APA Education Directorates associate executive director for administration and lead staff person for the project. In the 2012 internship match, 22 percent of 4,067 psychology doctoral students were not matched at all, and nearly 20 percent were matched in unaccredited internships, according to statistics from APPIC. Its really exciting to be a part of an effort to promote quality training for psychologists and to help more programs gain APA accreditation, Tyson says. The 32 funded programs are: AspenPointe Psychology Internship Program, AspenPointe, Inc., Colo. APA Psychology Internship, Inland Behavioral & Health Services Inc., San Bernardino, Calif. California Pacific Medical Center Psychology Internship Program, Sutter West Bay Hospitals, San Francisco. Central Arkansas Psychology Internship Consortium, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, Ark. Chestnut Hill College Pre-Doctoral Internship Consortium, Chestnut Hill College, Philadelphia.
Childrens Hospital & Research Center Oakland Department of Psychiatry, Childrens Hospital & Research Center at Oakland, Oakland, Calif. Clinical Psychology Internship Program at the University of Vermont, University of Vermont and State Agricultural College, Burlington, Vt. Counseling and Psychological Services, University of San Francisco, San Francisco. East Tennessee/Southwest Virginia Predoctoral Psychology Internship Consortium, St. Charles Health Council, Inc., Radford, Va. Holcomb Behavioral Health Systems, Holcomb Associates, Inc., Exton, Pa. Kentucky River Community Care Pre-doctoral Internship, Kentucky River Community Care, Hazard, Ky. Kern County Mental Health Psychology Internship Program, Kern County Health Department, Bakersfield, Calif. Marin County Health and Human Services Psychology Internship Program, Marin County Health and Human Services, Marin County, Calif. MCCHC-IU Health Consortium of East Central Indiana, Madison County Community Health Centers, Inc., Madison County, Ind.
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Multicultural Psychology Internship Program of Massachusetts, Behavioral Health Network, Inc., Springfield, Mass. NMSU Counseling Center Doctoral Internship Program, Regents of New Mexico State University, University Park, N.M. PCOM Center for Brief Therapy, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia. Ponce School of Medicine and Health Sciences Psychology Internship Program, Ponce School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ponce, P.R. Pre-Doctoral Internship in Mental Health & Chemical Dependency, Kaiser Permanente, Walnut Creek Medical Center, Kaiser Foundation Hospitals, Walnut Creek, Calif. Roberto Clemente Family Guidance Center, New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation, New York City. Rogers Center for Research and Training, Rogers Memorial Hospital Inc., Milwaukee, Wis. Starr Commonwealth Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology Internship Training Center, Starr Commonwealth, Albion, Mich. St. Vincent Neuroscience Institute Pre-Doctoral Internship in Psychology, St. Vincent Hospital and Health Care Center, Inc., Indianapolis. Southwest Behavioral Health Services Psychology
Internship Program, Southwest Behavioral Health Services, Phoenix, Ariz. Talbert House Psychology Internship Program, Talbert House Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio. The Derner Institute Internship Consortium, Adelphi University, Garden City, N.Y. University of Connecticut Counseling and Mental Health Services, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Conn. University of Northern Colorado Counseling Center, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colo. Venture Psychology Internship Consortium, Summit Pointe, Battle Creek, Mich. Waianae Coast Comprehensive Health Center Psychology Internship Program, Waianae District Comprehensive Health Center, Waianae, Hawaii. Western Kentucky Internship Consortium, Pennyroyal Regional MH-MR Board, Inc., Hopkinsville, Ky. Will County Health Department Clinical Internship Training Program, Will County Health Department, Will County, Ill. n Tori DeAngelis is a writer in Syracuse, N.Y. To apply for the next round of internship grants, visit www.apa. org/about/awards/internship-program-grants.aspx.
PearsonClinical.com
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). All rights reserved. Always Learning, Pearson, design for Psi, and PsychCorp are trademarks, in the U.S. and/or other countries, of Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliate(s). Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form is a trademark and MMPI-2-RF is a registered trademark of the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. 7654 03/13 A2B
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Rhonda McEwen, PhD Opening Windows of Communication Through Mobile-Applications for Children With Autism
AP A ANNUAL CONVENTION
HONOLULU, HAWAII JULY 31-AUGUST 4, 2013
John Horgan, PhD Should I Stay or Should I Go? Disengaging from Terrorism
Predictors of Genius Human Trafficking TechnologyChanging Our Lives Canine Intelligence Oxytocin Research
www.apa.org/ convention
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he good news: Fewer veterans of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan are homeless than their counterparts of previous eras about 1.97 percent in their cadre, compared with 2.63 percent in the older groups, according to the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). The bad news: Twothirds of homeless Iraq and Afghanistan veterans in one major sample had post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) a much higher rate than in earlier cohorts of homeless veterans, who have PTSD rates between 8 percent and 13 percent, according to a study in press in the journal Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research. The high rates of PTSD make sense because all Iraq and Afghanistan veterans were deployed and many saw combat, while many of their counterparts of previous eras werent deployed, says the studys lead author, psychologist Jack Tsai, PhD, of Yale University. The higher rates may also reflect a greater awareness and more careful assessment of PTSD in VA, he adds. Tsai and his team analyzed data at one point in time on 994 Iraq and Afghanistan vets who entered the Housing and Urban DevelopmentVeterans Affairs Supportive Housing program from 2008 to 2011, and compared them with previous reports on homeless veterans. All of the Iraq and Afghanistan veterans in the study were homeless or at risk of being homeless. (HUD estimates there were approximately 12,700 homeless veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars in 2010.) In addition to combat-related PTSD, 7.7 percent of male homeless Iraq and Afghanistan veterans and nearly a quarter of female homeless veterans from these wars reported having PTSD that was related to previous traumas, which other studies show can include childhood abuse, assaults and rape. Furthermore, 15 percent of men and 34.1 percent of women in this sample who reported combat-related PTSD also reported PTSD that wasnt related to combat.
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A lot of studies show that homeless people often experience PTSD after becoming homeless, and that many veterans experienced trauma even before entering the military, says Tsai. On the positive side, homeless veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan had lower rates of psychotic disorders and substance abuse than previous cohorts of homeless veterans, possibly because of increased VA efforts to provide early mental health interventions and the militarys zero-tolerance policy on substance abuse, adopted in 1982, says Tsai. Despite their high need for help, many Iraq and Afghanistan veterans were not receiving any VA disability payments, likely because they had served so recently and were just learning about the VAs offerings, Tsai adds. The findings suggest several ways for VA, providers and policymakers to help these young homeless veterans, says Tsai. These include making sure that supportive-housing case managers work closely with PTSD clinicians to provide needed treatment; distinguishing between combat-related and noncombat-related PTSD and providing treatment accordingly; and following up on homeless veterans after they find housing. VA might also want to consider using technology to reach younger homeless veterans, adds Tsai, who is conducting a study of technology use among the homeless Iraq and Afghanistan veterans. A lot of younger homeless veterans are much more savvy about technology than older cohorts of homeless veterans, says Tsai. VA could use this fact to develop new ways of reaching them. For instance, smart phones and computers could be used to help these veterans receive disability compensation, hook into in-person treatment or receive online treatment, he says. n Tori DeAngelis is a writer in Syracuse, N.Y.
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SAMPLE
Albanese-Kotars only child, Katerina, was born in the middle of her training in 1997. I made it with my pure stubbornness, she says. Thats an attribute that characterizes me well being persistent and sticking with it. Getting down to business: Learning to run a practice is the newest phase of Albanese-Kotars education. Shes quickly getting up to speed on insurance contracts, credentialing issues and changing CPT codes. Her next step is to market herself in the community. Im motivated to take this to the next level, she says. Ski bunnies: When shes not treating clients, Albanese-Kotar and her family see the bright side of long Wisconsin
winters. This year she and her husband skied together in the American Birkebeiner, North Americas largest cross-country ski marathon, spanning 50 kilometers. She has completed 20 races and her husband, one of the races founders, has skied all 40. Albanese-Kotar also volunteers with the Red Cross, serves on the board of the local disaster preparedness organization and enjoys gardening, traveling and listening to Katerina, now 15, play the cello. I have a lot of hobbies sometimes to the detriment of my career but its a good life and I wouldnt trade it for anything.
ANNA MILLER
Each month, Random Sample profiles an APA member. You may be next.
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Judicial
A look at expert testimony on false confessions
BY JONATHAN P. VALLANO, PHD UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH AT GREENSBURG AND RYAN WINTER, PHD, MLS FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
NOTEBOOK
In 2002, Bradlee Marsh picked up brothers Jonathan and Anthony Boyer as they walked along a roadway in Louisiana. Marsh would not leave his truck alive. After robbing and killing him, Jonathan Boyer fled to Florida, where officers found him walking down a street. When Boyer allegedly attempted to free a gun from his waistband, Sergeant Guy Weber fired two shots. Though he missed Boyer, Weber was able to capture and take him into custody. After a two-hour interrogation, Boyer confessed to police. Seven years later, a Louisiana jury convicted Boyer of this crime armed robbery and second-degree murder basing its decision primarily on his confession and the testimony of his brother, Anthony. In his appeal, Boyer cited several errors, including infringement of his rights to a speedy trial and the exclusion of expert testimony from an expert regarding the psychological underpinnings of false confessions. The U.S. Supreme Court will consider both potential errors this spring in the case Boyer v. Louisiana. The issue of false confessions has important implications for psychologists. Despite the lower courts rulings that Boyer voluntarily confessed to the murder, his appeal raises questions as to the validity of the confession. For example, Jonathan claimed that Anthony, a vicious drunk who savagely assaulted his wife, killed Marsh. Yet Anthony testified against his brother at trial with immunity. Jonathan Boyer also claimed that his prior mental health problems decreased his ability to make a fully informed confession. Finally, Jonathan Boyer claimed that being shot at by Weber frightened him, which disrupted his ability to think clearly. After confessing, Jonathan Boyer was placed on suicide watch, perhaps lending credibility to this claim. Given the dubious legitimacy of Boyers confession, the excluded psychological testimony from Solomon Fulero, PhD, JD, regarding the nature of false confessions may have shed light on the truth of Boyers mindset. The Supreme Court will address whether barring such testimony violated the defendants 6th Amendment due process rights and ability to present an adequate defense. Although false confessions amount to approximately 25 percent of wrongful convictions and are highly persuasive to jurors, Louisiana is not the only state that either prohibits or makes it legally difficult to admit expert testimony on factors
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that increase the likelihood of false confessions. Courts often exclude expert testimony regarding false confessions based on the nebulous and under-scrutinized notion that this testimony invades the province of the jury. Further, courts often believe that jurors are able to determine the validity of a confession on their own without expert testimony, and that juries will not greatly benefit from expert testimony. To the first point, 2005 research by Saul Kassin and colleagues contradicts the notion that jurors can spot a false confession when they see one. In one study, Kassin and
Researchers in psychology can assist courts by defining and clarifying the probative and prejudicial nature of this expert testimony.
colleagues videotaped prisoners true confessions to their actual crimes and false confessions to a fabricated crime. Overall, both undergraduates and police had difficulty determining which of the confessions was true and which was false. Further, although jurors can identify coerced confessions, these confessions still affect their decisions by increasing conviction rates (Kassin & Sukel, 1997). As a result, many in psychology and law believe that expert testimony on false confessions can educate and sensitize the jury to these factors and ultimately produce fairer legal outcomes. Boyer v. Louisiana highlights the importance of expert testimony on false confessions. By allowing such expert testimony, the Supreme Court could affect how trial courts view the testimony of experts on other related issues, such as lineup identification and investigative interviewing practices. Researchers in psychology and law can assist courts by defining and clarifying the probative and prejudicial nature of this testimony, and create guidelines to assist judges in their gatekeeper role in deciding the admissibility of such evidence. n Judicial Notebook is a project of APAs Div. 9 (Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues).
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SCIENCE WATCH
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n the face of it, humans and other vertebrates enjoy a more sophisticated behavioral repertoire than clams, crabs, worms and most other invertebrates. Were much better equipped to live in different environments and cope with changing circumstances. But until now, no one has shown why those of us with spines have so much more cognitive sophistication and versatility in our actions than invertebrate organisms. Two papers published in the January issue of Nature Neuroscience help answer this riddle. In a two-part study, scientists in the United Kingdom demonstrated that a genetic event 550 million years ago that led to the duplication of certain genes fostered the evolution of complex nervous systems and behaviors in humans, mice and other vertebrates. That event, however, also led to
a downside for vertebrates: the development of mental illnesses. To glean the evolutionary story of our complexity, the team spent three years testing the cognitive and behavioral aspects of a family of genes called Dlg genes, chosen because they control fundamental signaling properties within nerve synapses. Scientists already knew that these gene families arose from two mutation events, called whole genome duplications, which occurred in the lineage of animals that gave rise to vertebrates around 550 million years ago. The first accidental copying of an extra genome is thought to have occurred in an ancient marine invertebrate, and it happened again later in one of the organisms descendants, resulting in a total of four copies of invertebrate ancestral genes. These duplication events
The price we pay for our amazing behavioral complexity and flexibility is that were also susceptible to deleterious mutations that can cause mental disorders.
SETH GRANT Edinburgh University
explain how vertebrates expanded their sets of genes: Over the millennia following the duplications, the extra gene copies accumulated smaller mutations, which in turn diversified their DNA sequences and function. The events gave vertebrates a much larger molecular toolbox to perform biological functions. These insights led the British scientists to wonder if these genomic evolutionary events were responsible for generating vertebrates more sophisticated behavioral repertoire the first time anyone has examined the effects of these events on learning, memory, cognitive flexibility and attention. In the first part of the study, the researchers genetically engineered mice to remove each of the four diversifiedvertebrate Dlg genes. They had them do tasks on an iPad-like touch screen that involved, for example, learning to associate objects with locations, and detecting and responding to targets briefly displayed on the screen, which they did by nose-poking stimuli on the screen to obtain rewards.Compared with normal mice, the mice lacking the Dlg4 gene had a very difficult time doing more advanced tasks; those lacking the Dlg2 gene performed worse on many tests; and those lacking the Dlg3 gene actually performed better on some tasks, the team found. The results prove for the first time that the evolution of the four Dlg genes produced distinct and sometimes complementary functions, says genetic researcher Seth Grant, MD, of Edinburgh University, who led the studies. In turn, that evolution had the overall effect of increasing the complexity in the way vertebrates regulate their behavior, he says. In the second part of the study, the team set out to test whether the function of the Dlg genes was the same in mice and humans an important question given that scientists routinely apply findings on mice and other rodents to humans. First, the team compared the DNA sequences and RNA expression maps of the brain in mice and humans, and found a high degree of similarity in Dlg genes between the two species.
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But they also wanted to test that similarity on a functional level since human brains are much larger than mouse brains, and therefore the genes controlling their behavior might manifest very differently. The researchers gave touch-screen tasks testing the same cognitive functions to both mice and people with known mutations in the Dlg2 gene. The human participants three of whom had been diagnosed with schizophrenia, one who had not had difficulty in the same domains of cognition as the impaired Dlg2 mice, including visual discrimination and cognitive flexibility, visuo-spatial learning and memory, and attention. The findings demonstrate that the role of Dlg2 in regulating specific cognitive functions has been conserved, or remained essentially the same since it first arose. The results also show how mutations in those genes might lead to mental illness. As such, the research provides an important evolutionary insight into the way the fundamental molecular mechanisms of human cognitive complexity and mental illness arose deep in our ancestry, says Grant. The price we pay for our amazing behavioral complexity and flexibility is that were also susceptible to deleterious mutations that can cause mental disorders, he says. The findings may also pave the way for practical applications, by identifying some of the genes and proteins involved in higher cognitive functioning as well as in mental illness, adds study co-author Tim Bussey, PhD, of the University of Cambridge. The study also shows how humans and rodents can be tested on highly comparable cognitive tasks, thereby highlighting the possibility of improved cognitive translation between preclinical and clinical research, says Bussey, who developed the touch-screen technology. I think this more accurate translation can only help with drug discovery and other medical advances, he says. n Tori DeAngelis is a writer in Syracuse, N.Y.
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Smarter than ever?
Over the past century, the average IQ in industrialized countries has risen to keep pace with the complexity of modern life. IQ researcher James Flynn discusses why those gains have occurred and whether they are likely to continue.
BY LEA WINERMAN Monitor staff
ver the past 100 years, Americans mean IQ has been on a slow but steady climb. Between 1900 and 2012, it rose nearly 30 points, which means that the average person of 2012 had a higher IQ than 95 percent of the population had in 1900. Political scientist James Flynn, PhD, of the University of Otago in New Zealand, first discovered those astonishing IQ gains nearly 30 years ago. Since then, the steady rise in IQ scores in the United States and throughout the developed world has been dubbed the Flynn effect. In his new book Are We Getting Smarter? Flynn discusses the origins of his eponymous effect and muses on its implications for the economic prospects of the developing world, how we nurture our children and even its impact on death-row inmates. Flynn spoke to the Monitor about his work. How did you first discover that IQs were rising? I started investigating IQ scores in the 1980s. I was interested in the correlation between U.S. military intelligence tests and mainline IQ tests. But when I looked at the scoring manuals I noticed something striking. Often, to make sure that the correlation co-efficients were the same between, lets say, the
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Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, published in 1949, and the revised version published in 1974, researchers would give the same group of subjects both tests. And it turned out that in every instance, the earlier tests gave the subjects higher IQs than the later tests. That was the first tipoff that IQs were rising because you cant get a higher score on the earlier test unless the IQ for the standardization sample was lower 20 years ago than it is today. Its like qualifying for the Olympic high jump: You might be able to do it easily by the standards of 20 years ago, but not by the standards of today. After I published an article on that finding in 1984, psychologist Arthur Jensen wrote me and said, I bet you wont find the same on culturally reduced tests [tests that emphasize problemsolving abilities rather than culturally specific knowledge], like Ravens Progressive Matrices [an intelligence test in which people complete abstract visual patterns]. He and others thought that the gains just showed that kids are responding to schooling. So, then I sampled the world over and I found that in 14 nations, IQs had risen the most on the culturally reduced tests, which was quite a shock. We now have data for about 30 countries, and it falls into the pattern that the gains are greatest perhaps something like six points a decade on the culturally reduced tests like Ravens.
Next in line are usually the Wechsler performance tests they go up at about four points a decade and then finally the verbal tests rise at about two or three points a decade. What has caused these changes? Well, everything about the modern world has changed since 1900, as you can imagine. The three things that stand out are: first, formal schooling. That clearly has to be involved in the huge gains in vocabulary and general information we see in America since 1950 vocabulary subtests of the IQ tests have risen by 17 points over those 50 years. If you project that back to 1900, a period for which we dont have adequate data, that would be 34 points, or two standard deviations. So thats a lot of vocabulary. It means that people today on average know enough vocabulary to mimic the speech of only the cultural elite of 1900. The second factor is what Alexander Luria discovered when he tested rural Russian peasants in the 1930s. He discovered that pre-scientific people cant take the hypothetical seriously. That is, if you pose to them questions like, There is snow at the North Pole; where there is snow, bears are white; what color are bears at the North Pole? they would say, Well, Ive only seen brown bears. And only if a person came from the North Pole with
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testimony would I believe that the bears there are white. They were addicted to the concrete world, not the world of hypotheticals. And that of course has a big impact on a whole range of tests. If you look at Ravens, where the gains have been so huge, the test consists of all hypothetical questions about symbols that are well removed from concrete reality. Luria also asked his subjects about classification, such as, What do dogs and rabbits have in common? In 1900, a person would say, You use dogs to hunt rabbits. Today you say, Theyre both mammals. And that gets the question right. In the past, peoples minds were utilitarian. They werent interested in hypotheticals or in classifying things together. But today people have donned scientific spectacles, they have scientific habits of mind. Finally, theres the wealth of visual images in the modern world. I think that is responsible for improvements in mapping skills and improvements in looking at three-dimensional figures and how they rotate. Do these rising IQ scores actually mean that people are getting smarter? That depends what you mean by smarter. It really breaks down into four questions: Do we have better genetically engineered brains than we did in 1900? Of course not. Genes dont select like that in four generations. So, if by intelligence you mean a brain engineered to accomplish greater things, then weve made no progress at all. But if you mean: Is our ability to attack a wider range of conceptual problems improved? Then yes, we have
In the past, peoples minds were utilitarian, says Dr. James Flynn. They werent interested in hypotheticals or in classifying things together. But today people have donned scientific spectacles, they have scientific habits of mind.
University of Otago
gained in intelligence. The average person can do creative work today that they couldnt do in 1900. If you mean, on the other hand, something like: Were people just as adapted to their circumstances in 1900 as they are today? Well, of course they were. They were able to do factory work, to hunt. They could cope with the world as it existed then. They had an average IQ of 70, but they werent all mentally
retarded. So in that respect theres been no gain in intelligence. But finally, if you mean: Are people today mentally adapted to a far more complicated world? Then yes, there has been a gain. Do you expect these gains to continue through the 21st century? Who knows? In 1900, 25 percent of
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M O N I TO R O N P S YC H O L O G Y M A RC H 2 0 1 3
trying to educate the judicial community. Initially, it was very tough going. People had the notion that an IQ score was fixed. It just told you what the persons IQ was they dont realize that its a relative score and that sometimes people are being compared with the previous generation. How big a problem is this? How often are tests renormed? Well, thanks to my work, theyve been renormed a lot quicker. Between the WISC and the WISC-R, there were 24 years. My research came out in 1984, and they renormed it in 1989 and then again in 2002. For the Wechsler Adult
Intelligence Scale, the last test was renormed after 11 years. But even that doesnt cure the problem. When these tests are normed, it takes a couple of years to publish. So, you still can have a gap of 13 years and thats worth four IQ points. So Ive suggested a formula. Over the period that the IQ tests have been given to these defendants on death row, IQ gain has been pretty steady at about three-tenths of a point per year. So, for any Wechsler or Stanford-Binet test, I suggest judges should deduct threetenths of a point for every year between the year that the test was last normed and the year the defendant took the test.
Are courts beginning to take this into consideration? Most U.S. courts of appeal dont require you to apply the Flynn effect, but they say that its permissible to do so. And thats having an influence on cases. I went to testify in a Texas court about a year and a half ago. You know, Texas executes about 40 percent of the people on death row in the United States. In January, a Texas judge for the first time held that in a case I testified in, that the convicted murderers IQ had been inflated by IQ gains over time, and he was spared a death sentence. Now, the prosecution may appeal to higher courts, but its an important step. n
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roject SCUM. That was the name of R.J. Reynoldss plan to market cigarettes to gays and homeless people in San Francisco, according to documents released as part of a 1998 legal settlement. The Subculture Urban Marketing plan was to lure young men to Red Kamel cigarettes with logoemblazoned beach towels and flashy product displays in the Castro districts head shops. To reach homeless people in the Tenderloin district, the company reduced prices on its Doral brand and brought counter displays to bodegas. Though R.J. Reynolds stood out for its apparent contempt for its customers, the company wasnt alone in targeting the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community, low-income people and many other marginalized groups, said Katherine Pruitt, of the American Lung Association, at APAs Strengthening Psychologys Role in Reducing Tobacco Health Disparities meeting, Dec. 1112 in Washington, D.C. The tobacco industry has very astute marketers, Pruitt said. We, too, need deep reach into priority communities so that we can move the needle on health disparities.
The APA conference brought together an all-star cast of speakers from the government, academe, nonprofits and community groups to discuss the best practices for reducing disparities and helping chart an agenda for APA, said APA CEO Norman B. Anderson, PhD. Thats an important goal because smoking rates remain high in many of the groups targeted by tobacco manufacturers, though tobacco use is declining in the overall population. For instance, members of the LGBT community smoke at about double the rate of the U.S. general population, according to the American Lung Association. Low-income people, those with mental illness and rural populations also have high levels of tobacco use, said keynote speaker H. Westley Clark, MD, JD, the director of the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment at the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Overall, blacks and Hispanics smoke less than the general population, but they are disproportionally affected by related diseases, Clark noted. To fight the $13 billion spent annually on tobacco marketing in the United States, psychologists must
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Goodshoot
You must make what youre doing interesting and connect with your audience, said Dr. Felipe Gonzalez Castro, director of the health psychology program at the University of Texas at El Paso.
Combining tobacco cessation with other substance use treatment increases patients likelihood of quitting, said Dr. Kim HamlettBerry, who directs the Tobacco and Health Policy Office in the Department of Veterans Affairs.
redouble their efforts to reach out to these groups, said Clark. What we need from psychology is more targeted, specific strategies to help these communities, he said. What works Researchers have documented many effective measures for reducing tobacco use, said Shane Davis, PhD, of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Comprehensive, smoke-free policies for workplaces, restaurants and bars are particularly effective, with research showing that such laws reduce smokingrelated heart attacks and have no adverse economic impact on restaurants or bars. But even given this evidence, only 25 states have a comprehensive smoke-free air law, Davis said. Government regulations can also reduce smoking by raising prices through tax increases, with every 10 percent price increase leading to a 4 percent drop in adult cigarette consumption. High prices are particularly effective in keeping adolescents from starting the habit, Davis said. An effective way to encourage people to quit is to arouse strong negative emotions in smokers a fact that has underpinned the CDCs hard-hitting $54 million advertising campaign, which showed former smokers coping with serious consequences of smoking such as paralysis from strokes, heart attacks and limb amputations. The number of calls to 1-800-QUIT-NOW, a free national tobacco cessation call center, doubled when the campaign ran last spring, Davis said. At the same time, federal legislators must limit advertising by
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cigarette companies, she added. Cigarette companies have been targeting minority and low-income populations through direct mail, by sponsoring social and cultural events, and in display advertising areas that are all largely unregulated, she noted. Hard to reach groups While these measures reduce smoking among the general population, they may not reach some of Americas heaviest smokers: people with mental illness. Psychiatric patients smoke two to four times more than mentally healthy smokers, said Kim Hamlett-Berry, PhD, who directs the Tobacco and Health Policy Office in the Department of Veterans Affairs. As a result, those with psychiatric illness are more likely to die from smoking-related diseases than from complications from their mental illness or substance use disorders, she said. People with alcohol dependence and other substance use disorders also smoke at higher rates. In fact, 50 percent of people treated for alcohol dependence end up dying from smoking-related diseases, researchers have found. Many clinicians believe that we cant be taking away smoking from these populations because they will replace them with more harmful substances, Hamlett-Berry said. However, research shows that combining smoking cessation with substance use treatment increases patients likelihood of success by 25 percent. To address these concurrent problems, VA treatment centers have instituted and integrated smoking-cessation programs into
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To fight the $13 billion spent annually on tobacco marketing in the United States, psychologists must redouble their efforts to reach out to vulnerable groups, said Dr. H. Westley Clark, the director of the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment at the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
treatment for PTSD and other disorders, Hamlett-Berry said. evidence-based interventions to needs of vunerable populations The VA has also increased smoking-cessation training for health a practice that is the rule, rather than the exception, said care providers, and will soon offer a free smartphone app to Felipe Gonzalez Castro, PhD, a psychology professor and help quitters stay on track. director of the health psychology program at the University of Smartphone apps have the potential to engage many Texas at El Paso. You must make what youre doing interesting difficult-to-reach populations, said Eric Augustson, PhD, a and connect with your audience, so they really believe this is behavioral science researcher at the National Cancer Institute. going to help them, he said. n Even homeless people increasingly have access to smart phones, or at least phones capable of receiving text messages, he said. A PA PR AC TI C E O R G ANI ZATI O N African-Americans and teens are frequent texters, he said. COLLEGE OF PROFESSIONAL PSYCHOLOGY Many of our most vulnerable populations are skipping over computers or laptops and using phones as the Psychopharmacology primary way they interact with the Examination for Psychologists Internet, he said. (PEP) Thats why the National Cancer Institute created an app called Smokefree An examination designed for use by TXT. Users set a quit date and the psychology licensing authorities to implement program sends them reminder messages. laws permitting the prescribing of psychotropic The program also checks in with medications by quali ed psychologists participants, asking them about their cravings and moods and prompting them Secure and con dential banking of PEP scores to text back a response. The program then for quali ed graduates of postdoctoral shoots back a tip or encouraging words. psychopharmacology educational programs Since its launch in 2011, the app has attracted more than 15,000 subscribers Psychopharmacology training programs may and shown about a 13 percent success rate use the PEP to ful ll exit requirements comparable with other, more laborintensive treatments. The program, with its versions 750 First Street, NE, Washington, DC 20002-4242 for young adults, teens and Spanish Phone: (202) 336-6100 Fax: (202) 336-5797 speakers, demonstrates the potential of E-mail: apapocollege@apa.org adapting interventions for subgroups. But Website: apapracticecentral.org researchers must go even further adapting
M A RC H 2 0 1 3 M O N I TO R O N P S Y CHOLOGY 4.5x4.5_APACollege_ad.indd 1 3 7 AM 3/29/11 9:10:57
psychology
goes to
voyage: NASAs planned 2030 trip to Mars.
BY A MY NOVOTNEY
I/O
Mars
Research by industrial-organizational psychologists is guiding efforts to promote team cohesion among astronauts during the longest-ever manned space
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Video: NASA researcher Lauren Leveton on how the agency translates research to spaceflight.
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Thinkstock
Probably the closest thing to the environment these astronauts will face is if you go back hundreds of years and look at the ships that crossed the ocean, so its an interesting, exciting and important area of research to which I think psychologists have a lot to contribute.
SCOTT TANNENBAUM The Group for Organizational Effectiveness, Albany, N.Y.
sually when co-workers irritate each other, they can let off steam by spending time with family or going for a jog. But in the cramped quarters of a space capsule, its tough to find a place to decompress after a challenging workday. And over time, little disagreements can erode an astronauts ability to function as part of a team, says Eduardo Salas, PhD, an industrial-organizational psychologist at the University of Central Florida (UCF). Its not like someone can leave if theyre not getting along, says Salas, a psychology professor who also directs the Human Systems Integration Research program at the schools Institute for Simulation and Training. Team cohesion is paramount to success. In fact, a space mission can be disastrous without it. Errors indirectly caused by team members conflicts can have dire consequences. People can die, he says. To avert such human error, Salas, along with his UCF colleague Kimberly Smith-Jentsch, PhD, and several other industrial-organizational psychologists are using NASA funding to conduct research that helps inform the team selection and training for the agencys mission to Mars, tentatively scheduled for 2030. The mission will require the astronauts to live and work together in whats known as an isolated, confined and extreme environment for almost three years a team dynamic that is relatively unknown, says Scott Tannenbaum, PhD, another I/O psychologist. He and John Mathieu, PhD, of the University of Connecticut, are using a NASA grant to study how to best compose and develop a resilient, adaptive and self-sustaining team for long-duration space exploration. No one has traveled that far out in space for that long, so its not like we can take a look at research thats been done elsewhere, says Tannenbaum, president of the consulting firm The Group for Organizational Effectiveness, based in Albany, N.Y. Probably the closest thing to the environment these astronauts will face is if you go back hundreds of years and look
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at the ships that crossed the ocean. So its an interesting, exciting and important area of research to which I think psychologists have a lot to contribute. The right mix In addition to the space capsules close quarters and lack of privacy, other major challenges the Mars team will face are the constant noise of machinery, a 15- to 20-minute communication lag time between the astronauts and the Houston-based NASA headquarters grounds crew, and the biological changes that arise from low gravity and a lack of a sunlight-based 24-hour day. Astronauts at the International Space Station (ISS) live spaciously compared to the capsule the Mars team will use, says Michigan State Universitys Steve Kozlowski, PhD, who is using the NASA funding his team received to develop tools to monitor the Mars teams cohesiveness over time. The International Space Stations length and width is about the size of a football field including the end zones. The Mars capsule, while not yet developed, will likely be closer to the size of a small kitchen. ISS astronauts also enjoyed 24/7 communication access to anyone on the planet, weekly video calls with their family and weekly support meetings with a psychologist, says Kozlowski. Such outside mental health support will not be as readily available for the Mars mission due to the large time lag, making this a much more team-centric mission than ever before, he says. Thats the key reason Tannenbaum and his team are examining how to create a crew that will work well together in addition to being highly skilled at their individual tasks. While the Mars mission crew wont be selected for several more years, Tannenbaum says, in the short term their work will focus on crews for shorter missions, such as to the International Space Station. In addition, previous research he and his team have conducted with the U.S. Army has shown that team
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composition can predict how well a team coordinates, communicates and resolves conflicts above and beyond what might be predicted based on individual team member characteristics. Its not just a matter of us taking the four or five most individually capable individuals and assuming thats going to make a good team for a three-year mission in that type of isolated, confined and extreme environment, Tannenbaum says. For example, can you imagine a team thats made up of all very strong challengers who tend to question a lot of things? Nothing would ever get done. But similarly, having a team that has none of them is a problem as well. Supporting team success Even once a balanced team is put together, the capsules close quarters and lack of privacy could still lead to cooperation, coordination and communication problems for the astronauts, Kozlowski says. While a curt interaction among team members after a rough nights sleep might seem minor at the time, research has shown that being the target of rudeness can drain a persons cognitive resources and make it more difficult for him or her Dr. Eduardo Salass team is focused on helping astronauts be more aware of their to stay focused. interactions with others and manage conflict while in orbit. A spat with one team member can lead to isolation or depression, and can affect not just the interactions with that team member but between all in orbit. The key, according to psychological research, is that team members, Kozlowski says. people can learn to work more effectively together. According to How often will the team face such issues and how will a Salas-led 2008 meta-analysis of 2,650 teams, team training can they recover? Kozlowski and his colleagues are studying the improve a teams performance by nearly 20 percent (Human dynamics of NASA teams living in environments such as Factors, 2008). Antarctica, which is similar to the extreme space environment Salas and his team are using their NASA funding to the Mars team will face. Theyre also working with a group of develop, implement and evaluate interventions to maximize engineers to develop a wireless badge that astronauts would space crew cohesion and mitigate negative psychosocial wear to monitor team collaboration and cohesion while the effects of long-duration missions, as well as measure crew Mars team is in transit. cohesion over time. Theyre focused on identifying stressors The badges would have motion detection built in and could among spaceflight crews such as lack of space and privacy monitor which astronaut approached the other, as well as and working to pinpoint strategies, such as team selfthe vocal intensity, heart rate and face-time distance between correction and regulation, to help astronauts cope with such other sensor-wearing team members. From that, we might stressors during the mission. The astronauts will learn these infer that there was an argument or altercation, and then we strategies along with their more traditional technical training could monitor subsequent interactions more closely, provide and anti-gravity acclimation. the crew with feedback and alert the ground crew if necessary, Its really about setting the conditions that lead to success, Kozlowski says. he says. n Salass team is focused on helping astronauts be more aware of their interactions with others and manage conflict while Amy Novotney is a writer in Chicago.
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PSYCHOLOGIST PROFILE
A champion of change
As a psychologist with a visual impairment, Maria Dolores Cimini advocates for access to STEM education for todays students with disabilities.
BY AN NA MI LLER Monitor staff
ost psychology graduate students in the 1980s ran their dissertation data analyses using computer programs. Maria Dolores Cimini didnt have that luxury. Blind in one eye and visually impaired in the other from glaucoma at age 16, Cimini was painstakingly cranking out t tests and other analyses with a marker, paper and calculator. Speech-recognition statistical programs hadnt been invented yet. Cimini also struggled to find a mentor. Despite her honor student status, Ciminis high school guidance counselor didnt think shed make it in college. She said, there are schools for you, and I thought, Great! I want to go to an Ivy, remembers Cimini. But she didnt mean that. She meant special schools not necessarily even colleges and universities. Her training director in graduate school also doubted her abilities, telling her she could never do all that her peers without a visual impairment could.
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Nevertheless, Cimini excelled as an undergraduate at Barnard College and as a doctoral student in the University at Albanys, State University of New York clinical psychology program. She earned her PhD in 1986 and landed a job in the universitys counseling center, where today she directs programs to prevent substance abuse, suicide, sexual assault, eating disorders and other high-risk behaviors among college students. And since 2004 alone, she has brought in more than $6 million in federal grants from funders including the National Institutes of Health, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, the U.S. Department of Justice Office on Violence Against Women and the U.S. Department of Education, mostly to support the development, implementation and evaluation of such programs. Now, Cimini is working to ensure that other students who have disabilities and are in the STEM (science, technology, engineering and math) disciplines get the support they need, when they need it. Last year, the White House named her a Champion of Change
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Dr. Maria Dolores Ciminis says mentorship was key to her success today.
for her research, mentorship and advocacy efforts something that came as no surprise to Edelgard Wulfert, PhD, dean of Albany College of Arts and Sciences. Dr. Cimini has developed a remarkable scientific career and is eager both to learn new things every day and to share her knowledge with students and collaborators, he says. She is an outstanding role model for students and colleagues alike. A mentor and a mentee When Cimini is on her home campus, she can be found facilitating a supervision group for predoctoral psychology interns, leading a training seminar on disability issues or substance abuse and prevention, or supervising any one of the 180 undergraduates who run a peer-to-peer hotline. The 24-7 service, which connects student callers to peers who are trained to listen and refer them for issues such as substance abuse, eating disorders and relationship problems, has served more than 83,000 students since its launch in 1970. Cimini
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has overseen the aversion of such crises as school violence and suicide. The first line of defense is the psychology interns they have good judgment overall, says Cimini. When it gets to me, its really serious. Cimini owes her rise into leadership roles on campus to her own persistence and the support of mentors who saw past her disability. The director of Albanys counseling center, Estela Rivero, PhD, for example, hired Cimini shortly after graduate school. She really believed I could do whatever I set my mind to, so I was able to spread my wings beyond doing clinical work, Cimini says. In 2004, Mary Larimer, PhD, a psychologist and director of the University of Washingtons Center for Health and Risk Behaviors, worked alongside Cimini on a major research project supported by the National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse. Larimer inspired Cimini to pursue further training to advance her goal of becoming an
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Paul Brown
independent researcher. So in 2010 Cimini applied for and won a career development grant to do just that. Now in its third year, the five-year NIAAA grant gives her access to leading researchers as mentors as well as advanced coursework in research methodology. The grant is also supporting Ciminis first
large-scale research project on alcohol abuse interventions for college students. She is exploring how her on-campus screening and brief intervention program can help prevent college students from engaging in risky drinking. Things are very different now as compared to the 80s, says Cimini, who turns 55 in April. Computer programs are now speech accessible and attitudes. Theyre not perfect, but theyre better. Theres more opportunity for me to move forward. The future of STEM education While some of the barriers that delayed Ciminis start in large-scale research have diminished since she was a graduate student, many remain. Thats why shes dedicated to helping todays students with disabilities get the same access to STEM education as those without disabilities. I would like to see more funding support for equipment and other technology that would help young women with disabilities access education and careers in the sciences, she says. She has made significant strides in making that happen through her work with APA. As a member of APAs Committee on Disability Issues in Psychology, for example, she helped to develop an updated resource guide for graduate students in psychology with disabilities, and also worked to shape the accreditation process so that it encourages doctoral and internship psychology programs to be more accommodating to students with disabilities. As a new member of the APA Board for the Advancement of Psychology in the Public Interest, she is well-equipped to support its mission to use psychology to advance equality among underrepresented and underserved populations. And, she is promoting research on women with disabilities in STEM education through her work with APAs Women with Disabilities in STEM Education Research Agenda Development Project. As co-chair of the organization committee, she and an interdisciplinary group of scientists are helping to implement the one-year, National Science Foundation-funded project that aims to identify what works and what doesnt when it comes to advancing STEM education among young women with disabilities. Cimini and colleagues will use their findings to set a research agenda for funding agencies and investigators to build an empirical base for the study of women with disabilities in STEM. The program held its inaugural workshop in October (see sidebar). Cimini hopes the project will eventually inform the training of high school educators, who can make or break a career in STEM for young women with disabilities. Adolescence is one of the most difficult and vulnerable times in ones life, she says. Its so important for a project like this to occur, focusing on secondary education because how people intervene with young people at this age can really impact the rest of their lives. n
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Palo Alto University 1791 Arastradero Road, Palo Alto CA 94304 800-818-6136 Fax 650-433-3888 admissions@paloaltou.edu www.paloaltou.edu
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SCIENCE WATCH
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Alzheimers
brain
Neuropsychologists are among those identifying precursors to Alzheimers work that someday might lead to treatments to slow the diseases progression.
BY REBECCA VOELKER
The pre-
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n his search for ways to prevent Alzheimers disease, Rhode Island Hospital neuropsychologist Peter J. Snyder, PhD, didnt want to rely solely on the memory and learning tasks that have been used for more than 50 years to detect cognitive impairment. Instead, Snyder was on the hunt for a fresh, scientifically sound approach that identifies the early stages of the underlying disease process. Snyder found what he was looking for in the pattern separation task, developed by neuropsychologist Craig E.L. Stark, PhD, of the University of California at Irvine. The task assesses how well study participants can tell whether either of a pair of pictures they previously saw on a computer was moved, even slightly. The test measures the ability to store and retrieve memories processes that involve a subregion of the hippocampus and may help to detect brain changes that occur very early in the Alzheimers disease process. I think it has great potential to uncover how the disease process unfolds, says Snyder, also a neurology professor at Brown University. His colleagues in the international Dominantly Inherited Alzheimers Network (DIAN), which is funded by the National Institute on Aging and directed by John C. Morris, MD, of the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, will use the test in a new clinical trial launched to evaluate three drugs for preventing Alzheimers. Stark is just one of many psychologists who are assuming broader roles in Alzheimers research, as the focus shifts from finding treatment for symptoms to stopping the disease process before symptoms begin. In fact, neuropsychologists have been critical in the design and performance of several pivotal trials, says DIAN principal investigator Randall Bateman, MD, also of the Washington University School of Medicine. New and different techniques Using several effective methods to find early signs of Alzheimers disease is important, says Glenn Smith, PhD, a clinical neuropsychologist working on early detection of
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Alzheimers at the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota, and a member of the APAs Committee on Aging. The more ways you measure something, the more accurately its measured, he says. He points to data from the Alzheimers Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), a large-scale study launched in 2003 to find biomarkers, including behaviors in standardized tasks, that are most effective in detecting early signs of Alzheimers. Funded by the federal government, the pharmaceutical industry and several private foundations, the studys principal investigator is Michael W. Weiner, MD, of the Veterans Affairs Medical Center at the University of California, San Francisco. A recent ADNI data analysis led by Bruno Jedynak, PhD, of Johns Hopkins University showed a somewhat surprising result: The Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, a memory task commonly used in clinical practice, indicated abnormalities earlier in the course of neurodegenerative disease than six other biomarkers, including the well-publicized amyloid-beta seen on positron-emission tomography (PET) scanning and tau proteins found in cerebrospinal fluid. Role of vascular changes Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles have been considered Alzheimers defining features, but some researchers are probing whether changes in the brains blood vessels play a role in the disease process. In his lab at Columbia University, neuropsychologist Adam Brickman, PhD, and colleagues are using MRI to examine vascular abnormalities in the brain that might be harbingers of Alzheimers disease. Brickman says vascular changes in the brain measured with neuroimaging may predict which healthy adults will develop Alzheimers and the severity of their symptoms when they do. His lab uses MRI scanning to measure various structural brain changes, including white matter hyperintensities distributed bright patches seen on one type of MRI scan that Brickman says are signs of damage to small blood vessels. His lab also studies amyloid formation related to white matter hyperintensities, strokes and microbleeds, which are tiny specks of blood that have seeped from leaky vessels in the brain. These three types of pathology in the brain seem to occur with higher prevalence among people with Alzheimers, and they also seem to predict the types of symptoms we see in Alzheimers disease, Brickman says. Clarifying the relationship between Alzheimers and vascular disease in the brain whether they occur independently of each other, or they interact, or if one causes the other could lead to some basic, low-tech prevention strategies, says Brickman. We know how to prevent vascular disease a lot better than we know how to prevent plaques and tangles, he notes. Its with lifestyle factors, medication, hypertension control and exercise. Long-standing public health campaigns that have
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emphasized stroke and heart disease prevention by not noncarriers (Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 2009). smoking, eating a healthy diet and exercising are making a A small dose unmasks a latent [cognitive] deficit in great deal of sense for Alzheimers disease as well, says Smith. otherwise healthy carriers, says Snyder. Changes in blood flow patterns in the brain also may be Bringing neuroimaging into the mix could reveal whether early indicators of Alzheimers disease, says neuroscientist these people have the added risk of amyloid in the brain. Lori Beason-Held, PhD. Her work with colleagues at the Pairing the best cognitive probe with a pharmacological National Institute on Aging has followed 121 participants in stressor, I think thats what we need to identify presymptomatic the Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Aging, which began in patients, Snyder adds. 1994. Annual PET scans and Even though research neuropsychological exams is making rapid progress, showed that 22 participants psychologists including developed cognitive Snyder dont see a cure impairment, on average emerging anytime soon. about 11 years into the study. Theres not going to be a People who developed single magic bullet, he says. impairments had increased This isnt a disease, but a blood flow in the frontal syndrome with multiple lobe in areas critical for etiologies. memory and attention. They Researchers now realize had decreased blood flow that the development in the parietal lobe, also an of Alzheimers probably important area for memory is more complex than and attention, and in the amyloid building up in the temporal lobe in key areas brain. Imaging studies in for visual memory. These recent years have shown changes not only occurred that about 30 percent of before symptoms of decline healthy adults who never appeared, but they took develop Alzheimers have place in brain regions where fairly substantial plaque amyloid and tau proteins accumulations, Brickman accumulate the earliest, notes. A less common PETER J. SNYDER Beason-Held notes. occurrence is people who Rhode Island Hospital For now, the findings are have the classic symptoms statistically significant only of Alzheimers disease but at the population level, not no amyloid in the brain, in individuals. But if we he adds. So that just raises can take what we know from the question of what really large studies and develop screening techniques we can use in causes cognitive impairment, he adds. a single person, thats the ultimate goal of the early markers, Especially in older individuals, amyloid accumulations Beason-Held says. in the brain may co-occur with other pathologies for example, Lewy body dementia, a condition with abnormal Intriguing ideas, but no magic bullet protein clumps in the brain, or cerebrovascular disease, says In another intriguing approach, Snyder suggests that the neuropsychologist Mark Bondi, PhD, a professor of psychiatry pharmaceutical benzodiazepine lorazepam could help identify at the University of California, San Diego, and director of the preclinical Alzheimers disease. With Cynthia Stonnington, Neuropsychological Assessment Unit at the VA San Diego MD, of the Mayo Clinic, Snyder studied the effect that a single Healthcare System. dose of 2 mg of lorazepam had on 36 cognitively healthy older Even if a cure isnt within sight, Snyder envisions the adults, half of whom carried the apolipoprotein E4 allele (a development of therapies to slow disease progression. If we can gene mutation that increases the risk of Alzheimers) and half slow the progression by just five years, we can cut the cost of of whom werent carriers. All participants had the expected Alzheimers to society by 2050 by almost 50 percent, he adds. reactions to the drug sleepiness and slowed motor function. Its an attainable goal. n But two-and-a-half hours later, those with the E4 allele had significant problems on cognitive tests compared with the Rebecca Voelker is a writer in Chicago.
If we can slow the progression by just five years, we can cut the cost of Alzheimers to society by 2050 by almost 50 percent. Its an attainable goal.
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Vulnerable patients
Psychologists are using distraction, exposure therapy and other strategies to ease anxiety among children who face medical scans, surgeries and other procedures.
B Y JA MI E C HAMBE RLIN Monitor staff
F
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or many children having surgery, going under anesthesia is the moment it gets tough. Psychologist Jill MacLaren Chorney, PhD, of IWK Health Centre in Halifax, Nova Scotia, remembers when a 12-year-old girl with a history of orthopedic surgeries was scheduled for another procedure. She was able to cope with her anxiety in the waiting room. But when she was escorted to the operating room door, she burst into tears and refused to go in. Despite all efforts by staff, she continued to refuse, her distress increased and her surgery ended up being postponed,
recalls Chorney, an assistant professor in the department of anesthesiology at Dalhousie University and a member of the Complex Pain Team at IWK Health Centre. While cancelling surgery is rare, such nerve-racking episodes can be as stressful for the surgical team as for the child and his or her parents. Even more important is that preoperative stress can have a dramatic impact on how well a child recovers from the procedure, Chorney says. Some research by anesthesiologists has shown that children who are more anxious before surgery may experience more pain and recovery complications after the
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procedure and have longer hospital stays. As she tells anesthesiology residents, How they go to sleep is often how they wake up. Chorneys own research, published in Anesthesiology, has shown that reducing childrens preoperative stress by giving them a practice run with an anesthesia mask and educating them about the procedure, for example can lessen the amount of pain medication they need after surgery and can reduce cases of emergence delirium, in which a child comes out of anesthesia thrashing, crying or needing restraint.
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To improve childrens experiences, Chorney and other psychologists have developed research-tested strategies to reduce childrens stress and anxiety about medical procedures, including going under anesthesia and having surgery, as well as some uncomfortable and even highly painful tasks, such as having blood drawn, using a catheter, wearing sensors for an electroencephalogram and being treated for severe burns. Childrens experiences with early medical procedures can really shape their medical experiences for life, Chorney says.
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We have the potential to do a lot early on in making these procedures less stressful for them.
Dora in the OR To help children stay calm in the operating room, pediatric anesthesiologists at Chorneys IWK Health Centre rely on a strategy used by childrens hair stylists and parents on long car trips cartoons. When the hospital installed state-of-the-art video screens in operating rooms last year so trainees could observe surgeries, Chorney and her colleagues wired the technology so anesthesiologists could use it to show children cartoons while they underwent anesthesia. The cartoons had a dramatic effect on childrens anxiety, even on top of tried-and-true techniques used by pediatric nurses and anesthesiologists, such as humor and soothing talk. In Chorneys study, published in 2012 in Anesthesia and Analgesia, she and colleagues found that a quarter of the children who watched a video of their choice Making the extreme showed no anxiety during routine anesthesia, compared with Children with chronic or only 5 percent in the control life-threatening medical group. Only 2 percent of conditions often need more children in the cartoon group than a temporary distraction: showed extreme anxiety, such They need help adjusting as screaming and crying, to frequent, regular medical compared with about 10 procedures such as having KEITH SLIFER percent in the control group. to catheterize themselves, Kennedy Krieger Institute in Baltimore In addition, children use a nebulizer or lie still for who chose a cartoon in radiation treatment or an the waiting room to watch MRI. Helping these children during anesthesia showed no particularly those who increase or change in their anxiety from the waiting room to the also have intellectual and developmental disabilities is the operating room, while children in the control group grew more focus of the Pediatric Psychology Consultation Program at fearful as they waited. Kennedy Krieger Institute in Baltimore, directed by psychologist These were children who were already getting quite a bit of Keith J. Slifer, PhD. great interactions from staff, but we added something on that Drawing from pediatric and behavioral analysis research in gave everyone something else to focus on, says Chorney. counterconditioning, differential reinforcement and exposure Lynnda M. Dahlquist, PhD, of the University of Maryland, therapy, Slifer and his colleagues use simulated medical Baltimore County, is exploring whether video games might also procedures to gradually expose children to the sights, sounds help children cope with intense procedures, such as burn care and smells associated with their medical care. Children may and bone-marrow aspirations. In a study in press at the Journal touch and feel the equipment first, then wear it, then use it. Or, of Pediatric Psychology, Dahlquist, along with then-graduate they may be rewarded after the procedure with stickers, prizes student Karen Wohlheiter, PhD, compared how healthy or other reinforcers as they make progress. preschool children fared in two different conditions. One To help children with obstructive sleep apnea adjust to group played a Wii game, such as Finding Nemo, with their sleeping with a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) free hand immersed in ice cold water; the other group watched mask, for example, Slifer and his colleagues first introduce them pre-recorded footage of the same game without interacting to the sleep clinic, then have them watch as the equipment with it with one hand immersed in ice cold water. Consistent is placed on a parent or a doll, then have them put on the
One of the cool things about working in this area is that there are endless opportunities for creativity. If you like to dream things up, the skys the limit.
with research that finds that tasks that require more executive cognitive processes are more effective in minimizing pain, the children who played the game showed more pain tolerance. And, it didnt matter how much experience they had with gaming. It seems to benefit kids from a wide range of ability, she says. Dahlquist is also testing whether virtual reality helmets that allow children to play video games could help them better manage painful procedures, and which children might benefit most. She is gathering data on the types of games that might be most effective fast-paced action games or more mellow ones. Her hope is that such games could be particularly helpful for medical settings without a mental health professional on staff to help children cope with their anxiety over a procedure. The beauty of an electronic distractor is that you dont need a highly trained clinician administering it, she says. The game itself is intriguing and engaging.
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equipment a little at a time as they enjoy an activity, such as a cartoon or story. The children do this over and over until they can help put on the mask and fall asleep with it on. Ive never met anyone who said they like a CPAP machine, but if you make it as routine as putting on their pajamas and pair positive things with it, even young children and those with intellectual and developmental disabilities can learn to tolerate it, says Slifer, who is also an associate professor of psychiatry, behavioral sciences and pediatrics at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Part of his programs approach includes teaching children coping skills they can use during a procedure, such as controlled deep breathing, visual imagery, or distraction with an activity they like, such as an iPad or video game. They also provide them break cards they can give the nurse when they want to halt the procedure briefly. Children are surprisingly judicious about their use of the cards, he says. It can calm them down a lot just knowing that they have that little bit of control. The teams research, published in Epilepsy and Behavior and other journals, has shown that using behavioral techniques not only increases compliance among these children, it reduces the need for potentially harmful alternatives, such as frequent sedation.
Among the many challenges of this work is that reinforcement isnt one-size-fits-all, says Slifer. One child with severe visual impairment, for example, was unable to tolerate equipment for a sleep study because he wasnt interested in traditional reinforcers, such as stickers or prizes. Eventually, the team found that he liked to throw a ball and hear it bounce off the wall. After that, for every sensor wire of an electroencephalogram they placed on his head, he earned a ball toss. One of the cool things about working in this area is that there are endless opportunities for creativity, says Slifer. If you like to dream things up, the skys the limit. n
Further reading
Bennett, H.J. (2008). Harry goes to the hospital: A story for children about what its like to be in the hospital. Washington, DC.: Magination Press. Christophersen, E.R., & VanScoyoc, S. (2013). Treatments that work with children: Empirically supported strategies for managing childhood problems (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Multicultural Care
A Clinicians Guide to Cultural Competence
Lillian Comas-Daz
2012. 312 pages. Paperback. ISBN 978-1-4338-1174-6 Item # 4312019 List: $49.95 APA Member/Affiliate: $39.95
2012. 336 pages. Hardcover. ISBN 978-1-4338-1068-8 Item # 4317279 List: $59.95 APA Member/Affiliate: $49.95
Malpractice in Psychology
David L. Shapiro and Steven R. Smith
2012. 130 pages. Paperback. ISBN 978-1-4338-1017-6 Item # 4317275 List: $39.95 APA Member/Affiliate: $34.95
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Practice
PERSPECTIVE ON
Tens of millions of previously uninsured Americans are expected to gain health insurance coverage by 2014 as a result of the Affordable Care Act. This new population of insured people offers professional psychologists new opportunities to advance our role in health, one of APAs three strategic goals and the impetus for the creation of a new Center for Psychology and
Health. The APA Practice Directorate and the APA Practice Organization, a 501(c)(6) companion organization to APA, support the new centers focus through advocacy, public education and outreach activities. (For more on the center, go to From the CEO, in the January Monitor.) As part of our efforts to promote the value of psychology to policymakers, we are dedicating a second consecutive State Leadership Conference (SLC) the APA Practice Organizations premier annual advocacy conference held this month to issues related to safeguarding appropriate roles for psychologists as health-care reform is implemented. With this years theme, Countdown to Health Care Reform, we continue to focus on educating psychology leaders about health-care reform, identifying roles for psychologists in the evolving health-care system and identifying where our advocacy efforts can make the most difference. Just as the centers goal of expanding the participation of psychologists in the health-care system extends beyond healthcare reform, the Practice Directorates efforts extend beyond SLC to other advocacy, public education and outreach activities that enhance the publics understanding of psychologists important role in health care. A few examples of Practice advocacy and outreach efforts that contribute to the work of the APA Center for Psychology and Health: Since late 2011, we have participated in 11 state healthcare reform summits aimed at securing psychologys place in evolving health-care systems at the state level, where most of the hard work around health-care reform is being done. Our State Implementation of Health Care Reform initiative includes an online community that serves as a central hub for resources, fosters the partnership between APA and state psychological organizations, and supports state-level initiatives. In conjunction with outside legal counsel, we have worked to identify barriers to psychological service delivery
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in Medicaid, along with opportunities to overcome those challenges. We are continuing to support states such as New York and Rhode Island as they address corporate practice of medicine statutes that prevent psychologists from partnering with physicians in integrated-care systems. Grants to state, provincial and territorial psychological associations from the Committee for the Advancement of Professional Practice support legislative efforts to advance access to psychological services at the state level. The annual Stress in America survey, part of APAs Mind/ Body Health public education campaign, provides an indepth look at how stress affects people in the United States and examines attitudes toward and perceptions about stress across the country. The Mind/Body Health initiative uses national and local outreach activities to educate the public about the connection between psychological and physical health, and promotes psychologists as the best-trained health-care providers to support healthy lifestyle and behavioral changes. Our partnership with the YMCA addresses the impact of individual behaviors, such as healthy eating and regular physical activity, in reducing risk factors for chronic diseases such as diabetes. APA and the YMCA are working to address unhealthy behaviors that contribute to chronic illness and health-care costs. APAs Advisory Steering Committee for the development of clinical practice guidelines is moving forward on guidelines to ensure that scientific evidence and best practices in psychological intervention are available to policymakers and other health-care providers. As health-care reform becomes reality, we will continue to advocate for the profession and for the people we serve. The new APA Center for Psychology and Health brings structure and coordination to our work in APA Practice related to demonstrating the value of and securing psychologys place in the health-care delivery system. n
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NEW RELEASES
from the American Psychological Association
APA Handbook of Testing and Assessment in Psychology
Volume 1. Test Theory and Testing and Assessment in Industrial and Organizational Psychology Volume 2. Testing and Assessment in Clinical and Counseling Psychology Volume 3. Testing and Assessment in School Psychology and Education Editor in Chief Kurt F. Geisinger
Series: APA Handbooks in Psychology
AD2244
What draws us to
Facebook?
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Psychologists and communication researchers are studying how Facebook so successfully lures us in.
BY L E A W I NERMAN Monitor staff
n October, Facebook crossed the 1 billion-user mark. More than 500 million of those users log on to the site every day. But many of those same millions bemoan Facebook as a time-suck, tempting us to fritter away hours reading the minutiae of high-school classmates lives or playing online Scrabble when we could be spending that time more productively on work, schoolwork or real face time with family and friends. But something keeps drawing us in, fueling Facebooks growth from a small site serving Ivy League college students in 2004 to a worldwide behemoth less than 10 years later. Now, psychologists and communication researchers are exploring why the site is so popular and exactly what we get out of social networking sites. When we first started doing this research in 2006, the popular press narratives around social media were all negative, [such as the] undergrad who lost a job opportunity after he posted a picture of himself drinking a beer, says Nicole Ellison, PhD, a communication researcher at the University of Michigan. So, we were curious about what our students were getting out of their use because if there were only negative outcomes, they wouldnt use it. Ellison and others are finding that Facebook serves many purposes. It can boost our self-esteem, satisfy our need for connectedness and self-promotion, and help us maintain offline relationships. At the same time, we dont all use Facebook in the same way, and researchers are finding that Facebook use can interact with our personal characteristics in complicated ways. The sociable, the lonely and the narcissistic among us may turn to Facebook to satisfy different needs. Click to connect In a 2012 review article in Personality and Individual Differences called Why Do People Use Facebook? Boston University
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psychologist Stefan Hofmann, PhD, broke down the sites appeal into two areas: the need to belong and the need for selfpresentation. Facebook, Hofmann says, satisfies both of those basic needs. When it comes to belonging, Facebook use has a mixed reputation. Some people think that the sites ability to keep us in daily contact with far-flung friends and family must be a boon for interpersonal connection. But an equally plausible view is that spending so much time interacting with the digital versions of our friends leaves us lonely and starved for realworld contact. So, which of these views is right? As it turns out, both may contain some truth, according to research by psychologist Kennon Sheldon, PhD, of the University of Missouri. In a 2011 study published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Sheldon and his colleagues asked more than 1,000 college students about the intensity of their Facebook use. They also tested the students on their levels of connection and disconnection, with a scale that asked questions about how often they felt lonely or felt close and connected with other people who are important to them. Paradoxically, the researchers found that spending a lot of time on Facebook correlated with both high levels of feeling connected to other people and with high levels of disconnection. They theorize this is the case because two different processes motivate Facebook use: People who are lonely and disconnected spend time on Facebook to cope with their loneliness. But people who arent lonely also spend time on Facebook, and for them the site helps maintain social connections, leading them to spend even more time there. In Sheldons model, Facebook does boost peoples feelings of connection. But if youre a chronically lonely person, you might go on and feel a little lift, but the chronic loneliness is unchanged, Sheldon says. Its almost like an addiction that
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If Facebook is to be a place where people go to seek social support, it is vitally important to discover the potentially negative communication one might find on Facebook and the kinds of people likely to engage in them.
CHRIS CARPENTER Western Illinois University
doesnt solve the thing that youre trying to cope with. Sheldon backed his theory with another study, in which he asked about 100 students to stop using Facebook, cold-turkey, for two days. He tested them on a connection-disconnection scale at the beginning of the study, after they had been off Facebook for the two days and then two days later, after they had resumed use. He found that the students feelings of connection (I feel close to other people) decreased over the two days they abstained from Facebook, but on average their feelings of loneliness did not change. Meanwhile, the students who felt particularly lonely and disconnected after their time away from Facebook reported sharply increased use of the site when they were allowed back on presumably because the loneliness was motivating them to spend more time there. An ego boost One intuitive appeal of Facebook is interaction with fellow users chatting with friends, liking their photos and posting on their walls. But a new study suggests that we gain some psychological benefit even from passively viewing our own profiles. In a 2011 study of about 300 college students in Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, Cornell University researchers Amy Gonzales, PhD, and Jeffrey Hancock, PhD, found that students who were asked to look at their own Facebook page for just three minutes showed a boost in self-esteem compared with control groups who either looked in a mirror or simply sat in a room for three minutes. The researchers theorize that we might get that ego lift because we self-select the information we include in our Facebook profiles and post on our walls. Looking at that Photoshopped version of ourselves our favorite flattering photos, our witty comments and musings on our recent vacation reinforces the version of ourselves who we want to be and can have a positive effect on our self-esteem. Of course, not all of those frequent Facebookers need the ego boost some research has suggested a link between heavy Facebook use and narcissism. In a 2012 study in Personality and Individual Differences, Chris Carpenter, PhD, of Western Illinois University, found that people who updated
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their Facebook status frequently, tagged themselves often in photos and had many Facebook friends including people whom they didnt know in real life scored higher on a narcissistic personality inventory than people who used the site more judiciously. Those socially disruptive narcissists may expect time, attention and support from others, but dont reciprocate it themselves, Carpenter says. If Facebook is to be a place where people go to seek social support, it is vitally important to discover the potentially negative communication one might find on Facebook and the kinds of people likely to engage in them, he writes. Building social capital In spite of the anti-social narcissists potentially lurking in the Facebook world, many researchers say that the site does benefit its users. Ellison, the communication researcher, and her colleagues Charles Steinfield, PhD and Cliff Lampe, PhD, have taken a social capital approach to studying Facebook use. Broadly speaking, social capital is the resources, such as job leads and emotional support that people accumulate through their interactions with others. Ellison has looked at the way people use Facebook to maintain weak ties to people they might otherwise lose track of. This is also called bridging social capital, as opposed to bonding social capital between close friends, and it can be useful because it can allow people to access information that they wouldnt otherwise know such as a new job opportunity or a news story they might have missed. As the Facebook world has expanded to include a more diverse group of users than its original college-age base, Ellison says, the social capital its users can access has expanded as well. The more different kinds of people you have in your network, the better chance you have of getting useful information, she says. For all of these reasons the social capital it creates and the psychological needs it fills researchers believe social networking is likely to just continue growing. The concept is here to stay, because it is driven by human needs, Hofmann says. n
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eet Cliff Stroop, a teaching assistant who administers a Facebook page for psychology 101 courses at Phoenix College in Phoenix. He posts spirited study tips for students dubbed Cliff Notes such as avoiding 11th-hour cramming for an exam, and Cliff Hangers, or teasers about whats coming up in class, such as, Is it possible to die of fear? Find out in class on Wednesday! Hes on Facebook all night before a test to answer students lastminute questions. Students adore him. Freshman Rafael Rosales posted on his timeline, Cliff, youre cool. If Cliff sounds like a dream teaching assistant, he is. Phoenix
College psychology professor Amy Marin, PhD, conjured him up as her school Facebook persona in hopes of engaging her students in a more playful way. Her students know shes Cliff, but they dont care. They gush about how his advice helped them study and say his posts make them eager to come to class, says Marin. For Marin, its simply an effort to do whatever I can to go where the students are. Increasingly, other instructors agree. While some begrudge the ubiquitous distraction of social media, others are using Facebook to build community in their classes. Hosting a class
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page, they say, promotes solidarity in large classes in particular, by providing a place where students who might not otherwise connect outside of class share digital flash cards and encourage each other to study harder. Theyre not competing, they seem to be saying, Look, we are in this together, says University of Kentucky psychology professor Jonathan Golding, PhD. He uses Facebook to answer questions about labs and assignments, highlight deadlines and post psychology humor and YouTube videos that reinforce course concepts for his classes. As an instructor, thats a very gratifying feeling. Engaging with psychology at a new level Its equally satisfying to see students connect course concepts to their lives or to news events when theyre not in class, says Regan A.R. Gurung, PhD, of the University of WisconsinGreen Bay. He posts links to articles from The New York Times and other publications that highlight new psychology research and
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videos he doesnt have time to screen during class. At first, he and his teaching assistants posted all the content. But he found that, after a few weeks, students were the ones keeping the news feed fresh with their own news links and comments. These students are using [Facebook] to engage with psychology at a level I had never seen when I used course management systems such as Desire2Learn, he says. To find out whether the Facebook content affected his students learning, Gurung surveyed them at the semesters end. He found that those who had joined the classs Facebook discussion (65 percent of the class liked his page) had developed a deeper appreciation for psychology as a science compared with those who had never joined. Even when he controlled his findings for grade point average to make sure high performers werent the same ones embracing the Facebook page, he found that all levels of students were reaping its benefits. We werent getting just the slackers or just the smart students on the Facebook page, he says.
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Dr. Amy Marins Facebook persona is Cliff Stroop, pictured here relaxing, graduating and with his girlfriend Ruby Skinner. Cliff is a faux graduate student Marin devised as a way to better engage her students.
His class surveys echo recent findings that show that reinforcing course content via social media can boost learning. In one 2012 study, published in Teaching of Psychology, Stephen Blessing, PhD, and colleagues at the University of Tampa found that using Twitter to reinforce concepts introduced in class via daily tweets helped students remember information better on a test than those who didnt get the tweets. More work, more reward Depending on how you look at it, creating a class community on Facebook also brings another benefit: feedback for teachers. Students who frequent Facebook tend to comment daily on what they find most compelling from lectures. Students rarely make a special trip to my office to tell me they found class interesting that day, but a quick posting on Facebook is giving me a glimpse into how my classes are being received, says Marin. Such feedback also helps professors with huge lecture-hall classes feel more connected to students. It is frustrating to stand on a stage in a huge auditorium, says University of MassachusettsAmherst professor Susan Krauss Whitbourne, PhD, who has 440 students in her intro to psychology course. Her Facebook dialogues with students help
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bring the course into their lives a little more. For Marin, Cliff has also allowed her to maintain professional boundaries, all while having fun with her students. I tend to be formal in the classroom. I dont have lunch with students or chat after, she says. This is a way for me to connect with them differently. How to start your own page For those who may want to create a class Facebook page, Marin and others share this advice: Promote it. Tell the class about the page, highlight it on the syllabus and post at least two or three times per week at the beginning of the semester. Give it time, they have to see the value, says Golding. Like Gurung, he posts frequently early in the semester. That gets them going, then the students take it from there. Golding collected data on the amount of postings and comments students made during his fall 2011 class and found that students contributed 90 percent of the content. Have a separate personal account. Gurung has zero personal information on the account he uses to manage the class page. My personal account is completely off the grid, no one can even search and find it, and my academic account is all academic, he says. Faculty should also familiarize themselves
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Students rarely make a special trip to my office to tell me they found class interesting that day, but a quick posting on Facebook is giving me a glimpse into how my classes are being received.
AMY MARIN, PHOENIX COLLEGE
with any policies their university has regarding students and social media, says Stephen Behnke, PhD, JD, who addressed Facebook etiquette for faculty in the July/August 2010 Monitor. Post in moderation. Update your page no more than two or three times per week to avoid overwhelming students with one courses add-ons and reminders, says Whitbourne. Its important to be unobtrusive and not in their face all the time, she says. Repeat yourself in class. Use the page to remind students of assignment deadlines and test dates, but if youve made the page optional, recap those deadlines and reminders in class for students who choose not to join.
Fact check. Students tend to answer each others questions, which can be a timesaver for teachers, but they can also lead each other astray. Be vigilant about correcting misinformation, instructors say. Value criticism. While trawling for such errors, Golding discovered that many students were confused by the wording of one test question. Their comments helped him fine-tune it for the following semesters students. Its a way to improve on the class and experiment in ways you couldnt in the past, he says. Students know how to use Facebook well, so why not take advantage? n
Facebook has also enabled two psychology professors to reinvent the international pen-pal concept and help internationalize the curriculum. Carie Forden, PhD, of Clarion University in Oil City, Pa., and Amy Carrillo, PhD, of the American University in Cairo, in New Cairo, Egypt, gave their social psychology classes three assignments last fall. As students completed each assignment one was to design an intervention to reduce prejudice between Muslims and non-Muslims, for example they posted their work on a joint Facebook page, the Cairo-Clarion Social Psychology Exchange. Students from each class were asked to comment on each others work and postings and were graded on participation. The page fostered student discussions on their cultural differences and on stereotypes about Egyptians and Americans conversations that deepened the students appreciation for each other, say the instructors. Forden says the project has made her U.S. students more self-critical of Americans. Its gotten them out of their ethnocentricism, she says. Its been great for them because most of the students I teach havent traveled much even within the United States, and only a few have been outside of the country. She and Carrillo also found the exchange helped their students better understand course concepts such as conformity, collectivist culture and attribution. The professors plan to sharpen their approach for next year and hope to present their work at an upcoming conference. Theres a lot of potential to increase the interaction they have, and have students really get to know one another, says Carrillo. JAMIE CHAMBERLIN
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Continuing education is becoming more interactive, applied and research-based than ever before.
BY REB ECCA A. CLAY
CE
he way most continuing education (CE) programs have traditionally been presented a lecture to a classroom of passive participants isnt the best way people learn, says Greg J. Neimeyer, PhD, director of APAs Office of Continuing Education. Although state licensing laws emphasize the number of hours practicing psychologists must spend in CE programs each year, a burgeoning literature on the science of learning and CE outcomes in particular is finding that interactivity and practical learning opportunities are more important than clock time. Theres a move away from CE presented in a didactic, talking-head fashion, says Neimeyer. The target is behavior change in the workplace setting as opposed to primarily or exclusively information updates. Now, CE programs at APA and beyond are changing to fit this new model. And psychologists themselves are among those
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researching what works in CE and developing new programs to ensure that they and other health-care professionals provide the best possible patient care. Learning about learning Medicine is leading the way when it comes to improving CE, says Neimeyer. Driven by a push for greater accountability and rapid increases in new knowledge, medicine is shifting to problem-based learning, the use of baseline and follow-up data collection to demonstrate competence and learning that takes place in the workplace rather than the classroom. These innovative approaches are in line with recommendations the Institute of Medicine (IOM) put forth in its 2010 report Redesigning Continuing Education in the Health Professions, says Ronald M. Cervero, PhD, co-director of the Institute for Evidence-Based Health Professions Education at
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the University of Georgia. The report, which calls for a radical overhaul of CE, identifies five factors that are key for effective CE: Incorporating needs assessments to ensure that material is relevant to learners needs. Emphasizing interactivity, such as group reflection and opportunities to rehearse. Using feedback to engage participants in learning. Using multiple instruction methods and giving participants enough time to process content. Simulating participants own clinical settings. Theres consensus about the mechanisms of action likely to improve practice outcomes, says Cervero, who summarizes the literature in a chapter in the 2012 book Continuing Education: Issues, Impacts and Outcomes. We know how to do it, if we would just do it.
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Some organizations have already started to put the IOM recommendations into practice, and the changes are having a measureable effect on patient care. Take heart failure, for instance. Cardiologists generally think theyre providing the best treatment for the condition, yet many arent adhering to evidence-based treatment guidelines, says psychologist Blake T. Andersen, PhD, president and chief executive officer of the HealthSciences Institute in St. Petersburg, Fla. To change that, the institute developed learning programs and tools for an initiative called Improve HF (Heart Failure). The intervention began with an assessment of how well cardiologists at 167 cardiology clinics were adhering to guidelines for using specific medication and therapies and providing patient education quality measures selected for their potential impact on patient outcomes. Practices then underwent an intervention that included a one-day training focused on needs identified in their baseline
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data and ongoing Web-based seminars. They also received report cards that evaluated how each practice was doing compared to others regionally and nationally. And they received best practices algorithms, checklists, pocket cards and other tools designed to remind cardiologists to follow treatment guidelines. The interventions goals were to show the cardiologists where they needed to improve and how to develop those competencies, says Andersen. You believe youre delivering evidence-based care, but until youre actually evaluated on that and receive a profile about what your adherence is, you dont know, he says. This approach to ongoing professional development is effective, researchers studying Improve HF confirmed. In a paper published in Circulation in 2010, the researchers found that the intervention produced significant improvements in five of the seven quality measures: the use of aldosterone antagonist, cardiac resynchronization therapy, implantable cardioverter-defibillator, beta-blocker and patient education. At the two-year follow-up, practices were providing evidence-based, guideline-recommended care 80 percent of the time, compared with just 68 percent at baseline. New CE for psychologists Now psychology is beginning to follow suit by working to ensure that CE means something more than just clocking hours. Its not sufficient to document to the public that we sat in a chair for 20 hours, says Neimeyer. We have to demonstrate that when we get out of the chair, we have something to show for it that translates into what we do differently in the workplace setting. Although some of the earliest and best theories of learning come out of psychology, says Neimeyer, the irony is that the profession hasnt always applied those theories to its own CE offerings. When assessing CE, he points out, psychology often looks at the most basic outcomes, such as participation, participant satisfaction and self-reported and objective measures of declarative learning. Less common are assessments focused on what really matters: whether participants know how to apply new knowledge, whether they integrate that knowledge into their practices and whether that integration improves client outcomes. CE for psychologists is already changing as a result of the growing evidence about what works. In 2012, APA created a working group to advise its Continuing Education Committee on how to improve the associations CE offerings. The groups first task was to review the literature on the science of learning as well as best practices in other health professions. Were trying to facilitate the integration of our empirical knowledge about learning, retention and application to improve our current CE system, says Susan J. Simonian,
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PhD, a psychology professor at the College of Charleston, knowledge base on what makes CE effective. For the first time, who heads the APA working group. And were working in a says Neimeyer, APA will conduct an outcome assessment of the mentorship role with CE sponsors to help them do the same. 70 CE workshops offered at APAs 2013 Annual Convention At APAs 2012 Annual Convention, for example, Simonian in Honolulu. The goal is to assess whether participants have and her colleagues hosted a workshop for CE sponsors to translated their new knowledge into their practices and encourage them to incorporate the best practices the working determine which methods of instruction helped participants group had identified into their CE programs. The workshop achieve that goal most effectively. leaders modeled the desired behavior by presenting case studies, The convention workshops, which will have well over using multimedia forms of presentation and asking participants 1,000 participants, represent a giant lab in which well try to to break into small groups. Those small groups then presented determine the best practices in CE, says Neimeyer. In addition ideas for transforming a standard lecture into a presentation to promoting best practices, we take seriously the science piece that embraced best practices in learning. of trying to identify them as well. n Thats just the beginning of what I hope will be a series of workshops that will help bring this information to sponsors, Rebecca A. Clay is a writer in Washington, D.C. says Simonian, who has changed her own teaching practice by making her classroom more interactive, asking students to apply their knowledge to real-life situations and quizzing students more frequently. Were looking for ways to serve not just as a regulatory board but a board that helps CE sponsors enhance their offerings. APA is already taking into account research that demonstrates the effectiveness of whats called distributed learning extending learning time beyond a single class. Make the most of your APA membership. CE is often not an ongoing process, but a single-shot hour, half day or day APA offers specialized products and services for you, where you learn a great deal and then most at reduced rates for members. Let APA help connect leave, says Neimeyer. Thats a great way you to the best travel benefits for you. to get a lot of information across, but the forgetting curve is massive. To avoid that problem, starting in Budget Alamo 1-800-462-5266 1-800-527-0700 April, APA will launch new professional ID# 7013856 BCD# Z802700 development training institutes that will www.alamo.com/offer/apa www.budget.com/apa distribute learning beyond the time spent Hertz Auto Europe in a classroom. 1-800-654-2200 1-800-650-6222 (U.S.) Participants will spend two days in CDP# 166639 1-800-223-5555 (Canada) workshops at APA, followed a month www.apa.org/membership/car-rental.aspx APA ID: 99006004 later by a half-day webcast with the www.autoeurope.com/aff/apa The Wyndham Hotel Group presenter and workshop participants. 1-877-670-7088 Avis Discount Key Code: 1000000461 That follow-up will allow participants to 1-800-331-1212 www.apa.org/membership/hotels.aspx discuss how theyve translated their new BCD# B774600 www.evrentals.com/apa knowledge into their practices and share www.avis.com/apa www.extraholidays.com with the presenter and each other what For more information on all APA benefits visit: worked and what didnt. www.apa.org/membership/discounts.aspx Usually when you walk into a CE program, you assume when its over, its a done deal, says Neimeyer. In this case, www.twitter.com/ A membership benefits program sponsored its just the start of the process. APAbenefits by APAPO for all APA members. APA is also helping to build the
TRAVEL
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student calls in a bomb threat to her We can learn a lot from the disasters, but we high school. A man throws a lamp at his can learn even more from cases when something wife. Environmental protesters publicize went well, Hart says. their plans to sink a whaling ship. In each of Hart will encourage researchers with these situations, a team of threat assessment experience submitting journal articles to team professionals must decide how serious the with police officers, human resource professionals danger is and how to respond, says Stephen D. and attorneys to write the case studies. Hell also Hart Hart, PhD, a threat assessment researcher and encourage a diverse array of professionals to write psychology professor at Simon Frasier University. high-level reviews for example, of the changing With the debut of the Journal of Threat Assessment and legal landscape for threat assessment. Management this spring, police officers, social workers, human With legislators increasingly holding workplaces, universities resource managers and other threat assessment professionals and police forces accountable for violence prevention, threat can turn to a single source for empirically based advice on assessment is a burgeoning area of research and practice, Hart making such critical calls. says. In fact, the journal will have a built-in audience of more Threat assessment decisions get made a thousand times a than 1,000 subscribers when it launches, thanks to support day around the world, and there is a lack of good guidance for from threat assessment associations in Asia, Australia, Canada, the people who make them, says Hart, who began accepting Europe and the United States. This diverse pool of readers manuscripts in November. and potential contributors will help the publication cross The new journal will provide that guidance by publishing professional and political boundaries to make the world a safer case studies as well as threat assessment research and guidelines. place, Hart says. For example, a team of university administrators might submit This journal isnt just here to advance research, its putting an article about how they determined the credibility of a psychology to use for the public good, he says. n particular bomb threat, or a police officer might report on how he prevented a case of domestic abuse from escalating into Submit papers to the Journal of Threat Assessment and homicide. Management at www.apa.org/pubs/journals/tam.
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1 2 3
Go to http://my.apa.org Log in using your APA user ID and password Click on Pay 2013 Dues (Have your credit card
smartphone
PA has acquired Military Psychology, the flagship journal of APA Div. 19 (Society for Military Psychology) and the only journal in the world devoted to research on the application of psychology to military problems. The first APA-published issue was printed in January. The move should help to broaden the publications impact by reaching a wider constituency of readers and contributors within APA, says the journals editor in chief, Armando X. Estrada, PhD. Every trained psychologist knows about APA, says Estrada, who has edited the journal since 2008. This change will provide our journal with a natural opportunity to engage in a collaborative, successful partnership with APA that will help give it a larger reach. Military Psychology was first published in 1989 and was previously owned by the academic publishing company Taylor & Francis. Over the years, the journal has focused on several staple areas related to psychologys contributions to military life, including manpower and personnel issues; testing and measurement; training and human factors; clinical and health psychology; and social and organizational psychology. Estrada who ushered in electronic submissions for the journal and doubled its size plans to keep the same general format under APA ownership, but wants to continue expanding its scope by increasing submissions within those five core areas and dedicating an editorial team for each. Estradas goals are to: Encourage international submissions and coverage, as well as more submissions by psychologists and social scientists whose work applies to the military context, even if theyre not directly involved in military settings.
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Develop an aggressive marketing plan and greater web presence to boost the journals impact. Reduce manuscript turnaround time to 90 days or less, so that each article is published within a year of submission. Eventually publish the journal once a month instead of bimonthly. Its important to cover military psychology as broadly and thoroughly as possible because so many breakthroughs in psychology and society emerge from issues faced or solved by the military first, Estrada says. Development of large-scale personnel assessment procedures; groundbreaking research on mental health conditions, such as post-traumatic stress disorder; and efforts to build resiliency among military personnel and their families are but a few examples, Estrada says. Likewise, special issues of the journal have covered a wide array of psychological topics of interest to the military that have strong relevance to modern civilian life, including mental health and substance abuse, suicide prevention and the inclusion of women and ethnic and sexual minorities in the military. A lot of the lessons that come out of those experiences are readily applicable to society, he says. Estrada hopes potential contributors will think creatively about how their work might fit with the journals broad purview. We welcome any theoretically, empirically supported publication that has something to contribute to our understanding of psychology within the unique context of the military, he says. n To submit a manuscript, go to www.apadivisions.org/division-19/ publications/journals/index.aspx Tori DeAngelis is a writer in Syracuse, N.Y.
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CONTENTS:
please visit the books page online at: Volume 1. Context, Theory, and Research | Part I. Setting the Stage: http://www.apa.org/pubs/books/4311506.aspx Themes, Contexts, Measurement, and Methodology | Part II. Why People are Religious and Spiritual: Explanatory Models | Part III. How People are Religious and Spiritual: Expressions and Experiences | Part IV: Who is Religious and Spiritual: Specic Populations | Volume 2: An Applied Psychology of Religion and Spirituality | Part I. Introduction to an Applied Psychology of Religion and Spirituality | Part II. Religion and Spirituality from the Perspective of Major Orientations to Change | Part III. Religion and Spirituality Applied to Specic Problems | Part IV. Religion and Spirituality Applied to Specic Contexts | Part V. Future Directions for an Applied Psychology of Religion and Spirituality
ALSO OF INTEREST
Division
SPOTLIGHT
Five win interdivisional grants APAs Committee on Division/APA Relations (CODAPAR) has named the five recipients of the 2013 interdivisional grants. The program supports joint activities that enhance the work of two or more APA divisions. This years winners are: The Coaching Psychology Competency Project ($5,000) Divs. 13 (Society of Consulting Psychology) and 14 (Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology) will develop professional standards for training and performance for the practice of coaching psychology. Collaborative Perspectives on Addiction ($5,000) Divs. 28 (Psychopharmacology and Substance Abuse) and 50 (Addictions) will offset registration costs for graduate students and early career psychologists to attend the divisions upcoming joint conference Collaborative Perspectives on Addiction, May 34 in Atlanta. A Short Course in Policy Involvement ($5,000) Divs. 8 (Society for Personality and Social Psychology), 9 (Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues), 27 (Society for Community Research and Action), 34 (Society for Environmental, Population and Conservation Psychology) and 41 (American Psychology-Law Society) will develop and offer a two-day course for psychologists at all career stages to develop policy and advocacy skills. Dissemination of Evidence-Based Practices for Children: Needs and Barriers at State and Local Levels ($4,861) Divs. 37 (Society for Child and Family Policy and Practice), 43 (Society for Family Psychology) and 53 (Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology) will identify barriers that state and community agencies and providers experience in disseminating
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evidence-based intervention practices in childrens mental health. Forensic Practitioners Toolbox ($5,000) Divs. 41 (American Psychology-Law Society) and 42 (Psychologists in Independent Practice) will create a website with links to publications, blogs and interactive continuing-education materials to prepare independent practice psychologists for forensic psychology work. CODAPAR will release the 2014 Call for Interdivisional Grants later this month. Applications are due Sept. 13. For more information, visit www.apa.org/about/awards/ interdivisional-grants-project.aspx.
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Div. 3 to honor Engle with Lifetime Achievement Award Div. 3 (Experimental) will present Randall W. Engle, PhD, of Georgia Tech University, with the divisions first Lifetime Achievement Award at APAs 2013 Annual Convention in Honolulu, July 31Aug. 4. The award recognizes a psychologist who has made long-lasting and distinguished theoretical or empirical contributions to basic research in experimental psychology. Engle will present a talk at the convention titled We Do Give Psychology Away Every Day. Div. 15 members: Submit your AERA talk info Div. 15 (Educational) encourages members who are attending the American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting, April 27May 1 in San Francisco, to submit the date, time, title and location of their presentations to the division for its annual AERA Member Contributions Program. Before the event, the division will distribute the program to members to highlight their presentations. Send information to Wade George, Div. 15 director of communications, at wade. george@apadiv15.org. Div. 17 mens group closes The Div. 17 (Society of Counseling Psychology) special interest group Men, Masculinity, and Mens Studies will close in August. The group was active for 20 years and was instrumental in promoting the psychology of men and
Travel to Hawaii with a Div. 2 grant Div. 2 (Society for the Teaching of Psychology) encourages graduate students and early career psychologists to apply for the SAGE/ Div. 2 Teaching Innovations and Professional Development Award, a $1,250 grant to defray travel costs to attend APAs 2013 Annual Convention in Honolulu, July 31Aug. 4. The division awards one grant to a graduate student and one to an untenured faculty member. Applicants must be Div. 2 members. To apply, go to www. teachpsych.org/members/awards/sage.php.
masculinity in APA and in the formation of Div. 51 (Society for the Psychological Study of Men and Masculinity). Div. 17 thanks all who were involved over the years.For more information about Div. 51, visit their website at www. division51.org. Div. 22 students win dissertation research awards The Foundation for Rehabilitation Psychology has presented Div. 22 (Rehabilitation) graduate students Abbey Hughes and Chelsea Morse each with $2,500 Dissertation Awards to support their dissertation research. Hughes, a student at the University of Kansas, is using
magnetic resonance spectroscopy to determine whether oxidative stress underpins the cognitive impairment associated with multiple sclerosis. Morse, of Drexel University in Philadelphia, is developing a measure of multitasking ability that could improve rehabilitation for people with multiple sclerosis. Each winner also received a $500 travel stipend to present their study results at an upcoming rehabilitation psychology conference. For more information on the annual dissertation award competition, go to www. apadivisions.org/division-22/ about/awards/rehabilitationpsychology/index.aspx.
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Methodology in Psychology
Division
SPOTLIGHT
2012. 280 pages. Hardcover. ISBN 978-1-4338-1149-4 Item # 4316139 List: $69.95 APA Member/Affiliate: $49.95
Apply for Div. 27 grants for community-based projects Div. 27 (Society for Community Research and Action) is accepting applications for small grants of up to $1,200 that support community-based projects to promote health and empowerment in communities. All division members are welcome to apply. Up to 10 grants are awarded each year, and funding is available on a rolling basis. Examples of this years projects include an assessment of household and community disaster preparedness, a project on improving relationships between parents and teachers in Nashville, and a communitybased study identifying barriers and facilitators around providing dental care for Head Start children. For more information, contact SCRACommunityGrants@ gmail.com. Div. 37 taps Fiese to edit publication series Div. 37 (Society for Child and Family Policy and Practice)has named Barbara Fiese, PhD, of the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, as inaugural editor for its new publication series, Advances in Child and Family Policy and Practice. The series will feature articles about social policy and services for children, adolescents and families, with an emphasis on psychosocial issues. Electronic access to the publication, which debuts
this month, is free for Div. 37 members. Apply for Div. 56 awards Div. 56 (Trauma) is accepting nominations for eight awards to be presented at APAs Annual Convention in Honolulu, July 31 Aug. 4: Award for Outstanding Contributions to Practice in Trauma Psychology. Award for Outstanding Contributions to the Science of Trauma Psychology. Award for Outstanding Service to the Field of Trauma Psychology. Award for Outstanding Dissertation in the Field of Trauma Psychology. Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Field of Trauma Psychology. Award for Outstanding Media Contributions to Trauma Psychology. Award for Outstanding Early Career Achievement in Trauma Psychology. Early Career Awards for Ethnic Minority Psychologists in Trauma Psychology. Submit nomination materials electronically by April 15 to elana-newman@utulsa.edu with a copy of the nominees curriculum vitae and a letter detailing the candidates suitability for the award as well as his or her contributions to the trauma psychology field. Selfnominations are accepted. n
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PsycCareers
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AmericAn PsychologicAl AssociAtion
Foundation
AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL
15 students conducting groundbreaking research, thanks to APF scholarships In conjunction with the Council of Graduate Departments of Psychology, APF awarded 15 annual scholarships for graduate student research. The following students are this years recipients: Amanda Venta of the University of Houston was awarded the $5,000 Harry and Miriam Levinson Scholarship to fund her dissertation, The Effect of Oxytocin on Trust between Parents and Adolescents. Erin Moran of the University of California, Berkeley, received the $5,000 William and Dorothy Bevan Scholarship for her work, The Time Course of Emotion in Schizophrenia. Timothy Jarome of the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, received the Ruth G. and Joseph D. Matarazzo
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Scholarship and received $3,000 to support his project, The Role of a PKA/CaMKII-Protein DegradationGluR2 Pathway in Control of Memory Updating. Erin Ward-Ciesielski of the University of Washington received $3,000 made possible by the FriedmanKlarreich Family Foundation, to conduct research on reducing suicide risk in individuals not receiving mental health treatment. Stephanie Groman of the University of California, Los Angeles, received the $2,000 Clarence J. Rosecrans Scholarship to support work on her thesis, Mechanistic Insight into the Relationship Between Cognitive Control and the Dopamine 02-like Receptor System. The following students received $1,000 scholarships, including the Peter and Malina James and Dr. Louis P. James Legacy Scholarship, to support their research:
Justin Karr, University of Victoria (Peter and Malina James and Dr. Louis P. James Legacy Scholarship Recipient). John Medaglia, Pennsylvania State University. Kelly McWilliams, University of California, Davis. Darya Zabelina, Northwestern University. Lisham Ashrafioun, Bowling Green State University. Daniel Kopala-Sibley, McGill University. Emily Cogsdill, Harvard University. Shayna Henry, University of California, Irvine. Lauren Richmond, Temple University. Lauren Margulieux, Georgia Institute of Technology. For more information on the APF/COGDOP Graduate Research Scholarships, visit www.apa.org/apf/ funding/cogdop.aspx. The next deadline for applications is June 30.
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Donor Spotlight:
Drs. Donald Routh and Margaret Gonzalez I spent 30 years as a teacher and researcher in psychology and in retirement continue to publish on the history of the field. Giving to APF is a way of giving something back to the discipline that has meant so much to my life. Donald Routh, PhD, professor emeritus at the University of Miami, past president of APA Divs. 6 (Behavioral Neuroscience and Comparative) and 12 (Society of Clinical Psychology), and founding president of the International Society of Clinical Psychology, has dedicated his career to psychology. Now, he and his wife, Margaret Gonzalez, PhD, are supporting the next generation of psychologists to ensure that this field, which means so much to them, will flourish for decades to come.
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Grantee Spotlight:
Eric Dubow, PhD In 2008, APF awarded Eric F. Dubow, PhD, professor of psychology at Bowling Green State University, its $20,000 Violence Prevention and Intervention Grant. Dubow was interested in the design of school-based interventions to reduce problem behavior, the mental health effects of children exposed to the Palestinian-Israeli conflict and the development of aggression across generations. The APF grant funded a pilot study of a sample of predominantly Arab and Jewish youth from two high schools in the Detroit area. Dubow This four-session program called the Ethnic Stereotypes Reduction Intervention trained 11th- and 12th-grade students to teach ninth-graders a curriculum aimed at reducing ethnic stereotypes. Dubows team sought to teach students about the prevalence of ethnically motivated hate crimes in the United States; the nature of stereotypes about other ethnic groups and how the mass media and other influences contribute to the development of these stereotypes. The program has shown some promising results, Dubow says. After the intervention program, peer leaders the older students who taught the ninthgraders improved on two of the three measures of attitudes toward ethnic groups. Dubow believes the program may have had a particular benefit for the peer leaders because they may internalize more of the programs central goals through teaching. Dubow believes that this experience will build the foundation for further programs to achieve broader positive changes in students attitudes toward other ethnic groups. The APF-funded study led to a $1.1 million study funded by the National Institutes of Health. For that project, Dubow and his team are collecting data on children in the Middle East, examining the effects of their exposure to ethnicpolitical violence on subsequent mental health. This APF grant greatly informs our continuing basic research program in the Middle East, for which we have just been awarded a grant to follow up our sample of 1,500 Israeli and Palestinian participants, said Dubow. In addition, the APF funds allowed us to develop a social-cognitive-ecological framework for understanding the effect of exposure to ethnic-political violence on childrens psychosocial adjustment.
Upcoming deadlines
April Counseling Psychology Grants: April 1 Ungerleider/Zimbardo Travel Scholarships: April 1 Paul E. Henkin School Psychology Travel Award: April 15 May Pre-College Psychology Grant: May 1 Visionary Grants: May 1 Drs. Rosalee G. and Raymond A. Weiss Research and Program Innovation Grant: May 1 Violet and Cyril Franks Scholarship: May 15 June Benton-Meier Neuropsychology Scholarships: June 1 Robert Fantz Award: June 1 Joseph B. Gittler Award: June 1 F.J. McGuigan Dissertation Award: June 1 Kenneth B. and Mamie P. Clark Grant: June 15 APF/COGDOP Graduate Research Scholarships: June 30 For more information about APFs funding programs, visit www.apa.org/apf or contact APF Program Officer Parie Kadir at pkadir@apa. org or (202) 336-5984.
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Foundation
AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL
nsight that spontaneous moment of inspiration that helps solve difficult problems may be one reason that gifted students excel in academics more than their peers, says Matthew McBee, PhD, who will study that issue with a $50,000 Esther Katz Rosen Early Career Research Grant. Thats counter to what youre trained to do in school, which is to always keep trying, rather than taking your attention away from the problem to allow insight to happen, he says. If youre engaging in insight, you wont get any closer to the solution until it pops into your mind. McBee, an assistant professor of experimental psychology at East Tennessee State University, will recruit 40 students from a local high school in Johnson City, Tenn. half from a gifted student program and half from general classes for his study. The students will be tested on compound remote association problems, a word association task that measures insight in problemsolving. One problem, for example could ask students to think of a word related to three other words, such as bank, book and pad. (The correct answer is note to produce bank note, notebook and notepad.) The study participants also will answer questions about their mood, frustration level and progress on solving each problem. McBee will monitor their heart rates during the test to see if their heart
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rate jumps just before an aha moment of insight, a result found in previous studies by Norbert Jausovec, PhD, at the University of Maribor in Slovenia. Such a finding would provide an objective way to measure insight that could be more reliable than participants subjective reports, says McBee, who previously worked as a statistician at the Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. McBee also will equip study participants with a head tracker technology a baseball-style cap with a video camera on top to measure how often students look away from the computer screen to focus on something other than the test problem. Such breaks, known as incubation, allow for the possibility of insight, McBee says. He expects to find that gifted students have more incubation experiences and less frustration than students who are not gifted. The results may inform educators on better ways to reduce frustration for both gifted and non-gifted students during difficult tasks, he says. Meanwhile, Carlton Fong, a doctoral student in educational psychology at the University of Texas at Austin, wants to help educators design better programs for gifted students through
research funded by a $25,000 Esther Katz Rosen Graduate Student Grant. He will conduct a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of programs designed to help underachieving gifted students by boosting their self-esteem, increasing their motivation, or improving their study habits and time management skills. A lot of these psychosocial interventions have had very powerful effects, Fong says. Hopefully, this study will offer a push for more collaboration in this area to get the most effective results. n For more information on the Esther Katz Rosen Fellowships for research on gifted children and adolescents, go to www.apa. org/apf/funding/rosen-early.aspx. Brendan L. Smith is a writer in Washington, D.C.
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Stockbyte
Personalities
n Musician Lady Gagas Born This Way Foundation has named Yale Universitys Marc Brackett, PhD, and University of Virginias Dewey Cornell, PhD, to its research advisory board. The Brackett psychologists will advise the foundation on evidence-based efforts to promote diversity and individuality and to de-stigmatize access to mental health treatment for youth, as well as to help evaluate how the foundations programs are working. Brackett is deputy director of Yales Health, Emotion and Behavior Laboratory and a nationally recognized expert on
social and emotional intelligence. Cornell is a professor of education in UVAs Curry School of Education and an expert on bullying, youth violence prevention and school safety. n The Society for Experimental Psychologists named Isabel Gauthier, PhD, as a fellow. Membership in the honorary society is invitation-only and represents significant accomplishments in the field. Gauthier Gauthier runs Vanderbilt Universitys Object Perception Lab, where she studies how people learn to categorize, recognize and represent objects in
different domains. She is also editor of APAs Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. n Rob Holdsambeck, EdD, was named interim executive director of the Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies, a nonprofit organization that works to advance the scientific study of behavior and its application to practical problems. Holdsambeck is the CEO of Holdsambeck and Associates, which provides applied behavioral analysis treatment services in Lompoc, Calif. n The Society for Research in Child Development has given Heidemarie Laurent, PhD, of the University of Wyoming, its Victoria S. Levin Award for Early Career Success in Young Laurent Childrens Mental Health Research. Laurent is exploring interventions that help children and adolescents regulate their stress. n Lewis P. Lipsitt, PhD, Brown University professor emeritus of psychology, medical science, and human development, has been elected to the Council of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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Tri-ing to be fit
Team Psy Tri completed the January Bone Island Half Iron Distance Triathlon in Key West, Fla. The relay team consisted of psychologists Robin Buhrke, PhD (biking), Doug Haldeman, PhD (running), and Brad Johnson, PhD (swimming). Our triathlon Dr. Doug Haldeman, Dr. Robin Buhrke and team accomplishes the Dr. Brad Johnson celebrate the success of dual goals of professional Team Psi Tri. friendship/support and fitness in midlife, says Johnson. Both are things psychologists need to attend to maximize competence, wellness and fun!
M A RC H 2 0 1 3 M O N I TO R O N P S YC H O L O G Y
Personalities
for 201215. He assumes his first duties at the forthcoming Feb. 14 18 meetings at the annual AAAS meetings in Boston. n Michael O. Miller, PhD, has been appointed as judge of the Arizona Court of Appeals, serving on the courts Tucson-based division. Before this appointment, Miller served as a Pima County, Ariz., superior court judge.
n University of Texas at Austin clinical psychology graduate student Carey Pulverman wonthe International Society for the Study of Womens Sexual HealthsPrize Essay Award for her paper examining an expressive writing treatment for women with a history of childhood sexual abuse. She found that a reduction in the use of the word I and an increase in positive emotion words correlated with reductions in depression and improvements in sexual satisfaction.
n Neil Schneiderman, PhD, psychology professor emeritus at the University of Miami, received the International Society of Behavioral Medicines Lifetime Achievement Award for five decades of research elucidating the complex interconnections between physical and mental health. The prize also honors Schneidermans work advancing the integration of behavioral and social science findings into U.S. medical schools curricula and public health policy. n
Volume 1. Moral Foundations and Common Themes Volume 2. Practice, Teaching, and Research Editor-in-Chief Samuel J. Knapp
2012. 1,008 pages. 2-Volume Set. ISBN 978-1-4338-1000-8 Item # 4311504 List: $395.00 APA Member/Affiliate: $195.00
Volume 1. Theories, Constructs, and Critical Issues Volume 2. Individual Differences and Cultural and Contextual Factors Volume 3. Application to Learning and Teaching Editors-in-Chief Karen R. Harris, Steve Graham, and Tim Urdan
2012. 1,843 pages. 3-Volume Set. ISBN 978-1-4338-0996-5 Item # 4311503 List: $595.00 APA Member/Affiliate: $295.00
Volume 1. Foundations, Planning, Measures, and Psychometrics Volume 2. Research Designs: Quantitative, Qualitative, Neuropsychological, and Biological Volume 3. Data Analysis and Research Publication Editor-in-Chief Harris Cooper
Volume 1. Foundations, Influences, and Expressions of Addiction Volume 2. Recovery, Prevention, and Other Issues Editor-in-Chief Howard J. Shaffer
2012. 984 pages. 2-Volume Set. ISBN 978-1-4338-1103-6 Item # 4311507 List: $395.00 APA Member/Affiliate: $195.00
2012. 2,264 pages. 3-Volume Set. ISBN 978-1-4338-1003-9 Item # 4311505 List: $695.00 APA Member/Affiliate: $395.00
FAD0077
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MONITOR ON PSYCHOLOGY CLASSIFIED ADS
posting that requires U.S. citizenship or lawful permanent residence in the U.S. as a condition of employment, unless otherwise required in order to comply with law, regulation, executive order, or government contract. 2) Prohibits any job requirement or criterion in connection with a job posting that discriminates on the basis of citizenship status or national origin. You can review more information at http://www.justice.gov/ crt/about/osc/htm/best_practices.php. For complete EEO guidelines please refer to the following resource: http://www. justice.gov/crt/osc/. Policy concerning advertisements appearing in APA publications: The publication of any advertisement by the American Psychological Association (APA) is an endorsement neither of the advertiser nor of the products or services advertised. APA is not responsible for any claims made in an advertisement. Advertisers may not, without prior consent, incorporate in a subsequent advertisement or promotional piece the fact that a product or service has been advertised in an APA publication. The Monitor on Psychology is received midmonth by readers. APA recommends that response deadlines in advertisements be no earlier than the 15th of the month following the month of publication. The acceptability of an ad for publication in APA publications is based upon legal, social, professional, and ethical considerations. All advertising must be in keeping with the generally scholarly and professional nature of the publication. In addition, the association reserves the right to refuse advertising submitted for the purpose of airing either side of controversial, social, or professional issues. The general policy is stated as follows: The publications of the APA are published for and on behalf of the membership to advance psychology as a science, as a profession, and as a means of promoting human welfare. The Association, therefore, reserves the right to unilaterally REJECT, OMIT, OR CANCEL advertising which it deems to be not in the best interest of these objectives, or which by its tone, content, or appearance is not in keeping with the essentially scientific, scholarly, and professional nature of its publications. Conditions, printed or otherwise, which conflict with this policy will not be binding on the publisher. Classified Rates/Payment Terms 2013 Rates: $12.00 per line for Career Opportunities and Availability Notices, $13.75 per line for all other advertising. Minimum order is six lines. Each line contains approximately 32 characters, including spaces and punctuation. 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For recruitments and classified advertising, contact: Amelia Dodson Advertising Sales Department American Psychological Association Phone: (202) 336-5564 Fax: (202) 216-7610 E-mail: adodson@apa.org Corey Bockhaus Advertising Sales Department American Psychological Association Phone: (202) 336-5567 Fax: (202) 216-7610 E-mail: cbockhaus@apa.org Classified Advertising Index: Career Opportunities Practice Opportunities Office Space Available Therapy Programs Training Publications & Others Dissertation Consulting Workshops & Conferences Continuing Education Advertiser Index Visit PsycCareers, APAs Online Career Center at www.PsycCareers.com 8190 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 92 92
Advertising: The following are guidelines for use in composing and responding to advertisements to be placed in the Career Opportunities section of the Monitor on Psychology. By vote of the Council, 1974, listings will be accepted from academic institutions under censure by the American Association of University Professors (AAUP). However, these listings are identified in this publication by the placement of the symbol () preceding line classified career opportunities (and by an editors note located in these guidelines for classified display ads) in order to advise applicants that the employing institution, or its administration, which includes the administrative officers and the governing board of the institution, has been censured by the AAUP, and that further information may be obtained from the relevant AAUP Bulletin. Department of Defense advertisements for positions requiring military service must include the following disclaimer: Eligibility for military service requires certain physical abilities and attributes including age, height, weight, and physical ability requirements. APA policy on the use of the title psychologist is contained in the General Guidelines for Providers of Psychological Services, which defines the term professional psychologist as follows: Psychologists have a doctoral degree in psychology from an organized, sequential program in a regionally accredited university or professional school. APA is not responsible for the specific title or wording of any particular career opportunities, but it is general practice to refer to masters-level positions as counselors, specialists, clinicians, and so forth (rather than as psychologists). In addition, it is general practice to refer to APA-accredited programs as APA-accredited rather than APA-approved. The position as described must be in conformity with the statute regulating the use of the title psychologist and the practice of psychology in the state in which the job is available. Employers are required to include any limits or restrictions on career opportunities advertisements, including any restrictions on the basis of geographical, age, and/or religious factors. Advertisements should be written to convey the following information: Job title with area of specialization required. Name of employer. (Blind or box ads cannot be accepted.) Description of position, responsibilities involved, permanent or temporary, tenure-track or not, etc. Minimum qualifications required, including any restrictions on the basis of geographical, age, and/or religious factors.
Salary range and period covered. Closing date for applications and date position will commence. Indication if interview expenses are not to be fully paid. List of documents to accompany initial letter of application, e.g., vitae, names of references, etc. Name and address of person to whom application should be directed. Placement of an advertisement implies that: Jobs exist as described. There is/are no prescribed candidate(s). Employer will acknowledge receipt of applicants material. It is recommended that advertisers inform an applicant when (s)he is eliminated from consideration or when the position is filled. Responding to an advertisement implies that: Training experience and interests are accurately represented by letter of application and supporting material and are consonant with those specified in the advertisement. Applicant should notify prospective employer if (s)he no longer wishes to be considered for the position. Equal Employment Opportunity The American Psychological Association endorses equal employment opportunity practices and accepts only ads that are not discriminatory on the basis of race, color, gender identity and expression, religion, age, national origin, veteran status, sexual orientation, or physical disability. In keeping with this policy, the use of recent Ph.D. in APA advertising is not allowed on the basis that it is potentially age-discriminatory (see U.S. Department of Labor prohibition on use of recent graduate). The term beginning-level salary may be used. Positions may also be defined in terms of teaching load, specified number of years away from a tenure decision, or requirements of certain skills. We reserve the right to edit all copy and to refuse ads that are not in consonance with the principles of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, the Veterans Reemployment Rights Act Handicap Bias, the Vietnam Era Veterans Readjustment Assistance Act of 1974, and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. The Equal Employment Opportunity Act, in addition to Public Law 100-238, makes specific legally permissible exceptions to discrimination in hiring by religious institutions, Indian tribes, and federal correctional facilities. For this reason, certain position opening advertisements will include job opening restrictions on the basis of religious, racial, and age factors. Without limiting PsycCareerss terms, conditions, and policies, PsycCareers in accordance with Department of Justice guidelines: 1) Prohibits any job
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US OPENINGS
DOCTORAL-LEVEL PSYCHOLOGISTSDEER OAKS BEHAVIORAL HEALTH ORGANIZATION: Provides geropsychology services in multiple states throughout the United States. Deer Oaks is now hiring doctoral-level, licensed psychologists in the following states: Arkansas, Delaware, Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, Wyoming and Vermont. Doctoral-level psychologists are needed full-time or part-time to provide assessment and therapy services to geriatric and older adults in nursing homes and assisted living communities. Salaries commensurate with experience and excellent benefits. Send resume and letter of interest to: Jennifer Wilson, Employee Recruiting at hr1@deeroaks.com or fax to (210) 615-1877; or mail 7272 Wurzbach Rd., Suite 601, San Antonio, TX 78240. For more details call (210) 615-3426. An Equal Opportunity Employer. gists, applied behavior analysts, and other team members. Direct clinical service would also be included as a part of the position. Ideal applicants can work independently and utilize a team approach to build positive relationships. Minimum qualifications include: licensed Ph.D. clinical psychologist with ASD experience required. Licensed psychologists are needed to support autism clinics in Birmingham, Huntsville and Montgomery, AL. ASD experience a plus. Responsibilities will include: providing diagnostic testing and evidence-based treatments to children and families within a multidisciplinary outpatient setting. The position is open to licensed and license eligible candidates. Supervision for licensures/insurance hours are provided for license eligible candidates. Minimum qualifications include: Ph.D. in psychology with specialization in child/educational/ developmental psychology. Glenwood offers an excellent compensation and benefit package, relocation expense, and opportunities to benefit the autism community. Must be able to pass all required background screens. Glenwood, Inc., 150 Glenwood Lane, Birmingham, AL 35242. Phone: (205) 969-2880. Visit www.glenwood.org for additional information, forward cover letter and curriculum vitae to: hr@ glenwood.org. An Equal Oppor tunity/M/W/D/V. Drug Free Employer. proportional to candidates extramural support. The Psychology Department has an APA-accredited doctoral program in clinical psychology offered jointly with the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, and its faculty are affiliated with a range of doctoral programs throughout the university including programs in public health, language and communicative disorders, and computational sciences. The Psychology Department also has M.A. programs in psychology with emphases in behavioral and cognitive neuroscience, developmental, learning and cognition, physical and/or mental health research, and social/personality; an M.S. program in applied psychology with emphases in industrial/organizational and program evaluation; and a large and diverse population of undergraduate majors. Additional information about SDSU and the psychology department can be found at http://www.sdsu.edu/ and http:// www.psychology.sdsu.edu. The university and the department seek a diverse faculty. We seek candidates who have a strong commitment to teaching undergraduate and gra duate students from diverse cultural backgrounds. SDSU and the San Diego research community beyond our campus provide a very rich environment for interdisciplinary and collaborative work. Review of applications will begin on March 1, 2013 and will continue until the position is filled. Applicants should send a letter of application, a statement of teaching and research interests, evidence confirming current funding, evidence of teaching excellence (including student evaluations, if available), curriculum vitae, no more than four reprints or preprints, and at least three letters of reference to psychfacultysearches@mail.sdsu. edu. Alternatively, hard copies may be sent to: Search Committee, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 921824611. Salary will be competitive and commensurate with qualifications and experience. Appointment is subject to budgetary considerations. SDSU is an Equal Opportunity Employer and does not discriminate against persons on the basis of race, religion, national origin, sexual orientation, gender, gender identity and expression, marital status, age, disability, pregnancy, medical condition, or covered veteran status. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGISTDEPARTMENT OF STATE HOSPITALS, ATASCADERO: Psychologist positions are available in the California Department of State Hospitals Atascadero. Located on Californias central coast, midway between San Francisco and Los Angeles, Atascadero State Hospital is working to transition to a recovery model of care and increasing our staffing quite significantly. We welcome applications from internship or post-
ALABAMA
DIRECTORS OF OUTPATIENT AUTISM CLINIC AND PSYCHOLOGISTS: Glenwood Autism and Behavioral Health will soon open autism clinics in Huntsville and Montgomery, AL. Glenwood is looking to hire someone for each location capable of supervising and developing new services, managing outpatient staff and a multidisciplinary treatment team including psycholo-
ARIZONA
PSYCHOLOGIST: Seeking Arizona licensed psychologist with minimum three years experience with children and families to join established group practice in Phoenix, AZ. Competitive compensation and benefits. Fax resume to: AZNY Psychological Services at (602) 4390106.
CALIFORNIA
TENURE-TRACK OPEN PSYCHOLOGY POSITION AT SAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITY: The Department of Psychology at San Diego State University invites applications for a tenure-track position, open rank and open area. Candidates must hold a Ph.D. in a domain of psychology or allied discipline. Candidates would be expected to teach graduate and undergraduate courses, mentor masters and doctoral-level graduate students, and engage in department, college, and university-level service activities. We seek an individual, in any research specialization, with a strong record of research productivity, extramural funding, and teaching effectiveness. The university commits 25% of salary with the expectation that the successful candidate will teach one course per semester and secure the remaining salary via extramural funds. The relative balance of research and teaching will be
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growing wine industry, agricultural lands, ranches, and a carefully preserved rural quality. San Luis Obispo County contains pleasant small communities with excellent schools, California Polytechnic University in San Luis Obispo, Cuesta Community College, and access to land and air transportation. The seaside communities of Pismo Beach, Morro Bay, Cayucos, and Cambria offer ocean breezes, beautiful beaches, fine dining and entertainment. San Simeon and Hearst Castle are less than an hours drive to the north along Californias spectacular coastline winding its way north to Big Sur. Within a two-hour drive to the north are Pebble Beach, Carmel by the Sea, and the world famous Cannery Row on the Monterey Peninsula. Two hours to the south is Santa Barbara, its famous beaches, the Santa Barbara Zoo and many historical landmarks. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST TWENTY-NINE PALMS, CA: Civilian opportunity for a clinical psychologist to provide full-time care at the Deployment Health Center at the Naval Hospital located in Twenty-nine Palms, CA. Must possess a state license to practice as a Clinical Psychologist (any state). For consideration, submit your resume to: Rochelle Myers at rmyers@ sterlingmedcorp.com, or fax to (727) 821-0711. FELLOWSHIP IN CHILD PSYCHOLOGY: Reiss-Davis Child Study Center, a service of Vista Del Mar, located on its campus in West Los Angeles, is accepting ap plications for its training programs. The Psychodynamic Child Diagnostic and Psychotherapy Program offers an APPIC postdoctoral fellowship, including a clinical internship, that meets APPIC standards for individuals who have been awarded a Ph.D. or Psy.D. degree, and now wish to develop a specialty in working with children, adolescents and their families from a developmentally-based psychodynamic perspective, which incorporates a biopsychosocial approach to diagnosis and treatment. The Psychoeducational Diagnostic Testing Service Program (PEDS) offers a CAPIC predoctoral internship as well as a postdoctoral fellowship for individuals who wish to develop a specialty in psychoeducational diagnostic testing with children and adolescents. Both 24-month long programs begin in September 2013, and augment clinical work with didactic seminars and intensive supervision while meeting California licensure requirements. For application and additional information about the Psychotherapy Fellowship, e-mail Carol Ziff at: CarolZiff@vistadelmar.org. For information about the Testing Internship/Fellowship, e-mail Dr. Brian Mayeda at: BrianMayeda@ vistadelmar.org. You can also write to the Reiss-Davis Child Study Center, 3200 Motor Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90034. Specify program.
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Professional excellence and high quality of life. Contact: admin@ neuro-development.com.
doctoral trainees as well as from any psychologists who are considering relocation. Atascadero State Hospital (ASH) is a maximum security, Joint Commission accredited forensic facility designed for the care and treatment of mentally ill men either charged with crimes or previously convicted of crimes. Mentally ill men are legally committed to the hospital as incompetent to stand trial, mentally disordered offenders, mentally ill prisoners, or sexually violent predators. Treatment is geared towards treatment goals inherent in these commitments and based on the wellness and recovery model. Atascadero State Hospital employs over 1,800 people and has 1,250-beds. Clinical psychologists at the hospital provide the following duties: psychological assessment, psychological treatment, treatment planning, forensic reviews and evaluations, and behavioral interventions. Clinical psychologists are part of a multidisciplinary treatment team, including psychiatry, social work, rehabilitation therapists, dieticians, pharmacists, registered nurses, and psychiatric technicians. Salaries for licensed psychologists range from $96,000$107,160 per year, and for unlicensed psychologists salaries range from $81,324$88,416 per year. Our benefits package is valued at an additional 35%, which includes retirement plans (including safety retirement), health plans, professional liability coverage, paid holidays, educational leave, and generous annual leave. In addition, there are options for life insurance, retirement, investment options, an on-site child care center, and a free 24-hour employee fitness center. Requirements for licensed or unlicensed applicants include: an American Psychological Association (APA)-accredited doctoral program, an American Psychological Association (APA)accredited internship or an Association of Psychological Postdoctoral and Internship Centers (APPIC) listed internship and at least six months working with the severely mentally ill. If hired, you must obtain California licensure as a psychologist within three years. The hospital provides individual and group supervision while you are preparing for licensing exams. To practice as a psychologist in the hospital requires ultimately becoming a member of the medical staff. To begin the application process or if you have questions regarding the hiring process, submit your questions and/or curriculum vitae to: Robin Hallett, robin. hallett@ash.dsh.ca.gov; it will be forwarded to the Credentials Committee for review. We shall contact you once your curriculum vitae has been reviewed. If you have questions regarding the position, contact: Diane Imrem, Psy.D., Chief of Psychology, at (805) 468-2854 or by e-mail at diane.imrem@ ash.dsh.ca.gov. Atascadero State Hospital is located in San Luis Obispo County, which encompasses 100 miles of pristine coastline, a rapidly
COLORADO
JOIN A PRIVATE PRACTICE IN BEAUTIFUL FORT COLLINS: NeuroDevelopment Center of Colorado is adding a salaried position in private practice. Neuropsychology and school experience helpful.
FLORIDA
LICENSED PSYCHOLOGIST: Counseling & Evaluation Services, a busy multi-specialty group practice in Jacksonville (Southside and Beaches), seeks licensed psychologist, experience with children, ado-
CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGIST
Hartford Hospital/Institute of Living Hartford, Connecticut
The Division of Neuropsychology of Hartford Hospital and the Institute of Living is seeking applications for a full-time (40 hour) Clinical Neuropsychologist with expertise in adult (adolescent, adult, and geriatric populations) assessment. Responsibilities would include conducting neuropsychological assessments for the inpatient neurology and neurosurgery programs (predominantly stroke but also trauma and epilepsy inpatients) as well as hospital-wide consultation services. The ideal candidate will have a knowledge and interest in inpatient assessment of neurological populations (such as stroke, brain injury, and epilepsy) but also competencies within all areas of neuropsychological assessment relevant to a medical setting; these include delirium and dementia in the medical setting, as well assessment of psychiatric and mood disorders in inpatient populations. Experience in a multidisciplinary settings and excellent assessment, diagnostic, and communication skills are desirable. Our division also has a formal APPCN member postdoctoral neuropsychology fellowship program that is part of the Institute of Livings APA-accredited fellowship program. We also serve as a training site for many local graduate programs. As such, our ideal candidate would also have a keen interest and desire to teach and supervise practicum students, interns, and neuropsychology postdoctoral fellows. The position also includes opportunities for research involvement, including but not limited to epilepsy, stroke, dementia, head injury, and other populations. Applicants are to be eligible for licensure in the state of Connecticut. Requirements include having obtained a Ph.D. or Psy.D. from an APAaccredited program in clinical psychology and completion of a 2-year fellowship in neuropsychology. We are also seeking applicants who are either board-certified or board-eligible in clinical neuropsychology through either the American Board of Professional Psychology (ABPP) or the American Board of Clinical Neuropsychology (ABN). The position includes full benefits and a competitive salary. Individuals who are bilingual and trained in the neuropsychological assessment of bilingual or Spanish-only speaking individuals are strongly encouraged to apply. Early career applicants are also encouraged to apply. The Division of Neuropsychology is part of The Institute of Livings Department of Psychiatry, which has been named by U.S. News & World Report as among the nations top psychiatric facilities. Located in Hartford, CT, we are within driving distance from large metropolitan regions, including Boston and New York City. Applications will be reviewed immediately and accepted until the position has been filled. Applications should include the following: (1) a letter of intent; (2) a curriculum vita; (3) three letters of reference; and, (4) (if applicable) a recent research publication. Forward all application materials to: David F. Tolin, Ph.D., ABPP The Institute of Living/Hartford Hospital 200 Retreat Avenue Hartford, CT 06106 Phone 860-545-7685 Fax 860-545-7156 Email dtolin@harthosp.org
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lescents, families, psych testing to join our team. Duties also include: participation in training and supervision. Contract position, part-time or full-time. E-mail: information@ flces.com; fax: (904) 239-3278. FLORIDA LICENSED PSYCHOLOGIST: Gulf Coast Psychotherapy is a small private practice in St. Petersburg. We have an opening for a Florida licensed psychologist. Submit resume by fax (727) 3226143 or e-mail gulfcoastpsych@ tampabay.rr.com. PSYCHOLOGY OPENING ON THE BEAUTIFUL GULF COAST OF FLORIDA: Carter Psychology Center, a busy, well-established small group practice, seeks three hard-working, self-motivated doctoral-level psychologists to join our team. One position includes the general practice of psychotherapy for teens and adults; experience with children and assessment are desirable but not required. A second position is for a neuropsychologist able to work with a wide range of diag noses, both input and output. The third position is for an eating disorders specialist. Must be Florida licensed or license-eligible. Full benefits and staff support. Send letter of interest, curriculum vitae, and work samples to: Careers@ carterpsych.com. LICENSED PSYCHOLOGIST OPENINGSVERICARE: Are you looking for rewarding and fulfilling employment? Vericare is a leader in geropsychology, providing multidisciplinary behavioral interventions in long-term care facilities. Our professionals provide a spectrum of therapies including individual psychotherapy, short-term solution-focused therapy and behavior management. Vericare has opportunities throughout Florida. Experience with medical/inpatient settings and multidisciplinary teams preferred. For more information, apply online at www.vericare. com or contact Sanel Lekic at (800) 257-8715 ext. 1166. Vericare is offering a $500 Thank You referral bonus for any colleagues you refer that get hired. Feel free to call us for details. FLORIDA LICENSED CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST: Seeking doctoral-level Florida-licensed clinical psychologists, or current postdocs who will be licensed in Florida between now and April 2013, for fulltime position with well-established, thriving group practice in our Lake Mary, and Tampa offices. Generalists having experience providing psychotherapy and conducting psychological evaluations with wide variety of clients preferred. Prefer testing experience with MMPI, WMS, WAIS, WISC, WPPSI, and WJ. Submit cover letter and curriculum vitae electronically to the attention of Rosimeri Clements, Psy.D. at clements@psychdr.net. POSTDOCTORAL PSYCHOLOGY RESIDENT: Full-time one-year positions for licensure hours with Clements & Associates, Inc., a group practice in Lake Mary, Orlando and Tampa locations. Excellent private practice experience testing and evaluating children and adults with a wide variety of clinical issues. Prior testing experience preferred. Available to start AugustSeptember 2013. Send letter of interest and curriculum vitae to: clements@ psychdr.net. seeking a time-limited summer project, additional practicum/fieldwork (up to 70 hours), with potential for employment. Therapists of all levels (including grad students), teachers, school SW, psycholo gists, psychiatrists, SLPs, OTs, and others who may encounter a child with SM in their work and interested in gaining more knowledge/ experience can benefit. E-mail cover letter, curriculum vitae, and two letters of recommedation to: Cou nselorTra i n i ng@Adva nce d TherapeuticSolutions.org. CHILD/ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGIST IN GROUP PRACTICE: Child and family private group practice located in St. Charles looking for a licensed psychologist to work with children, adolescents and adults who is experienced in a full spectrum of clinical disorders. E-mail to: Maureen Goodman at goodmand3@comcast.net or fax to (630) 530-9527. FACULTY POSITIONS IN HUMAN SOCIOGENOMICS: The College of Liberal Arts and Sciences and Institute for Genomic Biology at the University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign seeks candidates who examine the interdependence of biology and social behavior, with a particular interest in human sociogenomics, for full-time faculty positions. Scholars in various social science fields whose research agenda engages the biological sciences as well as scholars in the biological sciences whose research lies at the interface with the social sciences are invited to apply. To ensure full consideration, application materials should be received by March 15, 2013. To apply, see: http://go.illinois.edu/human sociogenomicsfaculty. Illinois is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Employer (www.inclusive illinois.illinois.edu). CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST AND/ OR MASTERS LEVEL THERAPIST: Anxiety & Agoraphobia Treatment Center, Ltd., an anxiety disorders private practice, is looking for therapists to provide exposure-based and cognitive behavioral therapies to children and adults in downtown Chicago and Deerfield, IL. Forward curriculum vitae, official transcript, and three letters of reference to lilahuffman@ wideopenwest.com to be considered. PSYCHOLOGIST POSITION IN A GROUP PRACTICE: Gersten Center for Behavioral Health, a private psychology practice with locations in Chicago, is looking for two full-time licensed psychologists to join our expanding group. Both candidates should be open to working with the full spectrum of clinical disorders. Position 1: The ideal candidate should have broad experience and interest in working with children, adolescents, and adult populations. Position 2: The
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HAWAII
CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST: Ola Hou Clinic, a 26-year, established, multi-specialty, Christian psychology practice, seeks a licensed psychologist (or masters-level certified counselor) for part or full-time position. Emphasis in child psychology and testing/assessment will be given particular consideration. Partnership opportunity possible. Send curriculum vitae to: Ola Hou Clinic, 98-1247 Kaahumanu St., Suite 223, Aiea, HI 96701, or fax to: (808) 487-5444, Attention: Dr. George F. Rhoades, Jr., Clinic Director.
Job Seekers
In-depth career services, professional development, interview and job searching tips Jobs at all levels: fellowships, internships, early career and experienced Work in a wide range of psychology disciplines, international jobs, and part-time opportunities Opportunities in practice, at world renowned institutions, and with industry leaders
ILLINOIS
PSYCHOLOGISTS WITH ILLINOIS LICENSE: Needed for fulltime or part-time positions in Chicagoland and surrounding suburbs and the Springfield area with Davken Associates, P.C., a well-established group. Fax: (847) 673-0875 or e-mail at: artoffugue16@gmail.com with resume/questions. SELECTIVE MUTISM PROJECT, TRAINING PROVIDED: Recruiting therapists of all levels/various disciplines to train for innovative camp for children with selective mutism (SM). This free training is supervised by a licensed clinical psychologist. Must commit to initial two-day training (June), five supervised hours to practice program intervention (June/July), and camp week (August 59, 40 hours). Excellent training and networking opportunity, previous experience with SM not required. Ideal for those
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ical/inpatient settings and multidisciplinary teams preferred. For more information, apply online at www. vericare.com or contact Sanel Lekic at (800) 257-8715 ext. 1166. Vericare is offering a $500 Thank You referral bonus for any colleagues you refer that get hired. Feel free to call us for details. sources. The University of Kentucky is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Employer. P SYC H O LO G I S T M U LT I PL E OPENINGS: Psychologists needed at Fort Drum, NY, Ft. Bragg, NC, Ft. Meade, MD and Fort Knox, KY to work with post-deployed soldiers suffering from mild traumatic brain injury or post-traumatic stress disorder. Some travel required. APAaccredited Ph.D./Psy.D. and APAaccredited internship required. Great compensation offered including sign-on bonus, competitive rate, continuing education reimbursement, uplift in pay on travel. Contact: Megan Heath at (301) 5183490 or submit curriculum vitae to: Megan.Heath@catalystpsi.com.
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research yielding an appropriate array of publications in respected venues; hold an earned doctorate and credentials as a licensed clinical psychologist; validate prior successful professional experience in both clinical and academic-instructional settings; be knowledgeable and appreciative of the scholar-practitioner model of psychologist preparation, and professional education that is intrinsically linked with early, extended, and systematic field education; and demonstrate possession of personal integrity, energy, enthusiasm for program building, willingness to undertake demanding and difficult jobs, excellent written and oral communication skills, good judgment and problem solving capabilities, team building and teamwork skills, organizational skills, strong interpersonal skills, and an uncompromised commitment to the highest qualitative standards in graduate professional education. Review of applications will begin upon receipt. Candidates should submit a detailed letter of application responding to the stated qualifications, curriculum vitae, and a list of at least four professional references with complete contact information. (References will not be contacted without the candidates prior permission.) Materials should be sub mitted electronically to: Ms. Ellen Collins, Human Resources Manager at ellen_collins@mspp.edu. MSPP is an Equal Opportunity Employer that values diversity.
ideal candidate should have broad experience and interest in working with adolescents and adult populations. Send your curriculum vitae to: Dr. Deborah Liebling at dliebling@gerstencenter.com. We welcome you to visit us at www. gerstencenter.com. RESEARCH SCIENTIST POSITION: The Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Language and Literacy (CISLL) seeks candidates for a research scientist position to begin fall 2013. This position will contribute to CISLLs research initiative for college preparedness with a focus on reading and literacy. This position is expected to support CISLL through research and grant writing, both in collaboration with CISLL faculty affiliates and on grants for other projects. This position will be fully supported for two years, but over time it is expected that the position will be increasingly supported by externally funded projects. Promotion to a faculty position will be contingent on success in securing externally funded grants and contracts. Candidates who have an earned a doctorate degree in a relevant field within cognitive or educational sciences are encouraged to apply. Competitive candidates will likely come from a variety of educational and scholarly backgrounds, but any combination of the following will be given special consideration: experience with college readiness training programs, clear program of research in reading and literacy, postdoctoral experience, and/or a strong quantitative methodological background. Information about CISLL can be found at http://www.niu. edu/cisll/index.shtml. Review of complete applications will begin on April 1, 2013 and continue until the position is filled. A letter of application, curriculum vitae, three letters of recommendation, and reprints/preprints should be sent to: Dr. Joe Magliano, Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115; e-mail to: jmagliano@niu.edu. Members of underrepresented groups are strongly encouraged to apply. NIU offers a competitive salary and benefit package. Pre-employment criminal background investigation is required. An Affirmative Action/ Equal Opportunity Employer.
KENTUCKY
TENURE-TRACK FACULTY POSITION IN HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH: The Department of Behavioral Science, located within the College of Medicine at the University of Kentucky, is seeking applicants for a newly established full-time, tenure-track position at the associate and full professor rank; salary will be commensurate with the rank. Successful candidates must have completed advanced degrees (e.g., Ph.D.) and established programs of funded health services research, outcomes research or translational research. The University of Kentucky has growing programs of health outcomes and health services research among its Colleges (Medicine, Public Health, Pharmacy) and Centers (Center for Clinical & Translational Science, with biostatistics, biomedical informatics and community engagement functions; cancer, aging, prevention research, and drug and alcohol research). Other university resources include the Center of Excellence in Rural Health; the Kentucky Ambulatory Network; the Center for Poverty Research; and many more. With increasing opportunities for collaboration throughout the University, health services research comprises a major research initiative. The Department of Behavioral Science is a multidisciplinary, basic science department within the College of Medicine with a tradition of collaboration among various centers and departments. The University is located in Central Kentuckys Bluegrass Region. Lexington is a community of approximately 330,000 with excellent schools, diverse business and industry, and a variety of cultural and recreational opportunities. Information about the Department of Behavioral Science is available at http://www.mc.uky.edu/behavioral science. Additional information can be obtained by e-mail from T.K. Logan, Ph.D.; tklogan@uky.edu. Interested applicants should submit: current curriculum vitae, a letter of application outlining their research and interest in the position, and three letters of recommendation to: Search Committee (c/o Cynthia Campbell), Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 405360086. Review of applications will begin immediately and will continue until the position is filled. All applicants will be required to pass a pre-employment drug screen and undergo a pre-employment national background check as mandated by University of Kentucky Human Re-
MAINE
DIRECTOR OF CLINICAL SERVICES: Spurwink in Portland, ME seeks a Director of Clinical Services to provide clinical oversight to all treatment programs. The director of clinical services is also responsible for high consumer satisfaction, excellent care and safe operations. Must be independently licensed in social work. Minimum qualifications of license plus five years clinical practice and three years administrative experience; doctoral-level candidates (Ph.D./Psy.D.) preferred. See the full posting and apply online at www.spurwink.org/careers.
MASSACHUSETTS
CHAIR, CLINICAL DEPARTMENTTHE MASSACHUSETTS SCHOOL OF PROFESSIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: Seeks a Chair to direct its APA-accredited clinical psychology program. The department seeks a licensed clinical psychologist with academic leadership experience, as well as a record of teaching and scholarly productivity. The successful candidate will: present professional and scholarly credentials suitable for a senior academic administrative leadership position in a professional graduate school, including an established record of respected scholarship/
MICHIGAN
POSTDOCTORAL TEACHING FELLOWSHIP IN PSYCHOLOGY/ CENTRAL MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY: The Department of Psychology at Central Michigan University invites applications for a two-year postdoctoral teaching fellowship, to begin August 2013. The successful candidate will work closely with a mentor and teach three undergraduate sections per semester, including introduction to psychology, behavioral statistics, research methods, and application of research methods. The candidate will also have the opportunity to conduct research to strengthen research credentials.
INDIANA
LICENSED PSYCHOLOGIST OPENINGSVERICARE: Are you looking for rewarding and fulfilling employment? Vericare is a leader in geropsychology, providing multidisciplinary behavioral interventions in long-term care facilities. Our professionals provide a spectrum of therapies including individual psychotherapy, short-term solution-focused therapy and behavior management. Vericare has opportunities throughout Indiana. Experience with med-
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Contact: James Boston at (202) 336-5714 or e-mail jboston@apa.org
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The salary and benefits package are commensurate with that of a beginning assistant professor. Completed Ph.D. in psychology is required by the time the appointment begins. You must submit an online application (www.jobs.cmich.edu) in order to be considered as an applicant for this position. As part of your application, submit a letter of application and curriculum vitae by April 1, 2013, the beginning date of our review. Priority will be given to those who have completed their application by this date. In addition, send three letters of recommendation to: Dr. John Monahan, Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859. For further information, e-mail Dr. John Monahan, Undergraduate Director, at monah1js@ cmich.edu. Serving more than 27,000 students, Central Michigan University is a doctoral research university recognized for strong undergraduate education and a range of focused graduate and research programs, including doctoral programs in clinical, experimental, industrial/organizational, and school psychology. To learn more about the department, go to: chsbs.cmich. edu/psychology. CMU, an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Institution, strongly and actively strives to increase diversity within its community (see www.cmich. edu/aaeo/).
MINNESOTA
THERAPISTTHE EMILY PROGRAM LICENSED THERAPIST: LP ( Ph.D., Psy.D. or M.A.), LPCC, LMFT or LICSW to work at St. Paul/St. Louis Park eating disorders (ED) treatment center 3240 hours/week. Must have individual and group psychotherapy experience and interest in working with ED population. Excellent salary/ benefits. Apply online at www.emily program.com. The Emily Program is an Equal Opportunity Employer. LICENSED MENTAL HEALTH CLINICIAN: Northland Counseling Center will be adding a Clinical Psychologist, Clinical Social Worker, LPCC, or LMFT to provide a wide range of mental health assessment and therapy services serving North Central Minnesota. NHSC eligible. Send resume to: wjohnson@ northlandcounseling.org.
MISSISSIPPI
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGISTEMERGENCY MEDICINE: The University of Mississippi Medical Center is seeking a highly motivated Ph.D. or Psy.D. prepared faculty member to strengthen the tripartite mission of the Medical Center and the Department of Emergency Medicine. The ideal
candidate will be a clinical psychologist with experience in an academic medical setting (emergency medicine is not required) with a keen interest in education. Primary responsibilities will include: Educationalong with the program director, design and implement new educational methods to enhance resident and student education; assist the program director in evaluating learning of the residents and medical students, work with the current faculty to enhance teaching methods, regularly review the residency curri culum to assure maximum learning opportunities. Patient caredevelop a part-time practice that enhances the overall operations of the emergency department; provide patient care in accordance with the guidelines of the University of Mississippi Medical Center; clinical care can focus on (but should not be limited to) general mental health, non-compliance, drug addiction. Research conduct responsible research in the area(s) noted above; engage others (trainees and faculty) in areas of research potential. Funding is not an initial requirement but is a two year goal. Contact: jmparnell@ umc.edu.
FFS income ranging from $60,000 to $100,000 in tax-free New Hamp shire, based on experience and clinical hours worked. Health, dental, 401K. Start date AprilSeptember 2013. Send curriculum vitae to: Evan Greenwald, Ph.D. (evan. greenwald@counselingcenter.com) or fax: (603) 883-0007. Website: www.counselingcenter.com.
NEW JERSEY
LICENSED PSYCHOLOGISTS: Comprehensive Senior Psychological Services is a thriving clinical practice providing psychological services to the geriatric population in long-term care, assisted living, independent living facilities and day programs. Continued growth has created positions in the Central and North Jersey areas. Must be licensed in the state of New Jersey. Full-time and part-time positions are available with excellent income potential. Contact: Dr. Keith Golin at (888) 284-2034. E-mail curriculum vitae to: Drkgolin@aim.com.
NEW YORK
MENTAL HEALTH COUNSELORS: Will practice psychodynamic and psychoanalytic psychotherapy with full patient caseload specializing in personality disorders, specifically: borderline personality disorders, substance abuse, geriatric substance abuse, depression and anxiety using psychotherapeutic techniques. Will coordinate establishment and maintenance of professional ties with other facilities and organizations to collaborate with patient care and supervise intake and initial assessments, diagnosis and treatment plans. Masters degree in psychology (mental health counseling), 18-months training in personali-
NEW HAMPSHIRE
LICENSED/LICENSE ELIGIBLE CHILD/ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGIST: Full-time or parttime to join large 50-provider, Nashua-Manchester-PeterboroughLondon derry-based multidisciplinary outpatient group practice. Opportunity to work on-site at family medical practice or conduct psych/neuropsych testing available, if desired. Very collegial, high referral volume, practice with lots of peer supervision, located one hour from Boston, White Mountains, and seacoast.
I am pleased to call to your attention to available career opportunities for licensed psychologists (part or full time) with CHE Senior Psychological Services. For the past fifteen years our group has been providing psychological services, neuropsychological/cognitive rehabilitation, and behavioral medicine services to residents of over 200 skilled nursing, short-term rehabilitation, and adult day care facilities as well as community-based group homes throughout NY State. Where: NY upstate and downstate regions with immediate openings in Buffalo, Binghamton, and Syracuse and throughout the five boroughs and Long Island. We also have immediate opportunities available for candidates with language proficiencies in Spanish and Russian. What do we provide: 1) We offer a clinically as well as a financially rewarding position with a flexible work schedule to provide training in geropsychology under the supervision of our prominent clinical directors. 2) Postdoctoral training opportunities in behavioral medicine and geropsychology to develop license-eligibility. Whom will you be joining: A team of colleagues committed to clinical excellence, compassionate care, and professional integrity; an organization that welcomes your participation in a collaborative approach to the integration of psychological services in multidisciplinary settings; a group which provides individualized training, ongoing clinical supervision, and professional development workshops in all our service domains. For further information please call: 1-800-275-3243, visit our website at www.cheservices.com, and/or e-mail your curriculum vitae to: nathanT@cheservices.com.
CH E
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NORTH CAROLINA
PSYCHOLOGISTAUTISM SPECIALIST AT ABC OF NORTH CAROLINA CHILD DEVELOPMENT CENTER: This person will conduct autism-specific diagnostic assessments as well as other developmental and/or educational assessments. Duties also include: clinical oversight of autism treatment programs, staff and intern training and supervision, clinical research, and administrative duties related to billing and supervision. Key responsibilities: Establish the ABC of NC diagnostic clinic serving children at risk for and diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders. Conduct diagnostic assessments specific to autism spectrum disorders including, but not limited to the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS), Autism Diagnostic InterviewRevised (ADI-R), and Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), as well as other appropriate developmental and/or educational assessments. Provide psychological supervision, when required, for individual autism treatment programs, including but not limited to functional behavior analyses, behavior intervention plans, diet expansion programs, toilet training programs, etc. Serve on interdisciplinary teams, as needed, with all staff including the executive director, educational consultants, teaching staff, and specialized staff (e.g., speech/language pathologist, occupational therapist, etc.). Assist executive director with development of policies and procedures, including client and employee policies, data collection and analysis procedures, curricula selection and implementation, and other policies and procedures as needed. Provide relevant training to staff and interns. Develop and conduct research as part of an interdisciplinary research team. Facilitate student transitions to other services when appropriate. Work constructively and cooperatively with professionals from other organizations (e.g., school district personnel, speech/language pathologists, case managers, etc.). Participate in continuing education activities within and outside of ABC of NC and stay abreast of current research in the field of autism treatment/education. Attend and contribute to staff, lead teacher, enrollment, and other meetings. Monitor staff morale, evaluate policies and procedures, and provide strategies for improvement to the management team. Develop and/or refine ABC of NC programs/services and written materials to serve the current market. Market ABC of NC programs through community tours, research presentations, conference participation, and vendor booths. Perform administrative duties (e.g., billing reports, etc.) as outlined by the poli cies and procedures manual.
PsycCareers.com
Assist executive director as needed. Qualifications: (education, experience, knowledge, skills): doctorate or masters degree in psychology. Licensed psychologist, permanent, as designated by the North Carolina Psychology Practice Act or is willing to arrange for supervision to obtain license within two years. Knowledge of and child development and/or childhood clinical psychology and behavior ana lysis. Exceptional communication skills, including writing/oral presentation and listening skills. Exce llent organizational and time management skills. Computer skills including strong Word skills and basic Excel skills, including graphing. Pass a criminal background check. Must be fun, upbeat, energetic and creative. Present a professional physical appearance accor ding to employee guidelines. Salary: Commensurate with education and experience. Respond to: hr@abcofnc.org. CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGIST: Seeking a North Carolina licensed Child/Adolescent Psychologist to join Family Psychiatry & Psychology Associates, P.A., an established, growing group practice at our brand new location.
ty disorders, 18 months in position offered or 18-months clinical psychologist (group therapist) or any suitable combination of education, training or experience. Must have NYS Mental Health Counseling License. MondayFriday, 95. Send resume to: Ms. Chatterjee, Karen Horney Clinic, Inc., 329 East 62 St., New York, NY 10065. PSYCHOLOGIST: Full-time NYS licensed clinical or counseling psychologist (Ph.D./Psy.D.) position for experienced clinician to work with substance abusing/dependent and co-occurring (Axis I, II) psychological difficulties in adolescents and young adults and their families at New York Center For Living, a premier, abstinence-based Manha ttan outpatient OASAS program providing individual, group, milieu, and family therapy. Excellent salary and work environment and generous health and benefits package. Respond with curriculum vitae and cover letter noting salary requirements via e-mail only to: RBrigandi@ centerforliving.org. PART-TIME CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST, PH.D./PSY.D., NYS: Work with older adults in Nassau or Westchester. Rewarding population, flexible schedule, collegial atmosphere, supportive supervision with highly experienced geropsychologist. Excellent clinical/administrative skills. Send curriculum vitae to: Aging Matters Psycholo gical Services, P.C. at drptomasso@ agingmattersny.com.
Grant@omh.ny.gov - EEOE
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Discover for yourself why Geisinger has been nationally recognized as a visionary model of integrated healthcare. For more information, please visit Join-Geisinger.org or contact: Jocelyn Heid, Manager, Professional Staffing, at 1-800-845-7112 or jheid1@geisinger.edu.
H e a lt H S y S t e m
Redefining the boundaries of medicine
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sponsibilities include: providing general oversight of all program activities including human resources, budget, curriculum, facilities, admissions and accreditation. Pre-employment background check is required. Qualifications: Candidates must have an earned doctorate, at least six years of clinical experience in practice related to trauma, a minimum of three years teaching experience (full or part time) and some background in management/administration. Application procedure: submit a letter of application; curriculum vitae; teaching philosophy and research interest statement to: Dr. Matt Dane Baker, Executive Dean, College of Science, Health and the Liberal Arts, Philadelphia University, School House Lane and Henry Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19144-5497, or by e-mail to: Communitytraumajobs@ philau.edu. Our professionals provide a spectrum of therapies including individual psychotherapy, short-term solution-focused therapy and behavior management. Vericare has opportunities throughout Tennessee. Experience with medical/inpatient settings and multidisciplinary teams preferred. For more information, apply online at www.vericare. com or contact Sanel Lekic at (800) 257-8715 ext. 1166. Vericare is offering a $500 Thank You referral bonus for any colleagues you refer that get hired. Feel free to call us for details.
PsycCareers.com
preferred. For more information, apply online at www.vericare.com or contact: Sanel Lekic at (800) 257-8715 ext. 1166. Vericare is offering a $500 Thank You referral bonus for any colleagues you refer that get hired. Feel free to call us for details. LICENSED PSYCHOLOGIST: Licensed Psychologist to conduct psychological evaluations and provide psychotherapy in a private practice. For additional information submit e-mail to: Valley Psychological Services, P.C. at lvivas@vpsrgv.com. PSYCHOLOGIST: Private practice opportunity for therapists with strong clinical skills seeking collaborative group environment. Contact: Ashley Curry, Ph.D. at (512) 8078457 for more information. PSYCHOLOGIST, LPC AND LCSW: The Ludden Group is a Christian Psychology and Counseling Private Practice Group seeking full and/or part-time licensed psychologists interested in performing psychological assessments, office and nursing home testing, psychotherapy and other possible testing. Licensed Clinical Social Worker
Outpatient only, busy, no managed care, working with other psychologists and psychiatrists in a family oriented practice. Flexibility in job, excellent collections. E-mail curriculum vitae to: jgawdi@fppa.com. Website: www.fppa.com. PSYCHOLOGIST: Multi-specialty psychology practice in the beautiful mountains of western North Carolina seeks psychologist who specializes in general/clinical psychology. Sylva Clinical Associates currently has five seasoned clinicians who are co-located with medical practices in five towns. We are seeking a friendly, experienced clinician to provide exceptional care to children and/or adolescents and adults in our growing practice. Send letter of interest to: Jerry Coffey, Ph.D., at 70 Westcare Drive, Suite 402, Sylva, NC 28779.
TEXAS
LICENSED PSYCHOLOGIST OPENINGSVERICARE: Are you looking for rewarding and fulfilling employment? Vericare, is a leader in geropsychology, providing multidisciplinary behavioral interventions in long-term care facilities. Our professionals provide a spectrum of therapies including individual psychotherapy, short-term solution-focused therapy and behavior management. Vericare has opportunities throughout Texas. Expe rience with medical/inpatient settings and multidisciplinary teams
OHIO
P S Y C H O L O G I S T P R I VAT E PRACTICE OPPORTUNITY: Seeking Psychologist for well established multi-disciplinary private practice in suburban Cleveland. Opportunity to become partner/owner. Strong clinical skills a must; skills with children/families a plus. E-mail curriculum vitae and cover letter to: Dr. Katherine Kratz at partners@ horizonscounseling.com.
TENNESSEE
LICENSED PSYCHOLOGIST OPENINGSVERICARE: Are you looking for rewarding and fulfilling employment? Vericare is a leader in geropsychology, providing multidisciplinary behavioral interventions in long-term care facilities.
PENNSYLVANIA
PROGRAM DIRECTOR AND ASSISTANT/ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, COMMUNITY AND TRAUMA COUNSELING: Philadelphia Universitys College of Science, Health and the Liberal Arts invites applications for a program director and assistant/associate professor for the master of science in community and trauma counseling. This position provides opportunities to lead our comprehensive, innovative, multidisciplinary and flexible education in trauma counseling to prepare graduates for professional practice, public policy, consulting and research. We are seeking a dynamic and innovative teacher/practitioner who will lead this cutting edge program in trauma education and preparation for practice. The program director and assistant/associate professor is expected to demonstrate the integration of research and practice, facilitate community-based learning opportunities and model the best practices in therapeutic intervention by participating in academia while maintaining clinical practice. Duties include, but are not limited to: program development and curri cular design, engagement in teaching responsibilities in the applicants area of expertise, development and maintenance of relationships with area agencies and community partners, participation in scholarly activity in collaboration with students and engagement in interdepartmental and universitywide collaboration. Additional re-
ADULT NEUROPSYCHOLOGIST
The Department of Neurology at the University of Virginia seeks candidates for an Adult Neuropsychologist (tenure eligible, tenure ineligible or tenured). Responsibilities will include neuropsychological assessment of adults with a variety of neurological and other conditions, clinical research and involvement of training of postdoctoral fellows and other health-related students. Expertise in Parkinson's disease, in particular in both clinical and research aspects of cognitive sequela and associated surgical treatments including Deep Brain Stimulation, is desired. Salary, rank and tenure status are dependent upon qualifications and experience. Candidates must have a Ph.D. or Psy.D. in Psychology, be board certified or board eligible in Clinical Neuropsychology and have successfully completed an internship from an American Psychological Associationaccredited program in psychology. In addition, applicants must have completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Neuropsychology. The tenure-ineligible faculty position is designed for practitioners focused on quality clinical care including active participation in clinical research and outstanding teaching. To be considered for the tenureeligible position, candidates must have experience in basic or clinical research and a strong interest in a career in academic medicine. To be considered for the tenured position, candidates must demonstrate scholarship and excellence in two domains consistent with the requirements for tenure in the School of Medicine. The University of Virginia is located in Charlottesville, Virginia, a setting with natural beauty and significant historical relevance in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains. Charlottesville is a wonderful place to live with an extraordinary quality of life and is often ranked among the best places to live in the United States. To apply for the tenure-ineligible position, visit https://jobs.virginia.edu and search on Posting Number 0611308. Complete a Candidate Profile online, attach a cover letter, curriculum vitae, and contact information for three references. Position may be eligible to convert to tenure-track at an appropriate time in the future, consistent with SOM Promotion and Tenure guidelines and candidate qualifications. To apply for the tenure-eligible position, visit https://jobs.virginia.edu and search on Posting Number 0611307. Complete a Candidate Profile online, attach a cover letter, curriculum vitae, and contact information for three references. To apply for the tenured position, visit https://jobs.virginia.edu and search on Posting Number 0611306. Complete a Candidate Profile online, attach a cover letter, curriculum vitae, and contact information for three references. Position will remain open until filled. For additional information about the position, please contact Dr. Carol Manning via email at CM4R@virginia.edu or via telephone at (434) 982-1012. For questions regarding the application process, please contact Keith Johnson via email at fkj2t@virginia.edu or via telephone at (434) 243-3990. The University of Virginia is an equal opportunity/affirmative action employer. Women, minorities, veterans and persons with disabilities are strongly encouraged to apply.
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(LCSW) and Licensed Professional Counselors (LPC) interested in nursing home work and possible office work also needed. Positions in Rockwall, TX area. Apply by faxing your resume to: (972) 771-4505 or e-mail: lindaluddensivils@ gmail.com. Ph.D. at Erin.McGlade@va.gov. The Fellowship Program is an Equal Opportunity Employer.
VIRGINIA
CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST OR CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY RESIDENT: Cognitive Behavior Therapy Center, a private practice with offices in Virginia Beach and Chesapeake, VA, seeks Clinical Psychologist(s) with training in CBT. Practice needs include: children/adolescents, couples and behavioral health. Contact: wlmulligan@ cox.net.
UTAH
VA SALT LAKE CITY ADVANCED FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM IN MENTAL ILLNESS RESEARCH AND TREATMENT (MIRECC VISN 19): We are currently accepting applications for the 20132014 fellowship class. This is a clinical research fellowship affiliated with the VISN 19 MIRECC, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, and University of Utah. Research at this site focuses on the brain and behavior as they relate to suicide and serious psychiatric disorders. Additional information can be found at http://www. mirecc.va.gov/visn19/fellowship_ psychology_slc.asp. For further information, contact: Erin McGlade,
sessment and therapy for young children and families is preferred. Northwest Psychological Resources is a consortium of independent clinicians, and is an NHSCapproved site. Visit www.nwpsych. net for more information. Contact: Dr. Stephen Meharg at (360) 4148600 ext. 130, or e-mail at: apply@ nwpsych.com. NW Psychological Resources, LLC, 945 11th Avenue, Suite B, Longview, WA 98632. PSYCHOLOGIST: Dean Funabiki & Associates is a highly respected, collegial, busy group practice seeking a psychologist to provide evidence-based therapy to adults, couples, and adolescents opportunity for assessment. We have served the rural and university communities in Pullman, WA and Moscow, ID for over 25 years. Freedom to set your own schedule and select your clientele. Staff handles reception, billing, and insurance. Revenuebased income $60,000$90,000+, retirement benefits. Must be eligible for licensure in Washington. Contact: Shawn Druffel at txbilling@gmail.com. P S YC H O L O G I S T P R I VAT E PRACTICE: Northwest Neurobehavioral Institute, a thriving practice in Spokane WA, is recruiting the following: child and health psychologists, pediatric neuropsychologist, psychiatrist, substance abuse specialist. Psychologist applicants must have completed an APAaccredited doctoral program. Pediatric neuropsychologist must have completed a two-year postdoctoral fellowship. Clinicians are employees of NNI, not independent contractors. Excellent employment security and income opportunity, with large referral bases. Visit these websites for further information about our practice and the Spokane
WEST VIRGINIA
PSYCHOLOGIST: The West Virginia University School of Medicine Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry has an immediate opening for a faculty Psychologist in their Division of Pu blic Sector Psychiatry at William R. Sharpe, Jr. Hospital in Weston, WV. For details see: http://www. hsc.wvu.edu /som / Recruitment / Faculty/Main-Campus/BehavioralMedicine/Default.aspx.
WASHINGTON
P S YC H O L O G I S T P R I VAT E PRACTICE: Psychologist wanted to join a multidisciplinary, feefor-service private practice providing a broad base of outpatient assessment and therapy services in a highly collegial and supportive environment. Specialized skill in providing outpatient as-
WISCONSIN
CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST: Affinity Medical Group, an integrated health care organization in East Central Wisconsin, is seeking a clinical psychologist to join our Psychology/Behavioral Health team in our outpatient medical clinic in Oshkosh, WI. Our opportunity is an adult only outpatient practice, including psychological assessment and treatment of depression, anxiety, behavior problems and relationship adjustment. Qualifications required include: a Ph.D. or Psy.D., with three to five years experience treating adult patients 18 years and older, including geriatric assessment and treatment. For more information, contact: Barbara Lehl, Affinity Medical Group Physician Recruitment. Phone: (800) 7229989. Fax: (920) 727-4350. E-mail: blehl@affinityhealth.org. Visit our website at: www.affinityhealth.org. An Equal Opportunity Employer.
New Zealand!
Thinking of a positive career and lifestyle change? We are recruiting mid to senior level clinical psychologists from the US, Canada and other parts of the world to come to New Zealand to live and work for a minimum of two years.Give us a call on 1-800-511-6976 or e-mail us at info@alignrecruitment.com to learn more about the kinds of positions which we are recruiting for in New Zealand. Look us up in the Employers Section of the APA convention in Honolulu this July 31August 4, 2013 for a face-to-face meeting with an Align representative.
alignrecruitment.com
JAPAN
CHILD PSYCHOLOGISTS FOR JAPAN: Clinical Child Psychologists needed in Japan. Opportunity is for those who know the value of working with special needs children/U.S. Military families. Work with U.S. Military families. Benefits: excellent compensation package, paid-time-off plus 10 federal holidays annually, includes medical, dental, vision, life, 401K; round-trip airfare provided; lodging, furnishing, and auto/vehicle allowance provided; relocation expenses provided. Requirements: Ph.D. in clinical psychology, updated and current license in any of the 50 United States, minimum of two years child psychology experience accrued within past five years. Contact: Lynn Romer at lynnr@magnummedical overseas.com.
APA PsycCareers
FOR JOB SEEKERS Create and post your resume Search for jobs nationally and internationally Save the jobs that interest you Find out what skills employers want See where psychologists are getting jobs FOR EMPLOYERS Search a database of over 5,000 resumes Tap into the right audience Create your own criteria to screen applicants Save the resumes that interest you Find the most qualified candidates Place ads in print with free online or online only Visit us online at PsycCareers.com
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OFFICE SPACE AVAILABLE
BAYSIDE (BAY TERRACE) QUEENS, NY: Part-time or fulltime psych office available within shared psych suite in the Bayside Medical Arts Center, directly opposite the upscale Bay Terrace Shopping Center. Furnished/unfurnished, newly reno va ted. Best location, signage/exposure, onsite valet parking, onsite super. Easy access to LIRR/ bus/LIE/Cross Island Parkway/ Clearview Expy. Ideal setting to relocate your practice or open satellite office. Call: Manage ment Professional Enter prises Organization, Inc. (718) www.2391bell.com. 229-3598;
DISSERTATION CONSULTING
DISSERTATION METHODOLOGY AND STATISTICAL CONSULTING: Services include: data analysis plan, sample size justification, accurately assessed assumptions and conducted analyses with clear explanation. Analyses range from descriptive statistics, t-tests, regression, SEM, and everything in between. We assist with all universitys IRB/URR. Privacy and confidentiality of consultation and data are assured. Call or visit us for a free 30-minute consultation (877) 437-8622 or www.Statistics Solutions.com.
THERAPY PROGRAMS
CRAYON-COUNSELING: Art therapy program for chemically dependent and chronically emotio nally disturbed patients, Website www.oldmenewme.com /crayoncounseling. Evidence based. EVIDENCE-BASED AUDIO RELAXATION PROGRAM: Uses imagery/stories for children ages 515. Reduces anxiety, worry, aggression and impulsivity. Used by parents, therapists, hospitals and schools. www.OldmeNewme.com.
APA gradPSYCH
September 2013 Classified ad close: August 8, 2013 www.PsycCareers.com
Workshops
AND CONFERENCES
EARN 25 CE CREDITS ON DREAMS AND DREAMING: International Association for the Study of Dreams (IASD) 30th Annual conference: June 2125, 2013, at the beach front Virginia Beach Resort Hotel, Virginia. Seminars, workshops, papers, and events focusing on clinical, theoretical, research, cross-cultural, artistic and spiritual approaches to understanding dreams and nightmares. Over 125 presentations during the five-day conference. IASD is approved by the American Psychological Association to sponsor continuing education for psychologists. IASD maintains responsibility for the program. Go to: http://www.asdreams.org/2013/ for CE and program information and registration. 20TH ANNUAL RAND SUMMER INSTITUTE: July 811, 2013, Santa Monica, CA. Two conferences addressing critical issues facing our aging population: MiniMedical School for Social Scientists; Workshop on the Demography, Economics, Psychology, and Epidemiology of Aging. Interested researchers can apply for financial support covering travel and accommodations. More information and application form: http:// www.rand.org / labor /aging /rsi. html.
APA Monitor on Psychology
May 2013 Classified ad close: March 28, 2013 www.PsycCareers.com
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AATBS. . . . . . . . . . . . . Back Cover Academic Review . . . . . . . . . . . Inside Back Cover APA Monitor Digital App . . . . . . 1 Align Recruitment. . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Cape Cod Institute. . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 CHE Psychological Services . . . . . 86 Childrens Hospital Cleveland Clinic, Shaker Campus . . . . . . . 87 Civilian Corps U.S. Army Command . . . . . . . . . 82 Fielding Graduate University. . . . . . 32 Geisinger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Hartford Hospital Rehabilitation Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Multi-Health System (MHS) . . . . . 29 Palo Alto University . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Pearson. . . . . . 20, Inside Front Cover PsycCareers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 St. Lawrence Psychiatric Center . . 87 University of Medicine and Dentistry New Jersey. . . . . . . . . 86 University of Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Western Psychological Services. . . 59 APA Books APA Handbook in Psychology. . 80 Developmental Psychology. . . . . . 12 Handbook of Psychology, Religion and Spirituality. . . . 71 Law & Psychology . . . . . . . . . 91 Methodology in Psychology. . 74 New Releases MarchApril 2013. . . . . . . . 55 Professional Resources. . . . . . . . . 53 APA Continuing Education Clinicians Corner. . . . . . . . . . . 8 APA Continuing Education New Releases. . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 APA College of Professional Psychology . . . . . . . 37 APA 2013 Convention . . . . . . . . . . . 21 APA Insurance Trust (APAIT) . . 3 APA Member Benefits . . . . . . . . 67 APA Membership Upgrade . . . . 69
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PSYCHOLOGY EXAM PR E P
THEORIES OF PSYCHOTHERAPY
The Association for Advanced Training in the Behavioral Sciences
Theories/Lead Figures Main Idea (Primary Concepts)
Extends family systems beyond nuclear family multigenerational.
Key Terms
Therapists Role
De-triangulated coaching. Supervisor.
Process of Change/Insight
Insight gained through rationale/cognitive processes leading to differentiation and understanding of family of origin.
Goals
Differentiation of self and fusion, emotional triangle, nuclear family emotional system, emotional cutoff, sibling position, family projection process, multigenerational transmission process, genogram, family ego mass, society emotional process.
Reduce the level of anxiety and alleviate symptoms. Self-differentiation within the context of the family.
Experiential/ Communication:
Virginia Satir Carl Whitaker
Primary concept is self-esteem an innate drive either fostered or not fostered as a result of the communication and early experiences a child receives from his/her parents.
Self-esteem, self, primary triad, mind, soul, body triad, maturation, seed model, threat and reward model, placating, blaming, computing, distracting. leveling, rescue games, coalition games, lethal games, growth games, sculpting, family reconstruction, labeling assets.
Active facilitator of communication and growth. Promotes spontaneity, creativity, autonomy and ability to play. Coaches and teaches.
Family possesses all resources needed for growth. Looks for suppressed feelings and emotions that block growth & fulfillment. Experiential awareness important for growth.
Raise selfesteem, improve communication, growth, identify family roles and how they promote symptoms.
Directive, change-oriented therapy, concerned with symptoms in terms of family system dynamics assumption that if you change the organization or structure of the family, then the familys symptoms will be alleviated.
Family structure, subsystems, boundaries/degree of permeability, diffuse boundaries and enmeshment, rigid boundaries and disengagement, alignments, triangle, power, coalition, joining, mimesis, tracking, enactment, re-framing, unbalancing.
Individual symptomology or family dysfunction are viewed as the result of an inflexible family structure that prohibits the family from adapting.
Three main models: MRI, Haley and Madanes, the Milan Model. Relationships are characterized by a struggle for power to see who will define or redefine relationship.
Circular questioning, neutrality, hypothesizing, complementary, double bind concept, first order change, metacommunication, paradoxical communications/ prescription, positive connotation, prescribing the system, relabeling, second order change, symmetrical.
Focus of therapy is on alleviating current symptoms through altering a familys transactions and organization. Insight considered counterproductive as it increases resistance.
Focus on how communication is used to increase ones control in a relationship. Symptom is interpersonal rather than intrapsychic. Struggles for control become pathological when control issues produce symptomatic behavior. There is no one objective truth and there are multiple interpretations of any event. People are not their problems and can develop alternative empowering stories once they are separated from their problems.
Beginning: Identify the problem. Plan a strategy for change. Four Stages: Social stage, problem stage, interaction stage, goal setting. Early/Middle: Direct interventions/straight directives/assignments/tasks. Paradoxical directives to change dysfunctional behavior. Circular questioning, neutrality, hypothesizing. Address power struggles within family. Relabel dysfunctional behavior. End: Terminate. Presenting problem solved. Beginning: Assessment. Externalizing Client tells their problem-saturated story. Therapist asks questions/encourages clients to ask questions. Early/Middle: Externalizing the person is not the problem. Mapping the influence problems effects rather than causes. Determine how problem disrupts/dominates family? Discuss examples of unique outcomes when clients could overcome problem. Reauthoring the story. Reinforcing the new story. Deconstruction. End: Document and support new story. Make referrals.
Focus on the stories of peoples lives and is based on the idea that problems are manufactured in social, cultural and political contexts. Externalize problem. Deconstruct story. Create new story.
Individuals, couples, families and groups. No time line. Depends on clients and process of retelling story.
Life stories, externalizing, who is in charge, reading between the lines, reauthoring the whole story, reinforcing the new story, de-constructing dominant cultural discourses.
Collaborative listener/ investigator reporter. Strong interest in clients story. Uses questions.
Change and insight occur when a persons story helps him to regain his life from a problem in the end. Process of uncovering key values, strengths and skills that lead to an alternate direction in life.
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Mike [Kerner] is superb! Warm, enthusiastic, engaging, great sense of humor, knowledgeable. Love his stories from his clinical experience. Wonderful! Excellent! I would recommend AATBS to anyone and everyone! - Phyllis Chen, PsyD, CSPP
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DR. JANIS FRANKEL for DR. MICHAEL KERNER DR. ELLEN STEIN Association Training EXPERT INSTRUCTOR EXPERT INSTRUCTOR Association for Advanced Advanced Training
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Serving the Needs of Mental Health Professionals Since 1976 Serving the Needs of Mental Health Professionals Since 1976
Association for Association for Advanced Advanced Training Training in the Behavioral Sciences in the Behavioral Sciences