The Constitution and New Republic A The Philadelphia Convention (1787) 1.

BackgroundGeorge Washington, presiding officer and oldest delegate; Ben Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison were all there Purposewhat form of government will we have? 16 out of 55 left, only 39 finished 2. Virginia Planmade by James Madison aka Large State Plan 3 branches of govtexecutive, legislative, and judicial Legislative=2 houses or bicameral, both based on population 3. New Jersey Plancreated by William Patterson aka Small State Plan Unicameral; equal representation regardless of population 4. The Great Compromiseby Roger Sherman of Connecticut aka Connecticut Plan, saved the Republic 2 houses; one based on population (House of Representatives) and the other based on equal representation (Senate or Upper House, superior) 5. 3/5 Compromisefor representation/taxation purposes, slave would equal 3/5 person (counted as population) 6. Separation of PowersEach major branch had their own power: Legislativemake all necessary and proper laws Executiveenforce the laws Judicialinterpret the laws 7. Checks and Balanceseach branch can check/limit the power of the other two Strongest branchjudicial B. Federalists and Anti-Federalists 1. Federalistsaka nationalists, b/c supported strong, national govt; primarily from the North and Southern port cities Major Players: George Washington (from Virginia), Ben Franklin, Alexander Hamilton 2. Anti-Federalistsopposed strong national govt Later supported strong states govt s; primarily in South and Western frontier Major Players: Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee; both were from Virginia Wanted a bill of rights in the constitution for the people 3. Federalist Papersa series of 85 essays, mostly written by Hamilton (others written by John Jay & Madison) in support of the constitution

Paper # 10: most famous, written by James Madison - Great advantages of a republic over a monarchy, noted the dangers of political factions C. Ratification (1787)went through when Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution 1st state to ratify was Delaware D. George Washingtons Presidency (1789-1797) Electoral college, a group of electors who voted for the President, selected Washington as 1st President 1. Washingtons Cabineta group of advisors VPJohn Adams Secretary of StateThomas Jefferson Secretary of TreasuryAlexander Hamilton 2. Judiciary Act of 1789Congress passed this act, which set up the Supreme Court and some lower federal courts 3. Alexander Hamiltons Financial Program Published his Report on Public Credit in 1790, noted that US had a debt of $55 mil, states debt was $75.1 mil Hamilton known as Father of National Debt In order to pay debt, Hamilton suggested: - Assume state debts - Create an excise tax (on manufactured goods) - Create a national bank Jefferson opposed Hamiltons plan; he believed in strict construction of the Constitution (govt can only do what the constitution says) Hamilton believed in loose construction (govt can do anything the constitution does not forbid) Compromise of 1790Northerners supported the plan, Southerners were against it - Southerners agreed to Hamiltons program if a new national capital was built in the South 4. Domestic Issues in the Washington Presidency a. Whiskey Rebellion (1794)western Penn. Farmers - Opposition to excise tax on whiskey - Washington led 15,000 troops to PA, and rebellion was put down - Showed that federal govt would enforce laws b. Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)in Ohio Territory - Skirmishes w/ Native Americans - US had lost every skirmish before this - Sent General Mad Anthony Wayne out with a sizeable force to secure Ohio

Defeated a group of Miamis (who had guns from Britain who hadnt left all of their forts in N. America c. Treaty of Greenville (1794) - Native Americans had to cede land in the southern part of the NW Territory - US gave Native Americans $20,000 in lump sum - One general, Tecumseh, refused to sign 5. Foreign Affairs a. Fench Revolution (1789)French revolted against King Louis XVI over taxation - Highest estate: Clergy paid no taxes - Middle: noble paid minor taxes - Lowest: commoners paid all the taxes - French treasury was bankrupt - French revolutionary govt wanted rights and no taxes - They got what they wanted; monarchs around Europe helped Louis XVI b. Neutrality Proclamation of 1793Parisians sent letter to US for help - ***US would not get involved in European conflicts b/c US was in debt & had no army c. Edmund (Citizen) GenetFrench diplomat sent to US: (1) To drum up support for French Revolution (2) Wanted volunteers to fight for France - Washington ordered Genet to return to France, but he did not leave - Led to anti-French sentiment, split in US d. Jays Treaty (1794)British started to capture US merchant ships - After that, started impressment of British sailors working in Caribbean for American merchant ships (forcing them into military service with Britain) - Washington signed this treaty to stay out of war w/ Britain (1) US promised to pay Britain all debts (2) Britain promised to leave all forts in Great Lakes region (3) Britain agreed to pay damages to the American merchant ships - Nothing in this ship about stopping impressments, so Jay was hung in effigy e. Pinckneys Treaty (1795)w/ Spain (1) Set the southern border of US at 31st parallel (boundary of Spanish Florida) (2) The right of deposit at New Orleans 6. Washingtons Farewell Address***warned about political parties, which would split the country, entangling alliances (which will involve wars) 7. Beginnings of Political Parties a. FederalistsAlexander Hamilton and John Adams, leaders - Strong national govt

- Felt business and industry should run the country - Supported Great Britain in terms of foreign affairs b. Democratic-RepublicansThomas Jefferson and James Madison, leaders - Strong state govts - Encouraged agrarian class to run the country - Supported France in foreign policy 8. Election of 1796 a. CandidatesFederalists: John Adams, Thomas Pinckney; Democratic-Republicans: Thomas Jefferson, Aaron Burr b. Vote Totals: Burr-30, Pinckney-59, Jefferson-68, Adams-71 c. SignificanceAdams, a Federalist, became President; Jefferson, a DR, became VP. This was a very awkward arrangement E. John Adamss Presidency (1797-1801) 1. XYZ Affair a. French-US tensionsAmerican neutrality during French Revolution - Jays Treatytrade w/ British - French captured American ships and began policy of impressments b. DiplomacyJohn Marshall led American diplomats to Paris to discuss tensions - They were to meet French foreign minister, Talleyrand - French asked US to pay bribe in order to see Talleyrand; sent 3 low level diplomats to tell Marshalls group - Americans did not pay, felt insulted - Adams published this in a newspaper, referred to the 3 French diplomats as Agents X, Y, and Z c. Results: US (1) Started a Quasi-War w/ France (undeclared naval war) (2) Established a Navy Department (3) Re-established US Marine Corps 2. Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)a lot of French began settling in US a. Alien Actsextended the time for immigrants to be US citizens from five years to fourteen years waiting period - Gave President the right to deport any immigrant deemed to be dangerous - Not fully enforced b. Sedition Act-gave heavy fines/jail time to anyone who defamed the govt or impeded the policies of the federal govt c. Reasons for the Acts - Keep Republican criticism of the Federalists down

3. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutionswritten by Jefferson and Madison, mainly in response to Alien and Sedition Acts - Compact theory: 1. Thirteen states had an agreement w/ federal governments power; 2. Federal govt was overstepping its boundaries; 3. There should be limited government; 4. A state could declare an act null/void it they deemed that act to be unconstitutional 4. Election of 1800 a. Federalist problems (1) High taxation (2) Stamp Tax (3) Federalist Party split over the France issue: Adams did not want war (US agreed to pay damages claimed by Americans against France) b. CandidatesRepublicans: Thomas Jefferson (incumbent VP) and Aaron Burr; Federalists: John Adams (incumbent President) and Charles Pinckney c. Initial Resultsno one won; Jefferson and Burr were tied, so House of Representatives had to vote to decide - House were mianly Federalists - Voted 36 times - Hamilton intervened, supported Jefferson and influcend to Federalists ot vote for Jefferson - Jefferson won d. Ultimate Results - Jefferson becomes president - 12th amendment was passedchanged the methods by how presidents and VPs were chosen - Federalists lost control of Congress 5. Midnight Judges Federalists passed Judiciary Act of 1801 in February: established 16 new judgeships John Adams appointed these judges to keep the Federalists in power in the judicial branch

The Age of Jefferson (1800-1860) A. Jefferson Presidency 1. Revolution of 1800 a. DefinedJefferson called his election the Revolution of 1800, b/c

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His presidency will change the course of this country from what the Federalists had started b. Philosophies - Govt was a necessary evil (b/c of Alien Acts) - The govt that governs best governs the least - Jefferson supported states rights - As president, he believed business and industry could not be trusted c. RealityJefferson did not reduce the size of the federal govt - Jefferson did not completely support states rights as President - He kept all of Hamiltons program except the excise tax (suggested to him by Secretary of Treasury Gallatin, who believed Jefferson should keep national bank and tariff on foreign imports) - He adhered to loose construction of Constitution Tripolitan War (1801-1805) In Tripoli (now Libya), b/w US and Tripoli Over a group of pirates, Barbary, who kept stopping ships in the Mediterranean and demanding tribute Went on for 4 years; Tripoli leader and US made a treaty: US agreed to continue paying tribute, but at half the rate Marbury vs. Madison Established the concept of judicial review, whereby the Supreme Court can review acts of Congress Louisiana Purchase (1803) a. Treaty of San Ildefonso (1800)b/w France and Spain - France received Louisiana from Spain after Napoleon came to power - US did not find out about this until 1802 b. New Orleans IssuePresident Jefferson sent James Monroe to join w/ Robert Livingston to buy New Orleans from the French c. Napoleons Problemswar w/ Britain was causing him to run out of money - Revolt in Haiti (slave uprising) d. PurchaseUS purchased Louisiana for $15 million, expanding US territory e. Constitutional Issuenothing in the constitution that allowed US to buy/annex land Lewis and Clark Expeditionleft from St. Louis, MO Nearly attacked and killed by Indians (guided by Sacajawea) Claimed Oregon, which was not part of Louisiana Purchase, for US Aaron Burr conspiracy a. BackgroundBurr was dropped as Jeffersons running mate in election of 1804 - Burr ran for governor of New York

b. Essex Juntoplot against govt - In Essex, MA: a group of extreme (high) Federalists who were upset that thye were losing power - Told Burr that they would support him if he joined them in forming a Northern Confederacy - Burr lost the election due to Hamilton & did not join the Confederacy - Burr & Hamilton had a duel, Burr killed Hamilton - He went west, tried to start an empire c. Burr-Wilkinson PlotWilkinson was a general - They were going to detach the western states, merge them w/ Louisiana Purchase and northern Mexico, and rule that empire - Jefferson found out, Wilkinson backed out of the plan - Govt caught Burr, he was put on trial d. Trial of Aaron BurrBurr was acquitted of treason by US Supreme Court - John Marshall, chief justice, said, There was no evidence of conspiracy. 7. Neutral Rights and Impressment a. Neutral RightsUS was neutral in the conflict b/w Great Britain and France, and American shipping should be respected b. Impressmentpractice of British capturing sailors from US ships and forcing them into service w/ Britain c. Chesapeake-Leopard Affair/Incident - British shot a cannon to Chesapeake - Grabbed four men (one American) and forced them into service w/ British navy - Led to anti-British sentiment - Jefferson had reduced the size of the navy and army, so he did not want war w/ Britain 8. Embargo Act (1807)prohibited the export of all goods from the US to any foreign country Results: 1. Hurt American trade; 2. Illegal trade occurred, esp. in Canada; 3. Revival of the Federalist Party; 4. Led to a depression 9. Election of 1808 resultsJefferson did not seek a third term James Madison, a Republican, beat Charles Pinckney B. James Madison and the War of 1812 1. Trade Policiesrepealed the Embargo a. Non-intercourse Actreopened trade w/ all nations except for France and Britain; later repealed b. Macons Bill No.2 (1810)reopened trade w/ Great Britain and France as long as they did not violate our neutral rights

2. War of 1812 a. Indian troublesin Indiana, Tecumseh organized an Indian confederacy - Battle of Tippecanoe Riverb/w Indian confederacy and the Indiana militia (led by William Henry Harrison, governor of Indiana) - Militia defeated Indians and won - British were supplying Native Americans with weapons b. War HawksDemocratic Republican congressmen from South and West who favored going to war against British - Leaders: John C. Calhoun from South Carolina and Henry Clay from Kentucky - Complained that British blocked Southern and Western ports c. President Madisons War Messageover impressments - Enough is enough; British incitement of savages, interference w/ trade & commerce which led to violation of neutral rights - Congress granted him permission to go to war d. Overview of Mr. Madisons WarFederalists used this phrase to refer to the war (1) Water engagements of Canada (a) naval battle b/w USS Constitution (nicknamed Old Ironsides) and British GuerrierUS defeated British (b) Put-in Bay at Lake Erie (1813)Oliver Hazard Perry led Americans to victory over the British (c) Battle of the Thames River (in Canada, 1883) ~ General William Henry Harrison led Americans and defeated combined force of Native Americans (led by Tecumseh) and British (2) British War Plans and Events of 1814 (a) British attacked from Canada (b) Attack and capture Washington D.C. (c) Take New Orleans ~Blainesburg RunAmerican troops running back toward Washington after being shot by British ~British Objective: Burn the capitol and crush their shapes ~Dolly Madison saved paintings and portraits as British torched White House ~Next obj.: British take Baltimore >Tornado hit; British attacked Fort McHenry (near Baltimore); Francis Scott Key, attorney, watched and wrote Star Spangled Banner e. Treaty of Ghent (in Belgium); Dec. 24, 1814lead American negotiator was John Quincy Adams; b/w US and Britain (1) POWs were exchanged (2) Maintain status quo antebellum (go back to the way things were before the war)

*Impressment was not mentioned! f. Battle of New Orleans (Jan. 8, 1815)British got there first, Andrew Jackson was waiting for them - It was very foggy, British didnt see Americans - Raised the stature of Andrew Jackson, nicknamed Old Hickory g. Hartford Convention (Dec. 1814 to Jan 1815) - A convention of Federalists who were opposed to war met in Connecticut, b/c they felt they were losing national power (1) Wanted to abolish 3/5 compromise, b/c it gave South more representation (2) Wanted to limit the President to one single term (3) Wanted to prohibit successive presidents from the same state (b/c Madison, Jefferson, & Monroe were all from Virginia) - If those demands above were not met by Congress, they would secede! - If they secede, they thought Britain would help them - Quit after they found out the war ended and US won h. Results of the War of 1812 - Ended Jeffersonian ideal that business and industry could not be trusted - Led to a decline in Indian resistance - Need for improving transportation - Led to more unity in the country - Led to further decline of the Federalists