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INTRODUCTION
Key components of computer system are: Input The processor Storage Output Data communication
There are two items that add life to the computer system allow it to become a management information system. YesData and Information !!
INTRODUCTION
Before writing was invented, databases were completely within brains of the people, then in form of books/scrolls, Kings used to keep huge databases of who paid the taxes, and so forth. As time passed, business grew more complex and data associated with them, and today..bombarded with data and information!
Just Data
..40,50,45,70,90,130,120,35.
Weights (in kgs) of the faculties and staffs of XISS, Ranchi. We are now somewhere between just data and information.
Now, let us process the data What is the average weight of the people who will use the lift? What is the weight of the heaviest faculty/staff who will use the lift? We can now, process the original data to give meaningful and valuable data information. Management can now able to find out the capacity and what kind of lift they require to install.
DATA BASE
With some assertions about the meaning of the data and some rules for processing the data, we are able to produce information from the database.
Thus, through proper design and use of the database, it can be an essential tool for producing information for making management decisions.
When a organization has a centrally, integrated collection of logically organized data, it has a database!!
DBMS is a system or set of rules and methods that allows for the definition, creation, updating, reading, maintenance, and protection of the database.
Features important in Database management:
Speed, process many transaction in a short time Accuracy, firms require the data they store and use to be correct Good at repetitive work
Hence, the computer has radical impact on database management systems because computer has all these characteristics.
OBJECTIVES OF DBMS
OBJECTIVES OF DBMS
DATABASE DESIGN
Conceptual Model of database design provides a framework which specifies, in a systematic manner. It uses two frameworks:
Entity-relationship model Normalisation
Based on a perception of real world that consists of a set of basic objects, called entities, and a set of relationships among these objects. E-R Model specifies following elements:
Entity Relationship Mapping constraints E-R Diagram Reduction of E-R diagram to tables
Entity: An entity is an object that exists and is distinguishable from other objects. It may be physical, such as a person or a book, or it may be a concept, such as holiday or a job.
An entity is represented by a set of attributes. It is the properties possessed by each member of the entity set.
Entity
Name
entity CUSTOMER
RELATIONSHIP: An association among several entities. MAPPING CONSTRAINTS: E-R Model defines certain constraints to which the contents of a database must conform. It may be of three types:
Cardinalities: it express the number of entities to which another entity set can be associated via a relationship. It can be of four types: one to one, one to many, many to one, many to many.
Existence dependencies: If the existence of entity A depends on the existence of entity B, A is said to be existence-dependent on B. Ex: Account and Transaction have existence dependencies. If account (B) is closed, transaction (A) has to be closed. Keys: It specifies how entity and relationships are distinguished. Ex. PAN is the super-key for income tax purpose. Roll Number is the super-key for identifying different students of a institution.
ENTITY - RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM: After identifying the various entities, their attributes, relationships and constraints, the database designers document these into an entity-relationship diagram. Rectangle represents entity Ellipses-attributes Diamonds- Relationship Line- represents link
Acc Number
Name
CUSTOMER
Depositor
Account
Cust_id
Address
balance
On the basis of E-R diagram, tables are prepared. For each entity set, a table is prepared with the corresponding name assigned and attributes shown in column. A similar table is prepared for relationship set.
CUSTOMER
Cust_id
A101
Cust Name
AMIT
Address
CLUB RD,RANCHI
A102
A104
MOHIT
PRINCE
HARMU, RANCHI
PURULIA ROAD, RANCHI ACCOUNT Acc Number Balance 291300000156 291300000278 10,000 23,000
291300000822
16,000
DEPOSITOR
Cust_id
A101
Account Number
291300000156
A102
A104
291300000278
291300000822
NORMALISATION
Normalization is a process of simplifying the relationships among data elements in a record. During this process, the complex and redundant attributes are simplified and removed. It helps to:
Structure the data Permit simple retrieval of data in response to query Simplify the maintenance of data Reduce the need to restructure or re-organise the data when new application requirements arise.
Normalization Process
The tests (conditions) for normalisation are: 1NF : First Normal Form: Now considered to be part of the formal definition of a relational model. It states that domain of an attribute must include only atomic values.
Normalization Process
DNAME
DNUMBER DMGRIDN
DLOCATIONS
Sales Plant
5 2
10051
20061
(Delhi,Mumbai,Banglore)
Delhi
Administration 1
30088
Gurgaon
DNAME
DNUMBER DMGRIDN
DLOCATIONS
Sales
Sales
5
5
10051
10051
Delhi,
Mumbai
Sales Plant
5 2
10051
20061
Banglore
Delhi
Administration 1
30088
Gurgaon
Project Name
Rate Category
A,B,C
1NF: No keys defined and repeating groups. When we remove groups and define the primary key (PK), we are left with
Project Project No. Name (PK) 1055 1055 CIL Survey CIL Survey
1055
1088
CIL Survey
Education Project
16
11
Binay
Paul
C
A
200
300
1088
Education Project
17
Kartik
250
2NF: The project name is only dependent on project number. The employee name, category, rate are dependent on employee number. So we remove them and place these fields in a separate table. So we are left with
Employee Table
Employee No. 11 12 16 11
17
Kartik
250
Project Table
Project Project No. Name
1055 CIL Survey
EmployeeProject Table
Employee No. 11
12 16 11 17
1088
Education Project
3NF: Now, only the employee table has more than one-key attributes. Employee name is not dependent on either rate category or hourly rate and same applies to rate category. Only Hourly rate is dependent on rate category, so we have to remove this
Employee Table
Employee Employee No. Name 11 12 16 17 Paul Rahul Binay Kartik Rate Category A B C B
Rate Table
Rate Category Hourly Rate (Rs.)
A B
C
300 250
200
DrvLicNo
Address
BName
Bank
U Owner
BAddress Company
CName CAddress
Person
Name
CEng_No CMake
CModel CAR CYear Registered _vehicle
Reg_No
Choice of DBMS
Because of the development of new trends in information technology, new trends in database systems have also emerged. In recent years, several new application areas for database systems have emerged that are not served by relational data model. Some areas are distributed processing, computer-aided design, multimedia and hypermedia etc. Moreover, traditional business applications have grown more complex over time. For example, todays business applications often have to deal with image data and hypermedia databases.
Distributed Database: The DDBMS emerged as a merger of two technology: Database technology Network and data communication technology
Tremendous development due to wire and wireless technologies from satellite and cellular communications. A DDB is one that is stored in more than one physical location. Parts of the database are stored physically in one location and other parts are maintained in other locations.
Object Oriented Database: OOPLs: It creates software programs by selecting and arranging objects rather than by writing program code. When you integrate database capabilities with object programming language capabilities, the result is an object-oriented database management system or OODBMS
Hypermedia Database:
Also referred as multimedia or hypertext, includes various media, such as text, graphics, audio and video alongwith procedure for their use. In hypermedia databases, the concept of distributed information systems is used which has led to the emergence of global internet.
Management Responsibility
Management must understand some of the terms related to DBMS, concepts & approaches Manager to participate intelligently
User needs a facility for asking DBMS for information and reports Success of database also depends on user acceptance.