Urban Public Transport

Note for Urban Transport Class by Riza Atiq

Urban Public Transport Rail based

Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) Light Rail Transit (LRT) People Rapid Mover (PRT)

transport

MRT
Speed up to 100 km/hr 4 12 couches per train Couches 22m x 3.1 m Capacity up to 80,000 passengers / hr / direction Acceleration / deceleration 1.2 m/s2 Rail 1435mm gauge Headway 120 s Suitable for radial movement For high density and high plot ratio area. Feeder bus service is required Power supply: 750 V dc Sub-station: 3 5 km spacing

LRT

Speed up to 40 km/hr 2 6 couches per train Capacity up to 40,000 passengers / hr / direction Acceleration / deceleration 1.2 m/s2 Rail 1000 or 1435mm gauge Headway 120 s Suitable for radial movement For high density and high plot ratio area. Feeder bus service is required Power supply: 750 V dc Sub-station: 3 5 km spacing

PRT

Speed up to 30 km/hr 2 4 couches per train Capacity up to 10,000 passengers / hr / direction Rail 1000 gauge or monorail Headway 90 s Suitable for intra-city travel

Transit Capacity
3600 n S Cp = h
Cp = Theoretical passenger line capacity n = vehicle per train S = Maximum passenger per vehicle h = headway in second

Operational design
Actual passenger capacity
3600 n S Cp = h = guideway utilisation factor (0.6) = load factor (0.9)
Example City Hall of KL needs to provide a transit line to meet peak hour demand of 12,000 passengers/hr. Required speed = 35 - 40 km/hr. Minimum headway = 120s maximum headway = 240s. Guideway utilisation factor = 0.6 and load factor = 0.9s. Station platform limit = 10 vehicles. Vehicle capacity = 130 passengers.
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3600 n S Cp = h
12,000 = 3600 x 0.6 x 0.9 x n x 130 / h n = 0.04748 h

n (veh/train) h (headway (s) 1 21.06 2 42.12 3 63.18 4 84.24 5 105.30 6 126.36 Possible 7 147.42 range 8 168.48 9 189.54 120 h 240 10 210.60

Bus Service

o Capacity = 12 - 240 passengers. o Flexible - Expansions and extentions can be introduced easily o Transit systems using buses are capable of carrying 2,400 to 15,000 passengers per hr per direction. o Volume of up to 30,000 passengers per hr per direction can be achieved with special bus lane, off-line stations and multiple boarding platform.

Bus travel pattern Radial service - sub-urban to CBD (Shuttle buses) Ring road service to link up various sub-centres (Stage buses) Local travel service (Mini bus) Special travel in the CBD (eg. tourism) Travel service between activity centres (Shuttle of mini bus).

Example of Bus Service Guidelines

Service pattern
Service major activity centres such as office buildings, school and hospital. Provide 300 meters coverage where population density > 30. Serve at least 90% of the residents. Space routes at about 0.75 km in urban area and 1.5 in sub-urban area.

Service Level
Service period : 6 am-12 pm Headway: Peak: 5 minutes

Bus Stop
CBD: 5 -7 stops / km, sub-urban: 1 - 3 stops /km

Passenger comfort
Passenger shelter Route and destination sign Driver courtesy
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Bus Station

Passenger waiting area

Bus parking area

LRT station

Car Park

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Bus Priority lane

Bus Lane

1A

1B
Bus Stop

Special Green Time for buses

Bus lane

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Bus Operation Design

Frequency, f = n / N
n = Demand for service (passengers / hr) N = Maximum number of passengers per bus Usually the minimum headway is set in multiples of 7.5 or 10 minutes for the shake of coordination.

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Example
A bus service is planned between Bangi and Putrjaya, a distance of 20 km. The operating time is 45 minutes. Estimated demand is 500 passengers/hr. 45-seater buses will be used, which can accommodate 20 standees. Design basic system and determine the fleet size. Maximum headway is 30 minutes and the minimum terminal time is 5 minutes. Solution: Operating speed v = 60L/t = 60 x 20 / 45 = 26.67km/hr headway, h = 60(45 + 20)/500 = 7.8 min (adopt 7.5 min.) Cycle time, T = 2 (45 + 5) = 100 Fleet size, N = T / h = 100 / 7.5 = 14 vehicles Revised cycle time, T'= N x h = 14 x 7.5 = 105 min Revised terminal time = (T' - 2 travel time)/2 = (105 - 2 x 45)/2 = 7.5 minutes Commercial speed = 20 / (105 / 60 / 2) = 22.86 km/hr

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Bus Rapid Transit

Capacity = up to 40,000 passengers / hr /direction The cheapest transit system [construction and operation] Implementation time from planning stage to operation stage < 3 years
Youtube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UZl1N6bTp_M

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(Source: http://www.itdp.org/documents/Bus%20Rapid%20Transit%20Guide%20%20complete%20guide.pdf )

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Bike-Sharing

Community Bike programmes organised mostly by local community groups or non-profit organisations Smart Bike programmmes implemented by government agencies, sometimes in a public-private partnership.
(source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_sharing_system )

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