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Coherent Technology Guide Things to know


Typical questions and their answers
Introduction
In mid 2010, Alcatel-Lucent introduced the first-to-market single carrier 100Gb/s transmission solution, utilizing an advanced electro-optics engine that leverages the concepts of optimized signal modulation coupled with coherent detection. Since its introduction, the Alcatel-Lucent single carrier coherent solution is deployed in many different network configurations, achieving both regional and long haul reach over several different fibre types, operating with 10G, 40G and 100G mixed signals. The solution allows service providers to scale transport networks at the lowest possible TCO, while maintaining network reliability and QoS.

What is the next generation coherent technology solution?


Alcatel-Lucent has created an ultra fast electro-optics engine that can implement the best modulation formats for 100G and 40G transmission, coupled with coherent detection: PDM-QPSK with coherent detection for best in class 100G transmission PDM-BPSK with coherent detection for best-in-class 40G transmission

- Tree building blocks

This could be possible by the extremely powerful silicon design for ultra high speeds, as 100G PDM-QPSK mandates signal processing at 25 Gbaud rate, while 40G PDM-BPSK mandates signal processing at 20 Gbaud rate. This forms the heart of a 40G and 100G next-generation solution that provides outstanding transmission performance and hardware density at a TCO that makes 40 Gb/s and 100 Gb/s transmission commercially viable. Competitive solutions available on the market so far are not capable of doing that. Heres a focus on three key technologies used for the implementation of the integrated electrooptics: - Coherent detection at the receiver allows recovering the entire optical field giving access to all signal information: polarization, amplitude and phase. It requires digital conversion and processing of the optical modulated signal at the receiver. - Multilevel modulation format allows modulating a high speed signal such as 40G or 100G using the two polarization fields and the phase domain (binary or quaternary). This allows stuffing multiple bits per transmitted symbol, and achieving an optimal overall signal baud rate: from 100Gb/s to 25Gbaud using PDM-QPSK, and from 40Gb/s to 20Gbaud using PDM-BPSK. Such baud rates are optimal as they minimize non linear effects generated by traditional amplitude modulated signals at 10G, and ensure best reach and performance for transmission in the ITU-T 50Ghz grid - Advanced, ultra-fast digital signal processing (DSP) recovers the high baud rate signal at the receiver and allows compensating for linear transmission impairments like Chromatic Dispersion (CD) and Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) and non-linear distortions introduced by lower speed (e.g. 10G) neighbouring channels. These allow fast restoration in the order of milliseconds, and coexistence of 40G/100G coherent in existing populated networks even with old fibre. Alcatel-Lucent Proprietary DO NOT DISTRIBUTE EXTERNALLY

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What are the advantages of coherent systems?


-

Longer spans, (30% to 50%) then linear detection (non-coherent) systems Less affected by transmission impairments (dispersions) Works on non compensated fibre (DCM free) Works on old degraded fibres Better use of the spectrum Less utilized simplifying network design and improve network flexibility Able to co-exist with adjacent non-coherent signals

What is the Gbaud and why it is important to know

Baud represents the number of symbol transmitted in a second. In 100G PDM-QPSK we use 2 bits to define a symbol and we transmit symbols on two polarizations therefore per second 4 bits (2 per polarization). 100G divided by 4 equals 25Gbaud. It is important to have different Baud rates between different channel capacities to avoid cross channel interferences (XPM penalty). [see fig1] Consequently a strong resilience to XPM allows adjacent deployment of different speed channels as represented in Figure2. Here the third spike (orange highlight) represents the 100G PDM-QPSK adjacent to 10G traditional channels in a standard 50GHz grid, no need of guard band.

Figure 1

Figure 2

What is different in our DSP?

Alcatel-Lucents next generation electro-optics with coherent detection integrates the analog-digital converter (ADC) and the DSP in a single chip that can process signals with very high baud rates, for instance high resolution 4 channels at 25Gbaud in the case of 100G, excluding overhead and FEC additional baud rate, and it uses a unique set of DSP algorithms. This component cannot be

bought off the shelf from component supplier and this is what makes it difficult for other vendor to catch up with our technology.
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To compensate for linear distortions such as Chromatic Dispersion and Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD), which are induced by transmission within the optical fibre. -

Chromatic Dispersion: due to different propagation transmission of the chromatic


components within the same carrier. (linear dispersion) dispersion)

Polarization Mode Dispersion: due to rotation of the signal within the fibre (non linear

What is the cost difference between 10G, 40G, 40G coherent and 100G coherent?

Although cost is an inevitable question, the 100G TCO is more relevant, i.e. considerations for the lower complexity, higher density/smaller footprint, lower power consumption, and ability to leverage investments in the existing fibre plant of the Alcatel-Lucent solution 4 x 10G cheaper than 40G 10 electronics has been around for many years and therefore production costs makes this technology cheap. However 40G allows for higher spectrum efficiency, especially in case capacity upgrades of existing network. 40G cheaper than 40G coherent new technology but has multiple upside on performances that justify the price difference (see below). Also in case of high capacity routed core networks 40G and 100G feeds maybe coming from higher layers (IP/MPLS). So the support of these capacity is indispensable and the coexistence between them is a must have. 10x10G cheaper then 100G coherent new technology but has multiple upside on performances that justify the price difference (see below). 10x10G power dissipation (ALU cards) is 350W (lower then competition today), 100G power dissipation is less then half.

What is the client side of the 100G card?

We have either a 10x10Gbps (XFP) concentrator or a 100GE (CFP) interface. This is distributed over 10G carriers (CWDM) or over 4x25G (CWDM) over single fibre. The Muxponder offers 10x10G user interfaces. In order to accommodate lower speeds (e.g. 2.5G) or lower capacity user interfaces (e.g. Gb), it is possible to use a transponder to act as an aggregator (e.g. 11DPM12) and cascade it into the 10G user interface of the muxponder. This cascading can also be achieved with MVAC or SVAC (alien wavelength cards) cards. The 100G transponder instead offer a single ODU4 native 100G interface client side.

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Is the 100G coherent RZ or NRZ?

The 100G coherent is NRZ. The RZ provides indeed longer spans and in fact we use this technology in our 40G submarine coherent solution, where span length is the most important point due to limitation of underwater regeneration. For the terrestrial solution the RZ solution offer the best trade between cost and performance.

Why have we selected QPSK and BPSK as modulation schemes?


The two options solve the challenges of economically viable high-speed electro-optical transmission by achieving best-in-class performance and efficiency:

PDM-BPSK (40 Gb/s): The signal is a combination of PDM and one single carrier BPSKmodulated carrying one bit per symbol and travelling at 20 Gbaud symbol rate. It offers best performance in ultra-long distances due to its excellent resilience to non-linear effects and transmission compatibility with existing 10 Gb/s non-return-to-zero (NRZ) ASK signals. [Figure 3] PDM-QPSK (100 Gb/s): The signal is a combination of PDM and one single carrier QPSKmodulated carrying two bits per symbol and travelling at 25 Gbaud symbol rate. It is optimized to transport larger capacity thanks to its best reach, best resilience to fibre impairments and excellent compatibility with existing 10 Gb/s and 40 Gb/s channels base. [Figure 4]

Figure 3

Figure 4

What is FEC and difference between Hard Decision and Soft Decision FEC.FEC (Forward Error Correction) is used to correct error that may occur during
the transmission of information. A decoder using Hard-Decision FEC (HD-FEC) makes a firm decision on whether a bit is a 0 or a 1. A decoder using Soft-Decision FEC (SD-FEC) receives more information about the reliability of a decision. With SD-FEC, the decoder gets not only a 0 or 1 but also a confidence level in the decision. Though SD-FEC brings higher overheads, it also improves the quality of the transmission therefore improving the reach of the transmission.

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What is OSNR, and why have we made an Enhanced OSNR 100G card?
OSNR (Optical Signal to Noise Ratio) is the relation between the power of the transmitted signal over the background noise. As the signal travels along the fibre its power decreases and it become harder to distinguish it from noise. This calls for signal regeneration points. However if we OSNR is very good at transmission, this means that the signal can travel along the fibre for longer time before we need to regenerate it, therefore longer spans.

What is OTN?
With OTN (Optical Transport Network) we identify the integration of electrical matrix in the photonic element allowing to switch, aggregate, add/drop ODU containers from a (lambda), e.g. providing sub-lambda optimization. The OTN is fundamental part of Alcatel-Lucent CBT (Converged Backbone Transformation) story, based on the interworking between IP/MPLS (7750SR) and OTN (1830PSS) and pure photonic (1830PSS) elements to achieve high optimization and higher utilization of the network, while reducing equipment size and power consumption in the network. All to drive a better TCO. As transmission at the lower layers proves to be the most effective solution in terms of costs, providing big capacity pipes (40/100G) as first step, OTN as second optimization on specific nodes, we can provide the most flexible and technologically advanced solution for our customer networks.

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1830 PSS MODULAR ARCHITECTURE SCALABLE CONFIGURATION OPTIONS


CIF CIF CIF CIF

Electronic domain ODUk mgmt

OCS OTN

MOT

MOT

OT

OT

Photonic domain OCh mgmt

OCh switching

LIF

LIF

ODU-k switching

p2p/ROADM WDM

Optimized modularity for new and existing networks


9 COPYRIGHT 2011 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

LIF LIF

OTN/WDM client-line switching

OTN/WDM Centralized switching


CIF: client interface LIF: line interface SP: switchponder/uplink OT: transponder MOT: muxponder

Figure 5

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How many transponders have we deployed?

Currently (February 2012) we shipped over 1200+ transponder 100G in over 45+ networks.

100G COHERENT, 1830 PSS MARKET MOMENTUM


1,200+ 100G* units shipped

45+ 100G deployments, contracts & trials since June 2010

100+ 1830 PSS references around the world

* Worlds largest deployment of 100G single carrier coherent solution in service for over a year with 35 sites, routes exceeding 1500 Kms * Worlds first 100G win in China
4 COPYRIGHT 2011 ALCATEL-LUCENT SHANGHAI BELL. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Figure 6

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References, trials and public achievements.

WE OPENED THE 100G ERA


Alcatel-Lucent raises bar in optical transport with first commercially available single carrier 100G using Next-Generation Coherent technology
Offering highest performance and longest transmission reach - Critical element in High Leverage Network architecture

Paris, June 9, 2010 Alcatel-Lucent (Euronext Paris and NYSE: ALU) today continued its innovation in optical networking with the announcement of the first commercially available solution to carry a single carrier 100 gigabit per second (100G) on a wavelength through the innovative use of emerging Next -Generation Coherent technology. With this announcement Alcatel-Lucent is moving the market into the commercial deployment era of 100G next generation coherent technology.
"That this is a commercial release, and not just talk about a product roadmap, is quite a surprise. AlcatelLucent must have stepped up its development cycle, and that's significant," "With this announcement, AlcatelLucent takes the leadership crown away and leaves Nortel in the position of playing catch-up to release a single carrier 100G systems" Sterling Perrin, Senior Analyst , Heavy Reading
3 COPYRIGHT 2011 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Figure 7

Heavy reading 100Gbit/s Transport:Forecast & Analysis vol9 no2 march 2011 page 25 Alcatellucent has rolled out single wavelength 100G transport with coherent detection, and we believe that operators will ultimately prefer single wavelength 100G to the less advanced two sub-carrier approach. There's no doubt that Alcatel-Lucent is making significant headway in gaining traction for its 100Gbit/s transport equipment, having announced numerous deployments in recent months. There's also no doubt that the vendor is an optical transport innovator and one of the leaders in the market.

January 26, 2012 -

Some public references, deployed cases:


Trial type T-System research network in Germany success story can be seen in this video testimonial and relative external paper. P&T Luxembourg: 100G optical and 100GE IP network helps solidify Luxembourgs role as a key hub for data centres, banking, government and content distribution in the region (PR) Alcatel-Lucent Proprietary DO NOT DISTRIBUTE EXTERNALLY Region Europe Europe

Customer name T-System P&T Luxembourg

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Rostelecom

Ziggo

Qwest
(Public, 2010)

RosTelecom is building a a superfast 100G connection covering 3,500 kilometers of Russian territory, as part of Rostelecoms drive to increase capacity on its North-SouthTransit route (PR) Ziggo uses the 100G to interconnect between their datacenters, including 100GbE uplinks from the datacenter routers. success story can be seen in this video testimonial and relative external paper. Sustainable simple and integrated Optical/IP solution to help backbone evolution. Partnership: long-lasting relationship with 1625 LambdaXtreme large installed base. Executing High Leverage Network strategy to accommodate bandwidth intensive applications and alleviate traffic pressure. Delivering more tightly integrated Optical/IP (7750SR) capabilities for faster ROI.
First 100G link trial in Portugal. 400+Km showcase with IP/MPLS 7750SR platform and 1830PSS 100G coherent system. The networks aggregates and backhauls GPON and 10GPON fibre access network.

Russia

Europe

US

PT (Portugal Telecom)
(Public, PR 26Nov 2010)

Europe

ORION (Public)

First operational 100G coherent network in Canada in a network of 5800km of fibre throughout Ontario region. First Research and Education network worldwide to deploy 100G backbone Converged IP and optical layer using CBT solution with 1830PSS 100G coherent and 7750SR IP/MPLS native 100G Ethernet to deliver broadband traffic, enabling 15,000 HDTV channel to be transmitted concurrently. 1850TSS was also used in access fro traffic aggregation.

Canada

Nextgen Networks (Public)

Australia

Other public references: France Telecom/Orange, Oni communications (Portugal), Cablevision Argentina, Maxis Berhad (Malaysia), Comptel (France), H3G.

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Competition

BEST IN CLASS PERFORMANCE AND NETWORK EFFICIENCY


PDM-QPSK Benchmarking 100G Wavelength Transport
(single carrier coherent) 50GHz slot

FDM PDM-QPSK OPFDM-RZ-DQPSK PDM-DQPSK


(dual carrier coherent) 50GHz slot (non coherent) 100GHz slot (non coherent) 50GHz slot

l Transmission reach Polarization Mode & Chromatic dispersions tolerance Compatibility with 10G and 40G neighbors Filtering (ROADM cascading) Power consumption & footprint Cost & complexity Best Best Best Best Best Best
Why?

Single carrier coherent fast baud rate minimizes non-linear effects Coherent technology with advanced DSP compensate linear effects Single carrier coherent fast baud rate minimizes cross-channel non-linear effects Single carrier coherent into one 50GHz slot maximizes the number of traversing OADMs before OEO Single carrier coherent highly integrated design maximizes the integration of functions in CMOS Single carrier coherent highly integrated design minimizes complexity and cost
13

Why?

Why?

Why?

Why?

Why?

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Figure 8

FOCUS on Huawei
Huawei has announced a single carrier coherent solution, that is a me too solution of our transponder. This is indeed positive as Huawei is therefore recognizing our thought leadership in the WDM coherent field. Huaweis previous strategy had been to say that there was no demand for 100G until at least 2012. The fact that they are trying to bring products to market now reinforces the fact that 100G demand is already here. Huawei 100G solution: 100G sDQPSK transponder is available. Non coherent solution. 100GE and 10x10GE transponder and muxponder. According to roadmap will be available in ~Q1, 2012. It is a four slot card (our is a 3 slot card) shown this year in MonteCarlo. This is the card they communicated it has been deployed to KPN. 100G uplink/switchponder card will be available in ~3Q/4Q 2012

1) Huawei is showing and demoing their single carrier 100G coherent now, we had this over a year ago. 2) Today Huawei has prototype solution vs our 1000+ live deployments, with NO SINGLE CARD FAILURE. System reliability cannot be achieved in other way then time. 3) Their product will reach stability and commercial maturity (including manufacturing) in 1H 2012. We have a much longer experience in coherent design and hardware stability in the product, as well as complete ecosystem.

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4) Best way to counteract is to push for field trials. Demo lab can be easily demonstrated but field deployment has to be made with real hardware and shows knowledge and experience on the subject.

FOCUS on Ciena
Ciena has been on the market for a while with a dual carrier coherent solution (see Figure 8, FDM PDMQPSK). With this solution Ciena is the only vendor who is capable of providing a coherent solution in the market with us. Current dual carrier solution is considered by the market a stop-gap solution. Twice as complex as single carrier it uses twice as much hardware, which impact MTBF, power consumption and due to its size, also foot print. (less transponder per shelf) Ciena will launch their single carrier coherent PDM-QPSK solution endQ1/begQ2 same as ours in terms of technology, 2 year later. Ciena announced they will also have Soft-Decoding FEC by then. We plan to release enhanced reach capability: step 1 in 4Q/11 and step 2 in 2H/12, including SD-FEC.

1) Though weve never seen this solution presented anywhere from Ciena they have the knowhow on coherent systems. Ciena plans to make a double jump moving from dual to single carrier AND from Hard to Soft decoding in one step. These are significant technological steps, which means a more than doubling the speed of DSP processing and move from hard to soft decoding. 2) Though they have coherent experience the single carrier solution will be technologically different so their card will need to through a ramp-up period to reach stability and maturity. This could at least 6 months to reach. 3) A stability and maturity we already have, and we only need to implement the Soft-Decoding FEC. 4) Ciena new single carrier solution will also not be compatible with their existing installed base of dual carrier. The two transponders will be completely different solutions.

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