Chapter 5 Matriculation STPM

CHAPTER 5
WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

1
CHAPTER 5:
Work, Energy and Power
(3 Hours)
CHAPTER 5 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER
2
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
(a) Define and use work done by a force.
(b) Determine work done from the force-
displacement graph.
Learning Outcome:
5.1 Work (1 hour)
s F W

- =
3
5.1 Work, W
Work done by a constant force
is defined as the product of the component of the
force parallel to the displacement times the
displacement of a body.
OR
is defined as the scalar (dot) product between
force and displacement of a body.
4
s F W

- =
( ) Fs s F W cos cos = =
force of magnitude : F
body the of nt displaceme : s
s F

and between angle the :

Where,
Mathematically :
5
It is a scalar quantity.
Dimension :
The S.I. unit of work is kg m
2
s
2
or joule (J).
The joule (1 J) is defined as the work done by a force of 1 N
which results in a displacement of 1 m in the direction of
the force.
| | | || | s F W =
| |
2 2
T ML

= W
2 2
s m kg 1 m N 1 J 1

= =
6
Work done by a variable force
Figure 5.1 shows a force, F whose magnitude
changes with the displacement, s.
For a small displacement, As
1
the force remains
almost constant at F
1
and work done therefore
becomes AW
1
=F
1
As
1
.
7
To find the total work done by a variable force, Wwhen the
displacement changes from s=s
1
to s=s
2
, we can divide the
displacement into N small successive displacements :
As
1
, As
2
, As
3
, , As
N
Thus
F
N
F
4
As
4
As
N
s
1
s
2
F/N
s
0
F
1
As
1
AW
1
N N 2 2 1 1
s F s F s F W A + + A + A = ...
Figure 5.1
8
When N , As 0, therefore
}
=
2
1
s
s
Fds W
graph nt displaceme - force under the area the = W
F/N
s/m
s
1
s
2
0
Work = Area
9
Applications of works equation
Case 1 :
Work done by a horizontal force, F on an object (Figure 4.2).
Case 2 :
Work done by a vertical force, F on an object (Figure 4.3).
0 =
F
Figure 5.2
Fs W cos =
Fs W =
and
90 =
Fs W cos =
J 0 = W
and
F
Figure 5.3
10
Case 3 :
Work done by a horizontal forces, F
1
and F
2
on an object
(Figure 5.4).
Case 4 :
Work done by a force, F and frictional force, f on an object
(Figure 5.5).
0 cos

s F W
1 1
=
0 cos

s F W
2 2
=
( )s F W W
nett nett
= =
1
F
2
F
Figure 5.4
( ) s F s F W W W
2 1 2 1
+ = + =
2 1 nett
F F F + = ( )s F F W
2 1
+ =
and
cos ma f F F
nett
= =
( )s F W
nett nett
=
( )s f F W
nett
= u cos
mas W
nett
=
f
u
Figure 5.5
s
and
OR
11
Caution :
Work done on an object is zero when F = 0 or s= 0 and
u = 90.
12
Sign for work.
If 0<u <90 (acute angle) then cosu > 0 (positive value)
therefore
W> 0 (positive) work done on the system ( by
the external force) where energy
is transferred to the system.
If 90<u <180 (obtuse angle) then cosu <0 (negative
value) therefore
W< 0 (negative) work done by the system
where energy is transferred
from the system.
u cos Fs W =
13
You push your physics reference book 1.50 m along a horizontal
table with a horizontal force of 5.00 N. The frictional force is 1.60 N.
Calculate
a. the work done by the 5.00 N force,
b. the work done by the frictional force,
c. the total work done on the book.
Solution :
a. Use works equation of constant force,
Example 5.1 :
m 1.50 = s
N 5.00 = F
N 1.60 = f
cos Fs W
F
=

0 =
and
Example 5.1 :
14
Solution :
b.
c.
fs W
f
cos =
+ =
f F
W W W
OR
= s F W
nett
( )
= s f F W
180 =
and
( )( )

180 cos 1.50 1.60 =
f
W
( )
+ = 2.40 7.50 W
( )( )
= 1.50 1.60 5.00 W

15
A box of mass 20 kg moves up a rough plane which is inclined to
the horizontal at 25.0. It is pulled by a horizontal force F of
magnitude 250 N. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the box
and the plane is 0.300.
a. If the box travels 3.80 m along the plane, determine
i. the work done on the box by the force F,
ii. the work done on the box by the gravitational force,
iii. the work done on the box by the reaction force,
iv. the work done on the box by the frictional force,
v. the total work done on the box.
b. If the speed of the box is zero at the bottom of the plane,
calculate its speed when it is travelled 3.80 m.
(Given g = 9.81 m s
2
)
Example 5.2 :
16
Solution :
a. Consider the work done along inclined plane, thus
i.
m 3.80 0.300; ; N 250 ; kg 20 = = = = s F m
k
s F W
x F
cos =

0 =
and
( )( )

0 cos 3.80 25 cos 250 =
F
W
25
25
k
f
g m W

=
y
F
25 cos mg
x
F
25 sin mg
a
25
x
y
17
Solution :
a. ii.
iii.
iv.
( ) s mg W
g
cos 25 sin

=

180 =
and
( )( ) ( )( )

180 cos 3.80 25 sin 9.81 20 =
g
W
Ns W
N
cos =

90 =
and
s f W
k f
cos =

180 =
and
( )

180 cos s N W
k f
=
( )s mg F W
k f

25 cos 25 sin + =
( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) 3.80 25 cos 9.81 20 25 sin 250 0.300

+ =
f
W
18
Solution :
a. v.
b. Given
By using equation of work for nett force,
Hence by using the equation of linear motion,
+ + + =
f N g F
W W W W W
( ) ( )
+ + + = 323 0 315 861 W
= mas W
( ) ( ) 3.80 20 223 a =
as u v
2 2
2 + =
0 = u
( )( ) 3.80 2.93 2 0 + =
2
v
19
A horizontal force F is applied to a 2.0 kg radio-controlled car as it
moves along a straight track. The force varies with the
displacement of the car as shown in Figure 5.6. Calculate the work
done by the force F when the car moves from 0 to 7 m.
Solution :
Example 5.3 :
5
4
7
0
5
3 6
(N) F
5 (m) s
Figure 5.6
graph under the area s F W =
( ) ( ) ( )( ) 4 6 7
2
1
5 3 5 6
2
1
+ + = W
20
Exercise 5.1 :
1. A block of mass 2.50 kg is pushed 2.20 m along a frictionless
horizontal table by a constant 16.0 N force directed 25.0 below
the horizontal. Determine the work done on the block by
a. the applied force,
b. the normal force exerted by the table, and
c. the gravitational force.
d. Determine the total work on the block.
(Given g = 9.81 m s
2
)
ANS. : 31.9 J; (b) & (c) U think; 31.9 J
2. A trolley is rolling across a parking lot of a supermarket. You
apply a constant force to the trolley as it
undergoes a displacement . Calculate
a. the work done on the trolley by the force F,
b. the angle between the force and the displacement of the
trolley.
ANS. : 150 J; 108
( )N j
40 i
30 = F
( )m j
3.0 i
9.0 = s

21
Exercise 5.1 :
3.
Figure 5.7 shows an overhead view of three horizontal forces
acting on a cargo that was initially stationary but that now
moves across a frictionless floor. The force magnitudes are
F
1
= 3.00 N, F
2
= 4.00 N and F
3
= 10.0 N. Determine the total
work done on the cargo by the three forces during the first
4.00 m of displacement.
ANS. : 15.3 J
3
F
1
F
2
F
y
x
35
50
Figure 5.7
22
(a) Define and use kinetic energy,
(b) Define and use potential energy:
i. gravitational potential energy,
ii. elastic potential energy for spring,
(c) State and use the principle of conservation of energy.
(d) Explain the work-energy theorem and use the related
equation.
Learning Outcome:
2
2
1
mv K =
mgh U =
2
2
1
kx U =
5.2 Energy And Conservation Of Energy
23
Energy is defined as the systems ability to do work.
The S.I. unit for energy is same to the unit of work (joule, J).
The dimension of energy
is a scalar quantity.
Table 5.1 summarises some common types of energy.
| | | |
2 2
= = T ML Work nergy E
Forms of
Energy
Description
Chemical
Energy released when chemical bonds between atoms
and molecules are broken.
Electrical Energy that is associated with the flow of electrical charge.
Heat
Energy that flows from one place to another as a result of
a temperature difference.
Internal
Total of kinetic and potential energy of atoms or molecules
within a body.
24
Forms of
Energy
Description
Table 5.1
Nuclear Energy released by the splitting of heavy nuclei.
Mass
Energy released when there is a loss of small amount
of mass in a nuclear process. The amount of energy
can be calculated from Einsteins mass-energy
equation, E = mc
2
Radiant Heat Energy associated with infra-red radiation.
Sound
Energy transmitted through the propagation of a series
of compression and rarefaction in solid, liquid or gas.
Mechanical
a. Kinetic
b. Gravitational
potential
c. Elastic
potential
Energy associated with the motion of a body.
Energy associated with the position of a body in a
gravitational field.
Energy stored in a compressed or stretched spring.
25
Conservation of energy
5.2.1 Kinetic energy, K
is defined as the energy of a body due to its motion.
Equation :
Work-kinetic energy theorem
Consider a block with mass, m moving along the horizontal
surface (frictionless) under the action of a constant nett force,
F
nett
undergoes a displacement, s in Figure 4.8.
2
2
1
mv K =
body a of energy kinetic : K
body a of speed : v
body a of mass : m
where
s
nett
F
m
Figure 5.8

= = ma F F
nett
(1)
26
By using an equation of linear motion:
By substituting equation (2) into (1), we arrive
Therefore
states the work done by the nett force on a body equals the
change in the bodys kinetic energy.
as u v 2
2 2
+ =

s
u v
a
2
2 2
=
(2)

2
2 2
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
s
u v
m F
nett
i f nett
K K mu mv s F = =
2 2
2
1
2
1
K W
nett
A =
27
A stationary object of mass 3.0 kg is pulled upwards by a constant
force of magnitude 50 N. Determine the speed of the object when it
is travelled upwards through 4.0 m.
(Given g = 9.81 m s
2
)
Solution :
The nett force acting on the object is given by
By applying the work-kinetic energy theorem, thus
Example 5.4 :
0 m; 4.0 ; N 50 ; kg 3.0 = = = = u s F m
F
g m
g m
( )( ) 9.81 3.0 50 = = mg F F
nett
i f nett
K K W =
0
2
1
2
= mv s F
nett
( )( ) ( )
2
3.0
2
1
4.0 20.6 v =
28
A block of mass 2.00 kg slides 0.750 m down an inclined plane that
slopes downward at an angle of 36.9 below the horizontal. If the
block starts from rest, calculate its final speed. You can ignore the
friction. (Given g = 9.81 m s
2
)
Solution :
Example 5.5 :
s
36.9
0 m; 0.750 ; kg 2.00 = = = u s m
N
g m
36.9
36.9 sin mg
36.9 cos mg
a
x
y
29
Solution :
Since the motion of the block along the incline surface thus nett
force is given by
By using the work-kinetic energy theorem, thus
36.9 sin mg F
nett
=
0 m; 0.750 ; kg 2.00 = = = u s m
( )( )

36.9 sin 9.81 2.00 =
nett
F
i f nett
K K W =
0
2
1
2
= mv s F
nett
( )( ) ( )
2
2.00
2
1
0.750 11.8 v =
30
An object of mass 2.0 kg moves along the x-axis and is acted on
by a force F. Figure 5.9 shows how F varies with distance
travelled, s. The speed of the object at s = 0 is 10 m s
1
.
Determine
a. the speed of the object at s = 10 m,
b. the kinetic energy of the object at s = 6.0 m.
Example 5.6 :
10
5
0
6 4 10
(N) F
7
(m) s
Figure 5.9
31
Solution :
a.
1
s m 10 kg; 2.0

= = u m
m 10 to m 0 from graph under the area s F W =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) 5 7 10 6 10
2
1
10 4 6
2
1
+ + + = W
i f
K K W =
2 2
2
1
2
1
mu mv W =
( ) ( )( )
2
2
10 2.0
2
1
2.0
2
1
32.5 = v
32
Solution :
b.
m 6 to m 0 from graph under the area s F W =
( )10 4 6
2
1
+ = W
i f
K K W =
2
2
1
mu K W
f
=
( )( )
2
10 2.0
2
1
50 =
f
K
33
Exercise 5.2 :
Use gravitational acceleration, g = 9.81 m s
2
1. A bullet of mass 15 g moves horizontally at velocity of
250 m s
1
.It strikes a wooden block of mass 400 g placed at rest
on a floor. After striking the block, the bullet is embedded in the
block. The block then moves through 15 m and stops. Calculate
the coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and the floor.
ANS. : 0.278
2. A parcel is launched at an initial speed of 3.0 m s
1
up a rough
plane inclined at an angle of 35 above the horizontal. The
coefficient of kinetic friction between the parcel and the plane is
0.30. Determine
a. the maximum distance travelled by the parcel up the plane,
b. the speed of the parcel when it slides back to the starting
point.
ANS. : 0.560 m; 1.90 m s
1
34
5.2.2 Potential Energy
is defined as the energy stored in a body or system because
of its position, shape and state.
Gravitational potential energy, U
is defined as the energy stored in a body or system because
of its position.
Equation :
The gravitational potential energy depends only on the height
of the object above the surface of the Earth.
mgh U =
energy potential nal gravitatio : U
position initial the from body a of height : h
where
body a of mass : m
gravity to due on accelerati : g
35
Work-gravitational potential energy theorem
Consider a book with mass, m is dropped from height, h
1
to
height, h
2
as shown in the Figure 5.10.
states the change in gravitational potential energy as
the negative of the work done by the gravitational force.

1
h
g m
g m

2
h
s
Figure 5.10
( )
2 1 g
h h mg mgs W = =
The work done by the gravitational force
(weight) is
f i g
U U mgh mgh W = =
2 1
( ) U U U W
i f g
A = =
U W A =
Therefore in general,
36
Negative sign in the equation indicates that
When the body moves down, h decreases, the
gravitational force does positive work because AU <0.
When the body moves up, h increases, the work done
by gravitational force is negative because AU >0.
For calculation, use
i f
U U U W = = A
energy potential nal gravitatio final :
f
U
where
force nal gravitatio a by done work : W
energy potential nal gravitatio initial :
i
U
37
In a smooth pulley system, a force F is required to bring an
object of mass 5.00 kg to the height of 20.0 m at a constant
speed of 3.00 m s
1
as shown in Figure 5.11. Determine
a. the force, F
b. the work done by the force, F.
(Given g = 9.81 m s
-2
)
Example 5.7 :
Figure 5.11
F
m 20.0
38
Solution :
a. Since the object moves at the constant
speed, thus
b. From the equation of work,
1
s m 3.00 constant m; 20.0 kg; 5.00

= = = = = v h s m
0 =
nett
F
mg F =
F
g m
g m
Constant
speed
Fs W cos =

0 =
and
OR
Fs W cos =
mgh U W = =

0 =
and
39
Elastic potential energy, U
s
is defined as the energy stored in in elastic materials as the
result of their stretching or compressing.
Springs are a special instance of device which can store
elastic potential energy due to its compression or
stretching.
Hookes Law states the restoring force, F
s
of spring is
directly proportional to the amount of stretch or
compression (extension or elongation), xif the limit of
proportionality is not exceeded
OR
x F
s

kx F
s
=
spring of force restoring the :
s
F
) ( n compressio or stretch of amount the :
i f
-x x x
constant force or constant spring the : k
where
40
Negative sign in the equation indicates that the direction of F
s
is always opposite to the direction of the amount of stretch or
compression (extension), x.
Case 1:
The spring is hung vertically and its is stretched by a suspended
object with mass, m as shown in Figure 5.12.
The spring is in equilibrium, thus
Initial position
Final position
s
F
g m W

=
x
Figure 5.12
mg W F
s
= =
41
Figure 5.13
(Equilibrium position)
Case 2:
The spring is attached to an object and it is stretched and
compre5sed by a force, F as shown in Figure 5.13.
s
F
0 = x
0 = x
s
F
x
x
negative is
s
F
positive is x
positive is
s
F
negative is x
0 =
s
F
0 = x
The spring is in equilibrium,
hence
F F
s

=
42
Caution:
For calculation, use :
Dimension of spring constant, k :
The unit of k is kg s
2
or N m
1
From the Hookes law (without sign), a restoring force, F
s
against extension of the spring, x graph is shown in Figure 5.14.
F kx F
s
= =
| |
| |
| |
2
s
MT
x
F
k

= =
force applied : F where
F
s
F
0
x
1
x
graph under the area x F W
s
=
1
Fx W
2
1
= ( )
1 1
x kx W
2
1
=
s
2
1
U kx W = =
2
1
Figure 5.14
43
The equation of elastic potential energy, U
s
for compressing or
stretching a spring is
The work-elastic potential energy theorem,
Notes :
Work-energy theorem states the work done by the nett
force on a body equals the change in the bodys total
energy
OR
x F
2
1
kx
2
1
U
s
2
s
= =

= A =
i f nett
E E E W
s
U W A =
2
i
2
f si sf
kx
2
1
kx
2
1
U U W = =
OR
44
A force of magnitude 800 N caused an extension of 20 cm on a
spring. Determine the elastic potential energy of the spring when
a. the extension of the spring is 30 cm.
b. a mass of 60 kg is suspended vertically from the spring.
(Given g = 9.81 m s
-2
)
Solution :
From the Hookes law,
a. Given x=0.300 m,
Example 5.8 :
m 0.200 N; 800 = = x F
kx F F
s
= =
( ) 0.20 800 k =
2
2
1
kx U
s
=
( )( )
2
3
0.300 10 4
2
1
=
s
U
45
Solution :
b. Given m=60 kg. When the spring in
equilibrium, thus
Therefore
0 =
nett
F
mg F
s
=
mg kx=
( ) ( )( ) 9.81 60 10 4
3
= x
2
2
1
kx U
s
=
( )( )
2
3
0.147 10 4
2
1
=
s
U
s
F
g m W

=
x
46
5.2.3 Principle of conservation of energy
states in an isolated (closed) system, the total energy of
that system is constant.
According to the principle of conservation of energy, we get
The initial of total energy = the final of total energy
Conservation of mechanical energy
In an isolated system, the mechanical energy of a system is the
sum of its potential energy, U and the kinetic energy, K of the
objects are constant.
OR

=
f i
E E
constant = + = U K E
OR
f f i i
U K U K + = +
47
Before After
cm 30
x
Figure 5.15
A 1.5 kg sphere is dropped from a height of
30 cm onto a spring of spring constant,
k = 2000 N m
1
. After the block hits the
spring, the spring experiences maximum
compression, x as shown in Figure 5.15.
a. Describe the energy conversion
occurred after the sphere is
dropped onto the spring until the
spring experiences maximum
compression, x.
b. Calculate the speed of the sphere just
before strikes the spring.
c. Determine the maximum compression, x.
(Given g = 9.81 m s
-2
)
Example 5.9 :
48
The spring is not stretched
hence U
s
= 0. The sphere is
at height h
1
above ground
with speed, v just before
strikes the spring. Therefore
The sphere is at height h
2
above the ground after
compressing the spring by x.
The speed of the sphere at
this moment is zero. Hence
The spring is not stretched
hence U
s
= 0. The sphere is
at height h
0
above ground
therefore U = mgh
0
and it is
stationary hence K = 0.
(2)
v
1
h
(3)
x
2
h
cm 30 = h
0
h
(1)
=
0 1
mgh E

+ =
2
1 2
mv
2
1
mgh E
+ =
2
2 3
kx
2
1
mgh E
Solution :
a.
49
Solution :
b. Applying the principle of conservation of energy involving the
situation (1) and (2),
( )
2
1 0
mv h h mg
2
1
=

=
2 1
E E
2
1 0
mv mgh mgh
2
1
+ =
( )( ) 0.30 9.81 2 = v
1
m N 2000 m; 0.30 kg; 1.5

= = = k h m
and
( )
1 0
h h h =
gh v 2 =
50
Solution :
c. Applying the principle of conservation of energy involving the
( )
2 2
2 1
kx mv h h mg
2
1
2
1
= +

=
3 2
E E
2
2
2
1
kx mgh mv mgh
2
1
2
1
+ = +
1
m N 2000 m; 0.30 kg; 1.5

= = = k h m
and ( )
2 1
h h x =
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )
2
2
2000
2
1
2.43 1.5
2
1
9.81 1.5 x x = +
51
A bullet of mass, m
1
=5.00 g is fired into a wooden block of mass,
m
2
=1.00 kg suspended from some light wires as shown in Figure
5.16. The block, initially at rest. The bullet embeds in the block, and
together swing through a height, h=5.50 cm. Calculate
a. the initial speed of the bullet.
b. the amount of energy lost to the surrounding.
(Given g = 9.81 m s
2
)
Example 5.10 :
Figure 5.16
1
m
2
m
2 1
m m +
h
1
u
52
(1)
1
m
2
m
1
u
0 =
2
u
(3)
h
2 1
m m +
0 =
12
v
(2)
2 1
m m +
12
u
m 10 5.50 kg; 1.00 kg; 10 5.00
2 3
= = = h m m
2 1

=
3 2
E E
( )( ) ( )gh m m u m m
2 1 12 2 1
+ = +
2
2
1
( )( )
2
10 5.50 9.81 2 2

= = gh u
12
U K =
Solution :
a.
Applying the principle of conservation of energy involving the
53
Solution :
Applying the principle of conservation of linear momentum
involving the situation (1) and (2),
b. The energy lost to the surrounding, Q is given by
m 10 5.50 kg; 1.00 kg; 10 5.00
2 3
= = = h m m
2 1

=
2 1
p p

( )
12 2 1 1 1
u m m u m + =
( ) ( )( ) 1.04 1.00 10 5.00 10 5.00
3 3
+ =

1
u

=
2 1
E E Q
( )( )
2
2
1
2
1
12 2 1
2
1 1
u m m u m Q + =
( )( ) ( )( )
2
3
2
3
1.04 1.00 10 5.00
2
1
209 10 5.00
2
1
+ =

Q
54
Objects P and Q of masses 2.0 kg and 4.0 kg respectively are
connected by a light string and suspended as shown in Figure
5.17. Object Q is released from rest. Calculate the speed of Q at
the instant just before it strikes the floor.
(Given g = 9.81 m s
2
)
Example 5.11 :
Figure 5.17
P
Q
m 2
Smooth
pulley
55
Solution :
Applying the principle of conservation of mechanical energy,
0 m; 2 kg; 4.0 kg; 2.0
Q P
= = = = u h m m

=
f i
E E
2
Q
2
P P Q
2
1
2
1
v m v m gh m gh m + + =
Q P P Q
K K U U + + =
Initial
P
Q
m 2
Smooth
pulley
P
Q
m 2
Smooth
pulley
v
v
Final
( )( )( ) ( )( )( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
4.0
2
1
2.0
2
1
2 9.81 2.0 2 9.81 4.0 v v + + =
56
Exercise 5.3 :
2
1. If it takes 4.00 J of work to stretch a spring 10.0 cm from its
initial length, determine the extra work required to stretch it an
additional 10.0 cm.
ANS. : 12.0 J
2. A book of mass 0.250 kg is placed on top of a light vertical
spring of force constant 5000 N m
1
that is compressed by 10.0
cm. If the spring is released, calculate the height of the book rise
from its initial position.
ANS. : 10.2 m
3. A 60 kg bungee jumper jumps from a bridge. She is tied to a
bungee cord that is 12 m long when unstretched and falls a total
distance of 31 m. Calculate
a. the spring constant of the bungee cord.
b. the maximum acceleration experienced by the jumper.
ANS. : 100 N m
1
; 22 m s
2
57
Exercise 5.3 :
4.
A 2.00 kg block is pushed against a light spring of the force
constant, k = 400 N m
-1
, compressing it x =0.220 m. When the
block is released, it moves along a frictionless horizontal surface
and then up a frictionless incline plane with slope u =37.0 as
shown in Figure 5.18. Calculate
a. the speed of the block as it slides along the horizontal
surface after leaves the spring.
b. the distance travelled by the block up the incline plane before
it slides back down.
ANS. : 3.11 m s
1
; 0.81 m
Figure 5.18
58
Exercise 5.3 :
5.
A ball of mass 0.50 kg is at point A with initial speed, u =4 m s
1
at a height of 10 m as shown in Figure 5.19 (Ignore the frictional
force). Determine
a. the total energy at point A,
b. the speed of the ball at point B where the height is 3 m,
c. the speed of the ball at point D,
d. the maximum height of point C so that the ball can pass over
it.
ANS. : 53.1 J; 12.4 m s
1
; 14.6 m s
1
; 10.8 m
u
m 10
A
B
C
D
Figure 5.19
59
(a) Define and use power:
Average power,
Instantaneous Power,
(b) Derive and apply the formulae
(c) Define and use mechanical efficiency,
and the consequences of heat dissipation.
Learning Outcome:
5.3 Power and mechanical efficiency (1 hour)
dt
dW
P =
v F P

- =
t
W
P
av
A
A
=
100% =
input
output
P
P

60
5.3 Power and mechanical efficiency
5.3.1 Power, P
is defined as the rate at which work is done.
OR the rate at which energy is transferred.
If an amount of work, W is done in an amount of time At by a
force, the average power, P
av
due to force during that time
interval is
The instantaneous power, P is defined as the instantaneous
rate of doing work, which can be write as
t
E
t
W
P
av
A
A
A
A
= =
dt
dW
t
W
P =
A
A
=
A 0 t
limit
61
is a scalar quantity.
The dimension of the power is
The S.I. unit of the power is kg m
2
s
3
or J s
1
or watt (W).
Unit conversion of watt (W), horsepower (hp) and foot pounds
per second (ft. lb s
1
)
Consider an object that is moving at a constant velocity v along
a frictionless horizontal surface and is acted by a constant force,
F directed at angle u above the horizontal as shown in Figure
5.20. The object undergoes a displacement of ds.
| |
| |
| |
3 2
2 2
T ML
T
T ML
t
W
P

= = =
A
A
1
s lb ft. 550 W 746 hp 1

= =
Figure 5.20
F
u
s d

62
Therefore the instantaneous power, P is given by
OR
dt
dW
P =
v F P

- =
( )ds F dW cos =
Fv P cos =
and
( )
dt
ds F
P
cos
=
dt
ds
v = and
where
v F

and between angle the :

force of magnitude : F
velocity of magnitude : v
63
An elevator has a mass of 1.5 Mg and is carrying 15 passengers
through a height of 20 m from the ground. If the time taken to lift
the elevator to that height is 55 s. Calculate the average power
required by the motor if no energy is lost. (Use g = 9.81 m s
2
and
the average mass per passenger is 55 kg)
Solution :
M= mass of the elevator + mass of the 15 passengers
M= 1500 + (5515) = 2325 kg
According to the definition of average power,
Example 5.12 :
t
Mgh
P
av
A
=
t
E
P
av
A
A
=
s 55 m; 20 = = t h
64
An object of mass 2.0 kg moves at a constant speed of 5.0 m s
1
up a plane inclined at 30 to the horizontal. The constant frictional
force acting on the object is 4.0 N. Determine
a. the rate of work done against the gravitational force,
b. the rate of work done against the frictional force,
c. the power supplied to the object. (Given g = 9.81 m s
2
)
Solution :
Example 5.13 :
N 4.0 constant; s m 5.0 kg; 2.0
1
= = = =

f v m
30
f
g m W

=

30 cos mg
30 sin mg
v
30
x
y
s

65
Solution :
a. the rate of work done against the gravitational force is given by
( )
t
s mg
t
W
g
cos 30 sin

=
A
A
1
= = = =

f v m
180 =
and
( )
t
s
mg
t
W
g

30 sin =
A
A
t
s
v = and
( )v mg
t
W
g

30 sin =
A
A
( )( ) ( )( ) 5.0 30 sin 9.81 2.0

=
A
A
t
W
g
OR
v F
t
W
g
g
cos =
A
A
( )

180 cos 30 sin v mg
t
W
g
=
A
A
66
Solution :
b. The rate of work done against the frictional force is
c. The power supplied to the object, P
supplied
= the power lost against gravitational and frictional forces, P
lost
1
= = = =

f v m
180 =
and
fv
t
W
f
cos =
A
A
t
W
t
W
P
f g
A
A
+
A
A
=
supplied
67
5.3.2 Mechanical efficiency, q
Efficiency is a measure of the performance of a machines,
engine and etc...
The efficiency of a machine is defined as the ratio of the useful
(output) work done to the energy input.
is a dimensionless quantity (no unit).
Equations:
100% =
in
out
E
W
OR
100% =
in
out
P
P
where
system by the produced power :
out
P
system a to supplied power :
in
P
68
Notes :
In practice, P
out
<P
in
hence q <100%.
The system loses energy to its surrounding because it may
have encountered resistances such as surface friction or
air resistance.
The energy which is dissipated to the surroundings, may
be in the form of heat or sound.
A 1.0 kW motor is used to lift an object of mass 10 kg vertically
upwards at a constant speed. The efficiency of the motor is 75 %.
Determine
a. the rate of heat dissipated to the surrounding.
b. the vertical distance travelled by the object in 5.0 s.
(Given g = 9.81 m s
2
)
Example 5.14 :
69
Solution :
a. The output power of the motor is given by
Therefore the rate of heat dissipated to the surrounding is
b.
Since the speed is constant hence the vertical distance in 5.0 s
is
W 1000 75%; kg; 10.0 = = =
in
P m
% 100 =
in
out
P
P
100
1000
75 =
out
P
750 1000 dissipated heat of Rate = =
out in
P P
Fv P
out
cos =

0 =
where and
mg F =
0 cos mgv P
out
=
t
h
v =
70
Exercise 5.4 :
2
1. A person of mass 50 kg runs 200 m up a straight road inclined
at an angle of 20 in 50 s. Neglect friction and air resistance.
Determine
a. the work done,
b. the average power of the person.
ANS. : 3.3610
4
J; 672 W
2. Electrical power of 2.0 kW is delivered to a motor, which has an
efficiency of 85 %. The motor is used to lift a block of mass
80 kg. Calculate
a. the power produced by the motor.
b. the constant speed at which the block being lifted vertically
upwards by the force produced by the motor.
(neglect air resistance)
ANS. : 1.7 kW; 2.17 m s
1
71
Exercise 5.4 :
3.
A car of mass 1500 kg moves at a constant speed v up a road
with an inclination of 1 in 10 as shown in Figure 5.21. All
resistances against the motion of the car can be neglected. If
the engine car supplies a power of 12.5 kW, calculate the
speed v.
ANS. : 8.50 m s
1
Figure 5.21
10
1

Chapter 5 Matriculation STPM

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CHAPTER 5

WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

and between angle the :

= 1.50 1.60 5.00 W

+ + + = 323 0 315 861 W

CHAPTER 5 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

CHAPTER 5 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

CHAPTER 5 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

and between angle the :

CHAPTER 5 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

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